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Journal of International Development J. Int. Dev. 13, 1003±1008 2001) DOI: 10.1002/jid.826 POVERTY ALLEVIATION OR POVERTY REDUCTION: THE CONTRIBUTION OF CIVIL SOCIETY DIANA MITLIN* International Institute for Environment and Development, London, UK 1 INTRODUCTION The formal and informal associations of the urban poor, and those that support them such as NGOs, are important parties in¯uencing the role of the urban poor in urban develop- ment and governance processes. A focus on such organizations loosely grouped together under the term civil society) is therefore relevant for a research study considering the effectiveness of such processes in reducing poverty. There are a great variety of civil society organizations and the institutional scope of this study was wide-ranging: it included grassroots organizations GROs): self-help groups of the urban poor, including neighbourhood groups and trade associations see also Beall). A further group is the NGOs working with the urban poor: professional, non-pro®t, non-membership intermediary organizations that are independent of the state. Trade unions were also important in many of the cities studied. Drawing on the wider literature in addition to the nine city case studies, this paper will ®rst discuss the prevalence and characteristics of GROs and their relationships with state agencies. Secondly, it will review the roles and activities of NGOs and their relations with state agencies on the one hand and poor residents on the other. 2 GRASSROOTS ORGANIZATIONS A wide range of studies emphasises the breadth and diversity of grassroots organizations in the towns and cities of the South Mitlin, 1999). In most neighbourhoods there are a variety of local organizations, including those undertaking social activities such as religious organizations that often act for a particular segment of the community) and those more concerned with the speci®cs of the urbanization process such as infrastructure and services). Whilst many of the groups are community-based organizations and residents' associations, it is also evident that there is a rich experience among the urban poor in trade-based networks and groups. Copyright # 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Correspondence to: D. Mitlin, IIED, 3 Endsleigh St, London WCIH ODD, UK.

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