Presentation1 evs

8/3/2019 Presentation1 evs

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introduction

The ozone layer is a deep layer in the stratosphere, encircling the Earth, that has large amounts ofozone in it. The layer shields the entire Earth from much of the harmful ultraviolet radiation that comes

from the sun.

Interestingly, it is also this ultraviolet radiation that formsthe ozone in the first place. Ozone is a specialform of oxygen, made up of three oxygen atoms rather than the usual two oxygen atoms. It usuallyforms when some type of radiation or electrical discharge separates the two atoms in an oxygen

molecule (O2), which can then individually recombine with other oxygen molecules to form ozone (O3).

The ozone layer became more widely appreciated by the public when it was realized that certainchemicals mankind manufactures, called chloroflurocarbons, find their way up into the stratosphere

where, through a complex series of chemical reactions, they destroy some of the ozone. As a result ofthis discovery, an international treaty was signed in 1973 called the Montreal Protocol, and themanufacture of these chemicals was greatly reduced.

The ozone layer has since begun to recover somewhat as a result of these efforts, but there is somescience which now suggests that the major volcanic eruptions (mainly El Chichon in 1983 and and Mt.

Pinatubo in 1991) which have occurred since we started monitoring ozone with satellites in the late1970's, could have also contributed to the ozone depletion.

While stratospheric ozone, which protects us from the sun, is good, there is also ozone produced nearthe ground, from sunlight interacting with atmospheric pollution in cities, that is bad. It causes

breathing problems for some people, and usually occurs in the summertime when the pollution over acity builds up during stagnant air conditions associated with high pressure areas.
http://www.weatherquestions.com/What_is_the_stratosphere.htmhttp://www.weatherquestions.com/What_is_the_stratosphere.htm


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The atmosphere surrounds Earth and protects us by blocking out dangerous rays from the sun.

The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that becomes thinner until it gradually reaches space. It is

composed of Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), and other gases (1%).

Oxygen is essential to life because it allows us to breathe. Some of the oxygen has changed

over time to ozone. The the ozone layer filters out the sun's harmful rays. Recently, there have

been many studies on how humans have caused a hole in the ozone layer.

Humans are also affecting Earth's atmosphere through the greenhouse effect. Due to increasesin gases, like carbon dioxide, that trap heat being radiated from the Earth, scientists believe

that the atmosphere is having trouble staying in balance creating the greenhouse effect . The

Ozone Hole. Pollution. Skin Cancer. Why does the topic of ozone make the news so much? How

important is the ozone in our atmosphere? Why are scientists so concerned about its increase

near the surface of the Earth and its disappearance higher up in the atmosphere?

First things first - what is ozone? Ozone is made of three oxygen atoms (O3). The oxygen in our

atmosphere that we breathe is made up of two oxygen atoms (O2). When enough ozone

molecules are present, it forms a pale blue gas. Ozone has the same chemical structure

whether it is found in the stratosphere or the troposphere. Where we find ozone in the

atmosphere determines whether we consider it to be "good" or "bad"!

In the troposphere, the ground-level or "bad" ozone is an air pollutant that damages human

health, vegetation, and many common materials. It is a key ingredient of urban smog. In the

stratosphere, we find the "good" ozone that protects life on Earth from the harmful effects ofthe Sun's ultraviolet rays. We have good reason to be concerned about the thinning of the

ozone layer in the stratosphere. We also have good reason to be concerned about the buildup

of ozone in the troposphere. Although simplistic, the saying "Good up high and bad near by,"

sums up ozone in the atmosphere.


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NAME OF THE PROJECT

STUDY OF OZONE LAYER DEPLETION


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MEANING:

Belt ofozonegas 15 to 50 kilometers above the earth's surface where ozone

is present in concentrations of a fewparts per million. This layer blocks (absorbs)

ultraviolet part of the solar radiation (which causesskincancer) from reaching theearth's surface. Ozone depleting substancesthin this layer resulting in

large areas (called ozone Holes) having halfor less ozone than normal to appear. In

1985, the UK researchers in Antarctica discovered thinning of ozone layer has been

occurring since 1979. By 1988 it was established that the layer was thinning fast

over the entire globe. Also called ozone shield.

DEFINITION:

A region of the upper atmosphere, between about 15 and 30 kilometers (10 and 20miles) in altitude, containing a relatively high concentration of ozone that absorbs

solar ultraviolet radiation in a wavelength range not screened by other atmospheric

components. Also called ozonosphere.
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DERIVATION

Chemically, the ozone molecule consists of three atoms of oxygenarranged in the shape of a wide V. Its formula is O 3 (the more familiarform of oxygen that one breathes has only two atoms of oxygen and achemical formula of O 2 ). Gaseous ozone is bluish in color and has apungent, distinctive smell. In fact, the name ozone is derived from the

Greek word ozein, meaning "to smell orreek." The smell of ozone can often be noticed near electricaltransformers or nearby lightning strikes. It is formed in these instanceswhen an electrical discharge breaks an oxygen molecule (O 2 ) into freeoxygen atoms (O), which then combine with O 2 in the air to make O 3 . Inaddition to its roles in the atmosphere, ozone is a chemically reactive

oxidizing agent that is used as an air purifier, a water sterilizer, and ableaching agent.


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Importance of ozone layer The ozone molecules in the stratosphere and the troposphere are chemically identical.

However, they have very different roles in the atmosphere and very different effects onhumans and other living beings, depending on their location.

A useful statement summarizing ozone's different effects is that it is "good up high, badnearby." In the upper atmosphere, stratospheric ozone plays a beneficial role by absorbingmost of the sun's biologically damaging ultraviolet sunlight (called UV-B), allowing only asmall amount to reach the earth's surface. The absorption of ultraviolet radiation by ozonecreates a source of heat, which actually defines the stratosphere (a region in which thetemperature rises as one goes to higher altitudes). Ozone thus plays a key role in the

temperature structure of the earth's atmosphere. Without the filtering action of the ozonelayer, more of the sun's UV-B radiation would penetrate the atmosphere and reach theearth's surface. Many experimental studies of plants and animals and clinical studies ofhumans have shown that excessive exposure to UV-B radiation has harmful effects. Seriouslong-term effects can include skin cancers and eye damage. The UV-absorbing role ofstratospheric ozone is what lies behind the expression that ozone is "good up high."

In the troposphere, ozone comes into direct contact with life-forms. Although someamount of ozone is naturally present in the lower atmosphere, excessive amounts of this

lower-atmospheric ozone are undesirable (or bad ozone). This is because ozone reactsstrongly with other molecules, including molecules that make up the tissues of plants andanimals. Several studies have documented the harmful effects of excessive ozone on cropproduction, forest growth, and human health. For example, people with asthma areparticularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of ozone. Thus, ozone is "bad nearby."


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Reason for depletion of ozone layer

Human activities that add nitrogen oxides and volatileorganic compounds to that atmosphere, such as the fossilfuel burning associated with power-generating plants andvehicular exhaust, are contributing to the formation oflarger amounts of ozone near the earth's surface. Thisozone is a key component ofphotochemical smog, afamiliar problem in the atmosphere of many cities aroundthe world. Higher amounts of surface-level ozone areincreasingly being observed in rural areas as well. Thus, theenvironmental issue is that human activities can lead to

more of the bad ozone.


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Initially, theories about the cause of ozone-layer depletion abounded. Many

factors were suggested, from the sun to air motions to human activity. In the

1970s and 1980s, the scientific evidence showed conclusively that human-

produced chemicals are responsible for the observed depletions of theozone layer. The ozone-depleting compounds contain various combinations

of carbon with the chemical elements chlorine, fluorine, bromine, and

hydrogen (the halogen family in the periodic table of the elements). These

are often described by the general termhalocarbons. The compounds

include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs which are used as refrigerants, foam-

blowing agents, electronics cleaners, and industrial solvents) as well ashalons (which are used in fire extinguishers). The compounds are useful and

benign in the troposphere, but when they eventually reach the stratosphere,

they are broken apart by the sun's ultraviolet radiation. The chlorine and

bromine atoms released from these compounds are responsible for the

breakdown of stratospheric ozone. The ozone destruction cycles are

catalytic, meaning that the chlorine or bromine atom enters the cycle,destroys ozone, and exits the cycle unscathed and therefore able to destroy

another ozone molecule. In fact, an individual chlorine atom can destroy as

many as 10,000 different ozone molecules before the chlorine atom is

removed from the stratosphere by other reactions.


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They use the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and the Solar

Backscatter Ultraviolet Instrument (SBUV) to measure the ozone levels.


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Effects of ozone layer depletion

Effects on Human Health: UVB causesnonmelanoma skin cancer and plays a majorrole in malignant melanoma development. In

addition, UVB has been linked to cataracts -- aclouding of the eyes lens. All sunlight contains

some UVB, even with normal stratosphericozone levels. It is always important to protect

your skin and eyes from the sun. Ozone layerdepletion increases the amount of UVB andthe risk of health effects.
http://www.epa.gov/sunwisehttp://www.epa.gov/sunwisehttp://www.epa.gov/sunwisehttp://www.epa.gov/sunwise


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Effects on Plants

Physiological and developmental processes of plants areaffected by UVB radiation, even by the amount of UVB inpresent-day sunlight. Despite mechanisms to reduce orrepair these effects and a limited ability to adapt toincreased levels of UVB, plant growth can be directly

affected by UVB radiation. Indirect changes caused by UVB (such as changes in plant

form, how nutrients are distributed within the plant, timingof developmental phases and secondary metabolism) maybe equally, or sometimes more, important than damaging

effects of UVB. These changes can have importantimplications for plant competitive balance, herbivory, plantdiseases, and biogeochemical cycles.


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Effects on Marine Ecosystems

Solar UVB radiation has been found to causedamage to early developmental stages of fish,shrimp, crab, amphibians and other animals. The

most severe effects are decreased reproductivecapacity and impaired larval development. Evenat current levels, solar UVB radiation is a limitingfactor, and small increases in UVB exposure could

result in significant reduction in the size of thepopulation of animals that eat these smallercreatures.


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Actions to Protect the Ozone Layer

Governments and industry acted quickly on the scientificinformation. Through a 1987 international agreement known as theMontral Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer,governments decided to eventually discontinue production of CFCs(known in the United States by the industry trade name "Freons"),halons, and other halocarbons (except for a few special uses).

Concurrently, industry developed more ozone-friendly substitutes forthe CFCs and other ozone-depleting halocarbons. If nations adhere tointernational agreements, the ozone layer is expected to recover bythe year 2050. The interaction of science in identifying the problem,technology in developing alternatives, and governments in devisingnew policies is thus an environmental "success story in the making."

Indeed, the Montral Protocol serves as a model for otherenvironmental issues now facing the global community.

W R d h A f O


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Ways to Reduce the Amount of Ozone

layer depletion

Ozone pollution at the earth's surface is formed within the atmosphere by the

interaction of sunlight with chemical precursor compounds (or starting

ingredients): the nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

the efforts of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to reduce ozone

pollution are therefore focused on reducing the emissions of the precursor

compounds. VOCs, a primary focus of many regulations, arise fromthe combustion of fossil fuel and from natural sources (emissions from forests).

Increasingly, attention is turning to reducing the emissions of NO x compounds,

which also arise from the combustion of fossil fuels. The use of cleaner fuels and

more efficient vehicles has caused a reduction in the emission of ozone

precursors in urban areas. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (which is 120

parts per billion or ppb, meaning that out of a billion air molecules, 120 areozone). In 1999 there were thirty-two areas of the country that were in violation

of the ozone standard, down from 101 just nine years earlier. An additional,

more stringent ozone standard proposed by the EPA to protect public health.


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Survey question

minimum 10 question


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Bibliography

World Meteorological Organization. (2003). ScientificAssessment of Ozone Depletion: 2002. Global OzoneResearch and Monitoring Project, Report No. 47.Geneva: World Meteorological Organization.

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research."Cycles of the Earth and AtmosphereModuleReview." Available

from http://www.ucar.edu/learn/1.htm .
http://www.ucar.edu/learn/1.htm%C2%A0http://www.ucar.edu/learn/1.htm%C2%A0http://www.ucar.edu/learn/1.htm%C2%A0


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Study of impact of natural disaster

like earthquake on enviornmentIntroduction

A naturaldisasteris the effect of a naturalhazard (e.g., flood, tornado, hurricane, volcanic eruption, earthquake,or landslide) World is undergoing through several environmental crises. Thepopulation is on ever

increasing trend exerting tremendous pressure on our natural resources. We havecome to a situation where the fate of human civilization is at the verge of extinction.

Traditional water springs are drying up, atmosphere is getting polluted, agriculture

productivity is declining due to the degradation in soil fertility. Today the incidenceof

soil erosion, landslides and shifting of river courses are getting more frequent then

what it used to be earlier. Millions of people and many developmental activities aregetting affected by the above calamities all over the world.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_hazardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_hazardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_hazardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_eruptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_eruptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_hazardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_hazard


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Name of the project


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earthquake

Def:A sudden and violent shaking of the ground,sometimes causing great destruction, as a resultof movements within the earth's crust orvolcanic action.

Meaning: An earthquake is a sudden movementof the earth, caused by the abrupt release ofstrain that has accumulated over a period oftime.


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Types of Disaster

EarthquakeEarthquake is an unexpected and rapid shaking of earth due to the

breakage and shifting of underneath layers of Earth. Earthquake strikes all of a sudden

at any time of day or night and quite violently. It gives no prior warning. If it happensin a populated area, the earthquake can cause great loss to human life and property.

TornadoTornado is one of the most violent storms on earth. It seems like a rotating

and funnel shape cloud. It expands from the thunderstorm to the ground in the form

of whirl winds reaching around 300 miles per hour. The damage path could move on

to one mile wide and around 50 miles long. These storms can strike quickly without

any warning.FloodFlood is also one of the most common hazards in the United States and other

parts of the world. The effects of a flood can be local to a neighborhood or

community. It can cast a larger impact, the whole river basin and multiple states could

get affected. Every state is at its risk due to this hazard.

Water DamageWater damage has a huge effect on your home, its neighborhood and

your city. It is very much necessary that you should prepare for water damage. Youmust know what should be done during and after water damage.


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WildfireWild forest areas catching fire is a very big problem for the people who live around

these areas. The dry conditions caused several times in the year in different parts of United

States can increase the possibility for wildfires. If you are well prepared in advance and

know how to protect the buildings in your area, you can reduce much of the damage caused

by wildfire. It is everyones duty to protect their home and neighborhood from wildfire.

HurricaneHurricane also like the tornado is a wind storm, but it is a tropical cyclone. This is

caused by a low pressure system that usually builds in the tropical. Huricanes comes with

thunderstorms and a counterclockwise spread of winds near the surface of the earth.

Winter FreezeWinter freeze storms are serious threats for people and their property. They

include, snow, frozen rain, strong winds and extreme cold. Many precautions have to be

taken in order to protect yourself, your family, home or property.

LightningLightning is a much underestimated killer. Lightning is an abrupt electric expulsionwhich comes from cloud to cloud or from cloud to earth followed by an emission of light.

Lightning is a common phenomenon after heavy rain and can also occur around 10 miles off

from rainfall. Most lightning victims are people who are captivated outdoors in summer

during the afternoon and evening.

VolcanoVolcano is a mountain that has an opening downwards to the reservoir of molten

rock towards the surface of earth. Volcanoes are caused by the accrual of igneous products.

As the pressure caused by gases in the molted rock becomes intense, the eruption takes

place. The volcanic eruption can be of two kinds, quiet or volatile. The aftermaths of

a volcano include flowing lava, flat landscapes, poisonous gases and fleeing ashes

and rocks.


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Meaning of natural disaster

A natural disaster is the consequence of the combination of anatural hazard (a physical event e.g. volcanic eruption,earthquake, landslide) and human activities. Human vulnerability,caused by the lack of appropriate emergency management, leadsto financial, structural, and human losses. The resulting lossdepends on the capacity of the population to support or resist thedisaster, their resilience. This understanding is concentrated in theformulation: "disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability". Anatural hazard will hence never result in a natural disaster in areaswithout vulnerability, e.g. strong earthquakes in uninhabitedareas. The term natural has consequently been disputed becausethe events simply are not hazards or disasters without humaninvolvement. The degree of potential loss can also depend on thenature of the hazard itself, ranging from wildfires, which threatenindividual buildings, to impact events, which have the potential toend civilization


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1623.6 68.6

ARAT8.0


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Earthquake prone area in india and

world

1623.6 68.6 ARAT

8.0

1869 JAN

1025 93

NEAR

CACHAR,

ASSAM

7.5

1885 MAY

30 34.1 74.6 SOPOR, J&K 7.0

1897 JUN

1226 91

SHILLONG

PLATEAU8.7

1905 APR

0432.3 76.3

KANGRA,

H.P8.0

1918 JUL 08 24.5 91.0SRIMANGA

L, ASSAM7.6

1930 JUL 02 25.8 90.2DHUBRI,

ASSAM7.1

1934 JAN15 26.6 86.8

BIHAR-

NEPALBORDER

8.3

1941 JUN

2612.4 92.5

ANDAMAN

ISLANDS8.1

1943 OCT

23

26.8 94.0 ASSAM 7.2

ARUNACHA


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1. Alaska 1

2. California

3. Hawaii 2

4. Nevada

5. Washington6. Idaho

7. Wyoming

8. Montana

9. Utah

10. Oregon
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/top_states.phphttp://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/top_states.phphttp://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/top_states.phphttp://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/top_states.php


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Seismometers are instruments that

measure motions of the ground,

including those ofseismic

waves generated

by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,and other seismic sources. Records of

seismic waves allow seismologists to

map the interior of the Earth, and

locate and measure the size of these

different sources.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_eruptionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_eruptionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_wave


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CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKE:

An Earthquake is a sudden tremor or movement of the earth's

crust, which originates naturally at or below the surface. The

word natural is important here, since it excludes shock wavescaused by French nuclear tests, man made explosions and

landslides caused by building work.

There are two main causes of earthquakes.

Firstly, they can be linked to explosive volcanic eruptions; they

are in fact very common in areas of volcanic activity where they

either proceed or accompany eruptions.

Secondly, they can be triggered by Tectonic activity associated

with plate margins and faults. The majority of earthquakes

world wide are of this type.


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Terminology

An earthquake can be likened to the effect observed when a stone is thrown

into water. After the stone hits the water a series of concentric waves will

move outwards from the center. The same events occur in an earthquake.

There is a sudden movement within the crust or mantle, and concentric

shock waves move out from that point. Geologists and Geographers call the

origin of the earthquake the focus. Since this is often deep below the

surface and difficult to map, the location of the earthquake is often referred

to as the point on the Earth surface directly above the focus. This point is

called the epicentre.The strength, or magnitude, of the shockwaves determines the extent of the

damage caused. Two main scales exist for defining the strength, the Mercalli

Scale and the Richter Scale.

Earthquakes are three dimensional events, the waves move outwards from

the focus, but can travel in both the horizontal and vertical plains. Thisproduces three different types of waves which have their own distinct

characteristics and can only move through certain layers within the Earth.


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Manmade:

Geologists and seismologists agree

earthquakes can be induced in five

major ways: fluid injection into the

Earth, fluid extraction from the Earth,mining or quarrying, nuclear testing

and through the construction of dams

and reservoirs.


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Effects of earthquake:

Shaking and ground ruptureShaking and ground rupture are the main effects created by earthquakes,

principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings and other

rigid structures. The severity of the local effects depends on the complex

combination of the earthquake magnitude, the distance from theepicenter,

and the local geological and geomorphological conditions, which may

amplify or reducewave propagation.[41] The ground-shaking is measuredby ground acceleration. Ground rupture is a major risk for large engineering

structures such as dams, bridges and nuclear power stations and requires

careful mapping of existing faults to identify any likely to break the ground

surface within the life of the structure.[42]

Landslides and avalanches:

Earthquakes, along with severe storms, volcanic activity, coastal wave attack,

and wildfires, can produce slope instability leading to landslides, a major

geological hazard. Landslide danger may persist while emergency personnel

are attempting rescue.[43]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicenterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_propagationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_accelerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_stationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_stationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_accelerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_propagationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_propagationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_propagationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicenterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale


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Fires:

Earthquakes can cause fires by damaging electrical power or gas lines. In the event of

water mains rupturing and a loss of pressure, it may also become difficult to stop the

spread of a fire once it has started. For example, more deaths in the 1906 San

Francisco earthquake were caused by fire than by the earthquake itself

.

Flood

A flood is an overflow of any amount of water that reaches land.[47] Floods occur

usually when the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or lake,exceeds the total capacity of the formation, and as a result some of the water flows

or sits outside of the normal perimeter of the body. However, floods may be

secondary effects of earthquakes, if dams are damaged. Earthquakes may cause

landslips to dam rivers, which collapse and cause floods
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire


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Human impact:

an earthquake may cause injury and loss of life, road and bridge damage,

general property damage, and collapse or destabilization (potentially leading to

future collapse) of buildings. The aftermath may bring disease, lack of basic

necessities, and higher insurance premiums. Earthquakes can also cause volcaniceruptions, bringing further problems
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_damagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_damage


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Animal sanctuary

An animal sanctuary is a facilitywhere animals are brought to live and beprotected for the rest of their lives. The missionof sanctuaries is generally to be safe havens,where the animals receive the best care that thesanctuaries can provide. Animals are not bought,sold, or traded, nor are they used for animal

testing. The resident animals are given theopportunity to behave as naturally as possible ina protective environment.[1]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_sanctuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_sanctuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal


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What to do to face earthquake

Although, there is no guarantee of safety at the time of earthquake, one can identify the

potential risk before time. Planning before hand can not only save your life but also of the

people around you. If you face earthquake wisely and know what to do before, during and

after earthquake, you can significantly reduce injuries and damage of property.Before the Earthquake

Look for hazards in your home

Tie the shelves firmly to the walls.

Support the overhead light fittings.

Repair the faulty electrical wiring and leaky gas links.

Refurbish the deep cracks in ceilings or floor.Make family emergency plan and educate yourself and your family members about the

disaster by contacting the local emergency management authorities.

Have disaster supplies at hand, such as, flashlight, batteries, portable radio, First aid kit,

emergency food, water, non-electric can opener, medicines, cash, credit cards, shoes etc.

Develop your emergency communication plan and practice it with your family.

Make your out-of-state friend or relative your "family contact" in case of emergency.

Work in your community to inform others with the knowledge you have and make hazard

hunt programs and neighborhood emergency plans.


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During the Earthquake

Stay safe and minimize your movements and stay indoors till the shaking stops. The safe

places can be under strong furniture, against inside wall, away from shelves and heavy

furniture.

When outdoor, stay in open area, away from trees, buildings, telephone polls, electric

lines, bridges, street lights or elevated freeways.

If in car, stop at safe place. Do not stop near or under trees, buildings, bridges and service

wires. Stay in the vehicle.

If caught under debris, do not move, light match or kick up dust. Use a cloth to cover your

mouth. Make sound so that the rescuers can locate you. Avoid to shout as it may cause

you inhale dangerous dust.

After the Earthquake

Be prepared for aftershocks.

Listen to latest emergency information on the battery operated radio or TV.

Stay off from risky areas. Come back home when authorities tell you to.

If in coastal areas, beware of possible tsunamis. If there is any such warning, stay away

from beach.Help the injured people especially the infants, elderly and disabled people. Give first aid

when required.

Do not move off seriously wounded people and call for help.

Check for gas leaks, electric system damage, sewage and water lines damage and call for

professional help.


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Survey question


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Bibliography


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A sanctuary is not open to the

public in the sense of a zoo; that is,the public is not allowed

unescorted access to any part ofthe facility. A sanctuary tries not to

allow any activity that would place

the animals in an unduly stressful

situation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo


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One of the most important missions of sanctuaries, beyond caring for the

animals, is educating the public. The ultimate goal of a sanctuary should be

to change the way that humans think about animal.


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Survey question

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