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Operation, Monitoring and Control Technology of Power SystemsCourse 227-0528-00
Dr. Marek Zima
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Outline
Technological Structure of Swiss Power System
Electrical Energy Sector in Switzerland
Operation of Swiss Power System
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Outline
Technological Structure of Swiss Power System Consumption Generation Network
Electrical Energy Sector in Switzerland
Operation of Swiss Power System
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Consumption
Annual Energy Consumption- Switzerland (56’200 GWh, in 2005, source: www.strom.ch)- Zürich (2’898 GWh, in 2005, source: www.statistik.zh.ch)
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Share of Electricity on Energy Consumption
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Consumption of Typical Household Devices
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Outline
Technological Structure of Swiss Power System Consumption Generation Network
Electrical Energy Sector in Switzerland
Operation of Swiss Power System
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Comparison of Generation Production with other Countries
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Share of Power Production According to Source
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Hydro Power Plants – Run-Of-River Plant
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Hydro Power Plants – Pumped Storage Plants
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Hydro Power Plants – Production Locations
Source: www.poweron.ch
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Outline
Technological Structure of Swiss Power System Consumption Generation Network
Electrical Energy Sector in Switzerland
Operation of Swiss Power System
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Outline
Technological Structure of Swiss Power System
Electrical Energy Sector in Switzerland
Operation of Swiss Power System
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Swiss Power Sector
Characteristic features A high degree of ownership fragmentation A large number of relatively small generation units A significant pump storage capacity Mostly CO2-free generation Significant transit flows
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Electricity Supply Chain – Ownership Perspective
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Independent System Operator (ISO)- swissgrid (previously Etrans)
Transmission utilities grouped in swissasset(previously KSVB)
- Atel- BKW- CKW- EGL- EOS- EWZ- NOK
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Transmission Utilities (Ueberlandwerke) -Operation Areas
Source: www.poweron.ch
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Outline
Technological Structure of Swiss Power System
Electrical Energy Sector in Switzerland
Operation of Swiss Power System
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Outline
Technological Structure of Swiss Power System
Electrical Energy Sector in Switzerland
Operation of Swiss Power System Involved Entities Long-term Planning Short-term Planning Day-ahead Operation Planning Intra-day Operation
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Hierarchical Control Structure
1 ‘Regelzone’ (RZ) - Swissgrid (previously Etrans)
7 ‘Bilanzzonen’ (BZ)- 7 ‘Bilanzzonen’ (BZ) Verantwortliche (BZV)
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Outline
Technological Structure of Swiss Power System
Electrical Energy Sector in Switzerland
Operation of Swiss Power System Involved Entities Long-term Planning Short-term Planning Day-ahead Operation Planning Intra-day Operation
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Primary Frequency Control
UCTE- 3 000 MW primary frequency
control reserves (~compensation of a simultaneous outage of two largest generation units)
- droop 18 000 MW/Hz
- Resulting flows between countries are considered in TRM
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Primary Frequency Control
According to UCTE rules, Switzerland has to contribute with primary frequency control:
- Allocated reserves 73 MW- Droop constant 500 MW/Hz- Dead-band +- 10 mHz
Contributions are allocated to BZ
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
State Classification based on Frequency Deviation - 0 < | ∆f | < 50 mHz Normal State- 50 < | ∆f | < 150 mHz Alert State- | ∆f | > 150 mHz Emergency State
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Emergency Means
Stufe Frequenz / Hz
Aktion Kumulierter Lastabwurf / %
Aktivierungsart
1 49.8 Aktivierung von Leistungsreserven Manuell / Autom.
2 49.5 Abwurf von Speicherpumpen Automatisch
2a 49.2 Auftrennung von Ringen soweit notwendig
Automatisch
3 49.0 Lastabwurf 10-15% 10-15% Automatisch
4 48.7 Lastabwurf 10-15% 20-30% Automatisch
5 48.4 Lastabwurf 15-20% 35-50% Automatisch
6 48.1 Lastabwurf 15-20% 50-70% Automatisch
7 47.5 Trennung der Kraftwerke vom Netz Automatisch
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Secondary Frequency Control
- BZ controllers controlling internal ACE (area control error)- Switzerland wide controller at swissgrid
• minimizing Swiss-wide ACE with respect to UCTE• determining reference values for area controllers
- Activation time• within 30 seconds
- Minimizing ACE• Within 15 minutes
- Immediate control reserves (for small deviations – mostly loads)• 200 MW
- Additional control reserves (for a power plant outage)• 450 MW
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Tertiary Frequency Control
Triggering of tertiary reserves employment either by any BZV or swissgrid
Reserves- Internal Swiss reserves – each BZ has to contribute agreed amount
(50 MW, altogether 350 MW)- Employment of reserves from abroad, called by swissgrid (1 250
MW)
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
System Extensions
Each BZV plans system extensions individually Coordination with all involved partners (other BZV,
neighboring countries)
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Outline
Technological Structure of Swiss Power System
Electrical Energy Sector in Switzerland
Operation of Swiss Power System Involved Entities Long-term Planning Short-term Planning Day-ahead Operation Planning Intra-day Operation
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Cross-Border Capacity Allocation
Tight allocation to lines’ owners:- CH-I
Explicit Auctions- CH-A- CH-D- CH-F
Auctions- Yearly- Monthly- Daily
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Outline
Technological Structure of Swiss Power System
Electrical Energy Sector in Switzerland
Operation of Swiss Power System Involved Entities Long-term Planning Short-term Planning Day-ahead Operation Planning Intra-day Operation
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Time Error Correction
Swissgrid determines reference value for the frequency control for the whole southern part of UCTE
The frequency reference value should be within the deadband of primary frequency control (+- 10 mHz deviation from 50 Hz)
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
System Security
BZV submit planned schedules (Fahrpläne = FP) to swissgrid
swisgrid checks FP- Feasibility (e.g. if a discrepancy occurs)- Security
Cross-border capacity is allocated If problems identified, swissgrid determines
corrections for the FP
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Outline
Technological Structure of Swiss Power System
Electrical Energy Sector in Switzerland
Operation of Swiss Power System Involved Entities Long-term Planning Short-term Planning Day-ahead Operation Planning Intra-day Operation
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
Voltage Control
Targeted level of voltages- 380 kV: +- 8 kV- 220 kV: +-5 kV
Operation limits- 380 kV: 375 kV – 420 kV- 220 kV: 210 kV – 250 kV
Controllable sources of reactive power in Swiss network – only generators
Manual control of generators’ set-points Responsibility of BZV, coordinated by swissgrid
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / [email protected]
System Security
Swissgrid monitors the whole Switzerland and suggests BZV control actions
Each BZV supervises its own BZ and executes control actions recommended by swissgrid
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