INTRODUCTION IN OIL WELL DRILLING

CONTENTS

Introduction ……………………………………………………………..Unit 1 Introduction in Oil drilling processUnit 2 History of oil drilling……………………………………….Unit 3 Prepare to drill……………………………………………………Unit 4 Drilling methods……………………………………………Unit 5 Company………………………………………………..Unit 6 PeopleUnit 7 Environmental protectionUnit 8 HSEReferences………………………………………………………………..

INTRODUCTION

Introduction in oil well drilling, content-based instruction, is suitable for engineers and technicians who need English in developing academic content knowledge and foreign language proficiency. Content- based instruction (CBI) is by no means a new concept to language education. Since the 1960s, interest in teaching language for specific purposes has led educators to explore the inclusion of meaningful content in language classrooms abroad. Many foreign universities have increasingly focused on developing content proficiency in second-language learners (Eastern Michigan University, Georgetown University, Monterey Institute of International Studies, etc.). Key Russian education institutes have accumulated concrete experience in English language teaching method approaches for engineer-students, one of which is Tomsk Polytechnic University (TPU). In the walls of this University the above-mentioned problem – language competence formation of future engineers- was discussed and a multi-level up-dated language-training program was designedAs it has been noted, CGI in Russian engineering education system still remains an unexplored research area. Tomsk Polytechnic University (namely, Geology & Petroleum Engineering Institute) has become a resource center in the field of developing new CBI courses. The results from this piloting course could serve as a model course for university engineering curriculum reform as a communicative aspect in the professional area of a future engineering specialist (in our case, Drilling process). Introduction in Oil Well Drilling is the book that students will need for class work. Special focus is placed on the development of learner autonomy, where three principles: individualization, interdependence and interaction are integrated.

UNIT 1

INTRODUCTION TO OIL DRILLING PROCCES

What is drilling? In what spheres of human life

can it be used?

1. Name the advantages and disadvantages of earth drilling?

2. Read the text and answer the questions.Oil is contained in rocks under the ground

and in rocks under the sea. To find it, oilmen have to drill boreholes. The equipment for drilling these holes is the drilling rig. Most rigs work on the rotary system. A bit rotates at the end of the pipe. As the bit rotates, it crushes the rock at the bottom of the hole. The cuttings are carried to the surface by a special fluid. This fluid is called “mud”. Mud is a mixture of clay, water and chemicals.

If we look at the rotary rig, we see string which is made up of “joints” and “singles”. Each joint or single as a hollow section of pipe, 30 ft long. The string is made up of a number of these singles, all joined together. The bit is connected to the bottom of the string. At the top of the string there is a special pipe called the “kelly”. The Kelly isn’t round but hexagonal. It fits into a hexagonal hole in the rotary table. The rotary table turns the kelly, the kelly turns the string, and the string turns the rotary table.

Mud is not only used for carrying the cuttings up to the surface. It is also used for keeping the bit cool. The mud is pumped down through the bit string. It comes back up again through the annulus. The mud engineer or “mud man” is in charge of the mud. For example, he tells the floorman how to mix the mud at the mud tanks.

It is often necessary to pull the string out of the hole. There are different reasons for this. Perhaps, for example, the drill bit is dull. If the bit is dull, it must be changed. To do this, driller and the floorman must trip the pipe. They must pull the string out, change the bit, and then run the string back into the hole. Tripping the pipe is also called «making a round trip». Round trips are expensive. Oilmen make them only if they must.

Questions:1. What is the driller's job?2. How long is a single? How long is a joint?3. As the bit rotates, what tow things does it do?4. In the petroleum industry, what is mud?5. What is the string made up of?

6. What is the name of the space between the drill pipe and the sides of the borehole?7. Who mixes the mud? Where is the mud mixed?8. Oilmen make round trips only if they must. Why?9. What is bentonite? What does it consist of?10. Why is the drill pipe hollow?

3. Find the English equivalents for these words and phrases.буровая вышка, скважина, долото, крошит и режет породу, полые трубки, шестигранная форма, роторный стол, произвести замену трубы, дорогостоящая процедура

4. Mark the correct sentences with the letter T and the false ones with the letter F.

1. Oil is contained in rocks under rivers. ____2. Most rigs work on the rotary system. ____3. The cuttings are carried to the surface by rotary. ____4. Mud is a mixture of clay, water and chemicals. ____5. At the bottom of the string there is a pipe, 30 ft. long. ____6. The rotary table turns the string. ____7. Mud is used for keeping the bit cool. ____

5. Complete the paragraph below using the given words and expressions: cuttings, fluid, shale shaker, rotary, mud tanks, annulus, crushes.

The ______ bit cuts and _______ the rock at the bottom of the hole. Drilling_______ carries the _______ from the bottom of the hole, up the _______ to the surface. The cuttings are separated from the mud at the _______ and the clean mud then returns to the _______.

6. Fill in the gaps with given words and word combinations: annulus, bit, bit string, boreholes, chemicals, clay, crushes, cuts, cuttings, down, drilling rig, floorman, fluid, hole, in rocks, mud, mud man, mud tanks, oilmen, rotary, surface, water.

1. Oil is contained ______ under the ground and _______ under the sea. 2. To find it _____ have to drill ______. 3. The equipment for drilling these holes is the ________ . 4. Most rigs work on the _______ system. 5. A _____ rotates, it ______ and ______ the rock at the bottom of the ______. 6. The ______ are carried to the surface by a special _______. 7. The fluid is called «mud». Mud is a mixture of _______, ________ and _______. 8. _______ is not only used for carrying the cuttings up to the _______. 9. It is also used for keeping the _______ cool. 10. The mud is pumped ______ through the ______. 11. It comes back up again, through the ______. 12. The mud engineer or ________ is in charge of the mud. 13. For example, he tells the _______ how to mix the mud at the ________.

7. Translate the following sentences into English.1. Нефть содержится в породе под водой и под землей. 2. Буровая вышка это оборудование, предназначенное для бурения скважин. 3. Вращаясь, долото крошит и режет породу на дне скважины. 4. Шлам доставляется на поверхность буровым раствором, который является смесью глины, воды и химикатов. 5. Колонна бурильных труб составляется из полых трубок, длина которых тридцать футов. 6. В верхней части колонны бурильных труб находится ведущая буровая труба шестигранной формы. 7. Роторный стол вращает ведущую бурильную трубу, которая, в свою очередь, вращает колонну бурильных труб, а она вращает долото. 8. Буровой раствор используется не только для доставки шлама на поверхность, но и для охлаждения долота. 9. Раствор прокачивается на дно скважины через колонну бурильных труб. 10. В обязанности растворщика входит следить за состоянием бурового раствора. 11. Если долото затупилось, нефтяники должны произвести замену трубы, но эта процедура дорогостоящая, поэтому производится в крайних случаях.

UNIT 2

HISTORY OF OIL DRILLING

1. Answer to the questions and compare answers to your partners.

1. In ancient times, what did people first use oil for?2. When did oil first become an important product? 3. How did people first use oil?4. When did oil become an important fuel?5. What do we use oil for today?

2. Translate the text “Some historical facts about oil and gas well drilling” and answer the questions after it.

Some historical facts about oil and gas well drilling.The Chinese were the first people to drill wells, in around 2000 BC, using

the cable tool percussion method to produce brine. The first wells in Russia (percussion-rod method) were drilled in the 9th century and were also used to produce a solution of common salt. The development of oil production began with subsequent advances in drilling technology. Oil had been extracted in only small amounts until the mid 19th century, usually from shallow wells around naturally exposed oil. From the second half of the 19th century, the demand for oil and especially its components began to rise. This happened with the increased use of steam engines and other industrial developments, which required huge quantities of lubricants.

The birth of the Russian oil industry dates to 1864, when Colonel Ardalion Novosiltsev drilled the first oil well (to a depth of 55 metres) in Kuban in the Kudako river valley, by mechanical cable tool percussion. The first oil gusher was registered in February 1866. 

Global oil production underwent intensive development from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries with the invention of diesel and petrol internal combustion engines and their application to industry. Mining engineer G.D. Romanovsky used a steam engine to drill a well near Podolsk (Moscow province) in 1859. A productive well 45 metres deep began operating in Baku in 1872, and this spelled the end of oil sump construction in the Baku region and a transition to drilled wells. The first steam engines appeared in Baku’s oil fields in 1873, within ten years they had totally replaced horse traction.

The percussion method was developed in the first stages of well drilling (rod, cable and rapid-percussion drilling with flushing of the well-face). Rotary

drilling with a circulating flow of fluid to flush the well was applied for the first time in the United States in 1901. In Russia, rotary drilling with flushing was first used in Grozny to drill a well 345 metres deep. We should note here that lifting rocks with a circulating flow of water was invented by a French engineer, Fawell, in 1845, who applied the method to drill an artesian well in the Saint Dominique abbey. He circulated liquid into the internal cavity of the pipe with the cutting transport to increase the efficiency of rod tool drilling.

A gas production well was launched in Surakhany near Baku in 1901 at a plant owned by Vasily Kokorev’s plant. One year later, gas extracted from a depth of 207 metres was used to heat the plant; the gas was also transported to other areas of the Absheron fields via pipelines. The Surakhany well was the first in the world to be drilled for gas. 

Questions:1. Who began to drill wells? When?2. What was the reason of the first drilling in Russia?3. When did the development of oil production begin?4. When was the birth of oil industry in Russia?5. What was the reason of oil demand in the 19th century?6. What was G.D. Romanovsky famous for?7. When was rotary drilling with circulating flow applied? Where?8. When was rotary drilling with circulating flow first used in Russia?9. What did Fawell invent?

3. Look through the text again and find the information what these figures mean.

Figures Information connected with the figure according to the text9th

34555

1901200018641873202

4. Work in group and tell the story of how Quombai became a rich oil-producing country.

Land preparation Legal issues

Drilling

Well cellar

Water well Survey

Lease agreement Main hole Environmental impact studies

UNIT 3

PREPARE TO DRILL

1. Looking at the diagram, describe your variant of the oil well drilling preparation procedure.

2. Read the text “Prepare to Drill” paying attention to the terms in bold and compare your variant of preparation to drill with that one mentioned in the text.

Prepare to Drill

Once the site has been selected, it must be surveyed to determine its boundaries and environmental impact studies may be done. Lease agreements, titles and right-of-way accesses for the land must be obtained and evaluated legally. Once the legal issues have been settled, the crew goes about preparing the land:

1. the land is cleared and levelled and access roads may be built;2. because water is used in drilling, there must be a source of water nearby. If

there is no natural source, they drill a water well;3. they dig a reserve pit, which is used to dispose rock cuttings and drilling

mud during the drilling process, and line it with plastic to protect the environment. If the site is an ecologically sensitive area, such as a marsh or wilderness, then the cuttings and mud must be disposed offsite –trucked away instead of placed in a pit.

Once the land has been prepared, several holes must be dug to make way for the rig and the main hole. A rectangular pit, called a cellar, is dug around the location of the actual drilling hole. The cellar provides a work space around the hole, for the workers and drilling accessories. The crew then begins drilling the main hole, often with a small drill truck rather than the main rig. The first part of the hole is larger

and shallower than the main portion and is lined with a large-diameter conductor pipe. Additional holes are dug off to the side to temporarily store equipment – when these holes are finished, the rig equipment can be brought in and setup.

3. Read the text “What is the oil drilling process” and put correct names of the stages in the gaps. Names of the stages:Casing, "Making Hole", Repeat, Roughnecking, Mud, Setup

What Is the Oil Drilling Process?1. _________Before a well can be drilled, a lot of preparation must take place. Geologists and other scientist must study the site to determine if oil should even be present and environmental studies must be done in most countries. If the site is suitable, then the equipment must be brought in and set up, along with a crew to operate it. Once the drilling rig is in place and all the equipment and personnel available, then drilling can commence.2. _________The "tool," or the drill bit assembly, is put together and brought to the drill floor beneath the derrick. Drill pipe is also brought up and attached to the tool. The driller sits in a compartment commonly called the "doghouse" and operates the drill motor, pushing the tool into the ground. He can control variables such as the pressure exerted by the bit and rotation speed from that position and must monitor many other variables all while overseeing the roughnecks outside the doghouse on the drill floor.3. __________When the bit reaches a certain depth, another stand of drill pipe must be added. The roughnecks detach the drill motor from the drill pipe and use winches or other lift devices to pull another stand of pipe up to the drill floor. Some rigs are designed to store drill pipe in the derrick to save space and to help make changes quicker. The new stand of pipe is attached to the drill motor, which is then run up the derrick. The other end of the new stand of pipe is connected to the previous stand already in the hole by the roughnecks. The driller can then begin advancing the drill once again.4. _________Drilling fluid, or drilling mud, is pumped through the drill pipe to lubricate the bit as it operates. Mud is very specifically formulated for each hole and even for different conditions in a hole. A mud engineer is on site to make sure the formula meets the specifications required for the job. The mud that reaches the bottom of the hole is pushed back up along with the clippings left behind by the drill bit. This mixture is poured over screens mounted to machines called shakers. These machines separate the clippings from the mud so the mud can be reused. Geologists and other scientists and operators can examine the clippings to determine what the conditions of the well are likely to be as drilling continues.

5. _________At some point in the drilling process, casing will most likely be added to the well. This is a heavy lining designed to support the walls of the well so it does not collapse in on the drill pipe and the tool. First, a cement footing is put in place at the bottom of the well. The cement engineer formulates the cement mixture to ensure it can withstand the stresses that will be placed on it. Casing is placed in the hole by the driller, using the same connect-disconnect process that was used for drill pipe. After the casing is in place, drilling recommences, starting with the center of the cement footing.6. _________As long as there are no problems in the well, such as a bent pipe or a collapse, this process is repeated until the rig reaches the depth it was ordered to reach. These types of wells are called exploratory wells and may or may not strike oil. A production well uses the same processes, except it is drilling into a known production site. Once reaching its target, a pump will be put in place to extract the oil.

4. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Сегодня нефтяные и газовые скважины представляют собой капитальные дорогостоящие сооружения, служащие много десятилетий. 2. Подготовительные работы - это строительство основания, на котором будет установлена буровая установка, прокладка подъездных дорог.3. На вторoм этапе выполняется транспортировка буровой установки, ее монтаж, проверка работы, проведение необходимых коммуникаций.4. Когда на участке начинается эксплуатационное бурение, это участок уже обустроен: проведены все коммуникации, проложены дороги.5. Объем бурения горизонтальных скважин непрерывно растет, особенно в связи с развитием бурения в Сибири. 6. Установки Леонардо да Винчи использовались для бурения многочисленных скважин на воду во Франции. 

UNIT 4

DRILLING METHODS

1. Read the text “Facts about oil drilling”, answer the questions and explain words in bold in English.

Facts about Oil Drilling

The first modern method of oil drilling developed by Edwin L. Drake in 1859 is still being used to this day, though the increased demand for petroleum products has required more efficient means of oil production. The world has used 800 billion barrels of oil since 1859, and oil drilling quickly became a booming industry. According to the US Department of Energy, new technologies are allowing drillers to reach oil reserves once considered unreachable.

FunctionOil wells are used to pump crude petroleum gases and oil from underground

sources. Crude oil is a highly viscous liquid and very dark in color. In a semi-solid state, crude oil becomes tar. Geologists search for pockets of crude oil in underground reservoirs. These reservoirs can be hundreds and even thousands of feet underground and can only be reached by drilling beneath the surface. Once the drillers reach the reservoir, the change in pressure sends crude oil shooting to the Earth's surface. This is called "primary production." This process can continue for years, but most of the oil still remains in the reservoir. Once the pressure subsides, oil companies must use pumps to pull the crude oil up to the derrick.

Offshore DrillingOffshore oil drilling is very similar to other methods used on land, except

crewmen often live aboard these massive drilling ships. At depths less than 200 feet (61 meters) special oil drills called "jack up rigs" are used. Once the depths reach 4,000 feet (1,220 meters) the rigs are semi-submersible and are anchored to the ocean floor with air-filled legs. There are even drill ships that dig to depths of 8,000 feet (2,440 meters) and use sophisticated navigational equipment. However, offshore oil drilling has been a plague on the environment over the years. Major oil companies are constantly being accused of spilling oil and toxic chemicals in the water, releasing noxious gasses into the atmosphere and endangering wildlife near these drill sites. For example, Chevron has paid nearly 10 million dollars in fines between the years of 1992 and 1997 for numerous violations to the Clean Water Act.

Rotary DrillingThe most prevalent technique of drilling oil today is rotary drilling. This

process can be recognized by a tall oil derrick and a rotating turntable at the base. A heavy bit is attached to a length of pipe. This pipeline is segmented and the drill depth can be increased by extending the length of the pipe. Rotary drilling also requires the use of a special mud which lubricates the drill bit, reinforces the sides of the drill hole, and helps pull out rock cuttings. The mud is a mixture of clay, water and chemicals.

Horizontal DrillingCertain reservoir types are best reached through horizontal drilling.

Directional drilling, as it was once called, was first used to reach oil or natural gas reservoirs once primary production had run its course at a vertical oil field. By drilling at a slant, deviating from the vertical oil wells, drillers could reach a greater amount of the reserve. It once took nearly 2,000 feet to make a full horizontal well. Now modern technology has improved the process, allowing for 90 degree turns in under a hundred feet. A successful horizontal drill can pump four times as much oil as a vertical well. Also, the cost of horizontal drilling is marginally lower across the board, in terms of a production-to-cost ratio. One horizontal well can do the work of four vertical wells.

Percussion DrillingPercussion drilling, also called cable-tool drilling, is a simple method dating

back to the very first drills used in the 1850s. The ground is broken by a drill bit attached to a pulley and cable. The drill bit is pulled to the top of the derrick and dropped to the ground repeatedly. This process shatters the rock into small pieces that can be cleared away to reveal a deep borehole. Percussion drilling can reach depths of over 328 feet (100 meters) and with exchangeable bits can be used to drill nearly any kind of surface. By the late 1800s, percussion drilling sites were aided by steam engines, but later got replaced by the rotary drill.

Questions:1. Who invented the process of drilling?2. What is the function of oil wells?3. What depth can underground reservoirs have?4. What is the meaning of the phrase “primary production”?5. What are the methods of drilling?6. What is the mud?7. What method of drilling can pump more oil?8. What is the oldest method of drilling?

2. Explain the differences between Offshore Drilling, Rotary Drilling, Horizontal Drilling, Percussion Drilling.

3. Read information about uses and benefits of horizontal drilling process and write down/prepare the information about Offshore Drilling, Rotary Drilling, Percussion Drilling and present it to the group.

Uses of horizontal drilling processHorizontal drilling applications include the utilization of thin oil-rim reservoirs, extending wells by having multiple drain holes and to prevent water/gas coning. It can also be used for drilling under buildings, roads and other active sites such as airports and highways. Horizontal drilling can be used to extract soil vapor, transport fluids between vertical wells and treatment facilities and install gas collection systems at landfills.

Benefits of horizontal drilling processHorizontal drilling offers benefits, including increasing production by as much as 20 times more than vertical drilling. It is able to do so because it has more contact with the oil reservoir. Although horizontal drilling costs more than vertical drilling, that is made up for by its production factor. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, horizontal drilling can also lead to an increase in reserves in place by two percent of the original oil. Production ratio between horizontal wells to vertical wells is 3.2 to 1, while the cost ratio is 2 to 1.

4. Translate the text “Classification of drilling methods” into English.

Классификация способов буренияПо способу воздействия на горные породы различают механическое и

немеханическое бурение. При механическом бурении буровой инструмент непосредственно воздействует на горную породу, разрушая ее, а при немеханическом разрушение происходит без непосредственного контакта с породой. Немеханические способы (гидравлический, термический, электрофизический) находятся в стадии разработки и для бурения нефтяных и газовых скважин в настоящее время не применяются. Механические способы бурения подразделяются на ударное и вращательное. При ударном бурении разрушение горных пород производится долотом. При вращательном бурение породы дробятся не ударами, они разрушаются вращающимся долотом. В настоящее время при бурении нефтяных и газовых скважин ударное бурение в нашей стране не применяют.

5. Watch the video “Oil drilling animation” and explain the process.

UNIT 5

COMPANY

As drilling a well is a complicated job, many companies and individuals are involved.

1. Complete the following chart with companies and people involved in a drilling process.

2. Read the text “Companies” and do the exercises.

Companies

The companies include operating companies, drilling contractors, and service and supply companies.

Operating company

An operating company, or an operator, has the right to drill and produce petroleum at a particular site. The operator buys or leases that right from the owner of the rights to the subterranean oil or gas. Rights can be owned by individuals, companies, or, in some cases, by the federal or state government.

An operator can be a major, such as Exxon, Mobil, British Petroleum, Shell, Chevron, or Texaco. A major oil company produces oil and gas and transports them from the field to the refinery and plant. It also refines or processes the oil and gas and sells the products to consumers.

An operator can also be an independent. An independent operator is an individual or a relatively small company that produces and sells, oil and gas but does not transport, refine, or market them. Operating companies, whether major or independent, pay for the drilling of a well. They usually hire a drilling contractor to drill it.

Drilling contractors

In the United States and Canada, drilling contractors do virtually all the drilling. Operators have found it more cost-effective to hire a firm that specializes, in drilling than to maintain their own rigs. A drilling company may be small or large; it may drill mainly in one country or it may have rigs working all over the world.

In any case, a drilling company's job is to drill a hole. It must drill the hole to the depth and specifications set by the operating company. An operating company usually bids up several contractors. Often, the operator awards the contract to the lowest bidder, but not always. Sometimes a good work record may override a lower bid.

Service and supply companiesThe drilling of any well involves several service and supply companies. Supply companies sell expendable equipment and materials, such as drill bits and mud, to

the operator and drilling contractor. They also sell items such as pipes, fuel, lubricants, fire extinguishers, and spare parts. Moreover, they market safety equipment, rig components, paper, water, tools, computers, paint, grease, rags, and solvents. Think of any part or commodity that a rig needs to drill a well, and you'll find a supply company on hand to fill it.Service companies offer special support to the drilling operation. Like supply companies, they exist to nil the special needs of the drilling project. For example, a mud logging company logs, or monitors, the drilling mud as it returns from the well. The returning mud carries cuttings and any formation fluids, such as gas or oil, to the surface. The operator can gain much knowledge about the formations being drilled by analyzing the returning drilling fluid.Another kind of service company provides casing crews. A casing crew runs large

pipe into the well to line, or case, it. Casing protects formations from contamination and stabilizes the well. After the casing crew runs the casing, another service company— a cementing company—cements the casing in the well. Cement bonds the casing to the hole. In many cases, when a well reaches a formation of interest (usually, a formation that may contain oil or gas), the operator hires a well logging company. The well logging crew runs sophisticated tools into

the hole. These instruments measure and record formation properties. By looking at the record, or well log, the operator can often determine whether the well will produce oil or gas.

4. Compose collocations from the following words.

drilling companyspare bondsupply equipment hole part casing components cement wellrig loggingsafety contractor

crew5. Fill in the gaps with the most suitable words or terms from the text.

1. When a well reaches a formation of interest, the operator hires a . 2. If the is paid according to the daily costs of operating the rig, it’s a daywork contract. 3. When the portion of the hole is drilled, a runs a pipe into the well.

4. A nonintegrated oil company or individual whose operations are in the field of petroleum production is called . 5. help the operating company determine whether the well will produce oil or gas. 6. also transports, refines, and markets oil and its products. 7. An does not usually own the land or the minerals lying under the land. 8. The required items, including drill bits are sold by .

6. Match the two parts of the sentences. 1. The cement is pumped by company’s crew

A. used to ascertain downhole information about a well.

2. I’m not sure but he is responsible for

B. trying to provide logistics support to the rig crew.

3. Try to run any of the various logs C. preparing and running casing into a well.

4. This company owns a drilling rig or rigs

D. to secure casing in the well.

5. As I know they specialize in E. a rig needs is delivered by supply company.

6. Our rig manager is in the rig site right now

F. representing the company’s interests.

7. All necessary equipment that G. and contracts services for drilling wells.

UNIT 6

People

1. Read the text. Then answer the questions.

Which person / people:1 are usually the youngest and most junior?2 is usually the oldest and most senior?3 need to be strong? Why?4 is not afraid of high places?5 must watch gauges or screens carefully? Why?6 needs a desk and a telephone? Why?

Who are the people in a typical drilling crew?

While it is true that you can't drill a well without a drilling rig and several companies to back up the rig, it is equally true that you can't drill a well without skilled people. Personnel run the rig and keep it running until the well reaches its objective. Let's look at some of the people involved in drilling.

Roustabouts are often the youngest people in a drilling crew. They clean, maintain, and move equipment and help the other workers. Roustabouts want better jobs, so they work hard, listen carefully, and learn fast.

Roughnecks are like roustabouts, but they are more skilled. They work on the drilling floor. They connect the heavy drill pipes and put them into the hole, or they disconnect the pipes as they come up out of the hole. The derrickman works high up on the monkey board about 25 metres above the floor. He guides the top part of the drill pipe. At other times, he helps the mud engineer (or 'mud man'): he checks the mud and maintains the pump. The mud must not be too thick or too thin, and the pump must keep working.

The driller supervises and trains the drilling crew, and he controls the drilling equipment. For example, he operates the motor that lifts the drill pipes. He controls the speed of the drill, which must not be too fast or too slow. On very modern rigs, the driller sits in a special driller's chair. The chair has joystick controls and display screens - like a computer game.

The rig manager or toolpusher is the most senior person in the drilling crew. He is usually the oldest and most experienced person too. He makes sure the crew has all the right equipment. He is responsible for their safety and for paperwork.

2. Choose the correct words. Explain your choices.

1 Roustabouts do work.a skilled b hard c desk2 Roughnecks usually prepare the _ ___ _a drill string b mud c hole3 Derrickmen should wear ____ _a face guards b glasses c a safety harness4 The driller helps the crew to _ ___ _a learn b clean equipment c lift things5 The rig manager new equipment.a makes b repairs c orders

3. Work in pairs. Ask and answer the questions. (3 = Yes; 2 = Maybe; 1 = No) Then add up your score. Is drilling the job for you and your partner?

Is drilling the job for you? My partner Me

1. Do you like working outside? 3 2 1 3 2 12. Can you work outside in veryhot or very cold weather? 3 2 1 3 2 13 Are you good at operating and repairing machines? 3 2 1 3 2 14 Do you like working in a team? 3 2 1 3 2 15 Can you listen carefully andfollow instructions? 3 2 1 3 2 16 Can you teach other peoplehow to do things? 3 2 1 3 2 17 Are you strong? 3 2 1 3 2 18 Are you happy about climbingand working high up? 3 2 1 3 2 19 Is shift work OK for you? 3 2 1 3 2 110 Are you a non-smoker? 3 2 1 3 2 111 Are you careful about safety? 3 2 1 3 2 112 Can you live away from yourfamily and friends? 3 2 1 3 2 1TOTAL out of 36

4. Read the following about other members of drill crew and fill in the table below it.

Drilling crews work for the drilling contractor. Besides the toolpusher and drillers, each rig has derrickhands, and rotary

helpers (also called floorhands). Sometimes the driller designates the most experienced rotary helper as a motorhand. The motorhand performs routine service and maintenance on the rig's engines.

When crew members run drill pipe into the hole (trip in), or when they pull pipe out of the hole (trip out), the rig needs a derrickhand. The derrickhand handles the upper end of the pipe from the monkeyboard. The monkey-board is a small platform in the derrick. A drilling crew can trip pipe in or out of the hole one length, or joint, at a time. Usually, however, they trip pipe in stands to speed up the process. Since a stand is two or more lengths of pipe, the job goes faster than tripping them one joint at a time. Each stand of pipe is either about 60 feet long or about 90 feet long (about 18 or 27 metres).

The contractor therefore mounts the monkeyboard in the derrick at a height of either 50 or 80 feet (15 or 24 metres), depending on how long the stands are. When the bit is drilling and the pipe is in the hole, the derrickhand climbs down from the monkeyboard and works at ground level on the drilling mud, making sure it meets the specifications for drilling a particular part of the hole.

Mud engineer (sometimes referred to as the "Mud Man", though women also do this job today) works on an oil well drilling rig, and is responsible for the drilling fluid, also known as drilling mud which lubricates the drill bit and clears cuttings from the borehole. It is a well-paid job because of the importance of maintaining the drilling fluid in efficient drilling.

Mudlogger in the modern oil field typically works for a service company contracted by the oil company (or operator) and is tasked primarily with gathering data and collecting samples during the drilling of a well to identify possible indications of hydrocarbons. They then organize this information in the form of a graphic log, showing the data charted on a graphic representation of the wellbore. The oil industry representative or company man provides mudloggers their instruction. The mudlogger is told when to start well-logging activity and what services to provide. The mudlogger may also possess logs from wells drilled in the surrounding area. This information (known as "offset data") can provide valuable clues as to the characteristics of the particular geo-strata that the rig crew is about to drill through.

Mudloggers observe and interpret the indicators in the mud returns during the drilling process. At regular intervals the mudlogger logs properties such as drilling rate, mud weight, flowline temperature, natural gas content and type, oil indicators, pump pressure, pump rate, lithology (rock type) of the drilled cuttings, and various other items of interest. The job of a mudlogger requires a good deal of diligence and attention. Sampling the drilled cuttings must be performed at predetermined intervals, and can be difficult during rapid drilling. Another important task of the mudlogger is to monitor gas levels and notify other personnel on the rig when gas levels may be reaching dangerous levels, so appropriate steps can be taken to avoid a dangerous well blowout.

Motorman is the person who operates an electrified trolley car, tram, light rail, or rapid transit train. The term refers to the person who is in charge of the motor (of the electric car) in the same sense as a railroad engineer is in charge of the engine. А motorman is the member of the drilling crew who is responsible for the maintenance and operation of the engines on an oil rig.

Floorhand works the "make-up" tongs on the Driller side of the drilling floor while tripping in the hole.

Depending on the size of the rig, its equipment, and other factors, a contractor usually hires two or three rotary helpers for each work shift. On small rigs drilling shallow wells, for example, two rotary helpers on a shift can safely and efficiently perform the required duties. On large rigs drilling deep holes, the job may require three rotary helpers, but not always. In any case, rotary helpers handle the lower end of the drill pipe when they are tripping it in or out (спускоподъемная операция) of the hole. They also use large wrenches called tongs to screw or unscrew (make up or break out) the individual stands of pipe. Besides handling pipe, rotary helpers also maintain the rig, help repair it, and keep it clean and painted.

Besides the drilling crew, many other persons work at the rig site. They may, be there during the entire time the well is being drilled, or they may come out only when their expertise or equipment is needed.

The operating company customarily has its own person on the drill site to supervise its interests. The company representative, like the toolpusher, usually lives on the rig site in a trailer or, portable building, and is in charge of all the operator's activities on the location. This person helps plan the strategy for drilling the well, orders all the needed supplies and services, and makes on-site decisions that affect the well's progress. The company representative and the toolpusher usually work closely together.

Position Position

descriptionResponsibilities Additional

information

5. Match the words in the right column with the definitions in the left one.

1. company man A. company which carries out an exploration / development

2. derrick man B. employee of a mud service company whose main responsibility on the rig is to test and maintain the mud properties

3. operator C. an employee of an operating company whose job is to represent the operator’s interests on the drilling rig

4. roustabout D. a member of the drilling crew whose work station is on the monkey board high up in the derrick. He is responsible for maintaining circulation equipment and direct rig floor activities

5. driller E. an individual / company that owns the drilling rig and

employs the crew required to operate it6. roughneck F. the men required to operate the drilling rig on the

shift / tour/ This normally comprises a driller, derrick man and 2/3 roughnecks

7. drilling crew G. an employee of a drilling contractor who is responsible for the drilling rig and the crew

8. drilling contractor H. The company which carries out an exploration / development programme on a particular area for which they hold a license.

9. tool pusher I. company which provides specialized skills or equipment; may develop and maintain specialist tools and staff and hire them out to the operator

10. service company J. general labourer (worker)11. mud engineer K. the employee of the drilling contractor who is in

charge of the drilling rig and crew. His main duties are to operate the drilling equipment and direct rig floor activities

12. operating company

L. an employee of a drilling contractor who works on a drill floor under te direction of a driller

6. Translate into English

Бурильщик – самая дефицитная профессияПортал Работа@Mail.Ru проанализировал вакансии и резюме

в профобласти «Добыча сырья» и выявил, что сейчас самыми дефицитными специалистами здесь являются бурильщики.

Если же говорить о динамике вакансий по сфере в целом, то за последние два с половиной года их количество увеличились в 4,5 раза. Максимальный прирост за исследуемый период был в первом квартале 2012 года (+57 % по отношению к 4 кв. 2011 года). Отметим, что зарплаты в данной сфере больше всего выросли у маркшейдера и ведущего геолога (на 45 % и 42 % соответственно). У геолога и бурильщика уровень доходов вырос чуть меньше (+32 % и 34 %), а на должность инженера-технолога, напротив, прослеживается небольшой спад зарплат в 2013 году.

Стоит заметить, что самой дефицитной из перечисленных стала должность бурильщика: на одну такую вакансию приходится чуть больше одного резюме. С маркшейдерами дела обстоят чуть лучше: на одну вакансию приходится около двух резюме. Инженеров-технологов и ведущих геологов претендует порядка пяти человек на одно место. Больше всего претендентов на одну вакансию зафиксировано среди геологов: 12 человек на одно место.

7. Match the questions about companies, people and their duties on the left with the answers on the right.

1. How much time does it take to fill out the drilling bid proposal?

A. You should know this pretty well! Computers in the field generate special graphs, called well logs.

2. How are certain formation characteristics measured?

B. Sorry, but we’re waiting when the operating company accepts the bid.

3. Should we pay the mineral holder? C. You know, we must do it according to the safety requirements.

4. Has you drawn up the contract yet?

D. The only thing I know is that it is usually mounted at a height ranging from about 15 to 34 meters.

5. How is formation data analyzed? E. Well, mainly by analyzing the returning drilling fluid.

6. What is a monkeyboard? F. I don’t know, I can help you to repair, clean, and even paint it if it is required.

7. Is it so necessary to hire additional two rotary helpers?

G. Quite an interesting question! I guess they are trying to tighten a drill pipe.

8. What are they doing? H. Uh-huh, all these sums remained due.

9. Who is responsible for drilling equipment?

I. If I were a contractor I would complete it without any delays.

8. Role game: “Who is guilty? Who should be fired?”

An incident took place in a drilling site which led to well shutdown. A company man should find the guilty one who will be fined and fired.

UNIT 8

ENVIROMENTAL PROTECTION

Environmental pollution occurs when we make the environment dirty and harm or kill the plants and animals that live there. How does the oil and gas industry cause pollution and affect the environment? Make a list.

1. Read the texts quickly. Which problems are described here? Is the writer worried or not worried about them?

PollutionsThere are three types of environmental pollution: air, ground, and water pollution.Air pollution

Acid rainHistorically, air pollution comes from industries and transport. Factories, power stations and cars burn oil and coal. This rises into the air as different forms of sulphur and nitrogen. The sulphur and nitrogen combine with water in the air to make sulphuric or nitric acid. This falls to the ground as acid rain.

We burn large quantities of coal and oil, and this creates millions of tonnes of acid rain. The wind carries the rain long distances, and this creates problems. One country makes acid rain, and it falls to the ground in another country, for example, Canada gets a lot of acid rain from the USA, and Norway gets a lot of acid rain from Britain.The greenhouse effectIndustrial countries also cause the greenhouse effect (also called “global warming” or “climate change”). Burning coal and oil produces carbon dioxide (CO2). The (CO2) increases in the Earth’s atmosphere, and retains heat from the sun (it works like the glass in a greenhouse- it lets heat in, but doesn’t let the heat out).The Earth is getting hotter. Weather patterns are changing: some places have no water for years, and some places have floods. When a country has no water, the

effects are very hard- in Chile in 1999, the result was electricity cuts around the country. There was no water for the hydro-electric power stations.

Ozone layer depletionThe ozone layer is a band of gas around the Earth. It protects us from dangerous ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. It is vital to human and animal survival.Unfortunately, we are producing chemicals which destroy the ozone layer. The damage starts in the Antarctic and spreads. Sheep in the Magallanes are

becoming blind because the ozone layer is thinner. In Australia, a lot of people are getting skin cancer from the sun.

2. Find these words in the text. Match them with their meanings.

1. pollution a. factory which produces electricity

2. climate b. world’s weather patterns3. power station c. energy from the sun4. acid rain d. rising temperatures around the

world5. greenhouse effect e. rain containing chemicals

which pollute the environment.6. radiation f. Something that makes the

earth, air or water dirty and dangerous.

3. Are the statements True or False?1. The page is from a magazine.2. The text describes different types of air pollution.3. Canada sends acid rain to the USA.4. Global warming is also called climate change.5. Industrial countries cause the “greenhouse effect”.6. You can see the effects of ozone layer depletion in Chile.7. Sheep are damaging the ozone layer.

4. Talk with your partner / group about energy sources. How important is oil? What happens when the world’s oil runs out? What are the alternatives?Talk about the pros and cons of these energy sources:OilNuclear energyWind farmsWave powerOil from sugar cane

Solar powerHydrogenCoalThermal energySomething new

5. Read the text “BP apologies not stopping oil spill” and put the correct words from the table below in the text.

BP apologies not stopping oil spill

BP is facing (1) ____ criticism over the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. The latest public relations (2) ____ came from the company’s CEO Tony Hayward. He generated a lot of anger among Americans when he complained about how the crisis was affecting (3) ____ personally. He told reporters that he "would like his life back". Many people thought this was a selfish comment from a millionaire businessman. Eleven oil workers died and 17 were injured in the explosion that started the (4) ____ on April 20th. Hayward posted an apology on BP’s Facebook page. He wrote: "I made a (5) ____ and thoughtless comment….I apologize, especially to the families of the 11 men who (6) ____ their lives in this tragic accident.”Meanwhile, oil continues to (7) ____ from the broken pipe. Experts say between 12,000–100,000 barrels a day are spilling into the sea, which is 1,900,000–16,000,000 litres. It is now the worst oil spill in U.S. history. It will result (8) ____ enormous damage to the Gulf of Mexico’s fishing industry, tourism, marine species, wildlife and environment. Hayward’s apologies continue in the (9) ____ of national TV ads. He says: "The Gulf spill is a tragedy that never should have happened…BP has (10) ____ full responsibility for cleaning up the spill in the Gulf. We've helped organize the largest environmental (11) ____ in this country's history.…And our cleanup efforts will not (12) ____ at any cost to taxpayers.”

1 a) increase b) increases c) increasingly d) increasing2 a) gaffe b) guffaw c) gopher d) graph3 a) them b) him c) he d) his4 a) beak b) teak c) leak d) weak5 a) hurt b) hurting c) hurtful d) hurts6 a) cut b) lost c) met d) stole7 a) crush b) lush c) hush d) gush8 a) in b) on c) at d) to9 a) frame b) form c) from d) fame10 a) done b) came c) written d) taken11 a) responsibility b) responsive c) response d) responsible12 a) come b) go c) do d) have

6. Read the text again and say if the sentences are true (T) or false (F). 1. BP’s CEO made a big public relations mistake. 2. The CEO suggested the oil crisis was badly affecting his life. 3. The CEO apologized on his personal Facebook page. He made a special

apology to the cleanup workers. 4. Over 1,900,000 litres of oil are gushing into the Gulf of Mexico.

5. It is the second largest oil spill in U.S. history. 6. BP’s CEO has appeared in a televised ad apologizing to Americans. 7. He said taxpayers would have to pay for some of the cleanup costs.

7. Rank these according to who’s most responsible for the oil spill and share your rankings with your partner. Change partners and share your rankings again.

• BP’s CEO • All of us for using so much oil • Whoever allowed the oil rig to drill • The oil rig operations manager • The makers of the oil rig • No one • President Obama • The safety inspectors

8. Answer the questions. 1. Who is to blame for the oil spill? 2. What do you think of BP’s CEO and his PR gaffe? 3. Do you think he should resign? 4. What damage is all that oil doing? 5. Do you think offshore drilling should be banned? 6. How should BP or the U.S. government help the families affected by the oil

spill? 7. Why hasn’t the oil leak been stopped? 8. What questions would you like to ask BP CEO Tony Hayward?

9. Make a conversation.Students A strongly believe the cleanup will be a success; Students B strongly believe the opposite.

10. With a partner pretend to be penguins. Write down three things you believe to be your penguin rights (perhaps similar to human rights). Talk about them. Change partners and share your penguin rights.

11. Read about the project and say whether these statements are true or false: Would you like to take part in it?

1. Usually plastic penguin jumpers are used. 2. A patch of oil the size of a thumb nail is dangerous only for penguins’

babies.3. Oiled penguins often die from exposure and starvation. 4. Only 66% little penguins were successfully saved and rehabilitated at the

Wildlife after major oil spill near Phillip Island in 2001.

5. The Penguin Foundation often receives jumpers that are the wrong size, shape, type of wool or in excess.

6. Little penguin jumpers are also used as an educational tool to teach students about the devastating effects pollution.

Little Penguin JumpersKnitted penguin jumpers play an important role in saving little penguins

affected by oil pollution. A patch of oil the size of a thumb nail can kill a little penguin. Oiled penguins often die from exposure and starvation. Oil separates and mats feathers, allowing water to get in which makes a penguin very cold, heavy and less able to successfully hunt for food.

When oiled penguins are admitted to the Wildlife Clinic at Phillip Island Nature Parks, a knitted jumper is placed on the penguins to prevent them from preening and swallowing the toxic oil before they are washed and the oil removed by staff.

453 little penguins were affected by the last major oil spill near Phillip Island in 2001. 96% were successfully saved and rehabilitated at the Wildlife Clinic and released back into the wild.

The Penguin Foundation raises vital funds for little penguin research, conservation and the Wildlife Clinic through the sale of little penguin jumpers we receive that are the wrong size, shape, type of wool or in excess. We have a good stockpile of jumpers suitable for rehabilitation purposes which we also distribute to other wildlife rescue centres where need be. Little penguin jumpers are also used as an educational tool to teach students and others about the devastating effects marine and coastal pollution has on marine wildlife and the environment.

Please know that we do not urgently require little penguin jumpers for rehabilitation and have a good supply of these which we use on any rescued oiled penguins and in the event of an oil spill, these jumpers are also sent to other wildlife rescue centres if required. If you are interested, we do encourage participation in our Knits for Nature program and we accept all donations (wool and acrylic) at any time, each are put to good use in a way that supports little penguin conservation on Phillip Island.

Scheme of knitting8 ply Pattern Directions You will need 8 ply (D.K., Sport/Worsted) yarn (wool or acrylic) 1 pr 3.75mm (no.9, US no.5) Back Cast on 36 sts. K1 P1 to the end of the row. Repeat for 7 more rows. Change to K2 P2 and inc. 8 sts. evenly across this row. (44sts.) Continue until the work measures 12cm. Dec. 1 st. each end of every row till 28 sts.

Dec. one stitch in the middle of the next row. (27 sts) Change to K1P1 rib for 10 rows. Cast off. Front (Knit same as the Back) Using a flat seam join the neck edges together (about 4cm) Stitch the sides to the beginning of the upper decreasing (opening for each flipper), Side seam should be 12cm approximately, Flipper opening about 4cm in length. Total length of finished jumper should be no more than 20cm, width should be 12cm. 4 Ply Pattern Directions You will need 4 ply (4ply, Fingering/Sport) wool 1 pair 3.25mm (no.10, US no.3) needles Back Cast on 50 stitches. K10 rows in K1, P1, rib K2, P2 rib whilst increasing 12 sts evenly across the row (62 sts.) Then continue to knit in K2P2 until garment measures 12cm. Decrease one stitch at each end of every row until 36 stitches remain. In the next row decrease one stitch at each end and also one stitch in the middle of the row to leave 33 stitches. Change to K1, P1 rib. Knit 11 rows and cast off firmly on Row 12. Front Knit same as for Back. Finishing Sew the two pieces together joining at the neck (neck seam about 3½cm long)leaving the upper decreasing open for the flippers (this opening should be at least 4cm in length), then join the sides. Side seam is approximately 12cm long. If you are a loose knitter, please use smaller needles.

12. Rank these and share your rankings with your partner. Put the most dangerous at the top.

global warming pollution chemical weapons overpopulation water wars cybercrime extinction of species killer viruses

13. Answer the questions.

1. Do penguins have rights that need protecting?

2. Do insects have rights?3. Isn’t protecting the rights of penguins the same as protecting their other

rights?4. Do you like penguins?5. Do you like zoos?6. Are you worried about oil spill?7. What do you do every day to reduce ecological problems? What more could

you do?8. When will people really start to worry about environment?9. What causes ecological problems?

14. Play by the rolesRole A – Human warming scientistYou think human activity causes global warming. Everyone on Earth must change how we live so we do not produce CO2. Tell the others three things we must do. You totally disagree with the other scientist and the oil company CEO. Tell them why they are wrong. You agree with the penguin.

Role B – Natural warming scientistYou think human activity is not the reason for global warming. Tell the others three reasons why. You believe it is natural the Earth is getting warmer. You don't think anyone is in danger. You think it is OK to keep using gas, oil, coal, etc. You know scientists can protect the Earth.

Role C – Oil company CEOYou are tired of scientists warning about global warming. You are angry because people get scared. They also start using less oil and gasoline. Your company is very green. Tell the others 3 reasons why. Disagree with everything the human warming scientist says. Also, if the ice melts, penguins can easily find a new home.

Role D – PenguinYou are very, very, very angry with humans. Tell the others three reasons why. They only care about money. Oil companies want profits and do not care about the environment. Scientists who say human activity does not warm the earth are crazy. You want all oil production to stop immediately.

UNIT 8

HSE (Health, Safety, Environment)

HSE is an abbreviation for Health, Safety and Environment. These three issues are of paramount importance to the drilling and drilling fluids community, as they are to the entire petroleum industry.

1. Work in pairs. Discuss the questions

1. What incidents could happen in the process of oil production?2. What precautions should be taken to avoid incidents?3. What harm could oil production do to the environment?

2. Read the text and do the exercises.

HSEIn the modern business world the abbreviation HSE stands for Health, Safety

and Environment. In practice this means that any business has legal responsibilities to ensure the health and safety of employees and other people affected bу their business activities while operating in an extremely friendly manner towards the environment.

If you happened to bе present аt any meeting in а western oil company the first thing you would notice is that the meeting starts with а brief safety introduction, that is to say an action plan that you have to follow in case of emergency. Another example of how seriously HSE is taken is that аt every operational meeting or meeting гelated to the general company performance one of the first indicators to bе discussed is performance in HSE. The lower the number of incidents or accidents, the better it is for the company.

Oil companies put HSE first amongst their priorities because the stock market and the shareholders consider the HSE performance of companies to bе а main indicator of the professionalism of the company. Everybody who works in

companies like these, anywhere, is responsible for getting HSE right. Good HSE performance and the health, safety and security of everyone who works for the Company аге critical to the success of its business.

Goals саn bе simply stated: nо accidents, nо harm to people, nо damage to the environment. Under these circumstances companies continue to improve the environmental and health impact of their operations bу reducing waste, emissions and discharges, and using energy efficiently. They will produce quality products that сап bе used safely bу their customers. All leaders within companies аrе held accountable for accomplishing the HSE goals bу demonstrating correct HSE behaviors, bу clearly defining HSE roles and responsibilities and bу providing needed resources and bу measuring, reviewing and continuously improving HSE performance. In many companies the yearly bonus is not paid, if the HSE targets аrе not achieved.

The leadership is responsible for the HSE performance of its workforce. They should do this by personal example, by developing employee’s positive attitude towards HSE, setting clear goals and objectives, and creating an environment where employees understand it is all right for them to stop the work if they think HSE rules are not being followed.

All accidents, incidents or any other event causing danger to health safety or environment (including near misses – an accident that nearly happens), no matter how severe, need to be reported. Once reported they should be investigated and analyzed to develop learnings which can be used to prevent the same accident from occurring again. These learnings are distributed throughout the company.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) provides the last line of defense in protecting employees from injury and illness in the workplace. It does not replace prevention of an accident in the first place but it is an essential part of the HSE management system.

Alcohol and drug use is not permitted by the company and leaders shall ensure people under the influence of alcohol or drugs are not permitted to work on any company location. Storage or distribution of alcohol is not permitted anywhere under the company control. The company will carry out random testing for alcohol and searches for drugs and alcohol. If an employee is found to be addicted to drugs or alcohol the company will contribute to medical treatment.

No work shall commence until the number of HSE conditions are met. Risk and safety assessment have been done. All personnel are appropriately trained to do the work. The correct PPE is being worn. An escape plan form the place of work is in place. A permit to work for hazardous areas has been obtained. If any changes are made to the work conditions after the relevant permissions are obtained then work will stop.

When work is to be carried out at less than 2 m from the edge at a height of 1.3 m or more the following HSE rules must be followed: a fixed platform with hand rails shall be used; a preventer (safety line) shall be used that can bear the weight of at least 700 kg per person attached; special instructions and training for persons working at height shall be given.

Lifting operations utilizing cranes, hoists, or other mechanical devices can be carried out under the following conditions: risk assessment has been carried out prior to the work starting; all involved staff (crane operators, assistants etc) have been trained and certified (and carry the certificates) to operate the lifting machinery. The lifting equipment should have an up to date technical inspection certificate.

Vehicle Requirements: all vehicles must be fit for the purpose and be maintained and in a safe condition; seat belts must be present and functional and the vehicles should be fitted with a fire extinguisher and first aid kit; the number of passengers and loads should not exceed the manufactures specifications.

Drivers Requirements: seat belt must be worn by all the occupants at all times, whenever a vehicle is in motion; drivers must hold the appropriate licenses; drivers must not be under the influence of drugs or alcohol; headlights are to be used day and night during the winter; mobile phones are not to be used when the vehicle is on motion.

Contractors are one of the key factors in the company’s HSE performance. Contractors are expected to follow the same HSE requirements as the employees, therefore contracts will contain an HSE section. The company will use contractors that meet the standards of HSE required and will work with other contractors to help them improve. The company will also continuously monitor the contracts HSE performance and demand improvements when identified.

The crisis and emergency management system is a system of interaction between various company units to manage the company’s activities in the event that various incidents, accidents and other emergencies arise.

In the air protection area the company shall: monitor all polluting emissions including green house gas emission; eliminate continuous flaring of associated gas.

In the area of biodiversity preservation the company shall: strive to avoid working in environmentally protected or sensitive areas; strive to avoid installing impassable obstacles that may prevent migration of animals; minimize the impact on wildlife.

In the area of water control and protection the company shall: minimize the consumption of fresh water; not discharge waste water into the water table; carry out its operations in a manner that doesn’t contaminate water sources; continuously monitor its water usage and discharge.

In the area of land protection the company shall: optimize land usage to minimize the industrially effected area; avoid operating in native habitation areas or sites of archeological or cultural value; minimize soil erosion.

3. Fill in the gaps with the word(s) from the list below. Explanation to these terms are given in the brackets.

performance appropriate remediation PPE risk assessment impact preventer near misses

1. Before starting oil exploration a company should perform________ including identification of risks and hazards as well as the ways of removing them (defining risks out of the work).

2. The accident took place because of the absence of _______and other necessary equipment at the workplace (safety line).

3. Labour protection includes application of ___________in the process of operation (safety clothes and footwear).

4. The personnel of our company is specially trained in safety method of work ________ (doing, fulfilment).

5. At the beginning of field development an oil company should assess the possible __________to the environment (influence).

6. The drivers are required to hold the __________ driving licenses (proper, relevant).

7. To prevent accidents from occurring again it is necessary to investigate not only incidents, but also _________(an accident that nearly happens).

4. Match the problems with the ways of their solution.

1. The crewmember can fall from the platform at 2 meter height

A. The personnel should wear PPE.

2.The employee was found drunkard on the company location

B. Mobile phones are not to be used when vehicle is on motion.

3. The operator collapses in the process of pumping fluid

C. The company will remediate the impact to the environment

4. The accident happened because the driver was distracted by mobile phone call

D. А preventer shall bе used that саn bear the weight of аt least 700 kg per person attached.

5. Great damage is done to landscape of the area in the process of field development

E. The employee should contribute to medical treatment.

5. Compose collocations from the following words

to meet greenhouse escape nearto wear to discharge first aid fire

1. … PPE 5. … requirements2. … waste water 6. … kit3. … gas emissions 7. … plan4. … extinguisher 8. … misses

6. Match the items with their function.

1. seat belts A. a special tool for extinguishing fire

2. respirator B. safety tools given for every worker3. fire extinguisher C. a special rope intended for working

at height4. personal protective equipment D. straps in a car to prevent passengers

from falling out of it5. ear-protector E. a means of protecting breathing

organs from inhaling harmful gases6. preventer F. a means of protecting ears from laud

noises

7. Classify the words into 2 categories. Guess what these categories are. Add some more items to each category.

Risk assessment, greenhouse gas emissions, disturbed land, personal protective equipment, major incidents, incident investigation, near misses, contamination of water sources, environmental monitoring, impassable obstacles.

8. Read the text again and make notes under the following headings, then talk about HSE performance.

Labour protection Environmental safety Safety management system

9. Describe some incident really happened in oil, gas and petrochemical industries. Report it to the group, answer possible questions.

REFERENCES

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University Press, 2011.5. Petroleum Engineering. Course book=Нефтегазовое дело. Книга для

студентов:учебное пособие. Л.М. Болсуновская, Р.Н. Абрамова, И.А. Матвеенко и др. /Под ред. Болсуновская Л.М., Абрамова, Р.Н. Матвеенко И.А. Томск: Издательство Томского Политехнического университета, 2011.