Presentation Andrew's Kirk

8/18/2019 Presentation Andrew's Kirk

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ST.ANDREW’S KIRK ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION ASSIGNMENT


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CONTENTS

1. Introduction

2. Historical Background

3. Physical Condition - Present

4. Conservation Strategy

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1 INTRODUCTION• Location• Description

• Details

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Location

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Fig-1: Location of St Andrew’s Kirk today


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Description

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St. Andrew’s Church know in Chennai as ‘The Kirk’ stands very near to the two main RailwayStations in the center of the city. Its tall spire canbe seen from great distances and it used be alocal landmark for the thousands of commuters

coming into Egmore Station every day. Manyvisitor’s come to St. Andrew’s either to worship oras tourists.

The Kirk is a legacy of the British Raj in India. It wasbuilt by the then British Government at a cost of20,000 pounds in the year 1821 and it still remainsas one of the finest examples of GeorgianChurch architecture in Asia. It stands in a good

state of preservation and continues to be wellmaintained.

Fig-2: South-west View of the Church


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Details

ST.ANDREW’S KIRK……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6

Name : St. Andrew’s Kirk

LOCATIONAddress : No: 37, Poonamallee High Road,

Egmore, Chennai, Tamil Nadu - IndiaPIN – 600 008Approach : It is mainly accessed by thePoonamalle High road

Age: Built in 1821(194 years old)

OWNERSHIP

- Public- ProtectedOwner : Kirk SessionThe KIRK SESSION is a body of duly Dedicated,Ordained and commissioned Elders and is astatutory body recognized as an ecclesiasticaland legal entity by the parliament, vide KirkSession Act XXIII of 1899

Usage : Scottish Presbyterian Church

Condition : Good

Grade:CMDA Heritage list- Grade IINTACH rating-

Fig-3: Aerial view from east side of the Church


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ST.ANDREW’S KIRK……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7

2 HISTORY• Historical Background• Historical Significance

• Architecture Style

• Architectural Design

• Architectural Features


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Historical Background

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THE NEED FOR ST. ANDREW'S KIRK

The growth of Madras was continuous andrapid as trade and wealth expanded andwith it the political power of the English.Village after village integrated with the townthat grew out of Fort St. George. As moresettlers came in, more churches were built, StMary's at the Fort St. George's Cathedral in1815 and St. Mathias Church in 1827. The EastIndia Company saw many Scotsmen in theranks and thus the need was felt for the Kirk-the Scottish name for a church.

SITE LOCATIONThe site chosen on the basis of economy wasin many respects unfavorable, the land beinga marshland on the banks of the Chintadripetriver. But its advantages were its proximity to

the Esplanade and the garrison at Fort St.George.

And so began in 1818 the work of building theKirk, dutifully conceived by Major Thomas Fordde Havilland and executed by Colonel JamesCaldwell.

St. Andrew’s Kirk

FortSt. George

Fig-4: Expansion Map of Madras showing St.Andrew’s Kirk w.r.t Fort St. George


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Historical Significance

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Fig-5: St Martin-in-the-Fields,Trafalgar Square,

London

Fig-6: St.Andrew’s Kirk, Egmore,Chennai

St Andrew’s Kirk was modeled after the St Martin-in-the-Fields, Trafalgar Square, London.The objective for the Kirk was to combine strength and permanency with lightness and neatness


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Architectural Style

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ARCHITECT: Lt. Grand and later Major

Thomas Ford de Havilland

ENGINEER: Col. James Caldwell

ARCHITECTURAL STYLE : GeorgianPalladian

During the Colonial era the prevailingarchitecture was English Georgian,which was founded securely on thework of the late Italian Renaissancearchitect Andrea Palladio, asinterpreted by Indigo Jones and

subsequent English architects. In churchbuilding, the translation of Palladio'sinfluence came through the designs ofChristopher Wren and James Gibbs.

Tall Steeple

ClassicalPortico

PalladianWindows

WhiteExteriors

Symmetry

Grecian Facade

Fig-7: Major Features of Georgian-Palladian Style Architecture


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ST.ANDREW’S KIRK……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11

Architectural Design

1. Portico

2. Tower3. Vestry4. Nave5. Pulpit6. Altar7. Sanctuary8. Bell Tower9.Clock Tower

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The order is Iconic, after a Roman pattern withelaborate ornamentation. Details such as cofferedceiling in the portico, the acanthus fillings in thecapitals and the fret ornaments on the frieze areparticularly striking. The interior is magnificent. Thecolumns supporting the dome stand on achequered black and white floor.

Fig-8: Plan of St.Andrew’s Kirk

Fig-9: Section of St.Andrew’s Kirk

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5

6 7

8

9

420

155


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GL

8m

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Architectural Features – Foundation Fig-10: Plan of the 150 Brick and Pottery Wells on which St. Andrew’s is built

Fig-10: Foundation Plan of St.Andrew’s Kirk

Fig-11: Section of the Foundation of St.Andrew’s Kirk


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Architectural Features – Dome

Fig-12: 1- The visualization of the interior Dome by the architect

2- Section of the Dome 3- Interior of the Dome today

Fig-10: Plan of the 150 Brick and Pottery Wells on which St. Andrew’s is built

3


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ST.ANDREW’S KIRK……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14

Architectural Features – Steeple Fig-10: Plan of the 150 Brick and Pottery Wells on which St. Andrew’s is built

Fig-13: 1- The tall steeple as seen during 50’s 2 - The steeple with the spire seen today

3 – Section through the steeple

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Buildings Materials

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Walls: Brick

Dome: Brick

1. Walls:-Brick with lime plaster

2. Floor:Marble

3. Dome:Brick, plastered with mud.Canopy of heaven-stucco of the domecolored with lapis lazuli. A rod of iron- one inch in diameter is

inserted into the columns and domes.

4. Columns:- Architrave and Frieze: Stone-Cornice (above architrave): Brick-12 Supporting Columns- Iron Stone (itcan resist pressure three times thepressure of brick)-4 Main columns: Granite Stone

-Capital: Granite (Reason- Volutes areheavy, which would easily break offbecause of their own weight.)

5. Staircase:Exterior: GranitieInterior Front: Teakwood (Rail- Teakwood)Interior Back: Brick (Rail- Wood)


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Restoration History

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RESTORATION- A BRIEF HISTORY

The Church was largely untouched during thefirst half of the 20th century.

During the 1950’s the Church was electrified,And wooden structure was added for fans,lights, sound system in the nave. Previouslyduring the British Period punkah’s were used for

air circulation.

Just about 10 years ago major restoration workwas carried out where painting and plasteringwork was den, structural supports for dome wasadded, and tar sheets was added on theexposed terrace floor for moisture resistant.Storm water drains were added in the steeple.

Grade:CMDA Heritage list- Grade IINTACH rating-

Fig-13: 1- The tall steeple as seen in 2006


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Restoration Timeline

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1818 April 06th Foundation stone of the Church was laid

1821 February 25th The Kirk was Consecrated

1883 Pipe Organ was fixed in the church

1899 September 27th Legal status was granted to the Kirk Session by

the Parliament vide Kirk Session Act XXIII of 1899

1948 March 31st British Ecclesiastical Handed over the Church to the

Session

1951 Church was electrified

1996 February Restoration of Church building Completed

2006 January Beginning of Master Restoration Plan

2013 Listed in the CMDA heritage buildings in Chennai – Phase II

Re-painting begins


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Restoration History

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-Electrification of the Church

During the 1950’s theChurch was electrified,And wooden structurewas added for fans,lights, sound system inthe nave. Previouslyduring the British Periodpunkah’s were used forair circulation.


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Restoration History

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-Structural Stability of the Dome

-Integrating Services

About 10 years ago in 2006, major restoration works was carriedout where the structural stability of the dome was strengthenedby steel supports on the exterior. Tar sheets were applied on theexposed terrace floor to resist moisture seepage.


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Restoration History – Space usage

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Alternate space usage was incorporated to suit modern needs. Pastor’s room andconverted to office and administrative spaces. Along with this, storage in the form of

wooden shelves were added


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3. CONSERVATION STRATEGYEXTERIOR

Gate

Kirk Hall

ChurchBuilding Elements

INTERIOR

Church

Building Elements

Antiquities and Objects

Spaces-Usage

Services Integration

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1. EXTERIOR- Gate

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Entry/ExitGates


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1. EXTERIOR- Gate

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MATERIALS PRESENTCONDITION

CAUSES RESTORATIONHISTORY

Brick with limeplasterGrill- Wrought Iron

1. Discoloration2. Cracks3. Paint chipping

off

PollutionAge and TrafficChanges inMicro-climate

Painting in 2006 and2013


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1. EXTERIOR- Kirk Hall

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UnfinishedKirk Hall


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1. EXTERIOR- Kirk Hall

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MATERIALS PRESENTCONDITION

CAUSES RESTORATIONHISTORY

Brick with limeplasterColumn-Stone

1. Discoloration2. Cracks3. Paint chipping

off4. Bricks falling off5. Material

Deterioration6. Vegetation

Growth

PollutionAge and TrafficChanges inMicro-climateNeglect

No restoration worksdone.


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1. EXTERIOR- Church

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1. ClassicalPortico- Main

Entrance- West

2. Entrance throughthe office

3. North SideEntrance

4. ChurchBackside


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1. EXTERIOR- Church

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1. Classical Portico-Main Entrance- West

2. Entrancethrough the office

3. North SideEntrance

4. ChurchBackside

MATERIALS PRESENT CONDITION CAUSES RESTORATION HISTORY

Brick with limeplaster

1. Discoloration2. Dust Accumulation3. Paint chipping off4. Pigeon Droppings

PollutionAge and TrafficChanges in Micro-climateLandscape growth veryclose to the Church

Master Restoration in2006 and Painting in2006 and 2013


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ST.ANDREW’S KIRK……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 28

1. INTERIOR- ChurchBuilding Elements- Floor

MATERIALS PRESENT CONDITION CAUSES

Marble andGranite

1. Floor Slab- improperinstallation

2. Tile Chipping

Services incorporation

Age and Frequent usage

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ST.ANDREW’S KIRK……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 29

1. INTERIOR- ChurchBuilding Elements- Column

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1. INTERIOR- ChurchBuilding Elements- Ceiling

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1. INTERIOR- ChurchBuilding Elements- Staircase

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1. INTERIOR- ChurchBuilding Elements- Staircase

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1. INTERIOR- ChurchBuilding Elements - Objects

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Conservation Strategy

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Major Issues- Flaking

When carrying out repairs on existing plaster on masonry or making a new layer of plaster on old buildings,there are 5 main principles, which have to be followed:1. All repairs on existing plaster on masonry or new coats of plaster should use an air-lime-mortar, withouthydraulic additives or cement, or, on certain extreme positions, a slightly hydraulic mortar. This goes also forrepairs of old cement-plaster.2. The plaster shall be an exact copy of the existing plaster, regarding roughness, colour, surface-character, traces of the tools etc. The mason has to make a sample for a critical comparison, before thewhole work is started. Certain research-institutes can analyse the old plaster and determine the type of the

binding agents, the sand and other additives.3. Before adding new plaster, the masonry has to be cleaned of dust, dirt and detached parts by brushingand subsequently the surface is watered carefully with plain tap-water.4. Layers of plaster shall be carried out in three coatings or layers:

A: A rough but thin ground layer of air lime mortar 1:3 (or hydraulic lime-mortar 2:1:9, 1:1:6 or 1:2:9 -depending of the deterioration, weak- or hardness of the background masonry) with quite rough gravel,thrown on the masonry, and left fairly uneven.B: After hardening: a 2-3 cm second backing coat with coarse gravel, thrown on and then drawn to aneven layer, and after that allowed to harden for one week.C: Then followed by a very fine finishing layer/coat with fine grained sand, also thrown up and drawn to aneven coating.The thickness of the layers must not be superior to 2 cm, as thicker layers will cause thermal differences andinternal pressure between the interior areas and the area more exposed to the weather conditions, wherethe water evaporation and the quick cooling of the mortar occurs. This favours the retraction effect withinevitable uprising of cracking’s.5. A good and lasting result implies previous, appropriate interventions against structural settings in the

masonry, ascending ground moisture or hygroscopic salts



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Conservation Strategy

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Dust accumulationChemical Cleaners to Remove DirtBoth alkaline and acidic cleaning treatments include the use of water. Both cleaners are also likely to containsurfactants (wetting agents) that facilitate the chemical reaction that removes the dirt. Generally, the masonry iswet first for both types of cleaners, then the chemical cleaner is sprayed on at very low pressure or brushed onto thesurface. The cleaner is left to dwell on the masonry for an amount of time recommended by the productmanufacturer or, preferably, determined by testing, and rinsed off with a low- or moderate-pressure cold, orsometimes hot, water wash.More than one application of the cleaner may be necessary, and it is always a good practice to test the productmanufacturers recommendations concerning dilution rates and dwell times. Because each cleaning situation isunique, dilution rates and dwell times can vary considerably. The masonry surface may be scrubbed lightly withnatural or synthetic bristle brushes prior to rinsing. After rinsing, pH strips should be applied to the surface to ensurethat the masonry has been neutralized completely.Acidic CleanersAcid-based cleaning products may be used on non-acid sensitive masonry, which generally includes: granite, mostsandstone, slate, unglazed brick and unglazed architectural terra cotta, cast stone and concrete. Most commercialacidic cleaners are composed primarily of hydrofluoric acid, and often include some phosphoric acid to prevent

rust-like stains from developing on the masonry after the cleaning. Acid cleaners are applied to the pre-wet masonrywhich should be kept wet while the acid is allowed to "work", and then removed with a water wash.



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1. Conservation Strategy

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Master Plan proposition

A new master plan is being proposed for the site which will ensure allotted car park areas, adequate landscape andbuffer zones to counter pollution and dust.

Documents

Presentation Andrew's Kirk