Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Facultad de Química

Departamento de Ingeniería Metalúrgica

Fundamentos de Metalurgia y Materiales

Enseñanza Experimental

Pre informe de:

“Identificación de materiales”

N° de Práctica: 4

Nombre del Alumno: Luis Angel Moreno Escutia

Nombre del Profesor: Juan Manuel de la Rosa Canales

Grupo: 4

Semestre lectivo: 3

Fecha de entrega: 05 de septiembre del 2012

Metales

Polimeros

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Clasificación moderna de los materiales

También hay otras cuatro clasificaciones, los metales-polímeros (1), los polímeros- cerámicos (2), los metales- cerámicos (3), y una combinación de los tres materiales principales que a su vez se llama compositos o compuestos(4).

Características de los materiales. a) Materiales metálicos

1. . Compuestos de sustancias inorgánicas fundamentalmente metales, sin conformar óxidos ni  sales metálicas.2. . Tipo de enlace interatómico: metálico conformando estructura cristalina específica de los metálicos.3. . Resistencia aceptable hasta media temperatura.4. . Buenos conductores del calor y la electricidad.5. . Tenaces y deformables, en general.6. . Altas densidades.

 

Cerámicos

3 1

2

4

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b) Materiales cerámicos 1. . Compuestos de sustancias inorgáni-cas fundamentalmente óxidos y sales

metálicas, excluyendo metales puros.2. . Tipo de enlace interatómico: iónico conformando estructura cristalina

específica de los cerámicos.3. . Malos conductores del calor y electricidad.4. . Frágiles e indeformables.5. . Resistencia a altas temperaturas.6. . Densidades medias.

c) Materiales poliméricos 1. . Compuestos de sustancias orgánicas en base al C, H, O y otros

elementos no metálicos.2. . Tipo de enlace interatómico: covalente conformando largas cadenas

lineales o redes, con nula o media cristalinidad.3. . Resistentes a bajas temperaturas.4. . Malos conductores del calor y la electricidad.5. . Frágiles unos, tenaces y plásticos otros.6. . Bajas densidades.

d) Materiales compuestos 1. Son compuestos de dos o más materiales citados en los apartados

anteriores tendentes a mejorar las propiedades débiles en unos y potenciar las fuertes de los otros pero conservando fuertemente su forma inicial.

2. El material a potenciar de propiedad débil se denomina matriz y el que potencia se denomina  refuerzo. 

Bibliografía:http://personales.upv.es/~avicente/curso/unidad1/familia1.html (consultada el día 6 de septimebre del 2012)

4/9 Normas ASTM:

ASTM F104 - 11 Standard Classification System for Nonmetallic Gasket Materials

Significance and Use

This classification system is intended to encourage uniformity in reporting properties; to provide

a common language for communications between suppliers and consumers; to guide engineers

and designers in the test methods commonly used for commercially available materials; and to

be versatile enough to cover new materials and test methods as they are introduced.

This system is based on the principle that nonmetallic gasket materials can be described in

terms of specific physical and mechanical properties. This enables the user, or producer, to

characterize a nonmetallic gasket based on properties that are important for the application.

1. Scope

1.1 This classification system provides a means for specifying or describing pertinent properties

of commercial nonmetallic gasket materials. Materials composed of asbestos, cork, cellulose, and

other organic or inorganic materials in combination with various binders or impregnants are

included. Materials normally classified as rubber compounds are not included, since they are

covered in ClassificationD2000. Gasket coatings are not covered, since details thereof are

intended to be given on engineering drawings or in separate specifications. Facing materials for

laminate composite gasket materials (LCGM) are included in Classification System F104.

Assembled LCGMs are covered in Classification F868.

1.2 Since all of the properties that contribute to gasket performance are not included, use of the

classification system as a basis for selecting materials is limited.

1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in

parentheses are for information only.

1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with

its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and

health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) 

ASTM StandardsD2000 Classification System for Rubber Products in Automotive ApplicationsE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test SievesF36 Test Method for Compressibility and Recovery of Gasket MaterialsF37 Test Methods for Sealability of Gasket MaterialsF38 Test Methods for Creep Relaxation of a Gasket MaterialF146 Test Methods for Fluid Resistance of Gasket MaterialsF147 Test Method for Flexibility of Non-Metallic Gasket MaterialsF148 Test Method for Binder Durability of Cork Composition Gasket MaterialsF152 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Nonmetallic Gasket MaterialsF433 Practice for Evaluating Thermal Conductivity of Gasket MaterialsF607 Test Method for Adhesion of Gasket Materials to Metal SurfacesF868 Classification for Laminated Composite Gasket MaterialsG21 Practice for Determining Resistance of Synthetic Polymeric Materials to Fungi

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Keywords 

classification; description; gasket; line call-out; nonmetallic gasket; physical and mechanical

properties; specification; testing; Nonmetallic gasket materials; Classification (standards)--

gaskets; Flexibility--gasket materials; Flotation; Gaskets; Line call-out;

ICS Code 

ICS Number Code 21.140 (Seals, glands)

ASTM E9 - 09 Standard Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room Temperature

Significance and Use

Significance—The data obtained from a compression test may include the yield strength, the

yield point, Young's modulus, the stress-strain curve, and the compressive strength (see

Terminology E6). In the case of a material that does not fail in compression by a shattering

fracture, compressive strength is a value that is dependent on total strain and specimen

geometry.

Use—Compressive properties are of interest in the analyses of structures subject to compressive

or bending loads or both and in the analyses of metal working and fabrication processes that

involve large compressive deformation such as forging and rolling. For brittle or nonductile

metals that fracture in tension at stresses below the yield strength, compression tests offer the

possibility of extending the strain range of the stress-strain data. While the compression test is

not complicated by necking as is the tension test for certain metallic materials, buckling and

barreling (see Section 3) can complicate results and should be minimized.

1. Scope

1.1 These test methods cover the apparatus, specimens, and procedure for axial-load

compression testing of metallic materials at room temperature (Note 1). For additional

requirements pertaining to cemented carbides, see Annex A1.

NOTE 1—For compression tests at elevated temperatures, see PracticeE209.

1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in

parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and

are not considered standard.

1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with

its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and

health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) 

ASTM StandardsB557 Test Methods for Tension Testing Wrought and Cast Aluminum- and Magnesium-Alloy Products

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E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical TestingE83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Extensometer SystemsE111 Test Method for Youngs Modulus, Tangent Modulus, and Chord ModulusE171 Specification for Atmospheres for Conditioning and Testing Flexible Barrier MaterialsE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE209 Practice for Compression Tests of Metallic Materials at Elevated Temperatures with Conventional or Rapid Heating Rates and Strain RatesE251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain GaugesE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method

ASTM C126 - 12 Standard Specification for Ceramic Glazed Structural Clay Facing Tile, Facing Brick, and Solid Masonry Units

Abstract

This specification covers structural clay load-bearing facing tile and facing brick and other “solid

masonry units” made from clay, shale, fire-clay, or mixtures thereof, with or without the addition

of grog or other mixtures, having a finish consisting of a ceramic glaze fused to the body at

above a certain temperature making them inseparable, excluding natural salt-glazed ware. The

following grades and types are covered: Grade S which is for use with comparatively narrow

mortar joints, Grade SS which is for use where variation of face dimension must be very small,

Type I or single-faced unit which is for general use where only one finished face will be exposed,

and Type II or two-faced unit which is for general use where two opposite finished faces will be

exposed. The brick and tile are manufactured from clay, shale, or similar naturally occurring

substances and subjected to a heat treatment at elevated temperatures (firing). The heat

treatment must develop sufficient fired bond between the particulate constituents to provide the

strength requirements specified. The masonry units are classified as solid masonry unit and

hollow masonry unit. The former is a unit whose net cross-sectional area in every plane parallel

to the bearing surface is 75 % or more of its gross cross-sectional area measured in the same

plane and the latter is a unit whose net cross-sectional area in any plane parallel to the bearing

surface is less than 75 % of its gross cross-sectional area measured in the same plane. Different

tests shall be performed in order to determine the following properties: compressive strength,

imperviousness, opacity, resistance to fading, resistance to autoclave crazing, flame spread, fuel

contribution, smoke density, toxic fumes, hardness, and abrasion resistance.

This abstract is a brief summary of the referenced standard. It is informational only and not an

official part of the standard; the full text of the standard itself must be referred to for its use and

application. ASTM does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation

that the contents of this abstract are accurate, complete or up to date.

1. Scope

1.1 This specification covers structural clay load-bearing facing tile and facing brick and other ???

solid masonry units??? made from clay, shale, fire-clay, or mixtures thereof, with or without the

addition of grog or other mixtures, having a finish consisting of a ceramic glaze fused to the body

at above 1500??F (655??C) making them inseparable, excluding natural salt-glazed ware. Two

grades, based on permissible variation in face dimensions, and two types are covered, as follows:

1.1.1 Grade S (select), for use with comparatively narrow mortar joints.

7/91.1.3 Type I (single-faced units), for general use where only one finished face will be exposed.

1.1.4 Type II (two-faced units), for use where two opposite finished faces will be exposed.

1.2 The property requirements of this specification apply at the time of purchase. The use of

results from testing of brick and tile extracted from masonry structures for determining

conformance or nonconformance to the property requirements (Section 4) of this standard is

beyond the scope of this specification.

1.3 Brick and tile covered by this specification are manufactured from clay, shale, or similar

naturally occurring substances and subjected to a heat treatment at elevated temperatures

(firing). The heat treatment must develop sufficient fired bond between the particulate

constituents to provide the strength requirements of this specification. (See firing and fired bond

in Terminology C1232.)

1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material.

These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as

requirements of the standard.

1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in

parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and

are not considered standard.

1.6 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test portion (Section 11) of this

specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,

associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate

safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) 

ASTM StandardsC67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay TileC1232 Terminology of MasonryE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials

National Fire Protection Association StandardNFPANo.255 Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials

Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. StandardULNo.723 Flammability Studies of Cellular Plastics and other Building Materials used for Interior Finishes

International Conference of Building Officials StandardUBCNo.8-1 Test Method for Fire Hazard Classification of Building Material

Government StandardFederalStandardTestN 

Keywords 

brick; ceramic glaze; clay; glaze properties; masonry; physical properties; shale; tile ;

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ICS Code 

ICS Number Code 81.080 (Refractories); 91.100.23 (Ceramic tiles)

ASTM D3039 / D3039M - 08 Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials

Significance and Use

This test method is designed to produce tensile property data for material specifications,

research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that

influence the tensile response and should therefore be reported include the following: material,

methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation,

specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of

testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement. Properties, in the

test direction, which may be obtained from this test method include the following:

Ultimate tensile strength,

Ultimate tensile strain,

Tensile chord modulus of elasticity,

Poisson's ratio, and

Transition strain.

1. Scope

1.1 This test method determines the in-plane tensile properties of polymer matrix composite

materials reinforced by high-modulus fibers. The composite material forms are limited to

continuous fiber or discontinuous fiber-reinforced composites in which the laminate is balanced

and symmetric with respect to the test direction.

1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as

standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each

system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the

other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.

1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with

its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and

health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) 

ASTM StandardsD792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by DisplacementD883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced ResinsD2734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced PlasticsD3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite MaterialsD3878 Terminology for Composite MaterialsD5229/D5229M Test Method for Moisture Absorption Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of

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Polymer Matrix Composite MaterialsE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical TestingE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves

E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Extensometer SystemsE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average fora Characteristic of a Lot or ProcessE132 Test Method for Poissons Ratio at Room TemperatureE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain GagesE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE1012 Practice for Verification of Test Frame and Specimen Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Force ApplicationE1237 Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance Strain Gages

Keywords 

composite materials; modulus of elasticity; Poisson's ratio; tensile properties; tensile strength;

Composites--aerospace materials/applications; High modulus fibrous composites--resin-matrix;

Resins (composite); Tensile properties/testing--composites;

ICS Code 

ICS Number Code 49.025.40 (Rubber and plastics)