22
Port of Tianjin Coordinates: 38°58′33″N 117°47′15″E / 38.97583°N 117.78750°E The Port of Tianjin (Tianjin Gang, Chinese: 天津港; pinyin: tiānjīn gǎng), formerly known as the Port of Tanggu, is the largest port in Northern China and the main maritime gateway to Beijing. The name Tianjin Xingang(Chinese: 天津新港; pinyin: tiānjīn xīngǎng; literally: Tianjin New Port), which strictly speaking refers only to the main seaport area, is sometimes used to refer to the whole port. The port is on the western shore of the Bohai Bay, centred on the estuary of the Haihe River, 170 km southeast of Beijing and 60 km east of Tianjin city. It is the largest man-made port in mainland China, * [7] and one of the largest in the world. It covers 121 square kilometers of land surface, with over 31.9 km of quay shoreline and 151 production berths at the end of 2010. * [8] Tianjin Port handled 500 million tonnes of cargo and 13 million TEU of containers in 2013, * [9] making it the world's fourth largest port by throughput tonnage and the ninth in container throughput. * [10] The port trades with more than 600 ports in 180 countries and territo- ries around the world. * [2] It is served by over 115 reg- ular container lines. * [11] run by 60 liner companies, in- cluding all the top 20 liners. Expansion in the last two decades has been enormous, going from 30 million tonnes of cargo and 490,000 TEU * [12] in 1993 to well beyond 400 million tonnes and 10 million TEU in 2012. * [13] Ca- pacity is still increasing at a high rate, with 550–600 Mt of throughput capacity expected by 2015. The port is part of the Binhai New Area district of Tianjin Municipality, the main special economic zone of northern China, and it lies directly east of the TEDA. The Port of Tianjin is at the core of the ambitious development program of the BNA and, as part of that plan, the port aims to become the primary logistics and shipping hub of North China. On 12 August 2015, at least two explosions within 30 sec- onds of each other occurred at a container storage station at the Port of Tianjin in the Binhai New Area of Tianjin, China. The cause of the explosions was not immediately known, but initial reports pointed to an industrial acci- dent. Chinese state media said that at least the initial blast was from unknown hazardous materials in shipping con- tainers at a plant warehouse owned by Ruihai Logistics, a firm specializing in handling hazardous materials. 1 Location and layout Main article: Layout of the Port of Tianjin Tianjin Port Location of the Port of Tianjin The Port of Tianjin is on the coast of Tianjin Munici- pality, in the former county of Tanggu, on the coast be- tween the estuaries of the Haihe to the south and the New Yongding River to the north. To the west, the port bor- ders the city of Tanggu (now the Urban Core of the Binhai New Area) and the TEDA. To the east, the port opens up to the Bohai Bay. Tianjin Port is divided into nine port areas: the three core (Tianjin Xingang) areas of Beijiang, Nanjiang, and Dongjiang around the Xingang fairway; * [14] the Haihe area along the river; the Beitang port area around the Bei- tangkou estuary; the Dagukou port area in the estuary of the Haihe River; and three areas under construction (Hanggu, Gaoshaling, Nangang). Anchorage No5 Xingang Main Shipping Channel BEITANG PORT AREA VTS Gateline TEDA HAIHE PORT AREA BOHAI BAY NANGANG PORT AREA GAOSHALING PORT AREA Dagukou North Anchorage DONGJIANG PORT AREA HANGU PORT AREA BEITANG TANGGU DAGANG HANGU Tianjin Binhai Intl Airport CAOFEIDIAN Lingang Economic Area Dagusha Channel Map of the Port of Tianjin Legend 10m 2011 NOT FOR USE IN NAVIGATION Map of the Port of Tianjin and its Approaches 1

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Page 1: Port of Tianjin

Port of Tianjin

Coordinates: 38°58′33″N 117°47′15″E / 38.97583°N117.78750°EThe Port of Tianjin (Tianjin Gang, Chinese: 天津港;pinyin: tiānjīn gǎng), formerly known as the Port ofTanggu, is the largest port in Northern China and themain maritime gateway to Beijing. The name “TianjinXingang”(Chinese: 天津新港; pinyin: tiānjīn xīngǎng;literally: “Tianjin New Port”), which strictly speakingrefers only to the main seaport area, is sometimes used torefer to the whole port. The port is on the western shoreof the Bohai Bay, centred on the estuary of the HaiheRiver, 170 km southeast of Beijing and 60 km east ofTianjin city. It is the largest man-made port in mainlandChina,*[7] and one of the largest in the world. It covers121 square kilometers of land surface, with over 31.9 kmof quay shoreline and 151 production berths at the end of2010.*[8]Tianjin Port handled 500 million tonnes of cargo and 13million TEU of containers in 2013,*[9] making it theworld's fourth largest port by throughput tonnage andthe ninth in container throughput.*[10] The port tradeswith more than 600 ports in 180 countries and territo-ries around the world.*[2] It is served by over 115 reg-ular container lines.*[11] run by 60 liner companies, in-cluding all the top 20 liners. Expansion in the last twodecades has been enormous, going from 30million tonnesof cargo and 490,000 TEU*[12] in 1993 to well beyond400million tonnes and 10million TEU in 2012.*[13] Ca-pacity is still increasing at a high rate, with 550–600 Mtof throughput capacity expected by 2015.The port is part of the Binhai NewArea district of TianjinMunicipality, themain special economic zone of northernChina, and it lies directly east of the TEDA. The Portof Tianjin is at the core of the ambitious developmentprogram of the BNA and, as part of that plan, the portaims to become the primary logistics and shipping hub ofNorth China.On 12 August 2015, at least two explosions within 30 sec-onds of each other occurred at a container storage stationat the Port of Tianjin in the Binhai New Area of Tianjin,China. The cause of the explosions was not immediatelyknown, but initial reports pointed to an industrial acci-dent. Chinese state media said that at least the initial blastwas from unknown hazardous materials in shipping con-tainers at a plant warehouse owned by Ruihai Logistics,a firm specializing in handling hazardous materials.

1 Location and layout

Main article: Layout of the Port of Tianjin

Tianjin Port

Location of the Port of Tianjin

The Port of Tianjin is on the coast of Tianjin Munici-pality, in the former county of Tanggu, on the coast be-tween the estuaries of the Haihe to the south and the NewYongding River to the north. To the west, the port bor-ders the city of Tanggu (now theUrbanCore of the BinhaiNew Area) and the TEDA. To the east, the port opens upto the Bohai Bay.Tianjin Port is divided into nine port areas: the three core(“Tianjin Xingang”) areas of Beijiang, Nanjiang, andDongjiang around the Xingang fairway;*[14] the Haihearea along the river; the Beitang port area around the Bei-tangkou estuary; the Dagukou port area in the estuaryof the Haihe River; and three areas under construction(Hanggu, Gaoshaling, Nangang).

TPG

Xingang Customs

TPFTZ Customs

Ji C

anal

Dongli Lake

Beitang Reservoir

Huanggang Second Reservoir

New Yongding River

Beidagang Reservoir

Fl.R.4s

Racon K

Haihe River

Anchorage No5

2m

5m

5m

5m

Fl(2)G.6s

Fl(2)G.6s

Xingang 35

Iso.4s

Xingang 35

Racon (O)

Fl(2)G.6s

Fl(2)G.6s

Fl(2)G.6s

10m

Anchorage No 4

DAGUKOU PORT AREA

NANJIANG PORT AREAXingang Main Shipping Channel

Dagu Lighthouse

BEITANG PORT AREA

Aircraft C

arrier K

iev

Theme Park

VTS Gateline

TEDA

Con

tain

er

Logi

stic

s C

ente

r

TANGGU CBD

HAIHE PORT AREA

Tianjin Port Bulk Logistics Center

Binhai Eastern General Heliport

BEIJIANG PORT AREA

Tianjin PortFree Trade Zone

Northern H

arbor Basin (B

eigangchi)

YUJIAPU

DONGGU

LANJIADAO

Lingang Shipbuilding

& Shiprepair Base

Tanggu Airport

Dongjiang Scenic Area

Main Harbor Basin

Beitangkou Estuary

Dongjiang Free

Trade Zone

East Pier (Dongtudi)

Chuanzhadong Channel

First Pier

Second P

ier

Third Pier

BOHAI BAY

Ziya River

NANGANG PORT AREA

GAOSHALING PORT AREA

Spoils Area B

Spoils Area C

Spoils Area A

Dagukou North Anchorage

Dagukou South Anchorage

Dagukou Chemical Anchorage

Anchorage No 6

100,000 DWT Anchorage

Huanggang Receiving Station

North

G25 Changzhen Expy

S50 Jinpu Expy

Tianjin Avenue

G103 Highway

S40 Jingjintang Expy

S308 Yangbei Hwy

S218 H

anbe

i Rd

Centra

l Av

2m

DONGJIANG PORT AREA

5m

10m

Beitang (Shanggulin) RBN/DGPS Station

Tianjin Coastal Radio Tanggu Station

Chuanzha Lead Lights

Xingang Main Channel Lead Lights

HANGU PORT AREA

Jinshugang Av

===

Taku Forts

Park

Xingang Shiplock

Haihe

Tidal Barrier

SAR Base

SAR Center

BEITANG

Port Hospital

XIA

NG

LUO

WA

N

XIGU

Bohai Oil Co. Complex

JUNLIANGCHENG

S11

Haib

in E

xpy

Cruise Homeport

Nanjiang Radar Station

TANGGU

DAGANG

HANGU

DAGU

2m

2m

2m

2m

10m

10m

10m

0m0m

0m

0m

0m

0m

0m

5m

5m

20m

20m

20m

20m

20m

30m

VTS Tower

Junliancheng Antenna Complex

Tianjin Fisheries Shortwave Station

Point 3 (Disembarkation)

Tianjin Maritime Court

Duliujian River

Duliujian River

G25 Changzhen Expy

Tianjin Binhai Intl Airport

S11 Haibin Expy

Dongjiang FTZ Customs

Ninth Avenue

S3 Jinbin Expy

S30 Jingjin Expy

Sino-Singapore Ecological City

CAOFEIDIAN

Central Fishing Port

Beijiang Power Station

Xingang 15

Xingang 13

Xingang 9

Xingang 1

Xingang 2

Xingang 44

NiguHaihe

Beacon 24

Guangang Lake

Not to scale

Haihe Second Barrier

Fl(2+1)R.12s

Xingang D2

Fl.R.4s

Point 3 (Embarkation)

Point 2 (Embarkation)

Point 2 (Disembarkation)

Point 1 (Embarkation)

Point 1 (Disembarkation)

Lingang Economic Area

Dagusha Channel

Nangang ChannelDagang 146

Huanggang First Reservoir

Map of the Port of Tianjin

CAOFEIDIAN

LegendCurrent Port

Facilities

Under Development or Reclamation

Lighthouse

Safe Water Buoy

Starboard Buoy

Shore beacon

Airport

Radar Tower

Fishing Port

Hospital

Provincial Highway

Provincial Expressway

National Highway

Port Buoy

10m

Lead Light

Pilot EmbarkationPoint

Search and Rescue

Aerodrome

Under Construction

Isobath Depth Mark

VTS Tower

Heliport

Isobath

Tianjin Port Group HQ

Anchorage Area

National Expressway

Railway

Major Road

Shipping Channel

Free Trade Zone/CBD

Town or District

Coastal Radio Station

2011

NOT FOR USE IN NAVIGATION

Map of the Port of Tianjin and its Approaches

1

Page 2: Port of Tianjin

2 3 HISTORY

2 Geophysical setting

Main article: Layout of the Port of TianjinThe coastal area of Tianjin municipality before devel-

North Bulwark of Tianjin Port

opment was dominated by mudflats, salt marshes (andsalterns), and coastal shallows. This littoral zone is wideand slopes gently: The 0 m isobath (the intertidal flats)extends to 3–8 km from shore at a slope of 0.71–1.28%,the −5 m isobath extends 14–18 km from shore, and the−10 m isobath reaches 22–36 km from shore. These fea-tures make deep water navigation dependent on extensivedredging, and it means that land reclamation is a cost-effective option for construction. Tianjin Port is by ne-cessity largely man-made through dredging and reclama-tion.*[15]

3 History

Main article: History of the Port of Tianjin

The lower course and estuary of the Haihe is the mainstem of a large navigable basin, as well as the western-most seashore of the North China Plain, and there havebeen major ports on the area at least since the late EasternHan Dynasty. The river port at the junction of the GrandCanal served as both an inland port and seaport supplyingthe northeast border of Chinese states. Since 1153, it wasthe critical supply hub for what is now Beijing.

However, it was not until after the conclusion of theSecond Opium War in 1860 that the port of Tanggu be-came an important transshipment center, allowing ocean-going ships to lighter their cargoes to cross the very shal-low sandbar barring the entrance to Haihe, the Taku Bar(大沽坝—the name of this barrier was often used by for-eign powers to refer to the entire port).After the Boxer Rebellion, the whole of Tanggu came un-der foreign occupation, and those foreign powers devel-oped an extensive network of quays on the riverside.*[16]The capacity of the Tanggu and Tianjin river port waslimited, and so the Japanese occupation forces startedin 1940 the construction of the Tanggu Xingang seaport(later the Tianjin Xingang port) outside the river estu-ary.*[17] By the end of the war, the new port was incom-plete, and damage during the Chinese Civil War left itunusable by the time of its capture in 1949.The Communists reconstructed the Tanggu New Portslowly. On 17 October 1952, it reopened for traffic. Atthe time, the main channel was dredged to 6 m depth,could handle ships of up to 7,000DWT and had an annualthroughput of only 800,000 tonnes —less than 1/500 ofpresent capacity.*[18] The port remained small through-out the Maoist era, although it pioneered the first con-tainer routes and dedicated container terminal in China.The export boom that followed the post-1979 Reformand Opening period put enormous pressure on the ricketyport infrastructure of China. Congestion became seriousenough to force reform by the central government: On 1June 1984, the Port of Tianjin was transferred from directcontrol of the Ministry of Communications to a “dual”system of shared central and local control.

Port of Tianjin: Annual Throughput 1990-2011

Year

Tota

l Car

go (m

illio

n to

nnes

)

Con

tain

ers

(TE

U)

Total Cargo ThroughputContainer Throughput

2000000

4000000

6000000

8000000

10000000

12000000

14000000

19901991

19921993

19941995

19961997

19981999

20002001

20022003

20042005

2006 20082009 20112007

2010

00

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Annual Throughput of the Port of Tianjin 1990–2011

Production then increased in leaps and bounds. In 1988throughput passed the 20 million tonnes milestone, andin the ten years from 1993, annual throughput growth av-eraged 10 million tonnes every year. In December 2001,the port was the first port in north China to reach the 100million tonnes mark.*[19] In 2004 it reached 200 milliontonnes, in 2007 300 million tonnes and in 2010 400 mil-

Page 3: Port of Tianjin

4.1 Anchorages 3

lion tonnes. The container handling capacity of the portincreased from 0.4 million TEU in 1992, to 2.4 millionTEU in 2002, 7.1 million TEU in 2007, and more than10 million TEU in 2010.The structure of the port also changed. In 1992, Tian-jin Port Storage and Transportation Company was madeinto a joint stock company under the full ownership ofthe Tianjin Port Bureau. In 1996, it was converted intothe Tianjin Port Holdings Company (TPC) and listedin the Shanghai stock market. In 1997, Tianjin Develop-ment Holdings, which owned the container-handling as-sets of the Port, was listed in Hong Kong. Its port assetswere later spun out as the Tianjin Port DevelopmentCompany (TPD) and listed in the Hong Kong exchangein 2006.The PTA delayed corporatization to steer the passing ofthe 11th five-year development plan for the port.*[20]The transition was only completed on 3 June 2004, whenthe PTA became the last major Port Authority in China tobecome a corporation: the Tianjin Port (Group) Com-pany (天津港 (集团) 有限公司, or TPG by its Englishacronym).*[21]The financial tsunami of 2008 hit Chinese ports partic-ularly hard, as they depended heavily on foreign tradeflows. The Tianjin Port did better than average due toits diversification: While container business plummeted,bulk trade (in particular iron ore) remained strong. Nev-ertheless, the crisis hit profits hard, and it convincedthe Tianjin government to reorganize and streamline thestructure of the Port, which they did in 2009 by havingTPD (the smaller operator, but one with the useful for-eign registration and access to foreign capital markets)take over TPC. Simultaneously, ownership of TPD wastransferred from Tianjin Development Holdings (a sub-sidiary of the TianjinMinistry of Commerce) to TPG. Bythe time the merger was concluded, on 4 February 2010,all operations in the Tianjin Port had been consolidatedunder TPG.The Port of Tianjin was adversely affected by a largeindustrial-scale accident in August 2015. On August 12,a series of explosions took place at a port chemical stor-age facility in Binhai, causing 123 deaths and over 700injuries. The blast had the equivalent of 21 metric tonsof TNT or a magnitude-2.9 earthquake, according to theChina Earthquake Networks Center. 50 other people re-main missing.*[22]*[23] Eight additional explosions oc-curred on 15 August 2015.

4 Port fairway

Main article: Layout of the Port of Tianjin

The Tianjin Xingang Fairway is divided into the MainShipping Channel, the Chuanzhadong Channel, and theNorthern Branch Channel. The Dagusha Channel and

the Haihe river channel are separate fairways with slightlydifferent regulations.

4.1 Anchorages

Tianjin Port has six main anchorage areas and two tem-porary anchorages. All anchorages are designated for allfunctions—berth waiting, quarantine, inspection and pi-lotage—and provide little shelter from weather or roughseas. Bottom hold is poor to very poor. Anchored ves-sels are advised to keep five cables of clearance, as anchordragging is common (up to 5–10 NM in a day in winter,due to drifting ice).*[24]

4.2 Shiplocks and tidal barriers

A ship passing from the Haihe into the Xingang seaport throughthe Xingang Shiplock

The Haihe river channel is separated from the sea chan-nels by three structures:

• The Xingang Shiplock (Chinese: 新港船闸; pinyin:xīngǎng chuánzhá) in the northern side of the estu-ary is the main shipping route into the Haihe area.

• The Haihe Tidal Barrier (Chinese: 海河防潮闸;pinyin: hǎihé fángcháozhá), built in 1958, and lastrefurbished in 1999, serves as a dam, flood controlsluice and tide surge protection for the Haihe rivermouth.*[25]

Page 4: Port of Tianjin

4 5 PORT GOVERNANCE

• The Tanggu Fishing Boat Lock (Chinese: 塘沽渔船闸; pinyin: tánggū yúchuánzhá) is at the westernend of the channel between Donggu and LanjingdaoIsland.*[26] In 2011, the Fishing Boat Lock gatesstarted to be rebuilt to allow for larger road trafficbetween Donggu and Lanjingdao.*[27]

The Haihe Second Barrier from the east.

The final hydraulic structure of the Tianjin Port is theHaihe Second Barrier (Chinese: 海河二道闸; pinyin:hǎihé èrdàozhá) at Dongnigucun, in the Jinnan district.The Second Barrier is also an open-type sluice barrier,with 8 vertical-rising gates allowing an average flow of1200 m3/s. The barrier, opened in July 1984, closes shiptraffic upriver into Tianjin city proper, and its erection re-sulted in the abandonment of 29.3 km of navigable chan-nel.*[28]

5 Port governance

Main article: Port of Tianjin governance, traffic man-agement and law enforcement

5.1 State regulation and supervision

The Port of Tianjin falls under the supervisory and regu-latory purview of the Tianjin Municipality People's Gov-ernment. The 2004 incorporation of the Tianjin Port Au-thority into TPG formally divested the group of its role asPort Regulator, which passed to the Tianjin Transporta-tion and Port Authority (天津市交通运输和港口管理局), formerly the Tianjin Transport Commission. TheTTPA implements state policy on port work; drafts localpolicies, by-laws and regulations; and licenses, audits, andissues certifications to businesses operating in the port, inparticular to ship terminals. The TTPA supervises andmanages compliance to all laws and regulations regardingenvironmental protection, service compliance, pilotage,

maintenance of port infrastructure and handling of dan-gerous goods and disinfection in all terminals and storageareas.The Tianjin Municipality People's Government Port Ser-vices Office (天津市人民政府口岸服务办公室)was set up in May 2009 to streamline port operations,in particular customs and inspection clearance proce-dures.*[29]*[30]Tianjin Maritime Safety Bureau: Harbormaster pow-ers for the Port of Tianjin are mostly vested on the Tian-jin Maritime Safety Bureau (天津海事局), which is thelocal agency of the China Maritime Safety Administra-tion.*[31]*[32]*[33]*[34]*[35]Maritime Law: The Port of Tianjin falls under the ju-risdiction of the Tianjin Maritime Court for all mattersof national and international Maritime law, including allforms of maritime contracts, torts and offenses.*[36]

5.2 Inspection and clearance

Inbound ships, cargo and personnel require clearanceby four main government bodies: China Customs forcustoms declaration, Border Inspection for migrationformalities, China Inspection and Quarantine for quar-antine and fumigation, and the MSA for ship and crewsafety regulations. Obtaining clearance from theseso-called “One Customs Three Inspections”(一关三检) used to be a protracted process, and one of thecontinued foci of port reform is to speed up the clear-ance procedures and reduce their (still significant) bur-den.*[37]*[38]*[39]*[40]*[41]*[42]*[43]*[44]*[45]*[46]*[47]

5.3 Port management

The new headquarters building for the Tianjin Port Group, nextto the Yihang International Building.

Tianjin Port Group (TPG) is both the main Port Operatorand Port Landowner, and retains some of the old Port Au-thority's supervisory functions. TPG is the holding com-pany andUltimate Controlling Party for most of the Tian-

Page 5: Port of Tianjin

6.2 Aids to navigation 5

jin Port operating units, and its affiliates and subordinateunits run most aspects of port operation. The Dagukouport area is (at present) run separately by the Tianjin Lin-gang Port Group Co. (天津临港港务集团有限公司),owned by the Tianjin Lingang Economic Area Adminis-trative Committee (of which TPG is a part).|*[48]TPG also serves as Port Landlord, providing basic mu-nicipal services (including roads, power, water and sew-erage) and other services, extending from constructionmaterials to printing services, to the port's tenant opera-tors. In this role, TPG maintains quasi-municipal author-ity over port areas. Finally, as with all Chinese SOEs,the control and coordination role of the local CommunistParty units is significant, as is the common cross-sharingof personnel among related units.

6 Traffic management and naviga-tional safety

Main article: Port of Tianjin governance, traffic man-agement and law enforcement

6.1 Area procedures and traffic rules

The VTS Tower houses the traffic control center for the Port andits approaches

The Vessel Traffic Service Center (天 津 船 舶 交通管理中心) of the MSA provides traffic control,

navigation assistance and local communication to allvessels in the Port's fairway, anchorages and berths. TheVTS Center is located in an 88 m tall control tower atthe eastern end of the Dongtudi (East Pier), and hastwo subordinate monitoring stations at Dongjiang andLingang. Its control area extends 20 nautical miles(37 km) from the tower. Compliance with the VTSC'sauthority is mandatory, and all ships must maintainwatch on its VHF channel (Ch. 9) while on the portarea. On the Haihe, both VHF 09 and 71 must be onwatch.*[32]*[49]*[50]*[51]*[52]*[53]*[54]*[55]*[56]*[57]*[58]*[59]*[60]*[61]*[62]*[63]*[64]*[65]*[note1]*[66]*[67]*[68]*[69]

6.2 Aids to navigation

The Tianjin Port's aids to navigation (AtoN) systemis fairly dense, and growing rapidly. The MSA BeihaiNavigational Security Center's Tianjin Aids to Naviga-tion Office (北海航海保障中心天津航标处)*[70] isresponsible for the maintenance of all navaids withinthe Tianjin area. In 2004, the AtoN office controlled141 navaids*[71] in the Tianjin jurisdiction, including 3lighthouses, 12 light beacons, 22 lead markers, 44 daybeacons, 55 light buoys, 1 NDB station, 1 RBN/DGPSstation, 3 radar transponders, 2 large AtoN ships, 2small AtoN ships and 1 survey ship operating from twowharves.*[72]*[73]*[74]*[75]*[76]*[77]*[78]*[79]*[80]*[81]*[82]*[83]*[84]*[85]

Main Channel buoy 44 and Petrochemical Terminal

6.3 Weather monitoring and reporting

While the Port directly operates a number of hydro-meteorological stations (including tide gauges), weatherforecasting is primarily the responsibility of the TianjinBinhai New Area Weather Warning Center (天津市滨海新区气象预警中心), the local agency of the TianjinMunicipal Weather Bureau (天津市气象局).*[86] TheWarning Center uses local (26 automatic weather stationsin Binhai), national and satellite data to forecast marineand port weather.*[87]

Page 6: Port of Tianjin

6 7 LAW ENFORCEMENT

6.4 Maritime communication

Tianjin Coastal Radio's Tanggu Station

Tianjin Coastal Radio: The Beihai Navigational Secu-rity Center's Tianjin Communications and InformationCenter (北海航海保障中心天津通信中心) runs theTianjin Coastal Station (天津海岸电台,Callsign: XSV;Call: Tianjin Radio; MMSI 004121100). The Station isin charge of the communication obligations of the GlobalMaritime Distress Safety System in the Port's jurisdic-tion, supports the SAR Center's communication needs,and supports the MSA's duties of coordination and com-munications.*[31]

6.5 SAR operations and emergency re-sponse

Maritime Rescue Coordination: The primary SAR co-ordination agency is the Tianjin Maritime Search andRescue Center (天津市海上搜救中心), with respon-sibility for coordinating all SAR activities in Port wa-ters.*[88]

Tianjin Search and Rescue Base. In the background is theCNOOC Bohai Oil Building A.

The Tianjin Search and Rescue Base is one of the sixrescue bases of the China Rescue and Salvage Beihai Bu-reau, which is the front-line rescue and salvage force ofthe Ministry of Transport.*[89]

SAR Assets: Tianjin Rescue Base keeps three dynamicstandby stations, normally with the following units:*[90]

1. Search and Rescue Base's Wharf: One Fast RescueBoat (Huaying 387)*[91] and one rescue tug.

2. Dagukou Anchorage: One 1940 kW Rescue Ship(Beihaijiu 169)

3. Beihai 2nd Point (10 NM south of Caofeidian,38º50´N / 118º25´E) : One 1940 kW Rescue Ship(Beihaijiu 115)*[92]

Tianjin Port PSB Fire Services Detachment (天津港公安局消防支队) holds the fire-fighting and fire pre-vention duties for both the land and water areas of thePort.*[93]EmergencyMedical Assistance: The Tianjin Port Hos-pital (天津港口医院) is the primary provider of emer-gency medical care in the port. It is a 314-bed compre-hensive hospital, owned by TPG, that is specially licensedto deal with infectious disease outbreaks, quarantine andmaritime accident trauma: its orthopedic trauma depart-ment is especially well ranked nationally.*[94]Pollution Control: Tianjin MSA is the Port's“NationalOperational Contact Point”pursuant to MARPOL, andmust be contacted (VHF 9) in all incidents of shipborneharmful substance spills.*[95]The State Oceanic Administration has overlapping au-thority regarding spills and pollution, usually concen-trated on oil platform and pipeline incidents.*[96]

7 Law enforcement

Main article: Port of Tianjin governance, traffic man-agement and law enforcement

The maritime governance regime in China is peculiar inits multiplicity of actors and apparent duplication of la-bor. Five major agencies (MSA, SOA, CCG, FLEC,GAC),*[97] plus the local People's Police and other lo-cal units, divide maritime and coastal law enforcement,safety and administrative duties, with much overlap informal remits. These agencies' responsibilities reflect thefunctional jurisdiction of their parent ministries, and theiroperational emphases fit those jurisdictions. Only theCoast Guard (Maritime Police) patrol vessels are armedgunboats, and the Guard has first line jurisdiction ingendarmerie missions such as terrorism, piracy and se-rious crimes.

7.1 People's Police units

The Tianjin Port Public Security Bureau (天津港公安局) is one of the fourteen branch offices of the Tianjin

Page 7: Port of Tianjin

7.2 Other law enforcement bodies 7

The Tianjin Port PSB Floating Station, moored at the PassengerTerminal.

Public Security Bureau, with sub-bureau status. It is re-sponsible for public order, law enforcement, criminal in-vestigation, road traffic control, and fire safety and fire-fighting.*[98]*[99]Water Police: The Tianjin Port PSB has its own waterpolice unit running its own patrol boats,*[100] whichare berthed on a floating pontoon station (天津港公安局水上治安派出所) built on a converted floatingcrane,*[101] currently located on the K1 berth of theTianjin Port Passenger Terminal.

China Coast Guard cutter at the Xingang Shipyard

Border Protection: the Public Security Border Troops(公安边防部队) are a gendarmerie force under controlof the MPS in charge of border protection and security.The border guards' local ground unit is the Binhai NewArea Public Security Border Protection Detachment (滨海新区公安边防支队).*[102]The Tianjin Customs Anti-Smuggling Bureau (天津海关缉私局), usually called the Anti-Smuggling Police(天津海关缉私警察) is a People's Police unit under thedual command of the MPS and the GAC. It is the mainbody engaged in control, prevention and investigation ofcustoms fraud and duty evasion and smuggling (includingcultural goods, drugs, dangerous materials, etc.).*[103]

7.2 Other law enforcement bodies

The law enforcement arms of the MSA are the Tian-jin Maritime Public Security Bureau (天津海事公安局) and the Tianjin MSA Law Enforcement Pa-trol Flotilla (天津海事局巡查执法支队).*[104] TheTianjin Maritime PSB (not to be confused with theTianjin Port Public Security Bureau) is responsible formaritime law enforcement and carries out marine ac-cident and criminal investigations. The Patrol Flotilladeploys eleven patrol ships*[32] (hull numbers haixun05xx),*[105] which monitor and manage shipping traffic,maintain navigational order and safety, and cooperate onpatrol, escort, and search and rescue missions as needed.The Second Detachment of China Maritime Surveil-lance (中国海监第二支队) of the Tianjin Oceanic Ad-ministration has jurisdiction over the Bohai and LaizhouBays, and over all the coastal areas of Tianjin andHebei.*[106] It monitors environmental damage, illegaluse of sea resources, violation of maritime regulations,and damage to marine facilities.*[107]The Tianjin Fisheries Management and Fishing PortSupervision and Management Office (天津市渔政渔港监督管理处) is a branch of the Tianjin Fisheries Bu-reau under the China Fisheries Law Enforcement Com-mand Center (中国渔政指挥中心).*[108] It is in chargeof enforcing fishing regulations, of controlling illegal, un-reported and unregulated fishing (IUU), and of fishingnavigational safety.*[109]

8 Business structure

Main article: Port of Tianjin operations and logistics

8.1 Ownership structure

The Port of Tianjin is a state-owned enterprise (SOE),run as an independent corporation, with separate financesand a commercial orientation. The Port Owner is theTianjin Municipality People's Government (天津市人民政), through the Tianjin SASAC (Tianjin State As-sets Supervision and Administration Committee—天津国有资产监督管理委员会), which is the full owner ofthe Tianjin Port (Group) Company (TPG). TPG's boardis appointed by the Tianjin government. TPG is the ef-fective holding company and main Port Operator, and itowns or has a stake on the majority of the Port's variousoperating outfits.Since the 2009 merger,*[110] TPG's main operating sub-sidiary is Tianjin Port Development Co. Ltd (TPD),which in turn is the majority shareholder of Tianjin PortHoldings Co. Ltd (TPC). TPG has been injecting oper-ational assets to TPC for several years, and since 2009to TPD (most recently the Shihua Crude Oil Terminal).

Page 8: Port of Tianjin

8 9 PORT OPERATIONS

Tianjin

SASAC

Tianjin Port Development

(TPD)

Tianjin Port Holdings Co.

(TPC)

Tsinlien Group Co., Ltd

Tianjin Development

Holdings

Public H-Share 882.HK

Public A Share

600717.SH

Public H Share3382.HK

Tianjin Commission of Commerce

100%

53.5%

100%

53.4%

21%

56.81% 46.6%

43.19%

25.3%

Tianjin Port Ownership Structure After the 2009 Merger

The ownership structure of the Tianjin Port after the 2009merger. Green boxes are foreign-registered entities, blue boxesare mainland-registered

This has created somewhat of a functional division. Thelisted TPD, directly or through TPC, controls all termi-nals and direct cargo-handling operations. TPG still di-rectly controls most of the utility, support and ancillaryunits related to the Port, and retains control of strategicplanning. TPG is also directly or indirectly a party in 53joint ventures*[111]

5m

5m

202°10'29.1"

-9.5m

Anchorage No 4

Xingang/Dagukou

Anchorage No 6Gaoshaling/Dagukou

Metallurgy Industrial

Area

YujiapuCBD

Beitang

332°15'15"-8.0m

270°0'0.0''

287°16'48.9''

Anchorage No 7 Nangang

Anchorage No 5 Xingang/Dagukou

20m

5m

10m

Anchorage No 3Xingang

20m

Anchorage No 1 Beitang Hangu

Anchorage No 8 Nangang

Anchorage No 2 Xingang

-23m

306°04'17.7''

305°20'5.2''

TEDA

20m

Nangang Port Area

Gaoshaling Port Area

Dagusha Port Area

Nanjiang Port Area

Beijiang Port Area

Dongjiang Port Area

Beitang Port Area

Hangu Port Area

Haihe Port Area

-16.5m

-14.5m

TEDA West

TANGGU

-14.5m

281°04'17.7''

Binhai Tourist Area

Sino-Singapore Eco-City

HANGU

Lingang Economic Area

Binhai High-tech Area

Airport Production Area

Nangang Industrial Area

DAGANG

5m

-23m

10m

Legend

Logistics support areas

Liquid bulk terminals

Ro-Ro terminals

General cargo terminals

Passenger terminals

Administration and support areas

Dry bulk terminals

Container terminals

Equipment assembly

Areas for future development

Roads

Railways

Port Area Limits

Binhai Central New Town

Tianjin Port Planning Map for 2030

9 Port operations

Main article: Port of Tianjin operations and logistics

The subsidiaries and partial-ownership partners of TPGare involved in all facets of port operation, includingstevedoring, shipping agency, cargo handling, storage andtransportation, infrastructure management, communica-tions and information services, financial services, powersupply, real estate development, health care, personnel

training, education, port security, transportation, fire pro-tection, port facilities management, environmental man-agement, etc.*[112]The core activity of the Port is, naturally, cargo handlingand processing. As a comprehensive port, it handles allsort of cargoes, including dry and liquid bulk, generalcargo, containers, vehicles, and passengers. Tianjin Portoperates 365 days a year, 24 hours a day (on three shiftsat 00:00–08:00, 08:00–16:00 and 16:00–24:00).

9.1 Port production

Docking terminals and wharves: As of 2011, the Porthad 217 berths (including service berths); 90 berths werecapable of accommodating ships over 10,000 DWT. Ofthese, 72 could dock ships over 50,000 DWT; 30 over100,000 DWT, 23 over 150,000 DWT, 5 over 200,000DWT, and 2 over 300,000 DWT.*[113]The Port's docking terminals are operated by autonomouscompanies that are mostly either fully owned by, or arejoint ventures with,TPC or TPD. While the 2004 PortLaw allowed full foreign ownership of port facilities, TPGis still the majority shareholder of all but a few of thePort's main terminals, excepting single-company (cus-toms type II) terminals. Additional stevedoring personnelis provided by a number of labor services companies af-filiated to various operators.Secondary wharves tend to the service, supply and main-tenance ships that a complex port needs to function.These facilities range from temporary sand unloadingwharves, needed for construction,*[114] to large bunker-ing wharves, workboat stations and the bases of the vari-ous law enforcement agencies.Scheduling and Dispatching: The Tianjin PortGroup's Operations Department (天津港集团业务部) is in charge of coordinating the productive opera-tion of the Port, and must be informed of all ship move-ments and major operations. The production schedule(ship movement plan) is arranged by the TPG DispatchControl Center (天津港集团生产调度指中心), in co-ordination with the wharf operators, the MSA, and thepilot center. The Dispatch Center organizes ship move-ments, tracks pilotage operations, and supervises terminaloperations via real-time CCTV monitoring.*[115] TheDagukou port area has a separate dispatching center (天津临港经济区船舶调度指挥中心).*[61]Harbor Craft: The main provider of harbor craft is theTianjin Port Tug & Lighter Company.*[116] The TTLCoperates the harbor tugs, fireboats, pilot boats and otherancillary craft such as the crew boat Xinbinhai, or thesightseeing boat Xinhaimen (used for inspection and vis-iting VIPs). The company operates 26 harbor tugs (be-tween 2,600 HP and 6,000 HP of power), 5 pilot ships,7 other ancillary crafts, 2 floating cranes (120 t and 200t capacity); and around three dozen lighters, the largest

Page 9: Port of Tianjin

9.3 Services and amenities 9

Two harbor tugs at the First Pier Tug Wharf

around 1,340 t displacement. The Dagusha channel isserved by a subsidiary company of TTLC, the TianjinLingang Tug Company (天津临港拖轮有限公司), op-erating four tugboats.*[117]Other work vessels: CNOOC Bohai Oil maintains aflotilla of 110 offshore support vessels (OSV),*[118]many homeported at Tianjin. These boats are avail-able for emergency work under MSA authority. Two ofCNOOC's floating cranes (800 tonnes and 500 tonnes)can be commercially engaged for harbor duty.*[119]

9.2 Port maintenance and construction

Facilities management: TPG operates as the port land-lord, and provides most utilities, municipal services andancillary services to the various port operators. The ser-vices it provides are very wide in scope, spanning ev-erything from electrical power, to construction materials,to printing services. The main organ of TPG's landlordfunction is the Tianjin Port Facilities ManagementCompany (天津港设施管理服务公司), which man-ages and maintains all municipal services —includingroads, railroads, bridges, water, and sewerage —installsandmaintains wharf equipment and other productionma-terial, provides municipal administration, and providesengineering consultancy services.*[120]Hydrographic Surveying and Charting: As an ar-tificial port dependent on dredged channels susceptibleto silting, continuous depth surveying is critical to thePort. Tianjin Port is the base of the Beihai Naviga-tional Security Center's Tianjin Marine Survey andCharting Center (北海航海保障中心天津海事测绘中心)*[121] with responsibility for the hydrographicsurveying, monitoring, fairway sounding and charting ofall waters and shipping channels in the Beihai (North-ern Seas) area, which includes the Bohai and Yellowseas. As of 2011, the Hydrographic Brigade had 149personnel,*[121] two survey ships (Haice 051 and Haice0502), surveying equipment including ROVs, and UAVsfor aerial surveying*[122]

Channel maintenance: The Tianjin Dredging Com-pany *[123] (天津航道局) is the organic waterway man-agement company of the Tianjin Port Group. As of Jan-uary 2010, the TDC deployed 100 boats, and had thelargest dredging capacity of China, with a capacity of 300million cubic meters andmore than 500,000 kWof vesselpower.*[119] Despite these numbers, the scale of fairwayexpansion and land reclamation in the Port means thatseveral other construction companies operate large num-bers of dredging vessels as well.*[124]Dredging the Haihe Channel is the responsibility of theTianjinMunicipalWaterManagement Bureau (天津市水务局),which maintains both navigability and riverflow capacity (set at 800 m3/s). The Water Managementdredgers operate from wharves at the Haihe Second Bar-rier and at the Haihe Tidal Barrier.*[125]Icebreaking: Routine icebreaking is usually handled bythe Tug & Lighter Company. In case of ice emergencies,the MSA coordinates icebreaking patrols, using heavyharbor tugs and dredges. During the frozen winter of2010–11, the Port authorities estimated that there were16 ships with icebreaking capabilities available, 10 ofwhich belonged to the TTLC.*[126] CNOOC Bohai had24 icebreakers, needed to clear offshore platforms, andalso lent two larger icebreakers to the Port.*[127]Port Construction: The Port's main construction andengineering outfit is CCCC First Harbor Engineering (中交第一航务工程局有限公司). *[128] Four subsidiarycompanies carry out all forms of project engineering andconstruction, from roads to breakwaters. As of 2010,First Harbor Engineering First Company (the main boatoutfit) had a fleet of 74 work vessels.*[129] As in the caseof dredgers, the sheer scale of construction in the Portmeans that many other outfits deploy hundreds of ves-sels. As of 2008, there were 418 construction vessels op-erating at the Port, including 236 sand barges and fluvialworkboats.*[130]The Tianjin Research Institute for Water TransportEngineering*[131] is in charge of the technical supervi-sion of most port engineering projects.Real Estate Development: Commercial and residentialproperty development in newly reclaimed or repurposedland is one of the four core“industries”of the Port. TheTianjin Port Real Estate Development Company (天津港地产发展有限公司), founded 2009,*[132] is nowvery active in developing both residential and commercialproperty on Port land.*[133]*[134]*[135]

9.3 Services and amenities

Bunkerage: The main bunker oil, lubricants and waterprovider in Tianjin Port is Tianjin Chimbusco (中国船舶燃料供应天津公司).*[136] Chimbusco China had amonopoly on the supply of bonded bunker oil (i.e. forforeign vessels) in China until 2006. Tianjin Chimbusco

Page 10: Port of Tianjin

10 9 PORT OPERATIONS

A water tender and a bunker tender resupplying a freighter at theFirst Stevedoring Co. wharf.

(now a TPG subsidiary) retained its exclusive rights inTianjin until 2009, and the end of the monopoly resultedin a black gold rush of competing bunkerage companies:Sinopec Zhoushan entered the Tianjin market in October2010, followed in December 2010 by SinoBunker,*[137]and in June 2011, by China Changjiang Bunker.*[138]This sudden rise in competition resulted in a serious pricewar and crashing prices in 2011.*[139] Most forms ofmaritime fuels are available, primarily IFO 180 cSt and380 cSt; IFO 120 cSt, MDG, MDO and other diesels areavailable.*[140] Bunkering operations are done by fueltender, as most berths do not have fueling equipment.Equally, drinking water is mostly delivered by tender.Chandlery and Supplies: Several dozen ship chandlersare capable of supplying all necessary deck, engine andcabin stores, and all other provisions both at berth or atanchorage. The oldest international chandler is TianjinOcean Shipping Supply company (天津市外轮供应公司),*[141] owned by the Tianjin government. Most spareparts are available locally, and special orders can be flownin easily.Cleaning and Sanitation Services: Bilge, slops andballast water disposal is a major pollution hazard for theBohai Bay, and it is tightly regulated by the MSA. Onlyspecially authorized enterprises can engage in their re-moval and disposal, or in tank cleanup.*[142] Neverthe-less, illegal dumping of ballast water is a persistent prob-lem and one of the Port's major law enforcement chal-lenges. Ships carrying oil or liquid chemicals, and allships over 10,000 gt are required to sign an“Agreementfor Ship Pollution Response”*[143] with one of four au-thorized emergency spill response companies.*[144]Tianjin Port Harbor Service Company (天津港港口服务公司) is the Group's organic“housekeeping”service,providing cabin, hold and bedding clean-up, and garbagedisposal for ships at berth.*[145] Other companies areavailable for all sorts of cleaning, disinfection and deckmaintenance, fifteen companies are authorized for shipgarbage collection.*[146]

Seafarers: As the port of a major city, facilities avail-able to crews on shore leave are extensive, if somewhatdifficult to reach. The International Seamen's Club (天津新港国际海员俱乐部) is located at Xingang LiumiRoad, opposite the Bomesc shipyard.*[147] Around twodozen crew management companies provide replacementcrews at all times.*[148]

9.4 Ship repair and shipbuilding facilities

A ship under construction at the Bomesc Fabrication Site

Tianjin Port has several ship repair and shipbuilding fa-cilities capable of carrying out almost all forms of shiprepair and refitting for all but the largest ships, and thosecapabilities are increasing rapidly.The Tanggu port area was one of the earliest modernshipbuilding areas of China. The still-functioning TakuDockyard (now theTianjin City Shipyard) was foundedin 1880, and is the oldest modern dockyard in NorthernChina. Many small shipyards operated in the Haihe re-gion, but most have closed in recent years, or will soonclose to make way for the large development projects ofthe Binhai Urban Core.Themain ship repair facility in the port is theCSICTian-jin Xingang Shipyard. Founded in 1939, it is locatedat the very end of the main harbor basin, right next tothe Haihe shiplock. Immediately next to it is the CCCCBomesc Maritime Industry's facility (built in 2007).On the Nanjiang region, Singapore's Sembawang Ship-yard entered in 1997 to the first foreign joint shipyardproject in China, in partnership with Bohai Oil. Thatshipyard is now the CNOOC Bohai Oil BOHIC sub-sidiary.*[149]*[150]A large number of ship repair companies offermaintenance services at berth, and the Tianjin WuzhouMarine Service Engineering Co. (天津五洲海事工程有限公司) offers anchorage and under-way repairsusing its specialized ship Jinyuanhangxiu 1 (津远航修 1号), one of only five such vessels in China.*[151]*[152]*[153]*[154]*[155]*[153]*[156]*[157]*[158]*[159]*[160]*[161]*[162]

Page 11: Port of Tianjin

11

9.5 Trade and shipping services

One of the strategic goals of the Port is to increase its highvalue-added services business, providing advance supportfor all forms of logistic activities.The Tianjin International Trade and Shipping Ser-vice District (天津与航运服务区) The Service Dis-trict is composed of nine high-rise buildings, includingthe TPG main office building and the International Ship-ping Service Center.*[163]

The Tianjin Port International Trade and Shipping Service Cen-ter.

The Tianjin International Trade and Shipping Ser-vice Center (天津国际贸易与航运服务中心) provides

“one-stop”service for all sorts of aspects of shipping andtrade, with a core mission of centralizing and streamlin-ing the clearance process.*[164] The Center aggregates270 government service windows from 14 governmentagencies, including customs, inspection and quarantine,maritime safety, border control, traffic control, maritimecourt, electronic customs clearance, business taxes, andstate audit and supervision.TheDongjiang shipping services area is still under de-velopment, and aims to form a cluster of specific ship-ping services. Taking advantage of its favorable taxand currency exchange regime, the Dongjiang BondedPort intends to attract a cluster of enterprises relatedto the financing of ship leasing and shipbroking, and toother forms of shipping financing, including offshore fi-nancial services, offshore banking, marine insurers andP&I clubs, ship registration, local offices of the leadingclassification societies, etc.*[165]Shipping Agencies: Engaging a shipping agent ismandatory for all foreign flagged ships, and Tianjin hasseveral dozen such outfits operating at present. Thelargest agents are Tianjin Penavico (天津外轮代理公司), owned by TPG, and Tianjin Sinoagent (天津船务代理有限公司),*[166] a subsidiary of Tianjin Sinotrans.Agencies have fairly extensive obligations as intermedi-aries for most paperwork procedures involving TPG, shipoperators, or government agencies,*[167] as well as their

traditional duties of arranging ship supply and cargo han-dling.

10 Passenger services

Main article: Port of Tianjin operations and logistics

10.1 Passenger terminals

The Tianjin Xingang Passenger Terminal

The Tianjin Xingang Passenger Terminal (天津新港客运站) is run by the Tianjin Passenger Company, andprovides ferry services and coastal cruises.*[168] Twomain regular ferry lines and one summer-only ferry lineleave Tianjin, serviced by a fleet of three Ro-Ro ferryboats. There are two international destinations, Kobe inJapan and Incheon in South Korea, and one national des-tination, Dalian in Liaoning Province.*[169]

Tianjin Cruise Homeport

*[170]The new Tianjin Cruise Homeport started operation inthe summer of 2010.*[170] It is located in the southerntip of the Dongjiang peninsula. The all-services terminal

Page 12: Port of Tianjin

12 11 TRANSPORTATION AND LOGISTICS

building is a large white GFRC-clad building designed tomimic the flow of white silk on an ocean breeze. It hasan annual capacity of 500,000 passengers. At present,the Homeport has two berths capable of accommodat-ing ships up to 220,000 gt —enough to receive even thelargest current cruisers.*[171]

10.2 Leisure services

Yachting marinas: There are three large-scale marinaprojects underway at the Tianjin Port to expand yachtingservices.*[172]

1. The Binhai Ocean One Yachting Club (滨海一洋游艇会) is being built at the southern end ofthe Dongjiang Scenic Area's artificial beach. It isplanned to become a yachting port with 700 berths,plus an extra 200 pile mooring slots.*[173]

2. The Sino-Australia Royal Yacht City (中澳皇家游艇城) is a 1,000-berth development (to becompleted in 2012) in the Tianjin Central FishingPort.*[174]

3. The Hi-speed Tianjin Yacht City (海斯比天津游艇城) in the Binhai Tourist Area plans to add3,000 berths,*[175] focusing on high-speed boats,sailboats and high-performance yachts.*[176]

Sightseeing tours: Two companies offer short (30-45min) boat tours of the harbor, traveling to the end ofthe Chuanzhadong channel. The first, Tianjin Port HaiyiTravel Service Company (天津港海颐旅行社公司), aTPG subsidiary, runs the sightseeing boatHaiyi (海颐号)from the K1 berth of the Passenger Terminal, with capac-ity for 132 passengers (CN¥30 as of November 2011).The second, Tianjin Haihe Jinlu Sightseeing Boats Com-pany (天津海河津旅游船公司) operates from the Sight-seeing Boats Pier at the other side of the main basin. Itruns two ships, the Haijing (海景号) with capacity for150 passengers and the Jinhai (津海号) with capacityfor 184 passengers. CN¥50 as of April 2011.*[177]

11 Transportation and logistics

Main article: Port of Tianjin operations and logistics §Transportation and logistics

Storage, transportation and all forms of logistics process-ing are the core activity of the Port, and it is no surprisethat the majority of its land surface is dedicated to storageand processing facilities, with several million km2 of stor-age yards, warehouses and tank farms operated by dozensof enterprises. There are two large-scale purpose-built lo-gistics areas designed to provide support and facilities tothe operating logistics outfits.

The chief logistics unit of the Port Group is TianjinLogistics Development Co. , established in 2009 bymerging the Tianjin Port Storage and Distribution Com-pany (天津港货运公司) with other Group logistics as-sets.*[178] TLD runs 1,800,000 m2 of storage yard, witha capacity for 32,000 TEU of containers, and is respon-sible for the establishment and management of the dryport network and the establishment of intermodal routes,as well as being the principal drayage provider.

11.1 Transportation corridors

Laotieshan VTS Area

NOT FOR USE IN NAVIGATION

Laizhou

Laotieshan Channel Traffic Separation Scheme

Changshan Channel Traffic Separation Scheme

Huanghua-Laotieshan

Tianjin-LaotieshanCaofeidian-Laotieshan

Yantai-Dandong

Dalian

Tianjin-Changshan Channel

Laotieshan Channel - Chengshan Cape

Yant

ai-D

alia

n

Changshan Channel- Chengshan Cape

Yantai-Laotieshan Channel

Longkou

Laizhou-C

hangshan Channel

Port of Dalian Dasanshan Channel Traffic Separation Scheme

Chengshan Cape Traffic Separation Scheme

Laotieshan Channel-Y

ingkou Bayuquan Deep Water R

oute

Laot

iesha

n Cha

nnel

- Nor

ther

n Boh

ai Sea

Huludao

Jinzhou

Qinhuangdao-Yingkou

Qinhuangdao-Laotieshan

Long

kou-

Chang

shan

Cha

nnel

Weifang

Dongying

Tianjin

-Qin

huangdao

Caofeidian Traffic Separation Scheme

TangshanCaofeidian

Caofeidian Headlands South Precautionary Area

Huanghua-Changshan Channel

Huanghua

Tianjin

Jingtang-Laotieshan

Penglai

Lüshun

Yantai Weihai

Yingkou

TangshanJingtang

Dalian-Laotieshan Channel

Dalian-W

eihai

Northern Bohai S

ea-Yingkou

Jinzhou-Northern Bohai Sea

Hul

udao

-Nor

ther

n B

ohai

Sea

Changshan Channel-Tianjin

Tianjin-Qinhuangdao

Dalian-Chengshan Cape

Che

ngsh

an C

ape-

Dan

dong

Dalian-Dandong

QinhuangdaoYingkou

Bayuanquan

Map of the Bohai Sea's Seaways Scheme

50m

20m

10m

0m

Dry Land

Bathymetry

Under 30

31-100

100-200

200-300

Over 400

Ports by cargo throughput (in millions of tonnes)

Legend

Precautionary Area

Chart Symbols

Direction of Traffic Flow

Separation Line

Route

VTS Reporting Line

Satellite Port

North

Not to scale

China MSA's seaways plan for the Bohai Sea. Planned routesfollow closely the seaways currently in use.

Sea routes: Two main sea routes connect the Bohai Baywith the Yellow Sea and the open ocean. These tworoutes carry the large majority of all traffic in and outof the Bohai Sea, and can be very crowded. The maindeep-water route (6 nmi wide) goes from the LaotieshanChannel (38°36.1′ N, 120°51.3′ E) at a 276° bearing untilreaching a Traffic Separation Scheme south of Caofeid-ian (38°48.0′ N/118°45.2′ E), and can be quite a crowdedwaterway. A second main route (3 NM wide westward,3 NM wide eastward) goes westward from Changshanchannel (38°05.0′ N/120°24.6′ E) at a 293.5° bearingup to a point north of oil platform BZ28-1 (38°21.0′N/119°38.5′ E), continuing at a 291° bearing up to thesouth of Caofedian Head (38°38.7′ N/118°38.4′ E) andthen into the Xingang Main Channel.*[179]*[180]Internal waterways: The three main port areas are fairlypoorly connected by road, requiring rather long detours totransport any cargo or equipment between them. Whileseveral bridges and tunnels directly linking Dongjiangwith Beijiang and Nanjiang areas are projected for fu-ture development, these are still in early planning stages.To help relieve this internal bottleneck, in April 2010the Port introduced a lighter route connecting Nanjiang(N-10 berth) and Beijiang (Tianjin Container Terminal),using one heavy barge (7800 DWT, 200 TEU).*[181]Another regular lighter route connecting Beijiang withDongjiang was established on September 2010.*[182]Railroads: Two main lines (First and Second Port Rail-roads: 进港一二线) serve the Beijiang and Nanjiangareas respectively. The Jinji Railway connects these lines

Page 13: Port of Tianjin

11.2 Logistics centers, yards and warehouses 13

Internal port railroad approaching the Fourth Stevedoring Com-pany wharf on the Beijiang Third Pier

as a de facto ring railroad. A web of around 60 km ofinternal railways goes deep into the wharves and storageyards of the Beijiang area. The Nanjiang area is primarilyconnected through the Nanjiang Rail Bridge. This bridgewas expanded to double-track in 2010, for an annual ca-pacity of 70 million tonnes. A second bridge is underconstruction. A conveyor belt corridor runs parallel tothe railway, carrying coal and ore to the Bulk LogisticsCenter.*[183]Highways and roads: The internal roads in the Portcarry an enormously heavy, noisy and noisome flow oftraffic, and traffic jams are not uncommon at certain bot-tlenecks. The internal roads at the three main Port ar-eas form a broken grid pattern, the east-west roads con-necting with the expressways that feed the port. Themain north-south roads are the Yuejin road transfixingthe Container Logistics Center, the Meizhou (Americas)Road in the Dongjiang Area.The backbone road of the Port is the S11 Haibin Express-way (海滨高速), which runs north-south and roughlyrepresents the Port's western boundary.*[note 2] Themain east-west feeder roads are the S40 Jingjintang Ex-pressway (京津塘高速), which merges into the Jing-men road; the S13 Jinbin Expressway ( 津滨高速) andthe G103 Highway, which both merge into the XingangFourth Road; and the S30 Jingjin Expressway (京津高速), which becomes the Jishuanggang road and then theXingang 8th Road into Dongjiang. In the south, theTianjin Avenue and the S50 Jinpu Expressway (津浦高

速) connect into the Nanjiang and Lingang areas.These feeder roads connect in turn with the thick Beijing-Tianjin road hub, with seven radial expressways fromBeijing and four from Tianjin. Of these, the Jinji Ex-pressway (S1) is the main alternative route into Beijing(through Pinggu) and the Northwest (through the 6thRing Road and the G6 Jingla Expressway), while the G25Changzhen Expressway is the main North-South connec-tor.Airports: The Port is 30 minutes away from TianjinBinhai International Airport, and 120 min from BeijingCapital International Airport. Two small general avia-tion aerodromes—Tanggu Airport (塘沽机场) and Bin-hai Eastern General Heliport (滨海东方通用直升机场)—provide offshore helicopter shuttles and other servicesto Port operators.

11.2 Logistics centers, yards and ware-houses

The Tianjin Port Container Logistics Center (天津港集装箱物流中心) is located in the north part of theBeijiang area, in 7.03 km² of reclaimed land. The Cen-ter currently hosts 42 logistics enterprises, and it has 350hectares of yard space, 26 hectares of warehouses, orabout 60% of the Port's container handling capacity.Tianjin Port International LogisticsDevelopmentCo.Ltd. (TPL) was established in 2003 to take charge of thedevelopment, construction, operation andmanagement ofthe Center.*[184]The Tianjin Port Bulk Logistics Center (天津港散货物流中心) opened on 2000, built on 26.8 km2 of for-mer salt flats to the south of Donggu. It serves as a largestorage and distribution area for coal, ore and other bulkcargoes. As of April 2011, there were 268 enterprisesoperating within it.*[185] The Bulk Logistics Center isbeing progressively relocated south, to the Nangang area,to free its land for urban development (i. e. the BinhaiCentral New Town –滨海中部新城)The 12-5 plan envisages six large logistics parks in theport area by 2015: the Container Logistics and BulkCargo Centers will be upgraded to“Parks”(with addi-tional policy privileges), joined by the newly establishedNangang Chemical Logistics Park (南港化工物流园区), Lingang Industrial ProLogis Logistics Park (临港工业普洛斯物流园区), and the Central Fishing PortLogistics Park (中心渔港物流园区).*[186]

11.3 Intermodal transportation and dryports

Economic Hinterland: The hinterland of the TianjinPort (as determined by existing railway and road patterns)is vast. It includes the municipalities of Beijing and Tian-

Page 14: Port of Tianjin

14 11 TRANSPORTATION AND LOGISTICS

Dangerous Goods

Logistics Center Kaitai Intl Logistics

Container

Clearing CenterHaijing Zhenhua

Logistics Center

Guifeng Automotive Logistics

Changhua Intl Logistics

Boda Container

Logistics CenterJinshi Minmetal

Intl Logistics Shengshi Container

Intl Logistics

Development Company

Malun Logistics

Zhonglian Jiantong Logistics

Zhongdian Logistics

Tanggu Intl Container

Hongbao Logistics

Gangqiang Logistics

Fujia Logistics

Zhongchu Holdings

CWT Warehousing

and Distribution

Minmetal Logistics

Xingang Customs

TJCIQ

Trade & Shipping Center

Xingang 6th Rd

Global Ro-Ro Terminal

Yue

jin R

d

N10

N13

N14

N11

N12Shenghua International

Container Term

inal

Qiyun First Street

N9

FHE

TPG

Cos

co C

onta

iner

Lo

gist

ics

Binhai Beijiang

Container Logistics

Jingmen Av

Han

gyun

Cen

tral

Rd

Han

gyun

Eas

t Rd

Hangyun First St Hangyun Second St

Shipping Services Area

Hangyun Third St

Ling

ang

Nor

th R

dPenavico Jinfei Logistics

Huaxi Container Logistics

CIM

C Z

heng

hua

Logi

stic

s

Zhenhua Logistics

Daya Logistics

Hangyun Fourth St

Bei

gang

Eas

t Sec

ond

Roa

d

Keyun Intl Logistics

CIMC Container Factory

Harbor Apartments

Yue

jin R

d

Hai

bin

Ave

nue

Qiy

un E

ast R

d

Hangyun Sixth St

Tianjin Hualong Logistics

Qipei Zhongxin Street

Qiyun Fifth Street

Qiyun Second Street

Vanke Harbor City

Beigang Police Station

Tianjin Binhai

TEDA Logistics

Jing

ang

Rd

Qiyun Third Street

Hyundai Motor

Logistics Center

Malun Logistics 2nd Station

Qiyun First Street

Yong

kang

Lo

gist

ics

Tianyu Transport Tianjin Ocean Shipping

Vehicle Distribution Center

Nine Dragons Paper Packing Materials

Qiy

un W

est R

d

Construction Materials Yard

Intl Logistics Development

Binhai Early Warning Weather Center

Binhai Eastern

General Heliport

Tianjin Port Container Logistics Center

Legend

Tianjin Port Group

Under Development

Vehicle Yards

Shipping Services Area

Administration and Support

Dry Bulk Yards

Container Yards

Factory

Heliport

First Harbor Engineering

Tianjin Customs

Police Station

Inspection and Quarantine

Firefighting Station

Weather Station

Logistic Center's Boundaries

Road

Projected Railroads

Port Area Gate

North

Map of the Tianjin Port Container Logistics Center

Heavy traffic at the Container Logistics Center

jin, and the provinces of Hebei, Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi,Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, Tibet and Xinjiang, amountingto over 5 million km2, or 52%of China's area, and cover-

ing 17% of the country's population. Tianjin is also oneof the railheads of the Eurasian Land Bridge.*[note 3]Dedicated Container Train Routes: TPL owns and op-erates 15 different scheduled railway routes, dispatching50-car (100 TEU) trains to 15 different cities in China,including Xi'an, Chengdu, Taiyuan, Ürümqi, Baotou,Shizuishan, Erenhot, Alashankou, and Manzhouli, thelast three being border crossings. In the first half of 2011,these dedicated train lines carried 129,000 TEU,*[187]including cargoes for Eurasian destinations.*[188]Dry Ports: As of October 2011, Tianjin Port had estab-lished 21 dry ports,*[189] of which 8 were fully opera-tional. These ports are located at:*[190]

Erenhot

ShijiazhuangDezhou

ZiboHandan

Hebi

Zhengzhou

Beijing ChaoyangBeijing Pinggu

Zhangjiakou

Datong

Baoding

TaiyuanHuinong

Baotou

Houma

Yinchuan

Bayannur

ShizuishanJiayuguan

Urumqi

Dulat

Alashankou

Daqing

Chengdu

Xi'an

Manzhouli

Port of Tianjin

Legend

Terminus of dedicated container train line

Dry Port

Nominal Port Hinterland

Dry Ports and Intermodal Train Lines of the Port of Tianjin

Map of the Port of Tianjin's National Network of Dry Ports andIntermodal Trains

1. Chaoyang (Beijing)

2. Pinggu (Beijing)

3. Baoding (Hebei)

4. Shijiazhuang (Hebei)

5. Zhangjiakou (Hebei)

6. Handan (Hebei)

7. Zibo (Shandong)

8. Dezhou (Shandong)

9. Zhengzhou (Henan)

10. Hebi (Henan)

11. Daqing(Heilongjiang)

12. Baotou (Inner Mongolia)

13. Bayannur (Inner Mongolia)

14. Erenhot (Inner Mongolia)

15. Houma (Shanxi)

Page 15: Port of Tianjin

15

16. Xi'an (Shaanxi)

17. Datong (Shaanxi)

18. Jiayuguan (Gansu)

19. Yinchuan (Ningxia)

20. Huinong (Ningxia)

21. Dulat (Xinjiang)

Erenhot and Dulat*[191] are border crossings. In 2010,the Tianjin dry ports processed 150,000 TEU worth ofcontainers. The 12th five year plan envisages increasingthroughput by Tianjin's dry ports to up to 1 million TEUby 2015.*[192]

12 Friendship ports

• Amsterdam, Netherlands

• Barcelona, Spain

• Incheon, South Korea

• Kobe, Japan

• Marseille, France

• Melbourne, Australia

• Montreal, Canada

• Philadelphia, USA

• Tacoma, USA

• Tokyo, Japan

• Trieste, Italy

• Zeebrugge, Belgium

13 Notes[1] pilot “stations”are teams specialized in a set of berths

rather than distinct physical posts, as all three are locatedin the same building

[2] As the expressway follows the original coastline, most ofthe land east of the road is reclaimed land, including mostof the Port.

[3] Tianjin Port is often named in publicity material as thestart of the Chinese branch of Eurasian Land Bridge. Of-ficially, however, the port of Lianyungang is the Bridge'sstart. Tianjin is indeed the proposed railhead of theUNESCAP Intermodal Transport Corridor 1 from Busanto Yekaterinburg via Irkutsk.

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[5] “2011 天津港十大新闻". 天津港湾 (Tianjin HarborNews). 2012-2-23. Retrieved 2012-03-06. Check datevalues in: |date= (help)

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15 External links• Tianjin Port Holdings Company Limited

• Tianjin Port Development Holdings Limited

• Map of the Port of Tianjin

• Live AIS Map of the Port of Tianjin

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16 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

16.1 Text• Port of Tianjin Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Tianjin?oldid=677512132 Contributors: The Anome, Edward, Topbanana,

Timrollpickering, Fudoreaper, Python eggs, Discospinster, RyanGerbil10, Mandarax, Bgwhite, RussBot, Gaius Cornelius, Welsh, Joel7687,Arthur Rubin, Canley, SmackBot, Chris the speller, Ricky@36, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Takamaxa, CmdrObot, N2e, Cydebot, Sinolong-hai, 663highland, Aldis90, Zeitlupe, Philg88, Utc-100, Naniwako, Skier Dude, Jamcib~enwiki, TXiKiBoT, EoGuy, Mild Bill Hiccup,Niceguyedc, Coasilve, Sun Creator, Coinmanj, DumZiBoT, Jax 0677, WikHead, Addbot, Download, Lightbot, WikiDreamer Bot, BenBen, Drpickem, Yobot, Azylber, AnomieBOT, LlywelynII, Materialscientist, DynamoDegsy, Amazingloong, Xqbot, Craighong, Fres-coBot, LucienBOT, Tahir mq, RjwilmsiBot, Ripchip Bot, John of Reading, RenamedUser01302013, ZéroBot, Lmorgan710, Arrorro,Helpful Pixie Bot, Op47, BattyBot, TheJJJunk, Dexbot, Lucfrasmac, Monkbot, Versus001 and Anonymous: 24

16.2 Images• File:BomescFabricationSite1P4140332.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/

BomescFabricationSite1P4140332.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Arrorro• File:China_edcp_location_map.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/China_edcp_location_map.svg Li-cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Uwe Dedering

• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public domain Con-tributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svgLicense: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: PD Contributors: ?Original artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Orig-inal artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

• File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-nal artist: ?

• File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License:Public domain Contributors: Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and colorguidelines (Russian/English) ← This site is not exist now.(2012.06.05) Original artist: Various

• File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

• File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Li-cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370

• File:Flag_of_the_People'{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/design.html Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370

• File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

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• File:HaiheSecondBarrierFromEast.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/HaiheSecondBarrierFromEast.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Arrorro

• File:Map_of_the_Port_of_Tianjin'{}s_National_Network_of_Dry_Ports_and_Intermodal_Trains.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Map_of_the_Port_of_Tianjin%27s_National_Network_of_Dry_Ports_and_Intermodal_Trains.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Arrorro

• File:Map_of_the_Port_of_Tianjin_and_its_Approaches.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Map_of_the_Port_of_Tianjin_and_its_Approaches.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Arrorro

• File:Port_of_Tianjin_Cargo_and_Container_Throughput_Chart_1990_2011.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Port_of_Tianjin_Cargo_and_Container_Throughput_Chart_1990_2011.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Ownwork Original artist: Arrorro

• File:Port_of_Tianjin_Container_Logistics_Center_Map.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Port_of_Tianjin_Container_Logistics_Center_Map.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own workbased on [.. Template/Data-Source? ..] Original artist: Arrorro

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• File:ShipLeavingXingangShiplockEastGate.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/ShipLeavingXingangShiplockEastGate.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Arrorro

• File:TianijnPortPassengerTerminalFromK1Berth.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/TianijnPortPassengerTerminalFromK1Berth.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Arrorro

• File:TianjinCoastalRadioCenter.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/TianjinCoastalRadioCenter.jpgLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Arrorro

• File:TianjinCruiserHomeportBuilding.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/TianjinCruiserHomeportBuilding.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Arrorro

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