Preliminary Marksmanship Instruction

710th ASMC

Presented by: 3rd Squad, Treatment Platoon

REFERENCES

• DA Pamphlet 350-38 – STRAC (TY-2004)

• FM 3-22.9 – Rifle Marksmanship M16 Rifle / M4 Carbine

• FM 3-23.35 – Combat Training with Pistols, M9

• STP 21-1-SMCT – Soldiers Manual of Common Tasks (SL1)

• STP 21-24-SMCT – Soldiers Manual of Common Tasks (SL2-4)

• TM 9-1005-249-10 – Operators Manual, M16/M16A1 Rifle

• TM 9-1005-317-10 – Operators Manual, M9 Pistol

• TM 9-1005-319-10 – Operators Manual, M16A2/3/4 Rifle & M4 Carbine

Training Plan Concept

PMI•

M16/M4/M9• Classroom• Hands-On• Evaluation

LMTS (M16/M4)

(Zero)

EST 2000 (Practice Fire) (M16/M4/M9)

M16/M4 (Range 14)

M9 (Range 5)

w/ EST Weapons

w/ Assigned

Weapon

M16 Series Rifle & M4 Carbine

M9 Pistol

* Select Desired Training Presentation

WORDS OF WISDOM"This Is My Rifle"

THIS IS MY RIFLE. There are many like it, but this one is mine.

My rifle is my best friend. It is my life. I must master it as I master my life.

My rifle, without me is useless. Without my rifle, I am useless.

I must fire my rifle true. I must shoot straighter than my enemy who is trying to kill me.

I must shoot him before he shoots me. I will....

My rifle and myself know that what counts in this war is not the rounds we fire, the noise of our burst, nor the

smoke we make. We know that it is the hits that count. We will hit...

My rifle is human, even as I, because it is my life. Thus I will learn it as a brother.

I will learn its weakness, its strength, its parts, its accessories, its sights, and its barrel.

I will ever guard it against the ravages of weather and damage.

I will keep my rifle clean and ready, even as I am clean and ready.

We will become part of each other. We will...

Before God I swear this creed. My rifle and myself are the defenders of my country.

We are the masters of our enemy. We are the saviors of my life.

So be it, until there is no enemy, but Peace!

THE CREED OF THE U.S.M.C.

M16 Series Rifle / M4 Carbine

• Introduction to Basic Rifle Marksmanship and Mechanical Training

• Marksmanship Fundamentals I

• Marksmanship Fundamentals II

Classroom / Hands-On

Tasks:

• Weapon Characteristics / Components / Ammunition Identification

• Clearing Procedures

• Disassembly

• Maintenance of Weapon and Magazines

• Assembly

• Cycles of Functioning

• Function Check

• Magazine Loading & Unloading

• Weapon Loading and Unloading

• Troubleshooting Malfunctions & Stoppages

• Zeroing



The M16-series/M4 Carbine weapons are 5.56-mm, magazine-fed, gas-operated, air-cooled, shoulder-fired weapons. The M16A1 can be fired in either the semiautomatic or automatic fire mode by rotating the selector lever to the desired mode: (SAFE, SEMI, and AUTO).

M16A1 Rifle

M16/M16A1 Rifle

Caliber ............................................. 5.56 mmWeight............................................. w/30 (loaded) round mag approx 7.06 lbsLength ............................................. w/compensator 39 in

Mechanical Features ....................... Rifling (RH 1/12 twist)

Firing Characteristics:Muzzle Velocity ............................ 3250 fpsChamber Pressure ....................... 52,000 psiCyclic Rate of Fire ........................ 700-800 rpm (approx.)

Max Effective Rates of Fire:Semi-............................................. 45-65 rpmAuto..................................... 150-200 rpmSustained Rate of Fire.................. 12/15 rpmMax Effective Range ....................... 460 m Max Range.. .................................... 2653 mFire Selector.................................... SAFE-SEMI-AUTO

M16A1 Rifle

REAR SIGHT (1) - zeros weapon and engages targers to 460 meters.HAND GUARD SLIP RING (2) - keeps hand grards in place.FLASH SUPPRESSOR (3)- reduces the amount of flash from muzzle when weapon is fired.EJECTION PORT COVER (4) - protects upper receiver from foreign matter when weapon IS not in use. Keepport cover closed when not used.CARTRIDGE MAGAZINE (5) - supplies 30 rounds of ammunition to the weapon.MAGZINE CATCH BUTTON (6) - releases cartridge magazine (5) from weapon when pushed.LOWER RECEIVER AND EXTENSION ASSEMBLY (7)- provides firing control for the weapon and providesstorage for basic cleaning materials.FORWARD ASSIST ASSEMBLY (M16A1 ONLY) (8) - ensures that bolt is fully forwardand locked.

SHOULDER GUN STOCK ASSEMBLY (9) - stabilizes rifle.CHARGING HANDLE ASSEMBLY (10) - cocks weapon when preparing to fire or clearing weapon.FRONT SIGHT POST (11) - adjustable for elevatlonCARRYING HANDLE ASSEMBLY (12) - provides the means for hand-carrying the rifle,SELECTOR LEVER (13) - arms the rifle in SEMI or AUTO or safes the rifle.TRIGGER (14) - controls the firing of the weaponSMALL ARMS SLING (15) - provides the means for shoulder-carrying the weapon,BOLT CATCH (16) - moves the key and bolt carrier assembly forward when depressed,BAYONET STUD (17) - holds bayonet in placeUPPER RECEIVER AND BARREL ASSEMBLY (18) - directs the projectile upon firing.

Right Side Left Side

The M16A2/A3 rifle features several improvements over the M16A1. Itis designed to fire either semiautomatic or a three-round burst through the use of a selector lever (SAFE, SEMI, and BURST). The M16A3 has the same characteristics as the M16A2 with the exception of the selector lever (SAFE, SEMI and AUTO). This weapon fires full automatic.

M16A2/A3 Rifle

Caliber ............................................. 5.56 mmWeight............................................. w/30 (loaded) round mag approx 8.79 lbsLength ............................................. w/compensator 39-5/8 in

Mechanical Features ....................... Rifling (RH 1/7 twist)

Firing Characteristics:Muzzle Velocity ............................ 3100 fpsChamber Pressure ....................... 52,000 psiCyclic Rate of Fire ........................ 700-900 rpm (approx.)

Max Effective Rates of Fire:Semi-............................................. 45 rpmBurst/Auto..................................... 90 rpmSustained Rate of Fire.................. 12/15 rpmMax Effective Range ....................... 550 m (individual/point targets) 800 m (area targets)Max Range.. .................................... 3600 mFire Selector.................................... SAFE-SEMI-BURST (M16A2) SAFE-SEMI-AUTO (M16A3)

M16A2/A3 Rifle

M16A2/A3 Rifle

The M16A4 rifle features additional product improvements over the M16A2 and M16A3. It is designed to fire either semiautomatic or a three-round burst through the use of a selector lever (SAFE, SEMI, andBURST). The only changes from the M16A1/A2/A3 are the addition of the M5 rail adapter system and the detachable carrying handle.

M16A4 Rifle

Caliber.. ........................................... 5.56 mmWeight.. ........................................... w/30 (loaded) round mag 8.79 IbsLength ............................................. 39-5/8 in

Mechanical Features:Rifling ........................................... (RH 1/7 twist)Detachable carrying handle w/integral accessory mounting rail

Firing Characteristics:Muzzle Velocity ........................... 3100 fpsChamber Pressure ...................... 52,000 psiCyclic Rate of Fire........................ 800 rpm (approx)Fire Selector................................. SAFE-SEMI-BURST

Max Effective Rate of Fire:Semi ............................................. 45 rpmBurst ............................................. 90 rpmSustained rate of Fire ................... 12/15 rpmMax Effective Range ....................... 550 meters (individual/point targets) 600 meters (area targets)Max Range...................................... 3600 meters

M16A4 Rifle

The M4-series carbine features several modifications that make it anideal weapon for close combat operations. It is designed to fire either semiautomatic or a three-round burst through the use of a selector lever (SAFE, SEMI, and BURST). The M4A1 is fully automatic. The M4-series carbine buttstock has four positions: closed, 1/2 open, 3/4 open,and full open. The M4 carbine becomes the M4 MWS when the M4 rail adapter system is installed on it.

M4 Carbine

M4/M4A1 Carbine with standard handguards installed. M4 MWS

Caliber ................................. 5.56 mmWeight ................................... w/30 (loaded) round mag 7.5 lbLength ................................... Buttstock Closed 29.75 in Buttstock Opened 33.0 in

Mechanical Features:Riffling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (RH 1/7 twist)Detachable carrying handle w/integral accessory mounting railButtstock has four positions; closed, 1/2 open, 3/4 open, and fully Open.

Firing Characteristics:Muzzle Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,970 fpsChamber pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,000 psiCyclic Rate of Fire................. 700-970 rpm (approx.)Fire Selector ............................ SAFE-SEMI-BURST (M4) SAFE-SEMI-AUTO (M4A1)

Max Effective Rate of Fire:Semi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45rpmBurst/Auto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 rpm

M4 Carbine

M4 Carbine

• Same components as the M16 Series Rifle with the exception of the Adjustable Buttstock shown below.


Many different types of standard military ammunition are used in the M16-series weapons. Use only authorized ammunition manufactured to U.S. and NATO specifications.

Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Ball, M193. The M193 cartridge is a center-fire cartridge with a 55-grain, gilded metal-jacketed, lead alloy core bullet. The M193 round is the standard cartridge for field use with the M16A1 rifle and has no identifying marks.

Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Tracer, M196. (Used in the M16A1 rifle) The M196 cartridge has a red or orange painted tip. Its main uses are for observation of fire, incendiary effect, and signaling. Soldiers should avoid long-term use of 100 percent tracer rounds, which could cause deposits of incendiary material, or chemical compounds that could damage the barrel. Therefore, when tracer rounds are fired, they are mixed with ball ammunition in a ratio of no greater than one-to-one with a preferred ratio of three or four ball rounds to one tracer round.


Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Ball, M855. (Used in the M16A2/3/4 and M4-series weapons.) The M855 cartridge has a 62-grain, gilded metal-jacketed, lead alloy core bullet with a steel penetrator. The primer and case are waterproof. This round is also linked and used in the M249. It has a green tip. This ammunition should not be used in the M16A1 except under emergency conditions, and only at targets less than 90 meters in distance. (The twist of the M16A1 rifling is not sufficient to stabilize the heavier projectile.)

Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Tracer, M856. (Used in the M16A2/3/4 and M4-seriesweapons.) The M856 tracer cartridge has characteristics similar to the M196 tracer with a slightly longer tracer burnout distance. This cartridge has a 63.7-grain bullet. The M856 does not have a steel penetrator. It has a red tip (orange when linked 4 to 1 for the M249). This ammunition should not be used in the M16A1 except underemergency conditions, and only at targets less than 90 meters in distance. (The twist of the M16A1 rifling is not sufficient to stabilize the projectile of the heavier ammunition).


Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Dummy, M199. (Used in all rifles.) The M199 dummy cartridge is used during dry firing and other training. This cartridge can be identified by the six grooves along the sides of the case beginning about ½ inch from its tip. It contains no propellant or primer. The primer well is open to prevent damage to the firing pin.

Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Blank, M200. (Used in all rifles.) The M200 blank cartridge has no projectile. The case mouth is closed with a seven-petal rosette crimp and shows a violet tip.

Cartridge, 5.56-mm Short-Range Training Ammunition (SRTA), M862. (Used in all rifles.) The M862 SRTA is designed exclusively for training. It can be used in lieu of service ammunition on indoor ranges and by units that have a limited range fan that does not allow the firing of service ammunition. SRTA ammunition must be used with the M2 training bolt.



MUST BE COMPLETED IN SEQUENCE !!!!

Step 1 - Place selector lever (1) on SAFE.

NOTE: If weapon is not cocked, lever cannotbe pointed toward SAFE.

Step 2 - Remove cartridge magazine (2) bydepressing magazine catch button (3) and pulling cartridge magazine (2) down.


Step 3 - To lock bolt open, pull charging handleassembly (4) rearward, press bottom of boltcatch (5), and allow bolt to move forwarduntil it engages bolt catch. Return charginghandle assembly (4) forward.

NOTE: Ensure that selector lever (1) is on SAFE.

Step 4 - Check receiver and chamber (6) to ensurethese areas contain no ammunition.

WARNING: To avoid accidental firing, always look into chamber after clearing weapon to make sure it does not contain a round.


Step 5 - With selector lever (1) pointing towardSAFE, allow bolt to go forward by pressingupper portion of bolt catch (5).

NOTE: If weapon is to be stored, it should be dryfired to release tension on hammer spring.

Step 6 - Place selector lever (1) on SEMI andsqueeze trigger to release tension onhammer spring.



• Remove Sling

• Remove Handguards

• Separate Upper and Lower Receiver

• Remove Charging Handle Assembly

& Bolt Carrier Assembly

• Remove Firing Pin Retaining Pin

• Remove Firing Pin

• Remove Bolt Cam Pin

• Remove Bolt Assembly

• Remove Extractor Retaining Pin &

Extractor

• Remove Buffer and Spring

• Remove Buttstock M4 ONLY


M4 Only



GENERAL NOTE

Wherever the term CLP or the words lube or lubricant are cited in this TM, it is to be interpreted to mean that CLP, LSA, or LAW can be utilized as applicable. DO NOT mix lubricants on the same weapon. The weapon must be thoroughly cleaned during change from one lubricant to another. Dry cleaning solvent (SD) is recommended forcleaning during change from one lubricant to another.

1. With the weapon disassembled, thoroughly clean, inspect, and lube.

2. Always shake CLP before use.

3. After firing, clean your weapon according to instructions. Wipe dry and lubeaccording to lubrication instructions.

4. Cleaning materials (swabs, pipe cleaners, and CLP) are expendable itemsthat are available from supply.

CAUTIONDon't mix up the parts of your weapon with those of your buddy.


BORE

The bore of your weapon has lands and grooves called rifling. Rifling makes thebullet spin very fast as it moves down the bore and down range. Because it twists so quickly, it is difficult to push a new, stiff bore brush through the bore. You will find it easier to pull your bore brush through the bore. Also, because the brush will clean better if the bristles follow the grooves (called tracking), you want the bore brush to be allowed to turn as you pull it through.

This is how you do it:

1. Attach three rod sections together.

2. Swab out the bore with a patchmoistened with CLP or rifle borecleaner (RBC).

3. Attach the bore brush. When usingbore brush, don’t reverse directionwhile in bore.


BORE (Cont)

4. Point muzzle down. Hold the upper receiver in onehand while inserting the end of the rod without the brushinto the chamber. Let the rod fall straight through the bore. About 2-3 inches will be sticking out of the muzzle at this point.

5. Attach the handle section of the cleaning rod tothe end of the rod sticking out of the muzzle.

6. Pull the brush through the bore and out the muzzle.

7. After one pull, take off the handle section andrepeat the process.

8. Send a patch through the bore once in a while to help clean out the crudthat the brush is getting loose. Replace the bore brush with the rod tip (patchholder) and a wet patch. Drop it through. You won’t need to attach thehandle to pull only a patch through.


UPPER RECEIVER - Clean with CLP:

a. All areas of Powder Fouling, Corrosion, Dirt, and Rust.

b. Bore and Chamber.

c. Locking Lugs

d. Gas Tube

e. Install chamber brush on cleaning rod. Dip in CLP and insert in chamber and locking lugs. Clean by pushing and twisting cleaning rod.


UPPER RECEIVER - (Cont)

NOTEGas tubes will discolor from heat. Do not attempt

to remove discoloration.

Use a worn out bore brush to perform the following step. This procedure ruins the bore

brush.

f. Use a bore brush to clean outside surface of protruding gas tube (get sides and bottom from bottom of upper receiver).


BOLT CARRIER ASSEMBLY - Clean with CLP:

a. Clean carbon and oil from firing pin, firing pin recess and all surfaces of bolt/bolt carrier with dry swabs.

b. Clean bolt carrier key with worn brush.

c. Clean firing pin hole with pipe cleaner.

NOTEUse well worn bore brush only.

d. Carbon deposits and dirt from locking lugs.

e. Areas behind bolt ring and under lip of extractor.


LOWER RECEIVER AND BUTTSTOCK ASSEMBLY.

CAUTIONDo not use wire brush or any type of abrasive material

to clean aluminum surfaces.

a Wipe dirt from trigger with a swab.

b. Use a swab dipped in CLP and cleaning brush to clean powder fouling, corrosion, and dirt from outside parts of lower receiver and extension assembly.

c. Use pipe cleaner to clean buttstock screw drain hole.

d. Clean buffer assembly, spring, and inside lower receiver and buffer tube with swab dipped in CLP. Wipe dry.


EJECTOR

a. Place a few drops of CLP around the ejector to form a puddle.

b. Take a fired or dummy case and place it under the Iip of the tractor. With a rocking motion, press the case down against the ejector. Since the ejector is spring loaded, some resistance will befelt. Press on the case until it stops against the bolt face. Ease off with your thumb slightly and press down again. Repeat several times. Replacethe CLP frequently. Once the spring action of the ejector is smooth and strong, dry off any excess.


BUTTSTOCK AND PISTOL GRIP

NOTEButtstock may be used forstorage of cleaning gear.


INSPECT BEFORE LUBRICATING -UPPER RECEIVER AND BARREL ASSEMBLY

1. Inspect handguards (1) for cracks, broken front or rear tabs and loose heat shields.

2. Inspect front sight post (2) for straightness and check depression of the front detent.

3. Inspect compensator (3) for looseness.

4. Inspect barrel (4) for straightness, cracks or burrs.

5. Inspect charging handle (5) for cracks bends or breaks.

6. Inspect rear sight assembly (6) for the capability to adjust windage and elevation and the spring should retain the short range or long range sight in position.

7. Inspect gas tube (7) for bends or retention to barrel.

WARNINGDO NOT interchange bolts

between weapons.


INSPECT BEFORE LUBRlCATlNG -BOLT AND BOLT CARRIER ASSEMBLY

1. Inspect bolt cam pin (1) for cracking or chipping.

2. Inspect firing pin (2) for bends, cracks or sharp or blunted tip.

3. Inspect for missing or broken gas rings (3).

4. lnspect bolt cam pin area (4) for cracking or chipping.

5. Inspect locking lugs (5) for cracking or chipping. Inspect bolt face (6) for excessive pitting.


INSPECT BEFORE LUBRlCATlNG -BOLT AND BOLT CARRIER ASSEMBLY (Cont’d)

6. Inspect extractor assembly (7) for missing extractor spring assembly with insert and for chipped or broken edges on the lip which engages the cartridge rim.

7. Inspect firing pin retaining pin (8) to determine if bent or badly worn.

8. Inspect bolt carrier for loose bolt carrier key (9).

9. Inspect for cracking or chipping in cam pin hole area (10).


lNSPECT BEFORE LUBRICATING - LOWER RECElVER AND BUTTSTOCK ASSEMBLY

1. Inspect buffer (1) for cracks or damage.

2. Inspect buffer spring (2) for kinks.

3. Inspect buttsock (3) for broken buttplate or cracks.

4. Inspect for bent or broken selector lever (4).

5. Inspect rifle grips (5) for cracks or damage.

6. Inspect for broken or bent trigger (6).

7. Visually inspect the inside parts of the lower receiver (7) for broken or missing parts.


CLP - CLEANER, LUBRICANT AND PRESERVATIVE

Use CLP as follows:

a. Always shake bottle well before use.b. Place a few drops on a patch or rag.c. Clean your weapon with these patches and rags until they come out clean.d. Take a patch or rag and apply a fresh, light coat.

NOTEDon’t ‘dry clean’ your weapon. DO NOT use hot water or other solvents or youwill wash away the Teflon lubricant that has been building up as a result of yourusing CLP. If CLP is not used, RBC may be used to remove carbon within thebore. Dry cleaning solvent may be used to completely remove lubricants. Forexample, when moving to extreme cold weather operations, to remove traces ofCLP before applying LAW.


LUBE GUIDE

Under all but the coldest Arctic conditions, CLP or LSA are the lubricants to use on your weapon. Remember to remove excessive lubricant from the bore and chamber before firing.

CLP - Cleaner, lubricant, and perservativeLSA -Weapons lubricant oil, semifluid

BETWEEN 10 F (-12 C) and -10 F (-23 C) useCLP, LSA or LAW. Below -10 F (-23 C) use only LAW.

LAW - Weapons lubricanting oil, arctic

* Lightly Lubed - A film of lubricant barely visible to the eye.

** Generously Lubed - Heavy enough so that it can be spread with the finger.


LUBRlCATlNG UPPER RECElVER

Lightly lube inside of upper receiver, bore andchamber, outer surfaces of barrel and front sight,and surfaces under handguard. Depress front sight detent and apply one drop lube to front sight detent. Depress several times to work lube into the spring.


LUBRlCATlNG PROCEDURES FOR M4, M4A1 AND M16A4UPPER RECEIVER AND CARRYING HANDLE

1. Apply a drop or two of lubricant to both threaded studs.

2. Lightly lube the clamping bar and both round nuts.

3. Lightly lube the mating surfaces of the carrying handle assembly and upper receiver.

NOTEDo not switch carrying handles between weapons.Switching handles may change your weapons zero.


BOLT CARRIER ASSEMBLY

Lightly lubricate firing pin and firing pin recess in bolt.

1. Place one drop CLP in carrier key.

2. Generously lube outside of these parts. Make certain to get cam pin area, bolt rings, and outside of the bolt body. Put a light coat on extractor and pin.

3. Lightly lube charging handle and inner and outer surfaces of bolt carrier. Generously lube slide and cam pin area of bolt carrier.


LUBRlCATlNG LOWER RECEIVER ASSEMBLY

1. Lightly lube inside buffer tube.

2. Generously lube takedown and pivot pins and detents. Also lightly lube all moving parts inside lower receiver and their pins.


ADJUSTABLE REAR SIGHT

NOTEMake a note of how far you move the sight so it can be

returned to the original position at completion of this task.

1. Use one drop of lube and rotate these parts to ensure lubricant is spread evenly above and below:

a. Windage knobb. Windage screwc. Detent holesd. Elevation knobe. Elevation screw shaftf. Aperture (flip up and down)


ADJUSTABLE REAR SIGHT (Cont)

2. Elevation Screw Shaft. Also lube from inside the upper receiver as follows:

a. For M16A2 and M16A3 turn upper receiver upside down and remove charging handle.

b. For M4, M4A1 and M16A4, remove carrying handle.

c. Put two or three drops around the bottom edge of the elevation screw shaft and in elevation detent spring hole.

d. Rotate the elevation dial as far as possible a few times while keeping upper receiver upside down.


AFTER LUBING REAR SIGHT

1. Reset your correct zero windage and your battlesight zero.

2. Notice the rear sight comes down when the “3” is aligned with the mark onthe left side of the receiver.

3. You will feel a ‘click” when the “3” first lines up with the mark.

4. Carry your weapon with the “3” aligned with the mark

5. Keep the sight on 300 meters to keep dirt and water out of sight mechanismand protect the sight from damage.


MAGAZINE DISASSEMBLY

WARNINGWhen disassembling, turn magazine away from face,

spring is under compression.

1. Release base catch with end of a cleaning rod.

2. Remove base.

3. Jiggle spring and follower to remove.

4. Inspect feeder lips for damage. If damaged or bent, replace magazine.

NOTEDo not remove follower from spring.


MAGAZINE REASSEMBLY

NOTEIf the spring comes loose from the follower, turn

in the pieces. DO NOT try to fix it yourself.

1. Clean and Lube. Wipe dirt from tube, spring, and follower; then lightly lube spring.

2. Insert follower and jiggle spring to install.

* Make sure printing on base is on the outside.

3. Slide the base under all four tabs until base catches.


HOT, DRY CLIMATE – DESERT

NOTEHot, dry climates are usually areas containing blowing sand and fine dust. Deserts can be hot during daylight hours and freezing during hours of darkness. Consequently. this

harsh environment will severely tax your weapon as well as all other types of equipment. Your weapons continued operation will depend on your detailed cleaning and lubricating

procedures.

1. Dust and sand will get into the weapon and magazines. This will cause malfunctions. Give the inside areas and functional parts of the weapon a thorough cleaning every day and after firing missions.

2. Corrosion is less likely to form on metal parts in a dry climate: therefore,lubrication should be applied to the internal working surfaces and functionalparts only. Use light amounts of lubrication. Unload and dry ammo andinside of magazines daily. Do not lube magazines.


HOT, DRY CLIMATE - DESERT (Cont)

3. The use of overall weapon protection cover, muzzle cap, and spare magazineprotective bags will help protect the weapon ammo from sand and dust. Use these items when the tactical situation permits.

4. Keep the bolt and ejection port cover closed, a magazine installed in theweapon, and muzzle cap on the muzzle to help keep out sand and dust.


GENERAL

To ensure the readiness of your weapon, perform the preventive maintenance procedures in accordance with Table 1, prior to each mission. Preventive maintenance procedures include inspection, cleaning, and performance of the checkout procedures.

EXPLANATION OF TABLE ENTRIES

Item Number Column. Numbers in this column are for references. When completing Equipment Inspection and Maintenance Worksheet, include the item number for the check/service indicating a fault. Item numbers also appear in the order that you must do checks and services for the intervals listed.

Interval Column. This column tells you when you must do the procedure in the procedure column. BEFORE (B) procedures must be done before you operate or use the equipment for its intended mission. DURING (D) procedures must be done during the time you are operating or using the equipment for its intended mission. AFTER (A) procedures must be done immediately after you have operated or used the equipment.


Man-Hour Column. This column indicates the man-hours required to complete the required procedure.

Item to be Checked or Service Column. This column provides the location and the time to be checked or serviced. The item location is underlined.

Procedure Column. This column gives the procedure you must do to check or service the item listed in the Check/Service column to know if the equipment is ready or available for its intended mission or for operation. You must do the procedure at the time stated in the interval column.

“Equipment Not Ready/Available If:" Column. Information in this columntells you what faults will keep your equipment from being capable of performingits primary mission. If you make check and service procedures that show faultslisted in this column, do not operate the equipment. Follow standard operatingprocedures for maintaining the equipment or reporting equipment failure.





• Install Buttstick M4 ONLY

• Install Buffer and Spring

• Install Extractor Retaining Pin &

Extractor

• Install Bolt Assembly

• Install Bolt Cam Pin

• Install Firing Pin

• Install Firing Pin Retaining Pin

• Install Charging Handle Assembly

& Bolt Carrier Assembly

• Attach Upper and Lower Receiver

• Install Handguards

• Install Sling


M4 Only


The Eight Cycles of Functioning:

• Feeding

• Chambering

• Locking

• Firing

• Unlocking

• Extracting

• Ejecting

• Cocking


FEEDING:

As the bolt carrier group moves rearward, it engages the buffer assembly and compresses the action spring into the lower receiver extension. When the bolt carrier group clears the top of the magazine, the expansion of the magazinespring forces the follower and a new round up into the path of the forward movement of the bolt. The expansion of the action spring sends the buffer assembly and bolt carrier group forward with enough force to strip a new round from the magazine.


CHAMBERING:

As the bolt carrier group continues to move forward, the face of the bolt thrusts the new round into the chamber. At the same time, the extractor claw grips the rim of the cartridge, and the ejector is compressed.


LOCKING: As the bolt carrier group moves forward, the bolt is kept in itsmost forward position by the bolt cam pin riding in the guide channel in the upper receiver. Just before the bolt locking lugs make contact with the barrel extension, the bolt cam pin emerges from the guide channel. The pressure exerted by the contact of the bolt locking lugsand barrel extension causes the bolt cam pin to move along the cam track (located in the bolt carrier) in a counterclockwise direction, rotating the bolt locking lugs in line behind the barrel extension locking lugs. The rifle is ready to fire.


FIRING:

With a round in the chamber, the hammer cocked, and the selector on SEMI, the firer squeezes the trigger. The trigger rotates on the trigger pin, depressing the nose of the trigger, and disengaging the notch on the bottom of the hammer. The hammer spring drives the hammer forward. The hammer strikes the head of the firing pin, driving the firing pin through the bolt into the primer of the round. When the primer is struck by the firing pin, it ignites and causes the powder in the cartridge to ignite. The gas generated by the rapid burning of the powder forces the projectile from the cartridge and propels it through the barrel. After the projectile has passed the gas port (located on the upper surface of the barrel under the front sight) and before it leaves the barrel, some gas enters the gas port and moves into the gas tube. The gas tube directs the gas into the bolt carrier. It passes through the key downward into a space between the rear of the carrier’s bolt cavity and the rear of the bolt itself. The gas then expands. The bolt is locked into the barrel extension and unable to move forward, and the carrier is thus forced to therear by the expanding gas.


FIRING:


UNLOCKING: As the bolt carrier moves to the rear, the bolt cam pin follows the path of the cam track (located in the bolt carrier). This action causes the cam pin and bolt assembly to rotate simultaneously until the locking lugs of the bolt are no longer inline behind the locking lugs of the barrel extension.


EXTRACTING: The bolt carrier group continues to move to the rear. The extractor (which is attached to the bolt) grips the rim of the cartridge case, holds it firmly against the face of the bolt, and withdraws the cartridge case from the chamber.


EJECTING: With the base of a cartridge case firmly against the face of the bolt, the ejector and ejector spring are compressed into the bolt body. As the rearward movement of the bolt carrier group allows the nose of the cartridge case to clear the front of the ejection port, the cartridge is pushed out by the action of the ejector and spring.


COCKING: The rearward movement of the bolt carrier overrides the hammer, forcing it down into the receiver and compressing the hammer spring, cocking the hammer in the firing position. The action of the rifle is much faster than human reaction;therefore, the firer cannot release the trigger fast enough to prevent multiple firing.




WARNINGBefore starting functional check, be sure to

clear the weapon. DO NOT squeeze the trigger until the weapon has been cleared. Inspect the

chamber to ensure that it is empty and no ammunition is in position to be chambered.

1. Remove Magazine and Check Chamber.

2. Perform Functional Check.

a. Place selector lever on SAFE: Pull charging handle to rear and release. Pull trigger. Hammer should not fall.



NOTESlow is defined as 1/4 to 1/2 the normal rate of

bigger release.

b. SEMI: Place selector lever on SEMI. Pull trigger. Hammer should fall. Hold trigger to the rear and charge the weapon. Release the trigger with a slow, smooth motion, until the trigger is fully forward (an audible click should be heard). Pull trigger. Hammer should fall.


c. BURST (M16A2, M16A4 and M4 Only):

Place selector lever on BURST.

Charge weapon and squeeze trigger, hammer should fall.

Hold trigger to the rear, pull charging handle to the rear and release it three times.

Release trigger.

Squeeze trigger.

Hammer should fall.


d. AUTO (M16A3 and M4A1 Only):

Pull the charging handle to the rear, charging the weapon.

Squeeze the trigger; hammer should fall.

Hold the trigger to the rear and cock the weapon again.

Fully release the trigger then squeeze it again. The hammer should not fall because it should have fallen when the bolt wasallowed to move forward during the chambering and locking sequences.



LOADING MAGAZlNE

NOTEThe magazine may be loaded quickly using ten-round stripper clips and the magazine

filler found in each bandoleer.

1. With the magazine filler in place, place a ten-round stripper clip in position. Using thumb pressure on the rear of the top cartridge, press down firmly until all ten rounds are below the feed lips of themagazine.


LOADING MAGAZINE (Cont)

2. Remove the empty stripper dip whileholding the magazine filler in place.

3. Repeat until three ten round clips areloaded.

4. Remove magazine filler and retain it for future use.



1. Loading for Semiauto Fire and Chambering a Round.

a. With hammer cocked, placeselector lever on SAFE.Point muzzle in safe direction.

b. Open bolt and check chamber.Make sure it is clear. Pressbottom of bolt catch and allow boltto move forward until it engagesbolt catch. Return charginghandle to full forward position.


c. Push upward until magazinecatch engages and holds magazine.

d. Tap upward to make sure it isseated right.


WARNINGYour weapon is now loaded. Ensure it is

pointed in a SAFE direction.

e. Depress upper portion of bolt catch. Bolt should go forward.

f. Tap forward assist to ensurebolt is fully forward and locked.


• Refer to Chapter 3 of the appropriate Operator’s Manual for Troubleshooting Procedures Table.

• The table lists the common malfunctions which you may find during the operation or maintenance of the rifle. You should perform the tests/inspections and corrective actions in the order listed.

• The manual cannot list all malfunctions that may occur, nor all tests or inspections and corrective actions. If a malfunction is not listed or is not corrected by listed corrective actions, notify organizational maintenance.

Lists Malfunction Category directly under this heading.

Lists suggestions to correct malfunctions.Lists actions you (user) must verify or perform.









• A stoppage is a failure of an automatic or semiautomatic firearm to complete the cycle of operation. The firer can apply immediate or remedial action to clear the stoppage. Some stoppages cannot be cleared by immediate or remedial action and may require weapon repair to correct the problem.

• Immediate Action: Immediate action involves quickly applying a possible correction to reduce a stoppage without performing troubleshooting procedures to determine the actual cause. The key word SPORTS will help the firer remember the steps in order during a live-fire exercise.

• Remedial Action: Remedial action is the continuing effort to determine the cause fora stoppage or malfunction and to try to clear the stoppage once it has been identified. Toapply the corrective steps for remedial action, first try to place the weapon on SAFE, thenremove the magazine, lock the bolt to the rear, and place the weapon on safe (if not already done).


S - Slap upward on cartridge magazine (1) to make sure it’sproperly seated.

P - Pull charging handle assembly (2) all the way back.

O - Observe ejection of case or cartridge. Inspect chamber (3) and check for obstruction. If chamber isnot clear, apply remedial action.


R - Release charging handle assembly (2) to feed new round. (Don’t ride the charging handle assembly (2)

T - Tap the forward assist assembly to ensure bolt closure. (4) (Ml6A1 only).

S - Squeeze the trigger and try to fire the rifle.



INTRODUCTION TO BASIC RIFLE MARKSMANSHIP

ACTION: Perform a function check on an M16-/M4-series weapon.CONDITIONS: Given an M16-/M4-series weapon.STANDARDS: Perform a function check to ensure that the rifle operates properlywhen the selector lever is placed in each position.

ACTION: Load and unload an M16/M4 magazine.CONDITIONS: Given a 30-round magazine and five rounds of dummy ammunition.STANDARDS: Load and unload the magazine properly.

ACTION: Load an M16-/M4-series weapon.CONDITIONS: Given an M16-/M4-series weapon with a magazine loaded withammunition.STANDARDS: Load the weapon in such a manner that proper chambering of a roundis accomplished.


INTRODUCTION TO BASIC RIFLE MARKSMANSHIP (Cont’d)

ACTION: Unload an M16-/M4-series weapon.CONDITIONS: Given a loaded M16-/M4-series weapon.STANDARDS: Clear the rifle in such a manner that no ammunition remains in therifle, and the rifle is on safe.

ACTION: Correct malfunction of an M16-/M4-series weapon.CONDITIONS: Given an M16-/M4-series weapon that has a malfunction.STANDARDS: Eliminate the malfunction using immediate action procedures in such amanner that firing is resumed within three to five seconds.


Zeroing is the process of aligning the rifle sights with the barrel, while considering ammunition ballistics, to achieve a bullet hit at the aiming point at a given range.

There are 3 primary types of zero’s.

• Mechanical Zeroing• 25 Meter Zeroing• Battlesight Zeroing


Mechanical Zeroing is the process of centering the rifle sights to establish an initial sight setting to expedite the zeroing process.

Mechanically zeroing is ONLY necessary when the weapon zero is questionable, the weapon is newly assigned to the unit, or the weapon sights have been serviced.

NOTE: Different weapons have different Mechanical Zeroing procedures.


If necessary, the soldier should mechanically zero the weapon as follows:

(a) Adjust the front sight post (1) up or down until the base of the front sight post is flush with the front sight post housing (2). Then adjust the front sight post 11 clicks in the direction of UP.

(b) Adjust the rear sight windage drum (3) all the way left until it stops. Then turn the windage drum back (right) 17 clicks so the rear sight is approximately centered.

M16A1 Rifle


(a) Adjust the front sight post (1) up or down until the base of the front sight post is flush with the front sight post housing (2).

(b) Adjust the elevation knob (3) counterclockwise, as viewed from above, until the rear sight assembly (4) rests flush with the carrying handle and the 8/3 marking is aligned with the index line on the left side of the carrying handle.

(c) Position the apertures (5) so the unmarked aperture is up and the 0-200 meter aperture is down. Rotate the windage knob (6) to align the index mark on the 0-200 meter aperture with the long center index line on the rear sight assembly.

M16A2/A3 Series Rifle



(b) Adjust the elevation knob (3) counterclockwise, when viewed from above, until the rear sight assembly (4) rests flush with the carrying handle and the 6/3 marking is aligned with the index line (5) on the left side of the carrying handle.

(c) Position the apertures (6) so the unmarked aperture is up and the 0-200 meter aperture is down. Rotate the windage knob (7) to align the index mark on the 0-200 meter aperture with the long center index line (8) on the rear sight assembly.

M16A4 Rifle



(b) Adjust the elevation knob (3) counterclockwise, when viewed from above, until the rear sight assembly (4) rests flush with the detachable carrying handle and the 6/3 marking is aligned with the index line (5) on the left side of the carrying handle.

(c) Position the apertures (6) so the unmarked aperture is up and the 0-200 meter aperture is down. Rotate the windage knob (7) to align the index mark (8) on the 0-200 meter aperture with the long center index line on the rear sight assembly.

M4/M4A1 Carbine

25-Meter Zeroing

NOTE: Ensure that the appropriate 25 Meter Zeroing Target is used !

Use for M16A2, M16A3, M16A4Series

Use for M16A1 ONLY

25-Meter Zeroing

Use for M4

Carbine ONLY

NOTE: Ensure that the appropriate 25 Meter Zeroing Target is used !

25-Meter Zeroing

• The 25 meter target should be centered towards the bottom on a “E” silhouette target.

• The “E” silhouette is then placed 25 meters from the firing line.

Grouping

• The first task of 25 Meter Zeroing is Grouping procedures.

• Shot grouping is a form of practice firing with two primary objectives: (1) firing tight shot groups and (2) consistently placing those groups in the same location.

• No sight adjustments should be made to the sights until the firer can shoot six consecutive shots (two shot groups) inside a 4-centimeter circle.

• Once this is accomplished the soldier is now ready to conduct zeroing procedures.

4 cm

Grouping

• The shooter fires two separate, three-round shot groups and numbers them.

• Two consecutive shot groupings must fall within a 4-centimeter circle at 25-meters before the soldier should be allowed to make any adjustments or to start zeroing procedures.

• The ideal shot group will have all three rounds within a 2-centimeter circle.

• Three rounds within a 4-cm circle is the minimum standard.

NOTE: Location of the shot group on the 25-meter target is not important when conducting a grouping exercise. The size of the shot groups and the dispersion of the shot groupings are the main focus of this exercise.

Shot Group Evaluation

2-Centimeter Shot Groups. When firing a standard service rifle and standard ammunition combination the dispersion pattern may be up to 2 centimeters apart withouthuman error. This dispersion pattern is not considered firer error. The targets shown reflect possible 25-meter shot group performances by standard rifle-ammunitioncombinations and proper soldier performance. The variances of the standard rifle andstandard ammunition must be considered during shot-group analysis and the instructor trainer must ensure the soldier understands that his weapon or ammunition may not becapable of placing three rounds within a 1-centimeter square.

3-Centimeter Shot Groups. The targets shown represent minimum acceptable firing performances. A better firing performance should be expected, and the instructor-trainer should ensure the soldier is properly applying the four marksmanship fundamentals. He should explain that this shot group size is not due to weapon or ammunition performance. The placement of shots in these groups (about 3 centimeters apart on the target) reflects minor shooting error. Any of these three shot groups could have been a minor change in sight picture, breathing, trigger squeeze, position or an erratic round.


4- to 5-Centimeter Shot Groups. The targets shown represent unacceptable firing performance. A better firing performance should be expected, and the instructor-trainer should ensure the soldier is properly applying the four marksmanship fundamentals. He should explain that this shot group size is not due to weapon or ammunition performance. The placement of shots in these groups (about 4 to 5 centimeters apart on the target) reflects considerable shooting error. Any of these three shot groups could have been a change in position, sight picture, breathing, trigger squeeze or an erratic round.Firers with these shot groups should receive dry-fire training to help correct firing problems.


6-Centimeter or Larger Shot Groups. The targets shown represent unacceptable firing performance. A better firing performance should be expected, and the instructor-trainer should ensure the soldier is properly applying the four marksmanship fundamentals. He should explain that group size is not due to weapon or ammunition performance. The placement of shots in these groups (more than 6 centimeters apart on the target) reflects major shooting error. Any of these three shot groups could have been a change in position, sight picture, breathing; or trigger squeeze, or the firer may be anticipating the shot. Firers with these shot groups should receive extensive dry-fire trainingto help correct firing problems.


Multiple Shot Group Evaluation



25-Meter Zeroing

• Determine center mass of shot group.

• Determine necessary adjustments to move the strike of the round to center mass of the target.

• Here the shooter needs to

move the strike of his rounds down 2 clicks and to the left 10 clicks.

10

2

25-Meter Zeroing

• Make the necessary adjustments to the weapon to move the strike of the rounds down 2 clicks and to the left 10 clicks.

25-Meter Zeroing

• After making the correct sight changes, the soldier fires two more separate three-round shot groups to confirm the adjustments have aligned the sights with the center of the target, and the bullets are in the 4-centimeter circle

• A proper 25 meter zero is achieved when at least 5 out of the last 6 rounds are in the 4cm circle

• If the soldier has not achieved a zero within 18 rounds, the soldier should be taken off the firing line for remedial training.

The purpose of battlesight zeroing is to align the sights with the weapon’s barrel given standard issue ammunition. When this is accomplished correctly, the point of aim and point of impact are the same at a given range such as 250 meters for the M16A1 and 300meters for the M16A2/A3/A4 and M4-series weapons. This sight setting provides the highest hit probability for most combat targets with minimum adjustment to the aiming point.

Battlesight Zeroing

Battlesight Zeroing

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300

25 Meter Zero is a process designed to achieve a battlesight zero or close to it without actually firing at battlesight zero distances.

A standard E-type silhouette is 48.26 centimeters wide; a circle (angle) that is 48.26 centimeters at 300 meters is 4 centimeters at 25 meters. A soldier who can fire all bullets in a 4-centimeter circle at 25-meters and adjusts the sights for zero will hit the target at all ranges out to 300 meters.

Battlesight Zeroing

25-Meter Zero Battlesight Zero

• In theory, when a 25 Meter Zero is achieved, the M16A2 will closely have a battlesight zero of 300 meters and would require only minor sight adjustments to achieve an actual battlesight zero.

25m Zero Target Front Sight Post Alignment

Aiming Points• With a Battlesight Zero at 300

meters, the aiming point is center visible mass in order to achieve the highest probability of hitting the point marked with an “X”.

• Because of the trajectory or ballistics of the projectile, in order to hit a target at ranges less than the battlesight zero range at the points marked with an “X”, aiming point adjustment is necessary.


Tasks:

• The Four Marksmanship Fundamentals

• Basic Firing Positions

• Training Devices and Exercises




THE FOUR FUNDAMENTALS

Soldiers must understand and apply the four key fundamentals before he approaches the firing line. He must establish a steady position allowing observation of the target. He must aim the rifle at the target by aligning the sight system, and fire the rifle without disturbing this alignment by improper breathing or during trigger squeeze.

These skills are known collectively as the four fundamentals. Applying these four fundamentals rapidly and consistently is the integrated act of firing.

The four fundamentals are:

• Steady Position• Aiming• Breathing• Trigger Squeeze

Marksmanship Fundamentals

The Steady Position Elements are as follows:

(1) Nonfiring Handgrip. The rifle hand guard rests on the heel of the hand in the Vformed by the thumb and fingers. The grip of the non-firing hand is light.

(2) Rifle Butt Position. The butt of the rifle is placed in the pocket of the firing shoulder. This reduces the effect of recoil and helps ensure a steady position.

(3) Firing Handgrip. The firing hand grasps the pistol grip so it fits the V formed by the thumb and forefinger. The forefinger is placed on the trigger so the lay of the rifle is not disturbed when the trigger is squeezed. A slight rearward pressure is exerted by theremaining three fingers to ensure that the butt of the stock remains in the pocket of theshoulder, minimizing the effect of recoil.

(4) Firing Elbow Placement. The firing elbow is important in providing balance. Itsexact location depends on the firing/fighting position used. Placement should allowshoulders to remain level.


(5) Nonfiring Elbow. The non-firing elbow is positioned firmly under the rifle to allow a comfortable and stable position. When the soldier engages a wide sector of fire, moving targets, and targets at various elevations, his non-firing elbow should remain free from support.

(6) Cheek-to-Stock Weld. The stock weld should provide a natural line of sight throughthe center of the rear sight aperture to the front sight post and on to the target. The firer’sneck should be relaxed, allowing his cheek to fall naturally onto the stock. Through dry-fire training, the soldier practices this position until he assumes the same cheek-to-stock weld each time he assumes a given position, which provides consistency in aiming. Proper eye relief is obtained when a soldier establishes a good cheek-to-stock weld. A small change in eye relief normally occurs each time that the firer assumes a different firing position. The soldier should begin by trying to touch the charging handle with his nose when assuming a firing position. This will aid the soldier in maintaining the same cheek-to-stock weld hold each time the weapon is aimed. The soldier should be mindful of how the nose touches the charging handle and should be consistent when doing so. This should be critiqued and reinforced during dry-fire training.


(7) Support. When artificial support (sandbags, logs, stumps) is available, it should beused to steady the position and support the rifle. If it is not available, then the bones, not the muscles, in the firer’s upper body must support the rifle.

(8) Muscle Relaxation. If support is used properly, the soldier should be able to relaxmost of his muscles. Using artificial support or bones in the upper body as support allows him to relax and settle into position. Using muscles to support the rifle can cause it to move due to muscle fatigue.


(9) Natural Point of Aim. When the soldier first assumes his firing position, he orientshis rifle in the general direction of his target. Then he adjusts his body to bring the rifle and sights exactly in line with the desired aiming point. When using proper support andconsistent cheek to stock weld the soldier should have his rifle and sights aligned naturally on the target. When correct body-rifle-target alignment is achieved, the front sight post must be held on target, using muscular support and effort. As the rifle fires, muscles tend to relax, causing the front sight to move away from the target toward the natural point of aim. Adjusting this point to the desired point of aim eliminates this movement. When multiple target exposures are expected (or a sector of fire must be covered), the soldier adjusts his natural point of aim to the center of the expected target exposure area (or center of sector).


Aiming. Having mastered the task of holding the rifle steady, the soldier must alignthe rifle with the target in exactly the same way for each firing. The firer is the final judge as to where his eye is focused. The instructor or trainer emphasizes this point by having the firer focus on the target and then focus back on the front sight post. He checks the position of the firing eye to ensure it is in line with the rear sight aperture.

(1) Rifle Sight Alignment. Alignment of the rifle with the target is critical. It involvesplacing the tip of the front sight post in the center of the rear sight aperture. Any alignment error between the front and rear sights repeats itself for every 1/2 meter thebullet travels. For example, at the 25-meter line, any error in rifle alignment is multiplied 50 times. If the bullet is misaligned by 1/10 inch, it causes a target at 300 meters to be missed by 5 feet.




(2) Focus of the Eye. A proper firing position places the eye directly in line with the center of the rear sight aperture. When the eye is focused on the front sight post, the natural ability of the eye to center objects in a circle and to seek the point of greatest light (center of the aperture) aid in providing correct sight alignment. For the average soldier firing at combat-type targets, the natural ability of the eye can accurately align the sights. Therefore, the firer can place the tip of the front sight post on the aiming point, but the eye must be focused on the tip of the front sight post. This causes the target to appear blurry, while the front sight post is seen clearly. Two reasons for focusing on the front sight post are:

(a) Only a minor aiming error should occur since the error reflects only as much as the soldier fails to determine the target center. A greater aiming error can result if the front sight post is blurry due to focusing on the target or other objects.

(b) Focusing on the tip of the front sight post aids the firer in maintaining proper sight alignment.


(3) Sight Picture. Once the soldier can correctly align his sights, he can obtain a sight picture. A correct sight picture has the target, front sight post, and rear sight aligned. The sight picture includes two basic elements: sight alignment and placement of the aiming point.

(a) Placement of the aiming point varies, depending on the engagement range. For example, the figure shows a silhouette at 300 meters where the aiming point is the center of mass, and the sights are aligned for a correct sight picture.


(b) A technique to obtain a good sight picture is the side aiming technique. It involves positioning the front sight post to the side of the target in line with the vertical center of mass, keeping the sights aligned. The front sight post is moved horizontally until the target is directly centered on the front sight post.


(4) Front Sight. The front sight post is vital to proper firing and should be replaced when damaged. The post should be blackened anytime it is shiny since precise focusing on the tip of the front sight post cannot be done otherwise.

(5) Aiming Practice. Aiming practice is conducted before firing live rounds. During day firing, the soldier should practice sight alignment and placement of the aiming point. Using training aids such as the M15A1 aiming card can do this.


Aiming. Wearing a protective mask may force firers to rotate (cant) the rifle to see through the rear aperture. The weapon should be rotated the least amount possible to see through and line up the sights. The center tip of the front sight post should be placed on the ideal aiming point. This ideal aiming procedure (Figure 7-18) should be the initial procedure taught and practiced.

(a) If this cannot be achieved, a canted sight picture may be practiced. The normalamount of cant needed by most firers to properly see through the sights has a limited influence on rounds fired at ranges between 75 meters or less.

(b) Rifle ballistics causes the strike of the bullet to impact low in the direction of the cant (when a cant is used) at longer ranges. Due to this shift in bullet strike and the many individual differences in sight alignment when wearing a protective mask, it is important to conduct downrange feedback training at ranges beyond 75 meters on known-distance ranges. This allows soldiers to determine what aiming adjustments are needed to achieve center target hits. Figure 7-19, shows what might be expected for a right-handed firer engaging a target at 175 meters with no cant and a certain amount of cant, and the adjustment in point of aim needed to move the bullet strike to the center of the target. Figure 7-20, shows what might be expected for a right-handed firer engaging a 300-meter target. The adjustments in point of aim for left-handed firers are the opposite of those shown in Figures 7-19 and 7-20.


(c) Although bullet strike is displaced when using a cant, individual differences are such that center-of-mass aiming should be used until the individual knows what aimingadjustment is needed. When distant targets are missed, a right-handed firer should usuallyadjust his point of aim to the right and high; a left-handed firer should adjust to the left andhigh. Then, the aiming rules are clear.

(d) All targets should initially be engaged by aiming center mass, regardless of cant. When targets are missed while using a cant, firers should adjust the point of aim higher and opposite the direction of the cant. Actual displacement of the aiming point must bedetermined by using downrange feedback targets at ranges beyond 75 meters.



Aiming. Modifications to the aiming process vary. When firing unassisted, the firer’soff-center vision is used instead of pinpoint focus. Both eyes are open to gather themaximum available light, and are focused down range.

Off-Center Vision. During the daytime when an individual looks at an object, helooks directly at it. However, if he did this at night he would only see the object for a few seconds. In order to see this object for any length of time, he must look 6 to 10 degrees from this object (Figures 7-23 and 7-24) while concentrating his attention on the object. This allows the light sensitive area of the eye, which can detect faint light sources or reflection, to be used.




Breath Control. As the firer’s skills improve and as timed or multiple targets are presented, he must learn to control his breath at any part of the breathing cycle. Two types of breath control techniques are practiced during dry fire. The coach/trainer ensures that the firer uses two breathing techniques and understands them by instructing him to exaggerate his breathing. The firer must be aware of the rifle’s movement (while sighted on a target) as a result of breathing.


(1) The first technique is used during zeroing (and when time is available to fire a shot). There is a moment of natural respiratory pause while breathing when most of the air has been exhaled from the lungs and before inhaling. Breathing should stop after most of the air has been exhaled during the normal breathing cycle. The shot must be fired before the soldier feels any discomfort.


(2) The second breath control technique is employed during rapid fire (short-exposure targets). Using this technique, the soldier stops his breath when he is about to squeeze the trigger.


Trigger Squeeze. A novice firer can learn to place the rifle in a steady position andto correctly aim at the target if he follows the basic principles. If the trigger is not properly squeezed, the rifle will be misaligned with the target at the moment of firing.

(1) Rifle Movement. Trigger squeeze is important for two reasons: First, any suddenmovement of the finger on the trigger can disturb the lay of the rifle and cause the shot to miss the target. Second, the precise instant of firing should be a surprise to the soldier. The soldier’s natural reflex to compensate for the noise and slight punch in the shoulder can cause him to miss the target if he knows the exact instant the rifle will fire. The soldier usually tenses his shoulders when expecting the rifle to fire. It is difficult to detect since he does not realize he is flinching. When the hammer drops on a dummy round and does not fire, the soldier’s natural reflexes demonstrate that he is improperly squeezing the trigger.


(2) Trigger Finger. The trigger finger (index finger on the firing hand) is placed on thetrigger between the first joint and the tip of the finger (not the extreme end) and adjusteddepending on hand size, grip, and so on. The trigger finger must squeeze the trigger to the rear so the hammer falls without disturbing the lay of the rifle. When a live round is fired, it is difficult to see what effect trigger pull had on the lay of the rifle. It is important to experiment with many finger positions during dry-fire training to ensure the hammer is falling with little disturbance to the aiming process.

(a) As the firer’s skills increase with practice, he needs less time spent on triggersqueeze. Novice firers can take five seconds to perform an adequate trigger squeeze, but, as skills improve, he can squeeze the trigger in a second or less. The proper trigger squeeze should start with slight pressure on the trigger during the initial aiming process. The firer applies more pressure after the front sight post is steady on the target and he is holding his breath.


(b) The coach/trainer observes the trigger squeeze, emphasizes the correct procedure,and checks the firer’s applied pressure. He places his finger on the trigger and has the firer squeeze the trigger by applying pressure to the coach/trainer’s finger. The coach/trainer ensures that the firer squeezes straight to the rear on the trigger avoiding a left or right twisting movement. The coach/trainer observes that the firer follows through and holds the trigger to the rear for approximately one second after the round has been fired. A steady position reduces disturbance of the rifle during trigger squeeze.

(c) Wobble area is the movement of the front sight around the aiming point when therifle is in the steadiest position. From an unsupported position, the firer experiences a greater wobble area than from a supported position. If the front sight strays from the target during the firing process, pressure on the trigger should be held constant and resumed as soon as sighting is corrected. The position must provide for the smallest possible wobble area. From a supported position, there should be minimal wobble area and little reason to detect movement. If movement of the rifle causes the front sight to leave the target, more practice is needed. The firer should never try to quickly squeeze the trigger while the sight is on the target. The best firing performance results when the trigger is squeezed continuously, and the rifle is fired without disturbing its lay.



During preliminary marksmanship instruction only the basic firing positions are taught. The other positions are added later in training to support tactical conditions. The two firing positions used during initial training are the individual foxhole supported firing position and the basic prone unsupported firing position. Both offer a stable platform for firing the rifle. They are also the positions used during basic record fire.


Individual Foxhole Supported Firing Position

This position provides the most stable platform for engaging targets. Upon entering the position, the soldier adds or removes dirt, sandbags, or other supports to adjust for his height. He then faces the target, executes a half-face to his firing side, and leans forward until his chest is against the firing-hand corner of the position. He places the rifle hand guard in a V formed by the thumb and fingers of his nonfiring hand, and rests the nonfiring hand on the material (sandbags or berm) to the front of the position. The soldier places the butt of the weapon in the pocket of his firing shoulder and rests his firing elbow on the ground outside the position. Once the individual supported fighting position has been mastered, the firer should practice various unsupported positions to obtain the smallest possible wobble area during final aiming and hammer fall.


Individual Foxhole Supported Firing Position.

NOTE: The objective is to establish a steady position under various conditions. Theultimate performance of this task is combat. Although the firer must be positioned high enough to observe all targets, he must remain as low as possible to provide added protection from enemy fire.


Basic Prone Unsupported Firing Position

This firing position offers another stable firing platform for engaging targets. To assume this position, the soldier faces his target, spreads his feet a comfortable distance apart, and drops to his knees. Using the butt of the rifle as a pivot, the firer rolls onto his nonfiring side, placing the nonfiring elbow close to the side of the magazine. He places the rifle butt in the pocket formed by the firing shoulder, grasps the pistol grip with his firing hand, and lowers the firing elbow to the ground. The rifle rests in the V formed by the thumb and fingers of the non-firing hand. Thesoldier adjusts the position of his firing elbow until his shoulders are about level, and pulls back firmly on the rifle with both hands. To complete the position, he obtains a stock weld and relaxes, keeping his heels close to the ground.


Basic Prone Unsupported Firing Position



This exercise assists the coach and the firer in determining which eye the firer should use when engaging targets. The firer’s dominant eye should be identified early in the training process to prevent unnecessary problems such as a blurred sight picture or the inability to acquire a tight shot group during the grouping exercise.

(a) Cut a 1-inch circular hole in the center of an 8- by 10-inch piece of material (can be anything from paper to plywood).

(b) The trainer positions himself approximately 5 feet in front of the soldier. The trainer closes his nondominant eye and holds his finger up in front of and just below his dominant eye to provide the soldier with an aiming point.

(c) The soldier holds the training aid with both hands at waist level and looks with both eyes open at the trainer’s open eye. With both eyes focused on the trainer’s open eye and arms fully extended, the soldier brings the training aid up between himself and the trainer while continuing to look at the trainer’s eye through the hole in the training aid. The soldier’s eye the trainer sees through the hole in the training aid is the soldier’s dominant eye.


Dime (Washer) Exercise. This dry-fire technique is used to teach or evaluate the skillof trigger squeeze and is effective when conducted from an unsupported position. Whenusing the M16A1 rifle for this exercise, the soldier must cock the weapon, assume anunsupported firing position, and aim at the target. An assistant places a dime (washer) on the rifle’s barrel between the flash suppressor and front sight post assembly. The soldier then tries to squeeze the trigger naturally without causing the dime (washer) to fall off. Several repetitions of this exercise must be conducted to determine if the soldier has problems with trigger squeeze. The purpose of the exercise is for the firer to dry-fire six of six consecutive shots without causing the dime or was her to fall. (Repeat this exercise from the prone unsupported firing position.)

(a) If the dime (washer) is allowed to touch the sight assembly or flash suppressor, itmay fall off due to the jolt of the hammer. Also, the strength of the hammer spring on some rifles can make this a difficult exercise to perform.

(b) When using the M16A2 rifle, the dime (washer) exercise is conducted the sameexcept that a locally fabricated device must be attached to the weapon. A piece of 3/4-inch bonding material is folded into a clothes-pin shape and inserted in the flash suppressor of the weapon so the dime (washer) can be placed on top of it.


The Weaponeer is an effective rifle marksmanship-training device that simulates the live firing of the M16-series rifle. The system can be used for developing and sustaining marksmanship skills, diagnosing and correcting problems, and assessing basic skills.


The engagement skills trainer (EST) 2000 supports realistic and comprehensive “gated” rifle marksmanship instruction, identifies soldiers needs by requiring them to satisfy gate requirements in order to progress, and, when needed, facilitates remedial training prior to qualification. The EST 2000 is designed to be used primarily as aunit/institutional, indoor, multipurpose, multilane, small-arms, crew-served, and individual antitank training simulator to:

• Train and evaluate individual marksmanship training for initial entry soldiers(BCT/OSUT).• Provide Active and Reserve Component unit sustainment training in preparationfor qualification on individual and crew small arms live-fire weapons.• Provide unit collective tactical training for static dismounted infantry, scout,engineer, military police squads, and combat support/combat service support(CS/CSS) elements.



The BEAMHIT Laser Marksmanship Training System (LMTS) combines the precision of eye safe lasers with the processing power of modern lap top computers into a training solution that military personnel can use anywhere, anytime without the need for ranges or special facilities of any kind. Using the LMTS, soldiers train with their service weapons for increased realism. The LMTS supports training with all military handguns, rifles, riot (shot) guns and machine guns. No weapon modifications are required. LMTS hardware options include electronic targets for various training objectives including teaching marksmanship fundamentals; shot group analysis, target detection and transition and pre-qualification practice. The MP-400 Laser transmitter projects the exact bullet point of impact for modern assault rifles out to ranges of 100m. System accuracy lets personnel bore sight their weapons (i.e., day sights, enhanced optics, night aiming systems, etc.) before firing a live round. The computer shot group analysis (dispersion, center of mass, etc.) eliminates much of the guesswork seen on live fire ranges, minimizes the live rounds required to confirm zero and enables units to maintain weapon readiness at all times.


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Refer to Appendix A, FM 3-22.9 for additional Marksmanship Training Devices

and Exercises.

Tasks:

• Zeroing Procedures – Simulations (EST 2000/FATS/LMTS)

• Engage Single and Multiple Targets (Practice Fire) – Simulations (EST 2000/FATS/LMTS)

• Live Fire Exercises:

• M16/M4

• Zeroing

• Qualification

• NBC Fire

• Night Fire


Marksmanship Fundamentals II

PRACTICE RECORD FIRE

ACTION: Detect and engage timed targets with the M16-/M4-series weapon.

CONDITIONS: Day, given an M16-/M4-series weapon on an EST 2000, 40timed target exposures at ranges from 50 to 300 meters. Engage 20 targets with coaching allowed from the supported firing position and 20 targets from the unsupported firing position while wearing a Kevlar helmet, LCE/LBV, and Body Armor.

STANDARDS: With assistance from a coach, the soldier detects and engages targetswith the M16-/M4-series weapon, and achieves a minimum of 23 target hits out of 40 target exposures.

ZERO THE M16/M4 SERIES WEAPONS

ACTION: Conduct 25-meter zeroing.

CONDITIONS: On a 25-meter range, given an M16-/M4-series weapon, from thesupported firing position; 18 rounds of 5.56-mm ammunition, 300-meter M16/M4 zero target placed on a standard E-type silhouette; sandbags for support; with Kevlar helmet, LCE/LBV, and Body Armor.

STANDARDS: Each soldier must adjust the sights so five out of six rounds fired intwo consecutive shot-groups strike within the 4-centimeter circle on the 25-meter zero targets.



RECORD FIRE

ACTION: Detect and engage timed targets with the M16-/M4-series weapon.

CONDITIONS: Day, given an M16-/M4-series weapon on a record fire range, 40 timed target exposures at ranges from 50 to 300 meters, and 40 rounds of ammunition (two 20-round magazines). Engage 20 targets from the supported firing position and 20 targets from the unsupported firing position while wearing a Kevlar helmet, LCE/LBV, and Body Armor.

STANDARDS: Without assistance, the soldier detects and engages targets with the M16-/M4-series weapon, and achieves a minimum of 23 target hits out of 40 target exposures.


Conduct of Record Fire Range

The record fire course provides for the engagement of two-20 round exercises. Twenty single or multiple targets are engaged from the foxhole supported fighting position. Twenty targets are engaged from the prone unsupported position. Once firing begins, no cross loading is allowed.

(1) Credit for targets hit should not be given when bullets are “saved” from difficulttargets to be used on easier targets for example. Not firing a 300-meter target so an additional bullet can be fired at a 150-meter target. However, when double targets are exposed, the soldier should fire two bullets. If the first target is missed, he may fire at that same target with the second bullet.

(2) Engage the target that poses the greatest threat first (normally assumed to be the closer target), no scoring distinction is made between near targets and far targets or the sequence in which they are engaged. Credit is not given if unused ammunition from one 20-round table is added to the magazine provided for the next table.


(3) Soldiers who fail to qualify on the first attempt should be given appropriateremedial training and allowed to refire in a few days. When a soldier refires the course, he will be unqualified if he hits 22 targets or less and will be rated as a marksman if he hits 23 to 40. When automated scoring procedures are available that allow the performance of the soldier to be stored and retrieved before the malfunction, his performance is added to the score of his first attempt after weapons repair and refire. If a soldier’s weapon becomes inoperable and his performance before the malfunction precludes qualification he is considered unqualified and must refire.

(4) Alibi firing is reserved for those soldiers who have encountered a malfunctioningtarget, ammunition, or rifle. A soldier will not be issued more than 20-rounds of ammunition for each table. If he fires all 20 rounds despite a target malfunction, he will not be issued any additional alibi rounds. There are no alibis for soldier-induced weapon malfunctions or for targets missed during application of immediate action. The following are the procedures that must be strictly adhered to when a malfunction occurs.

NOTE: The ammunition procedures, allocation, and alibi procedures for practicerecord fire and record fire are conducted the same. The only exception is that

coaching is authorized for practice record fire.


(a) The soldier must apply immediate action and continue to fire the exercise. After firing, the soldier notifies the NCOIC to determine if the ammunition was faulty or if the target malfunctioned.

(b) The NCOIC verifies the malfunction. The soldier is permitted to fire at that target(s)with the exact number of rounds equal to the target malfunctions. For example, the soldier had two confirmed target malfunctions at 250 meters. Although he may have had five rounds left from the overall exercise. The soldier would be given only two rounds to engage the two 250-meter target exposures, if repaired, or the next closer target. He would not be allowed to fire all remaining five rounds at the two 250-meter target exposures.

(c) The NCOIC or scorer monitoring the lane must verify the target malfunction. The soldier continues to fire the exercise. On a computerized range, the tower operator confirms which target and how many malfunctions occurred.

(d) Inoperable weapons are uncorrectable malfunctions such as a broken firing pin, jam caused by double feed not caused by the soldier, failure to extract due to broken extractor, or round in the bore. The soldier must apply correct immediate action to eliminate the stoppages. If the stoppage is determined to be correctable for example, the soldier did not apply correct immediate action and as a result the soldier did not engage the required number of targets, he is at fault.


(e) Qualified weapons personnel or the NCOIC must verify weapon malfunctions before the soldier can refire the course. Soldiers who erroneously claim a malfunction on the firing line are considered unqualified and refire as a second-time firer.

(f) On-site observation, detailed analysis and evaluation of individual results, and unit performance identify weaknesses. Training can then focus on combat tasks, skills, or other factors that address these weaknesses. For example, rifles that are not serviceable could be the cause of poor zeroes or failures to fire and, therefore, failures to qualify. Some soldiers may not qualify because of a lack of understanding of immediate-action procedures or maintenance of the rifle and magazine. Soldiers who miss targets are not applying the four fundamentals or are not accurately zeroing the rifle. Soldiers who do not fire at exposed targets during qualification may indicate:

• Failure to scan the designated area. • Lack of ability to detect targets.• Lack of ability to shift from one target to another.• Failure to manage ammunition.• A stoppage.



Standards:

To achieve the lowest possible individual qualificationrating, a soldier must achieve a minimum score of 23 target hits on a standard record fire range.

The following are the qualification ratings:

Expert: Hits 36 to 40 targets.Sharpshooter: Hits 30 to 35 targets.Marksman: Hits 23 to 29 targets.


NBC PRACTICE & RECORD FIRE

ACTION: Detect and engage timed targets with the M16-/M4-series weapon while wearing assigned M40/M42-series protective mask.

CONDITIONS: Day, given an M16/M4-series weapon on a record fire range, 20 50m target exposures, and 20 rounds of ball ammunition. Engage ten (10) 50 meter F-type silhouette targets with one 10-round magazine while in the foxhole supported firing position while in MOPP 4 and wearing a Kevlar helmet, LCE/LBV, and Body Armor. Engage ten (10) 50 meter F-type silhouette targets with one 10-round magazine while in the prone unsupported position while in MOPP 4 and wearing a Kevlar helmet, LCE/LBV, and Body Armor.



Record Results of NBC Record Fire


NIGHT UNASSISTED PRACTICE & RECORD FIRE

ACTION: Detect and engage timed targets with the M16-/M4-series weapon without the aid of any night vision devices.

CONDITIONS: Night, given an M16/M4-series weapon on a record fire range, 30 50m target exposures, and 20 rounds of ball and 10 rounds of tracer ammunition. Engage fifteen (15) 50 meter F-type silhouette targets with one 15-round (10 Ball/5Tracer) magazine while in the foxhole supported firing position while wearing a Kevlar helmet, LCE/LBV, and Body Armor. Engage fifteen (15) 50 meter F-type silhouette targets with one 15-round (10 Ball/5 Tracer) magazine while in the prone unsupported position while wearing a Kevlar helmet, LCE/LBV, and Body Armor.



Record Results of Night Unassisted

Record Fire


UNASSISTED NIGHT FIRE TARGET DETECTION

Trying to detect a target during the day is difficult enough but at night it becomes even more so. In order for an individual to see targets at night, he must apply the three principles of night vision.

a. Dark Adaptation. This process conditions the eyes to see under low levels of illumination. The eyes of the average person take about 30 minutes to acquire 98 percent night vision in a completely darkened area. Moving from illuminated to darker areas will decrease night vision until the eyes have adjusted to the surrounding area again.

b. Off-Center Vision. During the daytime when an individual looks at an object, he looks directly at it. However, if he did this at night he would only see the object for a few seconds. In order to see this object for any length of time, he must look 6 to 10 degrees from this object while concentrating his attention on the object. This allows the light sensitive area of the eye, which can detect faint light sources or reflection, to be used.

c. Scanning. The act of scanning relates to the short, abrupt, irregular movement of the firer’s eyes every 4 to 10 seconds around an object or area. Be aware that scanning rangesvary according to levels of darkness.


EVENT BALL TRACER

• Zero 18

• Practice Fire (Iron Sights) NOTE 1

• Record Fire (Iron Sights) 40

• NBC Practice 20

• NBC Record 20

• Unassisted Night Practice NOTE 2 20 10

• Unassisted Night Record NOTE 2 20 10NOTE 1 – Conducted on EST 2000.

NOTE 2 – All soldiers will fire this event.

Per Weapon Totals: 138 20


Summary

Tasks:



• Disassembly


• Assembly

• Cycles of Functioning

• Function Check


• Weapon Loading and Unloading


• Zeroing

Summary

Tasks:

• The Four Marksmanship Fundamentals

• Basic Firing Positions

• Training Devices and Exercises

Tasks:

• Zeroing Procedures – Simulations (EST 2000/FATS/LMTS)

• Engage Single and Multiple Targets (Practice Fire) – Simulations (EST 2000/FATS/LMTS)


• M16/M4

• Zeroing

• Qualification

• NBC Fire

• Night Fire

Questions

Return to Training

Presentations Selection Menu

Conduct M9 Pistol PMI

* Select Desired Option

Exit Training Presentation


Tasks:



• Disassembly


• Assembly

• Function Check


• Weapon Loading & Unloading


• Fundamentals of Pistol Marksmanship (Grip, Aiming, Breath Control, Trigger Squeeze, Target Engagement, and Positions)

M9 Pistol

M9 Pistol

The M9 Pistol is a 9-mm, semiautomatic, magazine fed, recoil-operation, double-action weapons chambered for the 9-mm cartridge.

M9 Pistol

M9 Pistol

Caliber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9x19mm(9mm NATO)System of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Short recoil, SemiautomaticLocking system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oscillating block

Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 mm (8.54in.)Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38mm(1.50in.)Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 mm (5.51in)Weight (w/empty magazine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960 gr(33.86 oz)Weight(w/15 round magazine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1145 gr(40.89 oz)Barrel Length . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125mm (4.92 in)

Rifling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R.H.,6 groove [pitch 250mm (about 10in.)]Muzzle velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 meters/sec (1230.3 ft/sec)Muzzle energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569.5 newton meters (420 ft.lbs)Maximum effective range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5O meters (54.7 yards)Maximum range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1800 meters (1969.2 yards)

Front sight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blade. integral with slideRear sight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Notched bar, dovetailed to slideSighting line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158mm (6.22in.)

Safeties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1) Manual decocking/safety lever, located on the slide, which separates the firing pin from the hammer, lowers the hammer when cocked, and interrupts the connection between trigger and sear. (2) Firing pin block, prevents any motion of the

firing pin and is overcome only by pulling on the trigger.

(3) Hammer (half cock) helps prevent accidental discharge

Magazine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Staggered, 15 round capacitySlide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Held open upon firing of last cartridgeGrips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plastic, checkered

M9 Pistol

M9 Pistol

Slide and Barrel Assembly: Houses the firing pin, striker, and extractor. Cocks the hammer during recoil cycle.Recoil Spring and Recoil Spring Guide: Absorbs recoil and returns the slide assembly to its forward position.Barrel and Locking Block Assembly: Houses cartridge for firing, directs projectile, and locks barrel in position during firing.Receiver: Serves as a support for all the major components. Houses action of the pistol through four major components. Controls functioning of the pistol.Magazine: Holds cartridges in place for stripping and chambering.

WARNINGThe M9 pistol incorporates single and double action modes of fire. Anytime that trigger

is pulled with the decocking/safety lever in the fire (up) position and a round in the chamber, the pistol will fire from the hammer down, half cock or full cock positions.

DOUBLE/SINGLE ACTION:

For double action, pulling the trigger will cock the hammer and immediately release it, discharging the first chambered round. To fire the first chambered round in single action, the hammer must be manually locked to the rear before pulling the trigger. All shots after the first one will be fired single action because the slide automatically recocks the hammer after each shot.

M9 Pistol

M9 Pistol

MAGAZINE (1): Has a 15 cartridge capacity.

EXTRACTOR/LOADED CHAMBER INDICATOR (2): When there is a cartridge in the chamber, the upper surface of the extractor protrudes from the right side of the slide. In the dark, the protrusion can be felt by touch. The loaded chamber indicator should be used in tactical situations when visibility is limited or where visual inspection of the chamber is desirable.

FIRING PIN BLOCK (3): When the trigger is not pulled, the firing pin block secures the firing pin and prevents it from moving forward, even if the pistol is dropped.

WARNINGA potential safety hazard exists if the firing pin block is missing or does notreturn flush with the slide surface after

firing.

M9 Pistol

DECOCKING/SAFETY LEVER (4): Allows safe operation of the pistol by both right and left handed users, and lowers the hammer without causing an accidental discharge. Pistol is shownwith decocking/safety lever in the fire (up) position. When hammer is cocked, it may be safely lowered by moving the decocking/safety lever to the safe (down) position.

LANYARD LOOP (5): Compatible with standard lanyards.

M9 Pistol

RECEIVER (6): The front and back straps of the grip are vertically grooved to ensure a firm grip even with wet hands, or under conditions of rapid combat fire. The trigger guard (7) isextended, and the concave forward portion is grooved for a firm grip when using two hands or gloves.

DISASSEMBLY LEVER (8) AND DISASSEMBLY BUTTON (9): Allows for quick field stripping, and at the same time prevents accidental disassembly.

SLIDE STOP (10): Holds the slide to the rear after the last cartridge is fired. It can also be manually operated.

M9 Pistol

The M9 pistol uses several different types of 9-mm ammunition. Soldiers should use only authorized ammunition that is manufactured to US and NATO specifications.

M9 Pistol

M9 Pistol

Care, Handling, and Preservation:

(1) Protect ammunition from mud, sand, and water. If the ammunition gets wet or dirty, wipe it off at once with a clean dry cloth. Wipe off light corrosion as soon as it is discovered. Turn in heavily corroded cartridges.

(2) Do not expose ammunition to the direct rays of the sun. If the powder is hot, excessive pressure may develop when the pistol is fired.

(3) Do not oil or grease ammunition. Dust and other abrasives that collect on greasy ammunition may cause damage to the operating parts of the pistol. Oiled cartridges produce excessive chamber pressure.

M9 Pistol

M9 Pistol


Step 1 - Place the decocking/safety lever (1) in the “SAFE” (down) position.

Step 2 - Depress the magazine release button (2) to remove the magazine (3) from the pistol.

M9 Pistol

Step 3 - With the pistol pointing in a safe direction, grasp the slide narrations and fully retract the slide to remove any chambered cartridge.

Step 4 - Lock the slide to the rear using the slide stop (4) and visually inspect chamber to ensure that it is empty.

M9 Pistol

M9 Pistol

1. Depress the slide stop and let the slide go forward.

2. Hold pistol in the right hand with muzzle slightly elevated. With forefinger press disassembly lever release button (3), end with thumb rotate disassembly lever (4) downward until it stops.

WARNINGUse care when removing recoil spring and spring guide. Due

to the amount ofcompression, assembly will be released under spring tension

and could cause possibleinjury to personnel, or become

damaged or lost.

M9 Pistol

3. Pull the slide end barrel assembly (5) forward and remove.

4. Slightly compress recoil spring (6) end spring guide (7), while et the same time lifting and removing recoil spring (6) end spring guide (7). Allow the recoil spring to stretch slowly.

5. Separate recoil spring (6) from spring guide (7).

M9 Pistol

6. Push in on locking block plunger (8) while pushing barrel (9) forward slightly. Lift and remove locking block (10) and barrel assembly (11) from slide (12).

M9 Pistol

M9 Pistol

M9 Pistol

CAUTIONBore brush is for cleaning

bore only. Use of bore brush on any other part of the pistol

will cause damage.

NOTEWhen cleaning, be careful not

to lose component parts.

SLIDE ASSEMBLY:

(1) Clean slide assembly with cloth. A soft brush and CLP can assist in removal ofexcess dirt and carbon buildup. Ensure the decocking/safety lever (1), breech face (2),slide guides (3) and extractor (4) are free of excess dirt and residue.

(2) Wipe dry with a cloth and apply a light coat of CLP/LSA.

M9 Pistol

BARREL ASSEMBLY:

(1) Using cleaning rod, insert cleaning patch soaked with CLP in chamber end of barrel and push out muzzle to remove loose firing residues and soften carbon deposits.

(2) Insert bore brush into chamber end (1) of barrel, making sure it completely clears the muzzle (2) before it is pulled back through the bore. Repeat several times to loosen carbon deposits.

(3) Wipe loose carbon deposits from bore with another clean patch soaked with CLP.

M9 Pistol

BARREL ASSEMBLY (Continued):

(4) Dry the barrel by pushing a swab through the bore. Repeat as until a clean swab can be observed.

(5) Clean locking block (3) with a soft brush such as a toothbrush, as necessary.

(6) Apply a light coat of CLP/LSA to the barrel bore and chamber area. Also,lubricate the exterior surfaces of the barrel and locking block.

M9 Pistol

RECOIL SPRING AND RECOIL SPRING GUIDE:

(1) Clean recoil spring (1) and recoil spring guide (2) using CLP and a soft brush or cloth.

(2) After wiping the recoil spring (1) and recoil spring guide (2) clean, apply a light coat of CLP/LSA.

M9 Pistol

CAUTIONDo not allow the hammer to fall with full force by pulling the trigger when the slide is removed as damage to the receiver will occur. If necessary, the hammer should be manually lowered.

RECEIVER ASSEMBLY:

(1) Wipe receiver assembly clean with cloth. Use e soft brush for hard to clean areas. Pay special attention to disassembly lever (1), trigger (2), slide stop (3), hammer (4), and magazine release button (5).

(2) Apply a light coat of CLP/LSA.

CAUTIONWhen cleaning the magazine well area,

take care not to dislodge the trigger bar spring from the hole provided in

the trigger bar and receiver.

M9 Pistol

SLIDE ASSEMBLY (A). Check for free movement of decocking/safety lever (1) and push on firing pin block (2). Check for rear sight (3) looseness. Check for cracks in locking block retaining slot (4).

BARREL ASSEMBLY (B). Inspect bore and chamber (5) for pitting or obstructions. Check locking block plunger (6) for free movement of locking block (7). Inspect locking lugs (8) and barrel lugs (9 and 10) for cracks and burrs.

NOTEIf faults are found

during inspection that cannot be corrected,

evacuate pistol toorganizational

maintenance/next authorized repair

level.

M9 Pistol

RECOIL SPRING AND RECOIL SPRING GUIDE (C). Check recoil spring (1) for damage. Check that it is not bent. Check recoil spring guide (2) for straightness and smoothness. Check to be sure that it is free of cracks and burrs.

RECEIVER ASSEMBLY (D). Check for bends, chips, and cracks. Check for free movement of slide stop (1), and magazine catch assembly (2). Check guide rails (3) for excessive wear, burrs, cracks, or chips.

M9 Pistol

LUBE GUIDE

Under all but the coldest Arctic conditions, CLP or LSA are the lubricants to use on your weapon. Remember to remove excessive lubricant from the bore and chamber before firing.

CLP - Cleaner, lubricant, and perservativeLSA -Weapons lubricant oil, semifluid

BETWEEN 10 F (-12 C) and -10 F (-23 C) useCLP, LSA or LAW. Below -10 F (-23 C) use only LAW.

LAW - Weapons lubricanting oil, arctic

* Lightly Lubed - A film of lubricant barely visible to the eye.

** Generously Lubed - Heavy enough so that it can be spread with the finger.

MAGAZINE DISASSEMBLY:

(1) Grasp the magazine firmly with the floorplate (1) up and the back of the magazine tube (2) against the plam of the hand.

NOTE

To remove the floorplate, either use the tip of the 9mm round or use the barrel locking block plunger. By depressing the locking block, the locking block plunger will protrude and can be used to assist in

removal of the floorplate.

M9 Pistol

MAGAZINE DISASSEMBLY (Continued):

(2) Release the floorplate (1) by pushing down on the floorplate retainer stud (2) in the center of the floorplate (1). At the same time, slide the floorplate (1) forward for a short distance using the thumb.

CAUTION

Magazine spring is under slight tension. Use care when removing magazine floorplate.

M9 Pistol

MAGAZINE DISASSEMBLY (Continued):

(3) While maintaining the magazine spring pressure with the thumb, remove the floorplate (1) from the magazine.

(4) Remove the floorplate retainer and magazine spring (3) and follower (4) from the magazine tube (5). Remove floorplate retainer (6) from magazine spring (3).

M9 Pistol

M9 Pistol

MAGAZINE MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES:

(1) Wipe magazine tube (1) and follower 92) with a cloth. Clean the magazine tube and follower with CLP and a soft brush.

(2) With a cloth, wipe the magazine spring (3), floorplate retainer (4), and, floorplate (5) clean. Apply a light coat of CLP/LSA.

M9 Pistol

MAGAZINE ASSEMBLY:

(1) Insert the follower (1) into the top coil (2) of the magazine spring. The top coil has an upward and forward pointing end. Ensure that the notches (3) on the follower and magazine tube are on the same side.

(2) Insert the magazine spring with follower into magazine tube.

(3) Turn the magazine bottom up with the back side against the palm of your hand.

(4) Attach and center the floorplate retainer (4) to bottom spring coil.

M9 Pistol

HOT, DRY CLIMATE – DESERT

NOTEHot, dry climates are usually areas containing blowing sand and fine dust. Deserts can be hot during daylight hours and freezing during hours of darkness. Consequently. this

harsh environment will severely tax your weapon as well as all other types of equipment. Your weapons continued operation will depend on your detailed cleaning and lubricating

procedures.

1. Dust and sand will get into pistol and cause malfunctions and excessive wear on component contact surfaces during firing. Keep pistol covered when possible.

2. Corrosion is less likely to form on metal parts in a dry climate. Therefore, lightly lubricate internal working surfaces only with CLP/LSA. Do not lubricate external parts of the pistol. Wipe any excess lubricant from exposed surfaces. Do not lubricate internal components of magazine.

M9 Pistol

GENERAL

To ensure the readiness of your weapon, perform the preventive maintenance procedures in accordance with Table 1, prior to each mission. Preventive maintenance procedures include inspection, cleaning, and performance of the checkout procedures.

EXPLANATION OF TABLE ENTRIES

Item Number Column. Numbers in this column are for references. When completing Equipment Inspection and Maintenance Worksheet, include the item number for the check/service indicating a fault. Item numbers also appear in the order that you must do checks and services for the intervals listed.

Interval Column. This column tells you when you must do the procedure in the procedure column. BEFORE (B) procedures must be done before you operate or use the equipment for its intended mission. DURING (D) procedures must be done during the time you are operating or using the equipment for its intended mission. AFTER (A) procedures must be done immediately after you have operated or used the equipment.

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Item to be Checked or Service Column. This column provides the location and the time to be checked or serviced. The item location is underlined.

Procedure Column. This column gives the procedure you must do to check or service the item listed in the Check/Service column to know if the equipment is ready or available for its intended mission or for operation. You must do the procedure at the time stated in the interval column.

“Equipment Not Ready/Available If:" Column. Information in this columntells you what faults will keep your equipment from being capable of performingits primary mission. If you make check and service procedures that show faultslisted in this column, do not operate the equipment. Follow standard operatingprocedures for maintaining the equipment or reporting equipment failure.

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1. Grasp the slide (1) with the bottom facing up. With the other hand grasp the barrel assembly (2) with the locking block (3) facing up.

2. Insert muzzle of the barrel assembly (2) into the forward open end of the slide (1). At the same time lower the rear of the barrel assembly by aligning the extractor cutout with the extractor. The locking block will fall into the locked position in the slide.

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3. Insert recoil spring (4) onto recoil spring guide (5).

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4. Insert end of recoil spring (4) and recoil spring guide (5) into slide recoil spring housing (6). At the same time, compress the recoil spring and lower the spring guide until fully seated onto the locking block cutaway (7).

CAUTION

During spring insertion, spring tension must be maintained until spring guide is fully seated onto the

cutaway on the locking block.

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CAUTION

Be sure hammer is uncocked and firing pin block lever is in the down position. If the

hammer is cocked, carefully and manually lower the hammer.

Do not pull trigger while placing the slide onto the receiver.

Before reassembly ensure that decocking/safety lever is in the SAFE (down)

position.

5. Grasp the slide and barrel assembly, sights (8) up, and align the slide (9) onto the receiver assembly guide rails (10).

6. Push until the rear of the slide (9) is a short distance beyond the rear of the receiver assembly (11) and hold. At the same time, rotate the disassembly latch lever (12) upward. A click indicates a positive lock.

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1. Place the safety lever in SAFE position.

2. Insert the empty magazine into the magazine well.

3. Retract the slide fully, then release it. The slide should lock to the rear.

4. Depress the slide stop and allow the slide to return fully forward. At the same time, the hammer should fall to the full forward position.

5. Squeeze and release the trigger. The firing pin block should move up and down. The hammer should not move.

Perform operational checks in correct sequence (10 steps) and determine whether the M9 pistol will function correctly or not.

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CONTINUED:

6. Place the safety lever in the FIRE position.

7. To check the double action, squeeze the trigger. The hammer should cock and fall.

8. Squeeze the trigger again, and hold it to the rear. While holding the trigger to the rear, manually retract and release the slide. Release the trigger. You should hear a click, but the hammer should not fall.

9. To check the single action, squeeze the trigger. The hammer should fall.

10. If the pistol functions as indicated during the checks, it is operational.

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1. Hold the magazine (1) in one hand. With the other hand place a cartridge (2) on the follower (3) in front of the lips (4). Press down and slide the cartridge completely back under the lips.

2. Repeat step 1 above until the magazine is fully loaded (15 cartridges). Holes (5) on the back side of the magazine allow for visual counting of the cartridges.

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1. Insert the magazine (1) into the magazine well (2) of the pistol until a click of the magazine catch is heard. This will ensure proper catch engagement.

2. With the pistol pointing in a safe direction, grasp the serrated portion of the slide and retract the slide to the rear. Releasing the slide will strip a cartridge from the magazine and chamber it.

NOTE

The decocking/safety lever should be in the down position which indicates the pistol is in a

safe condition before loading.

WARNING

The Pistol Is NOW Loaded !

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• Refer to Chapter 3 of the Operator’s Manual for Troubleshooting Procedures Table.

• The table lists the common malfunctions which you may find during the operation or maintenance of the rifle. You should perform the tests/inspections and corrective actions in the order listed.

• The manual cannot list all malfunctions that may occur, nor all tests or inspections and corrective actions. If a malfunction is not listed or is not corrected by listed corrective actions, notify organizational maintenance.

Lists Malfunction Category directly under this heading.

Lists suggestions to correct malfunctions.Lists actions you (user) must verify or perform.

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• A stoppage is a failure of an automatic or semiautomatic firearm to complete the cycle of operation. The firer can apply immediate or remedial action to clear the stoppage. Some stoppages cannot be cleared by immediate or remedial action and may require weapon repair to correct the problem.

• Immediate Action: Immediate action involves quickly applying a possible correction to reduce a stoppage without performing troubleshooting procedures to determine the actual cause.

• Remedial Action: Remedial action is the continuing effort to determine the cause fora stoppage or malfunction and to try to clear the stoppage once it has been identified.

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When the slide is fully forward and the pistol fails to fire, apply immediate action as follows:

(1) Ensure the safety lever is in FIRE position.

(2) Squeeze the trigger again.

(3) If the pistol does not fire, ensure that the magazine is fully seated, retract the slide to the rear, and release.

(4) Squeeze the trigger.

(5) If the pistol still does not fire, remove the magazine and retract the slide to eject the chambered cartridge. Insert a new magazine, retract the slide, and release to chamber another cartridge.

(6) Squeeze the trigger.

(7) If the pistol does not fire, replace the ammunition.

(8) If the pistol fails to fire again, clear the pistol and perform remedial action.

When the slide is not fully seated forward, remove finger from the trigger. With the other hand, try to push the slide fully forward. If the slide will not move forward, proceed as follows:

(1) Place safety lever in SAFE position.

(2) Remove the magazine.

(3) Grasp the slide and retract it to the rear, locking it with the slide stop.

(4) Inspect the chamber and remove any obstructions.

(5) Insert another loaded magazine into the pistol.

(6) Release the slide.

(7) Place the safety lever in the FIRE position, aim, and squeeze the trigger.

(8) If pistol does not fire, clear the pistol and perform remedial action.

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Step 1 - Ensure the pistol is clear.

Step 2 - Disassemble the pistol and inspect for dirty, corroded, missing, or damaged parts.

Step 3 - Clean dirty or corroded parts. Replace missing or damaged parts.

Step 4 - Lubricate and assemble the pistol.

Step 5 - Inspect magazine for damaged parts. Replace magazine if necessary.

Step 6 - Check for dirty or damaged ammunition. Clean or replace ammunition.

Step 7 - Perform a function check.

Step 8 - Load the pistol and try to fire.

Step 9 - If the pistol does not fire, clear the pistol and notify your supervisor.

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INTRODUCTION TO PISTOL MARKSMANSHIP

ACTION: Perform a function check on an M9 pistol.CONDITIONS: Given an M9 pistol with a magazine.STANDARDS: Perform operational checks in correct sequence and determine whether the M9 pistol will function correctly or not.

ACTION: Load and unload an M9 pistol magazine.CONDITIONS: Given a 15-round magazine and five rounds of dummy ammunition.STANDARDS: Load and unload the magazine properly.

ACTION: Load an M9 pistol.CONDITIONS: Given an M9 pistol with a magazine loaded with ammunition.STANDARDS: Load the weapon in such a manner that proper chambering of a roundis accomplished.

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INTRODUCTION TO BASIC RIFLE MARKSMANSHIP (Cont’d)

ACTION: Unload an M9 pistol.CONDITIONS: Given a loaded M9 pistol.STANDARDS: Clear the pistol in such a manner that no ammunition remains in thepistol, and the pistol is on safe.

ACTION: Correct malfunction of an M9 pistol.CONDITIONS: Given an M9 pistol that has a malfunction.STANDARDS: Eliminate the malfunction using immediate action procedures.

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The main use of the pistol is to engage an enemy at close ranges with quick, accurate fire. Accurate shooting results from knowing and correctly applying the elements of marksmanship. The elements of combat pistol marksmanship are:

• Grip

• Aiming

• Breath Control

• Trigger Squeeze

• Target Engagement

• Positions

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A proper grip is one of the most important fundamentals of quick fire. The weapon must become an extension of the hand and arm; it should replace the finger in pointing at an object. The firer must apply a firm, uniform grip to the weapon.

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Hold the weapon in the nonfiring hand; form a V with the thumb and forefinger of the strong hand (firing hand). Place the weapon in the V with the front and rear sights in line with the firing arm. Wrap the lower three fingers around the pistol grip, putting equal pressure with all three fingers to the rear. Allow the thumb of the firing hand to rest alongside the weapon without pressure. Grip the weapon tightly until the hand begins to tremble; relax until the trembling stops. At this point, the necessary pressure for a proper grip has been applied. Place the trigger finger on the trigger between the tip and second joint so that it can be squeezed to the rear. The trigger finger must work independently of the remaining fingers.

NOTE: If any of the three fingers on the grip are relaxed, the grip

must be reapplied.

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The two-hand grip allows the firer to steady the firing hand and provide maximum support during firing. The nonfiring hand becomes a support mechanism for the firing hand by wrapping the fingers of the nonfiring hand around the firing hand. Two-hand grips are recommended for all pistol firing.

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Grip the weapon as with the one-hand grip. Firmly close the fingers of the nonfiring hand over the fingers of the firing hand, ensuring that the index finger from the nonfiring hand is between the middle finger of the firing hand and the trigger guard. Place the nonfiring thumb alongside the firing thumb.

NOTE:

Depending upon the individual firer, he may chose to place the index finger of his nonfiring hand on the front of the trigger guard since M9 and M11 pistols have a recurved trigger guard designed for this

purpose.

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This grip is commonly called the cup and saucer grip. Grip the firing hand as with the one-hand grip. Place the nonfiring hand under the firing hand, wrapping the nonfiring fingers around the back of the firing hand. Place the nonfiringthumb over the middle finger of the firing hand.

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Apply this grip the same as the fist grip. The only exception is that the nonfiring thumb is wrapped over the firing thumb.

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The firer raises his arms to a firing position and applies isometric tension. This is commonly known as the push-pull method for maintaining weapon stability. Isometric tension is when the firer applies forward pressure with the firing hand and pulls rearward with the nonfiring hand with equal pressure. This creates an isometric force but never so much to cause the firer to tremble. This steadies the weapon and reduces barrel rise from recoil. The supporting arm is bent with the elbow pulled downward. The firing arm is fully extended with the elbow and wrist locked. The firer must experiment to find the right amount of isometric tension to apply.

NOTE: The firing hand should exert the same pressure as the nonfiring hand. If it does not, a missed target could result.

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The firer should check his grip for use of his natural point of aim. He grips the weapon and sights properly on a distant target. While maintaining his grip and stance, he closes his eyes for three to five seconds. He then opens his eyes and checks for proper sight picture. If the point of aim is disturbed, the firer adjusts his stance to compensate. If the sight alignment is disturbed, the firer adjusts his grip to compensate by removing the weapon from his hand and reapplying the grip. The firer repeats this process until the sight alignment and sight placement remain almost the same when he opens his eyes. With sufficient practice, this enables the firer to determine and use his natural point of aim, which is the most relaxed position for holding and firing the weapon.

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- Aiming is sight alignment and sight placement -

Sight alignment is the centering of the front blade in the rear sight notch. The top of the front sight is level with the top of the rear sight and is in correct alignment with the eye. For correct sight alignment, the firer must center the front sight in the rear sight. He raises or lowers the top of the front sight so it is level with the top of the rear sight. Sight alignment is essential for accuracy because of the short sight radius of the pistol. For example, if a 1/10-inch error is made in aligning the front sight in the rear sight, the firer's bullet will miss the point of aim by about 15 inches at a range of 25 meters. The 1/10-inch error in sight alignment magnifies as the range increases--at 25 meters, it is magnified 150 times.

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Sight placement is the positioning of the weapon's sights in relation to the target as seen by the firer when he aims the weapon. A correct sight picture consists of correct sight alignment with the front sight placed center mass of the target. The eye can focus on only one object at a time at different distances. Therefore, the last focus of the eye is always on the front sight. When the front sight is seen clearly, the rear sight and target will appear hazy. The firer can maintain correct sight alignment only through focusing on the front sight. His bullet will hit the target even if the sight picture is partly off center but still remains on the target. Therefore, sight alignment is more important than sight placement. Since it is impossible to hold the weapon completely still, the firer must apply trigger squeeze and maintain correct sight alignment while the weapon is moving in and around the center of the target. This natural movement of the weapon is referred to as wobble area. The firer must strive to control the limits of the wobble area through proper grip, breath control, trigger squeeze, and positioning.

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Focusing on the front sight while applying proper trigger squeeze will help the firer resist the urge to jerk the trigger and anticipate the moment the weapon will fire. Mastery of trigger squeeze and sight alignment requires practice. Trainers should use concurrent training stations or have fire ranges to enhance proficiency of marksmanship skills.

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When firing a pistol under NBC conditions, the firer should use optical inserts, if applicable. Firing in MOPP levels 1 through 3 should not be a problem for the firer. Unlike wearing a protective mask while firing a rifle, the firer's sight picture will be acquired the same as without a protective mask. MOPP4 is the only level that may present a problem for a firer since gloves are worn. Gloves may require the firer to adjust his grip to attain a proper grip and proper trigger squeeze. Firers should practice firing in MOPP4 to become proficient in NBC firing.

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Poor visibility firing with any weapon is difficult since shadows can be misleading to the soldier. This is mainly true during EENT and EMNT (a half hour before dark and a half hour before dawn). Even though the pistol is a short-range weapon, the hours of darkness and poor visibility further decrease its effect. To compensate, the soldier must use the three principles of night vision.

Dark Adaptation. This process conditions the eyes to see during poor visibility conditions. The eyes usually need about 30 minutes to become 98-percent adapted in a totally darkened area.

Off-Center Vision. When looking at an object in daylight, a person looks directly at it. However, at night he would see the object only for a few seconds. To see an object in darkness, he must concentrate on it while looking 6 to 10 degrees away from it.

Scanning. This is the short, abrupt, irregular movement of the firer's eyes around an object or area every 4 to 10 seconds. When artificial illumination is used, the firer uses night fire techniques to engage targets, since targets seem to shift without moving.

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To attain accuracy, the firer must learn to hold his breath properly at any time during the breathing cycle. This must be done while aiming and squeezing the trigger. While the procedure is simple, it requires explanation, demonstration, and supervised practice. To hold his breath properly, the firer takes a breath, lets it out, then inhales normally, lets a little out until comfortable, holds, and then fires. It is difficult to maintain a steady position keeping the front sight at a precise aiming point while breathing. Therefore, the firer should be taught to inhale, then exhale normally, and hold his breath at the moment of the natural respiratory pause (Figure 2-6). Breath control, firing at a single target.) The shot must then be fired before he feels any discomfort from not breathing. When multiple targets are presented, the firer must learn to hold his breath at any part of the breathing cycle (Figure 2-7). Breath control must be practiced during dry-fire exercises until it becomes a natural part of the firing process.

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Improper trigger squeeze causes more misses than any other step of preparatory marksmanship. Poor shooting is caused by the aim being disturbed before the bullet leaves the barrel of the weapon. This is usually the result of the firer jerking the trigger or flinching. A slight off-center pressure of the trigger finger on the trigger can cause the weapon to move and disturb the firer's sight alignment. Flinching is an automatic human reflex caused by anticipating the recoil of the weapon. Jerking is an effort to fire the weapon at the precise time the sights align with the target.

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Trigger squeeze is the independent movement of the trigger finger in applying increasing pressure on the trigger straight to the rear, without disturbing the sight alignment until the weapon fires. The trigger slack, or free play, is taken up first, and the squeeze is continued steadily until the hammer falls. If the trigger is squeezed properly, the firer will not know exactly when the hammer will fall; thus, he will not tend to flinch or heel, resulting in a bad shot. Novice firers must be trained to overcome the urge to anticipate recoil. Proper application of the fundamentals will lower this tendency.

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To apply correct trigger squeeze, the trigger finger should contact the trigger between the tip of the finger and the second joint (without touching the weapon anywhere else). Where contact is made depends on the length of the firer's trigger finger. If pressure from the trigger finger is applied to the right side of the trigger or weapon, the strike of the bullet will be to the left. This is due to the normal hinge action of the fingers. When the fingers on the right hand are closed, as in gripping, they hinge or pivot to the left, thereby applying pressure to the left (with left-handed firers, this action is to the right). The firer must not apply pressure left or right but should increase finger pressure straight to the rear. Only the trigger finger should perform this action. Dry-fire training improves a firer's ability to move the trigger finger straight to the rear without cramping or increasing pressure on the hand grip.

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Follow-through is the continued effort of the firer to maintain sight alignment before, during, and after the round has fired. The firer must continue the rearward movement of the finger even after the round has been fired. Releasing the trigger too soon after the round has been fired results in an uncontrolled shot, causing a missed target.

(1) The firer who is a good shot holds the sights of the weapon as nearly on the target center as possible and continues to squeeze the trigger with increasing pressure until the weapon fires.

(2) The soldier who is a bad shot tries to "catch his target" as his sight alignment moves past the target and fires the weapon at that instant. This is called ambushing, which causes trigger jerk.

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NOTE:

The trigger squeeze of the pistol, when fired in the single-action mode, is 5.50 pounds; when fired in double-action mode, it is 12.33 pounds. The firer

must be aware of the mode in which he is firing. He must also practice squeezing the trigger in each

mode to develop expertise in both single-action and double action target engagements.

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To engage a single target, the firer applies the method discussed in trigger squeeze. When engaging multiple targets in combat, he engages the closest and most dangerous multiple target first and fires at it with two rounds. This is called controlled pairs. The firer then traverses and acquires the next target, aligns the sights in the center of mass, focuses on the front sight, applies trigger squeeze, and fires. He ensures his firing arm elbow and wrist are locked during all engagements. If he has missed the first target and has fired upon the second target, he shifts back to the first and engages it. Some problems in target engagement are:

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Recoil Anticipation. When a soldier first learns to shoot, he may begin to anticipate recoil. This reaction may cause him to tighten his muscles during or just before the hammer falls. He may fight the recoil by pushing the weapon downward in anticipating or reacting to its firing. In either case, the rounds will not hit the point of aim. A good method to show the firer that he is anticipating the recoil is the ball-and-dummy method.

Trigger Jerk. Trigger jerk occurs when the soldier sees that he has acquired a good sight picture at center mass and "snaps" off a round before the good sight picture is lost. This may become a problem, especially when the soldier is learning to use a flash sight picture.

Heeling. Heeling is caused by a firer tightening the large muscle in the heel of the hand to keep from jerking the trigger. A firer who has had problems with jerking the trigger tries to correct the fault by tightening the bottom of the hand, which results in a heeled shot. Heeling causes the strike of the bullet to hit high on the firing hand side of the target. The firer can correct shooting errors by knowing and applying correct trigger squeeze.

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The qualification course is fired from a standing, kneeling, or crouch position. During qualification and combat firing, soldiers must practice all of the firing positions so they become natural movements. Though these positions seem natural, practice sessions must be conducted to ensure the habitual attainment of correct firing positions. Practice in assuming correct firing positions ensures that soldiers can quickly assume these positions without a conscious effort. Pistol marksmanship requires a soldier to rapidly apply all the fundamentals at dangerously close targets while under stress. Assuming a proper position to allow for a steady aim is critical to survival.

NOTE:

During combat, there may not be time for a soldier to assume a position that will allow him to establish his natural point of aim. Firing from a covered

position may require the soldier to adapt his shooting stance to available cover.

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In the pistol-ready position, hold the weapon in the one hand grip. Hold the upper arm close to the body and the forearm at about a 45-degree angle. Point the weapon toward target center as you move forward

M9 PistolFace the target.

Place feet a comfortable distance apart, about shoulder width. Extend the firing arm and attain a two hand grip. The wrist and elbow of the firing arm are locked and pointed toward target center. Keep the body straight with the shoulders slightly forward of the buttocks.

M9 PistolIn the kneeling position,

ground only your firing-side knee as the main support. Vertically place your firing-side foot, used as the main support, under your buttocks. Rest your body weight on the heel and toes. Rest your non-firing arm just above the elbow on the knee not used as the main body support. Use the two-handed grip for firing. Extend the firing arm, and lock the firing-arm elbow and wrist to ensure solid arm control.

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Use the crouch position when surprise targets are engaged at close range. Place the body in a forward crouch (boxer's stance) with the knees bent slightly and trunk bent forward from the hips to give faster recovery from recoil. Place the feet naturally in a position that allows another step toward the target. Extend the weapon straight toward the target, and lock the wrist and elbow of the firing arm. It is important to consistently train with this position, since the body will automatically crouch under conditions of stress such as combat. It is also a faster position from which to change direction of fire.

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Lie flat on the ground, facing the target. Extend your arms in front with the firing arm locked. (Your arms may have to be slightly unlocked for firing at high targets.) Rest the butt of the weapon on the ground for single, well-aimed shots. Wrap the fingers of the nonfiring hand around the fingers of the firing hand. Face forward. Keep your head down between your arms and behind the weapon as much as possible.

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Use available cover for support -- for example, a tree or wall to stand behind. Stand behind a barricade with the firing side on line with the edge of the barricade. Place the knuckles of the non-firing fist at eye level against the edge of the barricade. Lock the elbow and wrist of the firing arm. Move the foot on the non-firing side forward until the toe of the boot touches the bottom of the barricade.

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Use available cover for support -- for example, use a low wall, rocks, or vehicle. Place your firing-side knee on the ground. Bend the other knee and place the foot (non-firing side) flat on the ground, pointing toward the target. Extend arms alongside and brace them against available cover. Lock the wrist and elbow of your firing arm. Place the non-firing hand around the fist to support the firing arm. Rest the non-firing arm just above the elbow on the non-firing-side knee.

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This exercise assists the coach and the firer in determining which eye the firer should use when engaging targets. The firer’s dominant eye should be identified early in the training process to prevent unnecessary problems such as a blurred sight picture or the inability to acquire a tight shot group during the grouping exercise.

(a) Cut a 1-inch circular hole in the center of an 8- by 10-inch piece of material (can be anything from paper to plywood).

(b) The trainer positions himself approximately 5 feet in front of the soldier. The trainer closes his nondominant eye and holds his finger up in front of and just below his dominant eye to provide the soldier with an aiming point.

(c) The soldier holds the training aid with both hands at waist level and looks with both eyes open at the trainer’s open eye. With both eyes focused on the trainer’s open eye and arms fully extended, the soldier brings the training aid up between himself and the trainer while continuing to look at the trainer’s eye through the hole in the training aid. The soldier’s eye the trainer sees through the hole in the training aid is the soldier’s dominant eye.

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The engagement skills trainer (EST) 2000 supports realistic and comprehensive “gated” rifle marksmanship instruction, identifies soldiers needs by requiring them to satisfy gate requirements in order to progress, and, when needed, facilitates remedial training prior to qualification. The EST 2000 is designed to be used primarily as aunit/institutional, indoor, multipurpose, multilane, small-arms, crew-served, and individual antitank training simulator to:

• Train and evaluate individual marksmanship training for initial entry soldiers(BCT/OSUT).• Provide Active and Reserve Component unit sustainment training in preparationfor qualification on individual and crew small arms live-fire weapons.• Provide unit collective tactical training for static dismounted infantry, scout,engineer, military police squads, and combat support/combat service support(CS/CSS) elements.

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Refer to Chapter 2, FM 3-23.35 for additional Marksmanship Training Devices

and Exercises.

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Tasks:

• Engage Single and Multiple Targets (Instructional Fire) – Simulations (EST 2000)


• M9

• Combat Pistol Qualification Course

• NBC Fire

• Night Fire

Pistol Marksmanship Fundamentals

INSTRUCTIONAL FIRE

ACTION: Detect and engage timed targets with the M9 pistol.

CONDITIONS: Day, given an M9 pistol on an EST 2000 and 30timed target exposures. Engage single and multiple targets from a standing unsupported firing position while wearing a Kevlar helmet, LCE/LBV, and Body Armor.

STANDARDS: With assistance from a coach, the soldier detects and engages targetswith the M9 pistol, and achieves a minimum of 16 target hits out of 30 target exposures.

COMBAT PISTOL QUALIFICATION COURSE

ACTION: Detect and engage timed targets with the M9 pistol.

CONDITIONS: Day, given an M9 pistol, 40 rounds of 9mm Ball ammunition, and 30 timed target exposures. Engage single and multiple targets from a standing unsupported firing position while wearing a Kevlar helmet, LCE/LBV, and Body Armor.

STANDARDS: Without assistance, the soldier detects and engages targets with the M9 pistol, and achieves a minimum of 16 target hits out of 30 target exposures.


Course Information

The CPQC requires the soldier to engage single and multiple targets at various ranges using the fundamentals of quick fire. It is the final test of a soldier's proficiency and the basis for his marksmanship classification.

For each table of the CPQC, the firer is afforded extra rounds to reengage targetsthat are missed. During the course, 30 targets are exposed to the firer. However, 40rounds of ammunition are issued with which to engage the exposed targets. A soldierwho can reengage a target with an extra round during the exposure time is just aseffective as one who hits the target with one round. The firer is not penalized for using ornot using the extra ammunition. All excess ammunition is turned in after the completionof each table and may not be used during subsequent tables.



Course Information

Three magazine changes are required when firing the CPQC, once in Table II and twice in Table V. For safety purposes, one magazine containing one round of ammunition and is loaded first in both Tables II and V. A target appears in front of the firer, and he engages it. Eight seconds later, another target appears. During the eight-second delay, the firer must reload the weapon and be prepared to engage the next exposed target. There are no commands from range personnel or coaches for the magazine change. If the firer fails to reload his pistol in time to engage the next target, it is scored as a miss. This exercise teaches the soldier to change his magazine quickly and safely by instinct under pressure. In Table V, however, a second magazine change is done in accordance with commands from the control tower.

NOTE:

When firing the 9-mm pistol, the firer uses double-action mode for the first

round in all tables.


Course Information

The range to exposed targets does not exceed 31 meters from the firer.

Daylight target exposure times are as follows:

Tables I, II, and III Tables IV and V

Single targets: 3 seconds 2 seconds

Multiple targets: 5 seconds 4 seconds

Night and NBC target exposure time is 10 seconds for each target.


ALIBIS

Alibis are fired at the completion of each table from the position where the alibi occurred. Fire commands that apply to the table are used to fire an alibi. If a malfunction of weapon or targets occurs during firing from stationary positions, the firer reports the malfunction, and keeps his weapon pointed up and downrange. Should the malfunction occur during Table V, the firer keeps his weapon pointed up and downrange. He continues to move forward, keeping aligned with the firers to his right and left.


RULES

Rules governing firing the CPQC are as follows:

a. Coaching is not allowed during record firing. No person may give or try to give help while the firer is taking his position or after he has taken his position at the firing point. Each firer must observe the location of the target in his own lane. During the instructional firing, the coach and assistant instructors should assist the firer in correcting errors.

b. Accidental Discharges. All shots fired by the firer are scored after he has taken his place on the firing lane. Even if the weapon is not directed toward a target or is accidentally discharged, a replacement round is not issued.

c. Firing on the Wrong Target. Shots fired on the wrong target are entered as a miss on the firing scorecard. A firer is credited only with hits he attains in his own firing lane.


RULES (Continued)

d. Firing After the Signal to Lower Targets. Any shots that are fired by the firer after the target starts to lower are scored as a miss.

e. More than One Shot Fired at an E-Type Silhouette Target. The firer is credited with a hit if the hit is made during the target exposure time. The number of rounds fired to obtain the hit is immaterial.

f. Excess Ammunition at the End of a Firing Table. Excess ammunition from each table is turned in to the ammunition point and not used by the firer for subsequent tables.

g. Target Sequence. The target sequence is decided by the tower operator but is the same for all lanes. This prevents firers from getting ahead of other firers in adjoining lanes. Target sequence will vary in distance from the firer, starting with 31 meters and allowing no more than two 7-meter targets.


FIRING THE CPQC

Tables I thru V comprise the Combat Pistol Qualification Course. The standing firing position is used throughout the qualification.

Table I

One magazine with seven rounds, and five targets exposed. The standing position is assumed at the firing line with the weapon held at the ready position. Only single targets are exposed to the firer in this table. The tower operator decides the target sequence.


FIRING THE CPQC (Continued)

Table II

One magazine with one round, one magazine with seven rounds, and six targets exposed. The firer assumes the same position on the firing line as in Table I. There are four single targets and one set of multiple targets exposed to the firer.

(1) The magazine with one round is loaded into the weapon -- one target is then exposed to the firer.

(2) After firing the pistol, the firer must change magazines at once. Three seconds after the target appears, the target is lowered if not hit.

(3) Eight seconds later, another target appears. Again, the firer must engage this target in the required time or it is scored a miss.



Table III

One magazine with seven rounds is loaded. Five targets (three single and one set of multiple targets) are exposed, and each is fired following the firer's rotation to another firing point.

Table IV

One magazine with five rounds is loaded. Four targets are exposed starting with the same position used in the previous tables. Two single targets and one set of multiple targets are exposed to the firer.



Table V

One magazine with one round, one magazine with seven rounds, and one magazine with five rounds are loaded. Ten targets are exposed. The firer begins 10 meters behind the firing line in the middle of the trail.

(1) The magazine containing one round is loaded into the pistol. The firer places the magazine containing seven rounds in his magazine pouch where it is closest to the firing hand. The magazine containing five rounds is placed in the magazine pouch farthest from the firing hand.

(2) When the firer reaches the firing line, a single target is exposed for two seconds, then lowered if not hit. There is an eight-second delay to allow the firer to change magazines. The seven-round magazine should be loaded at this time.

(3) At the end of eight seconds, another single target is exposed to the firer. Again, should the firer not have loaded his second magazine in time to engage this target, it is scored a miss.



Table V (Continued)

(4) When the tower operator is sure that the firing line has completed the magazine change, he gives the command MOVE OUT. He then sequentially exposes two multiple targets at various ranges from the firer.

(5) After exposure of two sets of multiple targets, the pistol is reloaded with the five round magazine. The command MOVE OUT is given, and the remaining targets are presented to the firer in sequence. After the last targets are hit or lowered, the weapon is cleared.

(6) The firer, holding the weapon in the raised pistol position with the slide to the rear, returns to the starting point and places the weapon on the stand. Excess ammunition is turned in to the ammunition point. The next order moves to the firing line.


NBC FIRE

Table VI (Same as Table III Scenario)

One magazine with seven rounds is loaded. Five targets (three single and one set of multiple targets) are exposed, and each is fired following the firer's rotation to another firing point.

NIGHT FIRE

Table VII (Same as Table IV Scenario)

One magazine with five rounds is loaded. Four targets are exposed starting with the same position used in the previous tables. Two single targets and one set of multiple targets are exposed to the firer.


SCORING AND QUALIFICATION:

Each time a target is hit or killed, an X is placed in the column labeledHIT’s. The value of a hit is 10 points. Upon completion of firing the CPQC, the scorer totals and signs the scorecard. Qualification standards are listed below:

Expert: 260 to 300 (26-30 Target Hits)Sharpshooter: 210 to 250 (21-25 Target Hits)Marksman: 160 to 200 (16-20 Target Hits)Unqualified: Below 160 (15 or Less Target Hits)

NBC and night firing are on a GO/NO-GO scoring system and recorded in the remarks column.

Night: 1 Hit out of 5 Presented Targets = GONBC: 1 Hit out of 4 Presented Targets = GO


NBC FIRE

ACTION: Detect and engage timed targets with the M9 pistol while wearing assigned M40/M42-series protective mask.

CONDITIONS: Day, given an M9 pistol on a record fire range, 5 timed target single & multiple target exposures, and 7 rounds of ammunition. Engage 5 targets, with one seven round magazine, from the standing unsupported firing position while in MOPP 4 and wearing a Kevlar helmet, LCE/LBV, and Body Armor.

STANDARDS: Without assistance, the soldier detects and engages targets with the M9 pistol, and achieves a minimum of 1 target hit out of 5 target exposures.


Execute Table VI (NBC Fire) IAW

Table III (CPQC).

Record Number of Hits and GO/NO-GO

Information in the Remarks Block.


NIGHT FIRE

ACTION: Detect and engage timed targets with the M9 pistol without the aid of any night vision devices.

CONDITIONS: Night, given an M9 pistol on a record fire range, 4 timed target exposures, and 5 rounds of ball ammunition. Engage four targets, with one 5-round magazine, from the standing unsupported firing position while wearing Kevlar helmet, LCE/LBV, and Body Armor.

STANDARDS: Without assistance, the soldier detects and engages targets with the M9 pistol, and achieves a minimum of 1 target hit out of 4 target exposures.



Execute Table VII (Night Fire) IAW Table IV (CPQC).

Record Number of Hits and GO/NO-GO

Information in the Remarks Block.


EVENT BALL

• Instructional Fire NOTE 1


• Tbl I – V 40

• NBC Fire (Tbl VI) 7

• Night Fire (Tbl VII) 5

NOTE 1 – Conducted on EST 2000.

Per Weapon Totals: 52

M9 Pistol

Tasks:



• Disassembly


• Assembly

• Function Check


• Weapon Loading & Unloading


• Fundamentals of Pistol Marksmanship (Grip, Aiming, Breath Control, Trigger Squeeze, Target Engagement, and Positions)

Summary

Summary

Tasks:

• Engage Single and Multiple Targets (Instructional Fire) – Simulations (EST 2000)


• M9


• NBC Fire

• Night Fire

Questions

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