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Institute for Empirical Sociology at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
A New Scheme for Young Novice Drivers in Germany
Dr. Walter FunkInstitute for Empirical Sociology at the
Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (Germany)
01/30
Wednesday 30 November 2011, 14 p.m., Salon Parisien,
Institute for Empirical Sociology at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
Problem:• Highest crash risk as a car
driver is initially after licensing (in Germany up till now right from age 18 away as „full privileged“ driver)
• Substantial decrease of crash risk with increased driving experience (minus 50% during the first 9 months, minus 90% during the first 2.6 years of driving)
Highest crash risk of novice drivers
02/30
(cf. SCHADE 2001)
Years since licensure
Accidents (offences) in Central Register of Traffic Offenders
Rat
e pe
r milli
on k
ilom
etre
s
females
males
Institute for Empirical Sociology at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
Solution:Extending the relatively short formal driver education in professional “driving schools”by a period in which the novice is only allowed to drive while being accompanied by an experienced driver.
Tackling young novice driver risk: Extended learning period through „Accompanied Driving“
03/30
(cf. WILLMES-LENZ 2008: 137)
Extended learning periodthrough “Accompanied Driving from 17”
Begleitetes Fahrenonly accompanied driving
age 17
driver training/driving test
learning period up to 18 month
learning period 3 to 6 month
solo driving allowed
age 16 age 18
driver trainingdriving test
Learning period: up to 18 months
Learning period: 3 to 6 months
Process evaluation
Institute for Empirical Sociology at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
• From the age of 16 ½: Start of the mandatory pre-licence training and education for licences Class B / BE with a professional driving instructor in a so-called “driving school”;
• Passing through the professional “driving school” curriculum;• Successful passing of the theoretical and the practical
licensing tests;i.e.: Participants in the model pass exactly the sameformal training and tests as regular licence acquirers;
• From 17th birthday: Handing over of a certificate, allowing to drive a car in Germany (licences Class B / BE);
Only one constraint: Driving is only allowed when accompanied by an experienced adult;
• Age of 18: Replacement of the certificate by regular drivers licence (full driving privileges);
Pre-conditions to participate in the model
04/30
Institute for Empirical Sociology at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
The attendant (supervising driver):• must be at least 30 years old,
• must have held a valid driver’s licence Class B for at least five years,
• must not have more than three demerit points in Germany’s Central Register of Traffic Offenders (“traffic-sinner file”) and
• must – at the start of the accompanied trip – have a BAC lower than 0.05 gm/100 ml, and must not be affected by intoxicants (illegal drugs);
Qualifications of the experienced attendants(supervising drivers)
05/30
Institute for Empirical Sociology at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
Chronology of surveys in the panel
Reference: FUNK, GRÜNINGER (2010, picture 2-2) 6/30
Participant’s questionnaire
Closurequestionnaire
Attendant’s (Supervising
driver’s)questionnaire
Panel Wave 1
Feb. 30, 2007
Panel Wave 2
March 01, 2008
Panel Wave 3
April 30, 2008
Panel Wave 4
July 04, 2008
(n = 3,780;60.9 %)
(n = 3,088;81.7 %)
(n = 1,652;85.1 %)
(n = 1,118;93.0 %)
(n = 1,735;45.9 %)
Participant’s questionnaire
Participant’s questionnaire
Participant’s questionnaire
Closure questionnaire
Closure questionnaire
Closure questionnaire
Institute for Empirical Sociology at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
Novice drivers in the sample of the process evaluation (n = 3,780):• sex: 48.5 % male, 51.5 % female;• education: 66.8 % pupils, 31.6 % apprentices
Most frequent attendants (supervising drivers)(according to the youth):• female,• 40-49 years old,• living in the same household with the novice driver;
= own mother
Young novice drivers and most frequent attendants(supervising drivers)
Reference: FUNK, GRÜNINGER (2010, sections 3.3 and 4.4) 7/30
Institute for Empirical Sociology at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
Impulse for participating in the accompanied driving model (as stated by the novice driver)
Reference: FUNK, GRÜNINGER (2010, table 4-7) 8/30
10.9
1.4
8,46.5
55.8
85.7
35.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Myself My parents Peers Otherrelatives
Other non-relatives
Col-leagues
Othermotivation
Perc
enta
ge o
f res
pond
ents
Multiple responses possible(n = 3,047 respondents)
Institute for Empirical Sociology at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
Difficulties in finding an attendant (supervising driver)?(as stated by the novice driver)
Reference: FUNK, GRÜNINGER (2010, table 4-16); 9/30
0,75,2 0,9
10,7
84,8
5,4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
None Youngerthan age 30
Holdingdriver's
licence lessthan three
years
Too manydemeritpoints
Other reason No parentalassent
Perc
enta
ge o
f res
pond
ents
Multiple responses possible(n = 3.680 respondents)
Institute for Empirical Sociology at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
• Time management problems (didn’t manage it earlier, started driver training later becauseof lack of time or training lasted longer than planned)
• Financial problems(started driver training later or training lasted longer becauseof lack of money)
• Change of mind concerning participation in the model(own change of mind or convinced by parents)
• Lack of support(Convincing parents or finding another attendant)
• „Rest category“(other reasons, ignorance about accompanied driving, still got enough time to drive until my 18th birthday)
Youth: Reasons for delayed driving licence acquisition
Multiple responses: 5,892 answers from 2,938 respondents;Reference: FUNK, GRÜNINGER (2010, table 4-3) 10/30
Institute for Empirical Sociology at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
• Wish to drive a car (instrumental motive)[explaining 15.3 % of the variance](probation time will end sooner; to sit behind the wheel as soonas possible; driving moped without accompaniment; licensure for certain at 18th birthday; more favourable car insurance tariff)
• Safety motive [explaining 13.9 % of the variance](to drive more safely as solo driver later; to feel safer at the start as novice driver; to show parents that I will later drive safe as solo driver)
• Role model / Temporal equalisation of potential stressors[explaining 10.2 % of the variance](older siblings / friends already participated; driving test otherwise parallel to much stress in school / vocational training)
Youth: Reasons for participating in the model
Multiple responses: 14,329 answers from 3,206 respondents;Reference: FUNK, GRÜNINGER (2010, table 4-8) 11/30
Institute for Empirical Sociology at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
• Help and support for their children [explaining 14.6 % of the variance](to help the youth; to let her/him participate in my experience as car driver)
• Practical reasons [explaining 14.6 % of the variance](probation time will end sooner; more favourable car insurance tariff; equalisation of potential stressors in school / vocational training)
• Safety concerns [explaining 14.1 % of the variance](less worries, when youth drives solo later on; to assure themselves, that youth will drive safe and cautious)
• Popularity motive and role model [ 11.6 % of the variance](good experiences of relatives and friends; family member already participated in the model)
Parents: Reasons for participating in the model
Multiple responses: 6,536 answers from 1,720 respondents;Reference: FUNK, GRÜNINGER (2010, table 4-14) 12/30
Institute for Empirical Sociology at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
Mean daily mileage of all model participants
Reference: FUNK, GRÜNINGER (2010, picture 5-25) 13/30
13,2 13,1 13,013,313,213,813,4
12,212,413,5
12,111,6
14,9 14,515,6
12,8
10,49,77,98,1
10,59,38,58,69,39,39,6
10,78,68,3
10,09,3
0
5
10
15
20
(n=3.221)Male (n
=1.558)
Female (n
=1.664)
Pupil (n=2.142
)
Trainee (n=1.033)
Till O-le
vel (n=1.598)
> O-le
vel (n
=1.348)
Old Fed. S
tates (n=2.642
)
New Fed. S
tates (n
=579)
Agglomeratio
n (n=1.225)
Urbanize
d (n=1.2
69)Rural
(n=727)
1-3 Months (
n=703)
4-6 Months (
n=725)
7-9 Months (
n=1.032)
10-12 M
onths (n=760)
Mea
n da
ily m
ileag
e in
km
Mean Median
Sex
Previous length of model
participation
Region of
origin
Regionaltype
Educa-tionalstatus
School-leaving
qualificationof parents
Total
All model participants (including immobile ones);Questioned at all four panel waves;
Significant difference
Institute for Empirical Sociology at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
Mean daily mileage of mobile model participants
Reference: FUNK, GRÜNINGER (2010, picture 5-40) 14/30
31,3 31,3 32,1 30,134,1 33,031,732,4 28,5
33,731,2 32,1
34,136,5
35,037,6
26,125,023,021,025,124,323,3
27,323,324,624,326,2
23,022,526,324,0
0
10
20
30
40
(n=3.0
79)
Male (n
=1.50
4)
Female
(n=1
.575)
Pupil (
n=2.0
46)
Train
ee (n
=983
)Til
l O-le
vel (n
=1.53
6)
> O-le
vel (n
=1.28
9)Old
Fed. S
tates
(n=2
.541)
New Fe
d. Stat
es (n
=538
)Agg
lomera
tion (n
=1.16
5)
Urban
ized (
n=1.20
7)Rur
al (n=
707)
1-3 M
onth
s (n=
640)
4-6 M
onth
s (n=
685)
7-9 M
onth
s (n=
1.003
)
10-12
Mon
ths (n
=751
)M
ean
daily
mile
age
in k
m Mean Median
Only actual mobile model participants;Questioned at all four panel waves;
Significant difference
Sex
Previous length of model
participation
Region of
origin
Regionaltype
Educa-tionalstatus
School-leaving
qualificationof parents
Total
Institute for Empirical Sociology at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
Mean monthly mileage of all model participants
Reference: FUNK, GRÜNINGER (2010, picture 5-64) 15/30
333,7
293,7293,8311,0294,5320,1
301,6316,0320,1324,0335,0
318,5 303,2
372,7 357,3 333,7
0
75
150
225
300
375
(n=3.1
07)
Male (n
=1.49
6)
Female
(n=1
.611)
Pupil (
n=2.0
85)
Train
ee (n
=984
)Til
l O-le
vel (n
=1.54
6)
> O-le
vel (n
=1.29
8)
Old Fed
. Stat
es (n
=2.54
2)
New Fe
d. Stat
es (n
=564
)
Agglom
eratio
n (n=1
.179)
Urban
ized(n
=1.22
5)Rur
al (n=
703)
1-3 M
onth
s (n=
659)
4-6 M
onth
s (n=
680)
7-9 M
onth
s (n=
1.007
)
10-12
Mon
ths (n
=759
)Mea
n m
onth
ly m
ileag
e in
km
SexPreviouslength ofmodel
participation
Regionof
originRegional
type
Educa-tionalstatus
School-leaving
qualification of parents
Total
All model participants;Questioned at all four panel waves;
Significant difference
Institute for Empirical Sociology at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
Extrapolation of the mean monthly mileageto the mean total mileage in the model scheme
Reference: FUNK, GRÜNINGER (2010, picture 5-68) 16/30
3.383,6
257,3514,6
835,5
1.139,71.479,6
1.752,5
2.060,4
2.395,0
2.723,4
3.057,8
3.766,7
0
500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
3.000
3.500
4.000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Duration of attendance in months
Mea
n m
ileag
e in
km
Mean duration of attendance: 8 months;Mean mileage during this time: 2,400 km;
Institute for Empirical Sociology at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
Categories of driving time of the mobile model participants – reference week of the 1st panel wave
Reference: FUNK, GRÜNINGER (2010, picture 5-71) 17/30
38,1 40,3
33,0 32,033,4 33,8
29,228,0
15,3 14,4 13,6
14,616,1
8,7
10,39,9
37,241,8
35,8 31,928,5
32,4
12,7 11,5
8,17,77,3 7,0
2,32,4 2,4
3,24,1
2,6 2,72,9
3,9
2,6 2,7 2,9 3,47,9 9,5
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Monday Tuesday Wednes-day
Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
Longer than 1 hour 30minutes
Up to 1 hour 30 minutes
Up to 1 hour 15 minutes
Up to 1 hour
Up to 45minutes
Up to 30minutes
Up to 15minutes
1,81,9
2,12,0
2,12,1
(n = 1,267) (n = 1,274) (n = 1,491) (n = 1,142)(n = 1,264) (n = 1,236) (n = 1,400) Weekday
Perc
enta
ge o
f res
pond
ents
Exposuretime
Institute for Empirical Sociology at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
Most frequent destinations of the model participants in the 1st panel wave (multiple responses possible)
42,840,9
9,4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Monday - Sunday Monday - Friday Saturday - Sunday
Perc
enta
ge o
f res
pond
ents
School, vocational training, workHousehold choresPrivate tripsLeisure trips
(n=2,833) (n=1,911)(n=2,594)
Reference: FUNK, GRÜNINGER (2010, table 5-16) 18/30
Institute for Empirical Sociology at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
Most frequent destinations of the model participants in the 1st panel wave (multiple responses possible)
59,7
52,6
35,1
42,840,9
9,4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Monday - Sunday Monday - Friday Saturday - Sunday
Perc
enta
ge o
f res
pond
ents
School, vocational training, workHousehold choresPrivate tripsLeisure trips
(n=2,833) (n=1,911)(n=2,594)
Reference: FUNK, GRÜNINGER (2010, table 5-16) 19/30
Shopping,bank,public authorities,doctoretc.
Institute for Empirical Sociology at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
Most frequent destinations of the model participants in the 1st panel wave (multiple responses possible)
59,7
52,6
35,1
64,3
46,2
61,9
42,840,9
9,4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Monday - Sunday Monday - Friday Saturday - Sunday
Perc
enta
ge o
f res
pond
ents
School, vocational training, workHousehold choresPrivate tripsLeisure trips
(n=2,833) (n=1,911)(n=2,594)
Reference: FUNK, GRÜNINGER (2010, table 5-16) 20/30
Family,visiting friendsetc.
Institute for Empirical Sociology at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
Most frequent destinations of the model participants in the 1st panel wave (multiple responses possible)
59,7
52,6
35,1
64,3
46,2
61,9
42,0
36,6
28,3
42,840,9
9,4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Monday - Sunday Monday - Friday Saturday - Sunday
Perc
enta
ge o
f res
pond
ents
School, vocational training, workHousehold choresPrivate tripsLeisure trips
(n=2,833) (n=1,911)(n=2,594)
Sport,Hobbyetc.
Reference: FUNK, GRÜNINGER (2010, table 5-16) 21/30
Institute for Empirical Sociology at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
Subjective indicators of building driving experience:During the last four weeks felt unsure …
Reference: FUNK, GRÜNINGER (2010, picture 6-19a) 22/30
3 4 ,0
12 ,2
19 ,0
2 5,7
0
10
2 0
3 0
4 0
Wa v e 1 Wa v e 2 Wa v e 3 Wa v e 4
… while rapidly respo nding to unfo reseen situat io ns
Perc
enta
ge o
f uns
afe
no
vice
driv
ers
Wave 1Wave 2Wave 3Wave 4
(n = 2,254) (n = 913) (n = 507)(n = 1,346)
Institute for Empirical Sociology at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
Subjective indicators of building driving experience:During the last four weeks felt unsure …
Reference: FUNK, GRÜNINGER (2010, picture 6-19a) 23/30
2 7.1
10 .3
17.8
2 3 .8
0
10
2 0
3 0
4 0
Wa v e 1 Wa v e 2 Wa v e 3 Wa v e 4
… while co rrect ly reco gnising the intent io ns o f o ther ro ad users
Perc
enta
ge o
f
unsa
fe n
ovic
e dr
iver
s Wave 1Wave 2Wave 3Wave 4
(n = 3,037) (n = 1,140) (n =611)(n = 1,776)
Institute for Empirical Sociology at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
Subjective indicators of building driving experience –as seen by the youth
Reference: FUNK, GRÜNINGER (2010, picture 7-28) 24/30
15,9
30,6
41,6
27,7
16,9
30,8
6,112,8 8,6 9,1
29,8
6,3
6,2
25,7
22,143,362,1 55,761,3 57,3
1,3
33,0
2,5
0,6 1,6 1,6 1,51,4
67,9
11,80,70,5 0,7 0,7 4,2
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Perc
enta
ge o
f res
pond
ents Doesn't
apply at all
Rather doesn't applyPartly applies
Rather applies
Totally applies
I control the car better
I ever more often look
ahead while driving
I become more and more re-
laxed while driving
I sometimes drive a bit faster than
allowed
I become more and
more confi-dent while
driving
Another indicator
I find it difficult to make out any
progress in driving
(n=2.984) (n=2.978) (n=2.982) (n=2.980) (n=2.973) (n=365) (n=2.650)
All model participants, 2nd panel wave
Institute for Empirical Sociology at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
• Impetus for participating in the accompanied driving model scheme:- largely from the youth themselves (85.7 %)- also by more than half of the parents (55.8 %)
• More than four out of five youth didn’t have difficulties in finding an attendant (supervising driver)
• Handing over of the driving test certificate: On average 5.1 months after the 17th birthday
main reason for the delay: problems with timemanagement
Summary (1 of 4)
25/30
Institute for Empirical Sociology at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
• Reasons of the youth to participate in the model scheme:- request to drive a car (instrumental motive);- safety concerns; and - practical aspects
• Reasons of the parents (attendants) to participate in the model scheme as supervising drivers:- offering help and support to their children;- safety considerations;- making use of the practical aspects of the accompanied
(supervised) driving model [reasons all equally prevalent]
Summary (2 of 4)
26/30
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• Mileage in the model:- Per day: Ø 9.3 km (all), Ø 24.0 km (mobile youth)- Per week: Ø 65.0 km (all), Ø 71.7 km (mobile youth)- Per month: Ø 318.5 km
Sample: approx. 2,400 km during 8 months;Extrapolation to 12 months duration of attendance (supervised driving): Potential of approx. 3,800 km
• Driving time (exposure duration): - Mostly rather short (up to approx. 30 minutes)- At weekend increase of longer trips
• Destinations:- Mon – Fri: School, vocational training / work,
household chores- Sat – Sun: Private trips (Family, visiting friends)
Summary (3 of 4)
27/30
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• Subjective perception of the youth:Strong indicators for building driving experience
Furthermore (as surveyed on the level of the Federal States (the German „Länder“)):
• Crash data gathered by the police: Prevalence of crashes while participating in the model = very low
extremely high safety during implementation of themodel scheme
• Federal Motor Transport Authority: Only few violations of the requirement to be accompanied (supervised)
no abuse of the accompanied driving model
Summary (4 of 4)
28/30
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The accompanied driving model can be characterized by:
• easy accessRecommendation:To encourage youth – interested in obtaining a full privileged driver’s licence at age 18 – to startaccompanied driving closer to their 17th birthday;
• good practicabilityRecommendation:To encourage the participants to drive more, togetherwith an attendant (supervising driver);
• safe implementation
Conclusion
29/30
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Thank you very much for your attention!
For more information and list of cited literature please contact:
Tel.: ++49 – 911 – 23 565 [email protected]
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