−= + ⋅ ∈ ∈

•

•

•

•

•

≤ ≤

= =

−= = −

→ ∞ + −

→ ∞ →

→ −∞

−

−

′ = − −

′′ = + −

′ =− −′′ − = − < ∈

−−

′′ =

→ +∞ ′′′ ≠′′ −

−−

•

−

− =

− + ⋅ ≠ + ⋅

•

−

− = −

− + ⋅ ≠ − + ⋅

•

( ) ( )( )

−

−

−

−

< > −

= + −

′ = − + −

′′ = + −′′′ = − + −

= + −

−

−− −

′ = = + ∈( )< > −= − ⋅ + −

−= + ⋅

−= − + +

′ =

−−

= − = −

−=

−=

−= ⋅

( )− − −

→∞ →∞ →∞⋅ = − ⋅ + = − + + =

−= ⋅

= − + + ≥

= +−

= ⋅

→

−−⋅=−

= + + +

′ = + +′′ = +

= == + + + == + + + =

′′ = + =

⇔ − ⇔ −− −

= − + +

=

= ⋅ =

= − = − + − −

− + − − =

− + + =

−− −

− −

( )− + + = − ⋅ − −

− − =

= + ≈

= − ≈ − ∉

≈

′ ′′= ∧ <′ = − + −′′ = − +

− + − =

− + =

= ± −

≈≈

′′ = − <′′ = >

=

= +

−= ⋅ = ⋅

−

→∞⋅ =

===⋅→∞→∞

−

→∞

= ∧ <

−

−

−

= ⋅ − −

′ = − ⋅ −

′′ = − ⋅

≈

′′ = − <≈

= − ∈ >⋅

•

•

•

•

•

•

• ∞

∈ �

{ }=

→ +∞ → −∞

≠

− = ⇔ = ⋅ ⇔ =⋅

− ⋅′ = +⋅

⋅′′ = −⋅

− ⋅′′′ = +⋅

′ = ≠

− ⋅ + = ⇔ = ⇔ =⋅

′′ =⋅

′′ >

−

′′ = ≠

⋅ − = ⇔ = ⇔ =⋅

→ +∞ −′′′ = ≠ ′′

−

-4 -2 2 4

-2

2

4

6

( ) ( )( ) ( )

− = − ⇔ − = −⋅ ⋅

⇔ ⋅ − = ⋅ −

⇔ ⋅ − = − ⋅ −

-4 -2 2 4

-2

2

= − −

= −

= − − −

= − − − − −

≈

→∞− − − − −

→∞− +

→ ∞

−

= ⋅ =

( )( )

= − = − = − = −⋅⋅⋅

−= − = − ⋅ = − ⋅

−

−−= + = −

−= + ⋅ ∈ ∈

=

∞

− = − + ⋅= + ⋅= + ⋅

⋅= + ⋅ ==

−= + ⋅

•

•

•

•

−= +

−

•

− − − − −= + ⋅ − − = + ⋅ ∈

− − − − −

•

− − −+ ⋅ = + ⋅

−

⋅ = −⋅ − ⋅ =⋅ − ⋅ = −

⋅ = −⋅ = −

−

•

= = −

− − −+ ⋅ = + ⋅

−

− − ⋅ = −+ ⋅ = + ⋅

− + ⋅ = + ⋅

= = −

•

α

= ≈ ≈ °⋅

α

⋅ + ⋅ =

−= − ⋅ ⇔ = − ⋅

−

+− = ⋅ +

→

∈ +

=− +

=

===

= = =

=−⋅− −

− −− = − −

− −

+ − −⋅ + ⋅ − − =

− −

⋅ ⋅ − + − ⋅ =− − = −

⋅ ⋅ + − ⋅ − ⋅ =+ =

− − − − − −⇔

− −

−

=→

−→

⋅−=

⋅ ⋅ = =

=→→

⋅−=

− −− − ⋅ = =− −

= =→→

⋅−=

→−

→⋅−=

− −− − ⋅ = =− −

− − =− + − =− − + =

⇔ =⇔ =⇔ =

= =

= =

→→⋅−= =

− −− = − −

− − − +

→− −

− − ⋅ = − − =− +− − − +

→→⋅=

[ ] ⋅ − − =− +

= − − +

′ = − +

′′ = −

′ ′′= ∧ <

( ) ( )

− + =

= ∨ = − ∉′′= <

−=

= − =

•

•

•

•

→

•μ

•

•

•

μ

−= = ⋅ ⋅ −

= = ≈

= = ⋅ ≈

= = ⋅ ⋅ ≈

= = ⋅ ⋅ ≈

= = ⋅ ⋅ ≈

≤ ≈

> = − ≤ ≈ − =

⋅

μ ⋅ ⋅

= ≈ ⋅μμ

= ≈ − = ≈

>

> = − ≤ ≈ − ≈

∞ ∞ ∞

= = =

⋅ ⋅ − ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ − ⋅ ⋅μ μ μμ μ μ

[ ]≈ ⋅ − − ⋅ − [ ]− ⋅ =

•

•

⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ =

≤ ≤

−= = −

= ⋅ ⋅ −σ σ = ⋅ ⋅ = >

− −≤ ≤ ≈ Φ − Φ = ⋅ Φ −

≈ ⋅ Φ − ≈ ⋅ − = ≈

≤

=

μ = σ = ⋅ ⋅ ≈

μ σ≤ + ⋅ ≈≤ ≈ > ≈

≤≤ =μ σ = >

( )− +≤ ≈ Φ ≈ Φ ≈

[ ]

⋅ −− =

⋅ −

− ≤ ≥

⋅ − ⋅ − ≈

− ≤ ≈

⋅ −− = ⋅