PREVENTING WASTE - ademe.fr · Crédits photo : Fotolia, Dominique Drouet, ... SMICTOM d’Alsace Centrale, Active, Conseil départemental de la Côte-d’Or, CRMA Bretagne, FONDALIM

Harnessing local energies

Taking collective action against waste

Prolonging product life

OVERVIEW 2016

PREVENTING WASTE

Ce document est édité par l’ADEME

ADEME 20, avenue du Grésillé BP 90406 | 49004 Angers Cedex 01Coordination technique : Marianne BLOQUEL, ADEME, Direction Économie Circulaire et Déchets, Service Consommation et Prévention

Suivi communication : Agnès HEYBERGER-PAROISSE, ADEME, Direction Communication et Formation, Service Communication Professionnelle et Technique

Rédacteurs : ATEMA Conseil

Crédits photo : Fotolia, Dominique Drouet, ADEME Lorraine, SMICTOM d’Alsace Centrale, Active, Conseil départemental de la Côte-d’Or, CRMA Bretagne, FONDALIM PACA, Jean-Christophe Baldi, EDF, Ville de Paris.

Création graphique : Nyl Communication

Traduction : Meg Morley

Brochure réf. 010312

ISBN numérique : 979-10-297-0933-3

Dépôt légal : ©ADEME Éditions, décembre 2016

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EDITORIAL

Ségolène ROYAL_

MINISTER FOR THE ENVIRONMENT,

ENERGY AND THE SEA,

IN CHARGE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

FOR CLIMATE*

The Energy Transition for Green Growth Act states objectives for fighting against wastage and promoting

the circular economy, and reiterates France’s national policy for waste prevention and management, a key lever in achieving the transition to a circular economy. This policy outlines ambitious objectives, such as reducing per capita household and similar waste by 10%, and limiting waste generated by economic activities, in particular in the construction sector and public works. Communities and territorial entities have seen how promoting waste prevention can have multiple positive impacts on public policy The initial results obtained by local waste prevention schemes illustrate these impacts. These schemes must now be extended to all waste streams and local stakeholders, in order to reduce resource consumption and create local loops that provide jobs. Zero Waste Zero Wastage territories integrate this objective in their participative approach to set the example for a circular economy. The Energy Transition legislation also underscores many other levers for waste prevention: bans on single-use carrier bags and other plastic products that are a major source of marine debris and pollution; action to combat planned obsolescence of manufactured goods; support for reuse (in particular experiments to reactivate deposit-and-return schemes for glass bottles); measures to limit food wastage, to develop responsible public purchasing and procurement, etc. These levers must rapidly be put into action to achieve the objective of reducing waste sent to landfill by one-half by 2025, the target set by the legislation. This first overview of lessons from the National Waste Prevention Programme for 2014-2020 attests to the action taken by many players involved in waste prevention. Their mobilisation, along with that of central government, must be pursued and amplified to set the country firmly on the way to the environmental transition

* until May 2017

The national waste prevention dynamicWaste prevention, a cornerstone of the circular economyRaw materials – consumption has levelled off, but is still highWaste – Significant quantities, non-negligible management costsRising stakes for industrial and commercial wasteHousehold waste continues to dropWaste streams – more and more waste brought to recycling centresEPR chains are a lever for waste preventionFrance in the average for Europe

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Food wasteExtending product life and combating planned obsolescenceReuse, repair, repurposePreventing waste in construction and public worksLocal management of organic wasteMarine debrisExemplary conduct in public and government administrations

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3 FOCUS ON …

Better knowledge of the impact of waste prevention measuresWaste prevention awareness in the general publicConsumers – responsible practices for key players in preventionEuropean Week For Waste Reduction works for awarenessCommunication campaigns get people to actNot-for-profits are major relays for getting out the messageTerritorial entities are working hard for waste preventionZero Waste territories – the principles of the circular economyPay-as-you-throw incentives to encourage sorting more and binning lessIndustrial and commercial waste – businesses and companies take action

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2 THE DYNAMICS OF WASTE PREVENTION

Sirdomdi – from waste prevention to the circular economyA DIY resource centre for borrowing tools and getting adviceVolunteer network to boost individual composting on a massive scaleStarting and maintaining an "Eco-consumer" outreach networkThe Côte-d’Or department favours washable nappiesRépar’Acteurs® Bretagne: a brand serving repair technicians and tradesSteps against food wastage in Isère middle schoolsFONDALIM PACA – more effective food donation circuitsEdF – prevention by communicationOld cobblestones make new roads

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4 ACTION IN THE FIELD

MILESTONES

* The term "household waste" in this document refers to the definition used in France for "déchets ménagers et assimilés" (DMA). The term "ordinary waste" refers to "ordures ménagers et assimilés" (OMA). See Abbreviations and Acronyms.

France set up a Waste Prevention Action Plan as early as 2004, followed by a national programme in suppor t of home composting in 2006. The Grenelle legislation adopted in August 2009 bolstered this political impetus, and outlined

further waste prevention measures, along with a target to reduce per capita ordinary household waste (OMA*) by 7% between 2008 and 2013. This objective has now been met.

In keeping with the 2008 Framework Directive on Waste, the National Waste Prevention Programme 2014-2020 was adopted on 18 August 2014, following in the direction taken by the 2004 Action Plan. Since then many regulatory measures have been enacted for waste prevention under various legal dispositions, including

the Energy Transition for Green Growth Act and its application decrees, the Consumer Products Act, the Food Wastage Act, the Biodiversity Act, etc. All of these regulatory amendments boost measures to prevent waste and go farther than the prevention scheme itself.

Waste prevention is a series of measures to reduce both the quantity and harmful effects of waste, by acting on the ways products are consumed and waste generated.

Household and similar waste (DMA*) is made up for about 80% of ordinary household waste (OMA*). The "similar" fractions are waste from small businesses and public administrations, collected along with domestic waste. Household waste comprises ordinary waste collected from homes or brought to drop-off points, mixed or separately collected streams, and waste collected at recycling centres and via bulky items pick-up services.

THE NATIONAL WASTE PREVENTION DYNAMIC

DID YOU KNOW?

DID YOU KNOW?

Déchets ménagers et assimilés (DMA) = Waste generated by households and businesses that is collected by public waste collection services.

Occasional waste = Bulky items, green waste, rubble and excavated material

Mixed household waste (general bin)

= residual household

waste (OMR)

Separately collected waste – home pick-up and recycling centres

(packaging, biodegradable waste, glass, etc.)

Ordures ménagères et assimilés (OMA) = ordinary waste

Source : Chiffres-clés déchets - Édition 2016. ADEME

Household and similar waste, ordinary waste – what is the difference?

What is waste prevention?

CollectionRecycling

and materials recovery

Repurposing Energy recovery

Final disposal

Source : Programme national de prévention des déchets

2014-2020. MEEM-ADEME

Extraction, manufacturing

Source reduction Responsible consumer behaviour

Transport, distribution

Purchase, use,

repairReuse

WASTE PREVENTION WASTE MANAGEMENT

Minimisation

Grenelle I Legislation - Loi de programmation n° 2009-967 du 3 août 2009 faisant suite au Grenelle de l’environnement. www.legifrance.gouv.frEU Framework Directive on Waste 2008/98/EC of 19 November 2008. www.eur-lex.europa.euNational Waste Prevention Programme 2014-2020. www.developpement-durable.gouv.frEnergy Transition Act for Green Growth Act - Loi n° 2015-992 du 17 août 2015 relative à la transition énergétique pour la croissance verte (LTECV). www.legifrance.gouv.frConsumer Products Act - Loi n° 2014-344 du 17 mars 2014 relative à la consommation. www.legifrance.gouv.frFood Waste Act - Loi n° 2016-138 du 11 février 2016 relative à la lutte contre le gaspillage alimentaire. www.legifrance.gouv.frBiodiversity Act - Loi n° 2016-1087 du 8 août 2016 pour la reconquête de la biodiversité, de la nature et des paysages. www.legifrance.gouv.fr

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PAGE 4 Preventing Waste - Overview 2016

Table of contents I 2 3 4

IMPORTANT DATES FOR WASTE PREVENTION IN FRANCE 1992 Waste Act (13 July) introduces the

prevention concept

2004 first National Plan (2004-2013) to prevent waste production (voluntary)

2006 National Plan to support home composting

2008 European Framework Directive on Waste (2008/98/EC) gives priority to prevention in the waste management pyramid

2009 Grenelle I legislation of 3 August

2010 Grenelle II legislation of 12 July calls for reducing per capita ordinary household waste (OMA*) by 7% over five years (2008-2013)

2013 National covenant to fight food wastage, aims to reduce food wastage by 50% by 2025

2014 Consumer Products Act of 17 March stipulates display of availability period for spare parts, longer legal product warranty

National Waste Prevention Programme 2014-2020 (mandatory) sets overall objective to reduce per capita household waste (DMA) by 7% by 2020 (baseline 2010), calls for stabilising industrial and commercial waste and construction/public works and demolition waste (CDW) during this time period

2015 New Territorial Organisation Act of 7 August transfers waste planning prerogatives from departments to regions, with implementation of a single regional waste management and prevention plan covering all waste streams

Energy Transition and Green Growth Act of 17 August sets targets to reduce by 30% non-inert non-hazardous waste sent to landfill by 2020 (baseline 2010), and by 50% by 2025; promotes the circular economy, with the target of reducing industrial and commercial waste (including construction and public works), and revises the target for reducing household waste upwards to 10% on a per capita basis by 2020

2016 Food Wastage Act of 11 February outlines the order of priority for steps to fight against food wastage.

Framework Directive on Waste of 2008The Framework Directive 2008/98/EC sets forth the major objectives of waste prevention and management policy. It institutes the polluter-pays principle, the proximity principle for managing waste as close as possible to the site where it is produced, and Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR).

The directive establishes the waste hierarchy that must be implemented in legislation and policy by the Member States: waste prevention, preparation of waste for reuse, recycling, recovery of valuable resources, and safe and environmentally friendly final disposal.

This directive requires that Member States draw up waste prevention programmes and that they also set quantitative recycling and materials recovery targets for 2020; reuse and recycling of domestic waste such as paper, metal, glass and plastic must attain at least 50% of overall weight; reuse, recycling and materials recovery from CDW must amount to at least 70% by weight.

National Waste Prevention Programme 2014-2020

The main thrust of this programme is to break the link between economic growth and waste generation.

It targets all types of waste (household waste, industrial and commercial waste, CDW) and implicates all stakeholders in the economy

(households, businesses, government offices). In all, 54 concrete measures and 13 strategic directions are planned, addressing all areas of waste prevention.

Harnessing extended producer responsibility chains;

Extending product life and combating planned obsolescence;

Preventing commercial waste; Preventing waste in

construction and public works; Reuse, repair, repurpose; Minimising green waste and

managing organic waste; Fighting food waste;

Sectoral action to support responsible consumer practices;

Economic tools; Information and awareness; Territorial deployment; Exemplary conduct in

public and government administrations;

Reducing marine debris.

THE NATIONAL WASTE PREVENTION PROGRAMME HAS THREE MAIN OBJECTIVES

1. To reduce per capita household waste (DMA*) by 7% between 2010 and 2020; this target is lifted to 10% under the Energy Transition Act 2. To stabilise, at a minimum, industrial and commercial waste by 2020** 3. To stabilise, at a minimum, CDW by 2020.

Prevention is at the top of the

waste pyramid.

54measures

* See Abbreviations and Acronyms.** These objectives are set even higher by the Energy Transition Act, that calls for reducing waste from both industrial and commercial activity and construction and public works activities.

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PAGE 5Preventing Waste - Overview 2016

I 2 3 4 Table of contents

RESOURCE EFFICIENCY

and PREVENTION

RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION

• Purchase• Collaborative consumption• Use

SUSTAINABLE EXTRACTION SUPPLYING, PROCUREMENT

Products and processes)

RECYCLING(material and organic)

INDUSTRIAL ANDTERRITORIAL SYMBIOSYS

FONCTIONAL ECONOMY

LONGER DURATION OF USE• Repair• Reuse

of ECONOMIC ACTORS

WAS

TE M

ANAG

EM

ENT OFFER

DEMAND AND CONSU

MER

BEHAVIOR

© A

DEM

E

1 - 2 Closing the loop – An EU action plan for the Circular Economy COM/2015/0614 final

The circular economy is defined as a model of sustainable economic production and consumption. It is opposed to a "linear" production and consumption model that consists of extracting, transforming, consuming and discarding raw materials. The circular economy model aims to "close the loop". Under this model repairs, reuse and recycling are preferred, as well as ecodesign of goods and services, aiming to limit consumption and wastage of raw materials, water and energy resources.In practice implementing the circular economy will naturally lead to less waste.The European Commission has estimated that use of new resources can be reduced by between 17% and 24% by 2030 if resource efficiency is improved all along the value chain.1 Against this backdrop the Commission has set development of the circular economy as a priority focus for work under its roadmap for efficient resource use. A new "Circular Economy Package" was adopted in December 2015.2 This plan calls for EU Member States to set common objectives for 2030, e.g.: landfilling of municipal waste limited to 10% of the amount generated annually; 65% of municipal waste recycled; 75% of packaging waste recycled. The Commission action plan under discussion in various EU bodies includes both regulatory measures (revised directives and regulations) and voluntary action (sharing information and best practices, feedback on experience etc.) Among more than 50 measures, the package calls for more widespread ecodesign,

standards for efficient resource use, better application of guarantees on material goods, work to measure planned obsolescence and action to reduce marine debris and food wastage.

S ustainable procurement, ecodesign of products, industrial and territorial ecology, functional economy, responsible

consumer behaviour, longer product life – all of these are pillars supporting the circular economy, which also includes initiatives such as Zero Waste Zero Wastage territories.

The National Waste Prevention Programme 2014-2020 is piloted by the Ministry for the Environment, working closely with the French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME). The programme is coordinated in the framework of the "Prevention" working group at the National Waste Council that brings together representatives of central government, local authorities, businesses and companies (producers and distributors), waste professionals and consumer and environmental

protection groups (Conseil National des Déchets, CND).

Programme monitoring and evaluation are carried out using action indicators and nine overall indicators, including:

Waste prevention awareness in the general public; Apparent domestic consumption of raw materials; Production of household waste, industrial and commercial waste, CDW,

hazardous waste; Correlation between consumption and household waste.

WASTE PREVENTION, A CORNERSTONE OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY

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To meet society’s demand for goods and services we extract, import and export primary materials, either in raw form for industry and construction, or as manufactured goods.T h e s e i n c o m i n g a n d o u t g o i n g f lows constitute domestic material consumption (DMC). The DMC indicator, r e c o r d i n g m a t e r i a l s e f f e c t i v e l y consumed by a countr y, is tracked in international statistics, notably Eurostat.1

T h e a p p a r e n t a v e r a g e m a t e r i a l consumption in France in 2013 came to roughly 784 million tonnes, equal to 12 tonnes per person, slightly below the average in Europe. This figure stood at 14.3 t/year in 2007, before the

economic recession, and had been at roughly the same level since 1990.

Minerals used mainly in construction constitute one-half of materials used, and biomass from agriculture and f isheries make up one - quar ter of these materials.2 Apparent domestic consumption of fossil fuels (two-thirds of which are petroleum products) represents about 17% of the total, and has been stable since 1990.When "hidden flows" are taken into account, total per capita average

material consumption in France comes to about 25 tonnes per person.3 In all, close to 1 650 million tonnes of materials were consumed in France in 2013.

RAW MATERIALS: CONSUMPTION HAS LEVELLED OFF, BUT IS STILL HIGH

1 www.ec.europa.eu2 Matières mobilisées par l’économie française : une baisse stabilisée depuis la crise de 2008. CGDD/SOeS, 2016 - Chiffres & statistiques n°761 www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr

3 Hidden flows include materials extracted in France or abroad but not used (for instance excavated soil left on site when minerals are extracted) and indirect flows related to fuel imports and exports, and products used in manufacturing and transport.

MATERIAL CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTIVITYConsumption of materials has levelled offIn relation to total population (or compared to GDP), domestic material consumption is a quantitative illustration of pressure exerted on the environment, and is an indicator of how thrifty a society or economy is in using resources. Material consumption was relatively stable before the economic recession hit in 2008. It then fell, in particular due to reduced construction activity, and has levelled out in recent years, standing at 12 tonnes per person in France in 2013.

1990 19931991 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160Base 100 in 1990

€2.63 /kg€2 057 billion

784 Mt12t/person

2005

Material productivity is rising Material productivity is the ratio between GDP of a country (wealth created) and materials consumed by the population. This indicator illustrates pressure on resources in a national economy. When this ratio increases, the economy uses fewer resources to create added value. Since the 1990s we have seen a relative decoupling of material consumption from economic growth, due in part to the expansion of the tertiary sector. In other words, fewer material resources are consumed for each additional euro of added value. This trend has been accentuated since 2008. The GDP/DMC ratio by 30% between 2010 and 2030 is included in the Energy Transition Act (article 74).

GDP (billion euros, chain-weighted prices, base 2010)

Material consumption (DMC), in Mt

Apparent material productivity(GDP/DMC), in €/kg

Apparent consumptionin t/person

M aterials consumed in

France in 2013 (not including hidden flows)

12t per person

Source : Agreste/SSP ; Unicem ; Douanes françaises ; Insee. Traitements : SOeS, 2015 www.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr

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http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Material_flow_accounts_and_resource_productivity

http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/CS761.pdf

http://www.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/lessentiel/ar/299/1161/besoin-matieres-productivite-materielle-leconomie.html

1 Dépenses liées à l’environnement en 2013 (Les). CGDD/SOeS 2015 - Chiffres & statistiques n°708. www.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr2 Not including agricultural waste.

3 Source : Chiffres-clés déchets - Édition 2016. ADEME

France produced about 345 million tonnes of waste in 2012, not including agricultural waste reused on farms. Over 90% of this waste is generated by economic activity, and in particular by construction and public works, a sector that alone accounts for 72% of all waste in France.Total waste production in 2012 was 10 Mt lower than in 2010. This decline is due to reduced construction activity, a sector where waste fell from 260 Mt to 247 Mt over this period. This temporary economic effect should not hide the fact that in other sectors waste continues to increase at the rate of 1.4% annually.Hazardous waste is generated mainly by businesses, with 11.1 Mt out of a total of 11.3 Mt.

WASTE: SIGNIFICANT QUANTITIES, NON-NEGLIGIBLE MANAGEMENT COSTS

Waste generated in France in 2012

Companies and businesses are the main source of waste. Waste data are not always easy to interpret, due to economic trends and to the different sizes and activities of companies.Companies and businesses generated 63 Mt of waste in 2012 (not including construction and public works). Industrial and commercial waste was targeted under the first prevention plan, and gets even closer attention under the new programme for 2014-2020.

RISING STAKES FOR INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL WASTE

2004271 Mt

2006285 Mt

2008316 Mt

2010326 Mt 2012

315 Mt

2004

2224

131

210

2006 2008 2010 2012

119

247

2622

Source : Chiffres-clés déchets - Édition 2016. ADEME (source données : Eurostat-RSD)

Industry and energy production

Waste treatment, sanitation, pollution clean-up

Construction

Tertiary sector

Agriculture and fisheries

I n2013 total expenditure by households, businesses and government for environmental protection

came to 47.2 billion euros. Waste management alone accounted for 35% of this cost, representing an expenditure of 16.7 billion euros.1

Inert non-hazardous mineral waste

Hazardous waste

241 MtOrganic waste 2

46.3 Mt 11.3 Mt


* Industrial and commercial waste collected by public services

56 Mt Industrial and commercial waste (not including construction and similar waste)7 Mt Similar waste*

15 Mt Households: residual household waste17 Mt Households: separately collected waste, recycling centres, bulky items

Local authorities

Construction waste

63 Mt247 Mt

4 Mt

31 Mt

T O T A L345 Mtin France3

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http://www.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/publications/p/2348/1257/depenses-liees-lenvironnement-2013.html

1 Chiffres-clés déchets - Édition 2016. ADEME * See Abbreviations and Acronyms.

Production of household and similar waste (DMA*) is closely tracked, in particular with surveys on waste collection.In 2013 public waste management services collected roughly 37.7 Mt of household waste.1 After many years of rising waste, the amounts generated have fallen since 2011, and this decline is

even more significant in proportion to the population. It does not seem to be due to lower consumer spending by households, however, as attested by the gap between spending and household waste production.

HOUSEHOLD WASTE CONTINUES TO DROP

2005 2013500510520530540

550

kg/person

532543

535 534

576

592588 590

519

573

560570

580590600

2007 2009 2011

Household waste (DMA*) collected in France since 2005


100102104106108110112114

2000 2002 2004 2006 2010 2012 2013

106.3

112.3

2008

Household waste trends – Household spending

Per capita household waste (DMA*) has been declining since 2007. At the same time consumer spending has continued to rise.

Source : Indicateurs globaux du PNPD 2014-2020 (SOeS 2015)

Separately collected green waste and bulky items (-6 %)

Separately collected glass and dry materials(+20 %)

Residual household waste collected(-13 %)

Recycling centres(+39 %)

WASTE STREAMS: MORE AND MORE WASTE BROUGHT TO RECYCLING CENTRES

Total household waste (DMA)

fell from 590 kg per person in 2011 to 573 kg per person in 2013, a 3.5% drop.


The survey of public waste collection in France conducted every two years by ADEME since 2005 distinguishes between three streams in household waste (DMA*):

Residual household waste; Separately collected streams, by material (glass, paper/card) or by type (packaging);

Waste brought to recycling centres.

The volume of waste collected at recycling centres rose by 39% between 2005 and 2013. The amounts of separately collected dry materials and glass have also risen. Despite these trends, which are gaining momentum, residual household waste is still the main component of household waste, at 17.8 Mt, down 13% over this same period.

2.04.3

9.4

20.5

13.0

17.8

1.95.1

200737.7 Mt

200937.8 Mt

201138.5 Mt 2013

37.7 Mt200536.1 Mt

Household waste per person since 2007 has been declining since 2007. At the same time consumer spending has continued to rise.

Household and similar waste (DMA, including rubble and

excavated material)

Household and similar waste (DMA, not including rubble and

excavated material)

Household waste (DMA) generated per personHousehold expenditures per person

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Producer responsibility organisations are more and more likely to systematically adjust their fees on the basis of the environmental quality of products. Since the adoption of the Energy Transition Act of August 2015 these adjustments may apply to the entire product life cycle, from ecodesign and life span to recyclability.

For example, an electrical or electronic device will be subject to a lower environmental compensation fee if it is made, at least in part, from recycled materials. Inversely, a higher fee will be assessed on mobile phones that are not designed to use a standard recharging device.

The Eurostat comparison of European waste figures covers municipal waste. This waste category corresponds to household waste (DMA – see Acronyms) in France, but not including rubble and demolition waste brought to recycling centres. According to Eurostat data for 2014 municipal waste per capita came to 475 kg across the European Union, a drop of 10% from a peak level of 527 kg per person in 2002. Municipal waste per person has fallen steadily in the EU since 2007, and is now below the level of the mid-1990s.1

EPR CHAINS: A LEVER FOR WASTE PREVENTION

WASTE PRODUCTION: FRANCE IN THE AVERAGE RANGE FOR EUROPE

Source : Filières à responsabilité élargie du producteur - Panorama Édition 2015 (Les)ADEME 2016

EPR Chains and date of start-up

European chains

Voluntary chains French chains

1979 Lubricants

1993 Packaging

2001 Portable batteries and accumulators

Agricultural supplies

2004 Tyres

2006 Automobiles Electrical and electronic devices Graphic papers

2007 Clothing textiles, household linens and shoes

2009 Pharmaceuticals Fluorinated gases

2010 Mobile homes

2011 Ink cartridges

2012 Furniture and furnishing Chemicals Infectious health care waste

2015 Bottled gas canisters

2016 Pleasure and sport boats

DID YOU KNOW? What are EPR chains?

The notion of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) was put forth by the OECD in the 1990s. EPR is the principle the holds that manufacturers are responsible for their products throughout the entire product life cycle. One of the aims is to internalise the environmental costs associated with new products, and notably the cost of collection and treatment of discarded goods. Another aim is to encourage manufacturers to take management of end-of-life products into account from the first design stages so as to minimise waste and facilitate recycling. This is the ecodesign principle.

The operations of EPR chains in France are for the most part handled by the entities that market products, through collective producer responsibility organisations that are certified by the central government under detailed terms of reference.

With the creation of five new chains since 2012, a total of 18 EPR chains were active in France in 2015. These chains may be driven by European or French regulatory requirements, or stem from voluntary commitments.

18EPR chainsin France in 2015

1 Eurostat press release 56/2016, 22 March 2016. www.ec.europa.eu

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http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/7214330/8-22032016-AP-FR.pdf/8c532b96-60ff-4970-a15d-491af6360b33

Eurostat is the statistics office of the European Union, with headquarters in Luxembourg.Eurostat’s brief is to compile European statistics for the purposes of comparison between countries and regions.Waste amounts are calculated differently than in France. Most notable, rubble and demolition waste brought to recycling centres are not included in the category "municipal waste" as defined by Eurostat.

AMOUNT OF MUNICIPAL WASTE COLLECTEDIN EU COUNTRIES (kg/person)

Average municipal waste per person in France came to 511 kg per capita in 2014, 4% less than in 2012 (when it stood at 534 kg per person). Even though municipal waste quantities vary greatly among EU countries, this value is within the average range for EU Member States.

France is among the European countries that report the least industrial and commercial waste per person (not including CDW). France produced 1.5 t per person in 2012, compared to 2.1 in Germany, 2.2 in the United Kingdom, 3.8 in Belgium and over 14 for Finland, Sweden, Estonia and Bulgaria. In most countries this waste tonnage was higher in 2012 than in 2010.

Source : http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/frMunicipal waste generation and treatment, by type of treatment method. Eurostat 2015

FOR FURTHER INFORMATIONChiffres-clés déchets - Édition 2016. www.ademe.fr/mediatheque

French Environment Ministry website for waste monitoring and statistics. French Environment Ministry, 2016. www.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr

SINOE® (household waste data). www.sinoe.org

National Waste Prevention Programme 2014-2020. www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr

ADEME website on the National Waste Prevention Programme. www.ademe.fr/expertises

ADEME website on EPR chains. www.ademe.fr/expertises

Filières à responsabilité élargie du producteur - Panorama Edition 2015 (Les). ADEME 2016 www.ademe.fr/mediatheque

ADEME website on the circular economy. www.ademe.fr/expertises

272 à 349 kg/person





No data available

2014 Data

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http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/mapToolClosed.do?tab=map&init=1&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tsdpc240&toolbox=types#

http://www.ademe.fr/mediatheque

http://www.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/environnement/s/ressources-dechets-dechets.html

http://www.sinoe.org

http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Programme_national_prevention_dechets_2014-2020.pdf

http://www.ademe.fr/expertises/dechets/passer-a-laction/eviter-production-dechets/dossier/prevention/programme-national-prevention-dechets-2014-2020

http://www.ademe.fr/expertises/dechets/elements-contexte/filieres-a-responsabilite-elargie-producteurs-rep


http://www.ademe.fr/expertises/economie-circulaire

THE DYNAMICS OF WASTE

PREVENTION

PAGE 12

III

Preventing Waste - Overview 2016

THE DYNAMICS OF WASTE

PREVENTION

BETTER KNOWLEDGE OF THE IMPACT OF WASTE PREVENTION MEASURES

Étude d’évaluation des gisements d’évitement, des potentiels de réduction de déchets et des impacts environnementaux évités. ADEME 2015 www.ademe.fr/mediatheque

Impacts GES d’actions de prévention des déchets www.optigede.ademe.fr

Application de la méthodologie ADEME de quantification de l’impact gaz à effet de serre d’une action à des actions de prévention des déchets ADEME 2016. www.ademe.fr/mediatheque

ADEME website on waste prevention www.ademe.fr/expertises

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION

Reducing waste production

also reduces environmental impacts

These data can be used by local authorities to revise their waste reduction targets. In these times when climate change is a major issue, it is useful for local authorities to

be able to show that their waste prevention measures also support territorial air quality, climate and energy schemes by reducing GHG emissions.

Source : ADEME 2015. Voir EN SAVOIR +

Local authorities can use a method and benchmark document developed by ADEME to calculate the impact of 15 different measures on household waste (DMA) streams. The avoidable waste figures given below are the annual per capita quantity of waste for a given product or product category that can be affected by a waste prevention measure or set of measures.

AVOIDABLE WASTE AND PREVENTION MEASURES (kg/person/year)

160 180140120100806040200

Home composting

Products with little packaging

Community composting

Food wastage at home

Deposit-and-return for glass

Reuse and repurposing of furniture

Reuse and repurposing of WEEE

Restriction on unaddressed mail

Less paper use in tertiary sector

Food wastage in institutional food service

Washables nappiesReuse and repurposing of textiles,

household linens and shoesTap water

Avoidable waste is the amount of waste that prevention measures could remove from waste streams. The reduction potential of a measure is the reduction that could be obtained, expressed as percentage of total waste in the category.

For example, "Stop pub" stickers on mailboxes reduce by 90% the amount of printed matter delivered to mailboxes. If 50% of households in an area display "Stop pub" stickers on their mailboxes, the reduction potential for waste paper from printed matter in mail boxes is 45%. These data can be used by local authorities to revise their waste reduction targets.

AVOIDABLE WASTE AND REDUCTION POTENTIAL

Action to minimise waste can reduce waste production and/or limit its toxicity. Waste prevention will reduce the downstream environmental impacts of waste collection and treatment, but also and more importantly it will reduce the upstream impacts of production, processing, transport and use of the primary materials and products that generate waste.


PAGE 14




http://www.optigede.ademe.fr/impacts-ges-prevention-gestion-dechets


http://www.ademe.fr/expertises/dechets/passer-a-laction/eviter-production-dechets/dossier/prevention/quil-faut-savoir-prevention-dechets

The method that ADEME has developed to quantify the impact of waste prevention measures on GHG emissions has been tested for 14 measures implemented by various companies and local authorities.

This study categorises waste prevention measures according to their potential GHG gains. For each measure the main source of these gains is specified.

THE IMPACT OF PREVENTION MEASURES ON GHG EMISSIONS

A survey of 1 000 people in France over 15 years of age and more than 800 youths aged 6 to 15 tracks waste prevention perceptions and practices in the French population since 2005. The findings for 2015 confirm awareness of waste prevention, and show that households are increasingly aware of practical prevention measures. The survey also confirms the growing importance of the food waste issue.

1Nearly all people in France (96%) think that society generates too much waste, but only 12% believe that their own household produces more waste than average.

2Young people are generally more aware of the waste prevention issue. For example, 43% of youths aged 6 to 14 were able to cite one prevention measure in 2009; the proportion is 61% today.

3Knowledge of measures to prevent waste is progressing: 87% of respondents said they knew steps to take, 8% more than in in 2005.

4Home composting and buying products without excessive packaging are the most typical waste prevention measures.

5Knowledge of measures to reduce the toxicity of waste is steadily declining : only 45% of respondents said they knew steps to take, compared to 57% in 2011. in 2011.

6Practices are changing: Repairs of domestic appliances and electronic devices have fallen by 15% since 2005, but purchases of second-hand goods have risen by 18%.

7One in two people in France report that they compost their kitchen and/or green waste, but 44% say that they throw out kitchen waste with ordinary household waste.

893% of respondents say they are careful not to discard foodstuffs. This issue is a real concern, the most often for financial reasons.

9" Good practices" are increasingly widespread in France, as seen in the increasing number of people – +17% in ten years – who refuse to have advertising material delivered to their mailboxes.

10Only one-third of employees have identified waste prevention measures put into place in their company but these measures are strongly supported by those who are aware of them.

WASTE PREVENTION AWARENESS IN THE GENERAL PUBLIC

THE TOP TEN LESSONS FROM THE ADEME/IFOP SURVEY OF WASTE PREVENTION AWARENESS IN THE FRENCH PUBLIC (2015 SURVEY)

Sensibilité des Français à la prévention des déchets (La) ADEME 2015. www.ademe.fr/mediatheque

EOR FURTHER INFORMATION

Source : ADEME 2015. Voir EN SAVOIR +


PAGE 15




HELPING CONSUMERS...Responsible consumer behaviour involves taking environmental, health and social impacts into account when purchasing consumer goods. Consumers can directly influence these impacts when they buy, use and discard products.

O n e o f t h e a i m s o f p r e v e n t i o n a c t i o n i s t o c h a n g e h o u s e h o l d practices and encourage c o n s u m e r s t o b e "responsible" buyers and users of products.

CONSUMERS: RESPONSIBLE BEHAVIOUR FOR KEY PLAYERS IN PREVENTION

Responsible consumer behaviour is a prime lever for preventing

waste

Ask the right questions to make informed purchases

Identify your needs What will the product be used

for? Can I do without it? Can it be borrowed, rented, shared?

Identify the most environ-mentally friendly products Products with environmental

quality labels, products used in small quantities, products that are

sustainable, guaranteed, repairable, rechargeable, recyclable, products

that can be bought second-hand

Use products in better ways

Follow instructions for use Recommended dosages, use

instructions, upkeep and maintenance, repairs

Hold down losses Wastage

Discard in better waysAvoid waste

Home composting, reuse – give away, exchange, sell to another user

Follow sorting instructions

DID YOU KNOW?

Understanding environmental labelsThere are more than 50 environmental performance labels and logos that may be displayed on mass consumer products in France. The criteria behind these labels differ from one product category to another. Some labels are based on up to 90 different criteria. Édition : octobre 2014

Les achats

Panorama des logos sur des produits de notre quotidien

Les logos environnementaux sur les produits

COMPRENDRE

Source : www.ademe.fr/mediatheque

The EU Ecolabel is an official mark of recognition granted to products that stand out for environmental performance. The label has been created by public authorities to distinguish products with low environmental impact. The relevant criteria cover the entire product life cycle, from design and manufacture to sale, use and end-of-life treatment. Through this information the EU Ecolabel also encourages environmentally responsible consumer behaviour.

This label is used on a voluntary basis by companies that meet the relevant criteria, and can be displayed on products in over 30 categories. The environmental criteria vary by category, and may refer to reduced content of hazardous substances, or to economical use of materials and energy, among others. Criteria related to waste prevention may indicate longer product life, reduced production waste, or limitations on use of disposable (single-use) products.

The criteria for attribution of the EU Ecolabel are set for a period of roughly four years. They are regularly revised to integrate technological changes and maintain a strict level of selection. This labelling scheme aims to push the consumer market towards more environmentally friendly products and provide an incentive for progress.

EU ECOLABEL – WHAT DOES THIS LABEL MEAN?

ADEME website for environmental user action. www.ademe.fr/particuliers-eco-citoyens

Consommer mieux. ADEME 2016. www.ademe.fr/mediatheque FOR FURTHER INFORMATION


PAGE 16




http://www.ademe.fr/particuliers-eco-citoyens


During European Week for Waste Reduction (EWWR) events to increase awareness of waste prevention are held simultaneously throughout Europe. Local authorities and governments, not-for-profit groups, companies, retail businesses, schools etc. showcase their action to reach

the general public, users, customers and employees. In 2015, 3 380 events were registered across France, reaching an audience estimated at over 1.5 million people. On the European scale some 12 000 events were held in over 33 countries during this week.

A campaign with the slogan "Reduisons vite nos déchets, ça déborde (Let’s cut waste – the bin is overflowing) was launched by ADEME and the Environment Ministry in 2013. The aim was to support changes in practices in order to do more to prevent and manage waste. The campaign targeted individual consumers but also companies and territorial governments, and was designed to promote steps and measures to generate less waste at the source, and in particular to show companies how they can save money by reducing their waste.

A new national communication campaign focusing on efforts to fight food wastage was launched in May 2016 with the slogan "Ca suffit le gâchis" (Enough is enough – stop

waste). This campaign is intended to mobilise consumers, companies and local authorities to fight food wastage and losses, and to give new value to foodstuffs.This campaign entered its second phase in November 2016, targeting companies, in particularly agricultural and food processing companies, distributors, and institutional food service companies and restaurants.The aim is to encourage these stakeholders to take action by highlighting concrete

examples of companies that have saved money by reducing food waste.

EUROPEAN WEEK FOR WASTE REDUCTION WORKS FOR AWARENESS

COMMUNICATION CAMPAIGNS GET PEOPLE TO ACT

History of EWWR events in France and in Europe

2015201420132012201120102009

2 000

4 000

6 000

8 000

10 000

12 000

14 000

2 6721 313

4 346

1 960

7 035

3 452

10 793

2 888

12 682

2 692

11 992 12 035

2 8393 380

Number of events across Europe

Number of events in France

Source : www.serd.ademe.fr

EWWR www.ewwr.eu

ADEME website www.ademe.fr/expertises

French website Semaine Européenne pour la Réduction des Déchets www.serd.ademe.fr



PAGE 17



http://www.serd.ademe.fr

http://www.ewwr.eu

http://www.ademe.fr/expertises/dechets/passer-a-laction/eviter-production-dechets/participez-a-semaine-europeenne-reduction-dechets

Website casuffitlegachis.fr: practical advice, testimonials, toolsThe campaign is aimed at consumers, companies and local government authorities.

A communication kit with animated video films, web banners, pictograms, posters, etc. is available for action is each category via the website.

The website also publishes Good Practices information sheets for companies and government bodies listing possible types of action, testimonials and feedback.

At the end of 2014 local authorities and territorial governments were active in 377 local prevention schemes and 45 territorial prevention plans in 25 regions in France. In all, local waste prevention schemes cover 66% of the French population, representing 42 million people.ADEME has provided funding and methodological support for local authorities responsible for waste management, helping them implement specific measures to reduce ordinary household waste (OMA - see Acronyms) to meet the objective of a 7% per capita reduction in five years.

TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS ARE WORKING HARD FOR WASTE PREVENTION

Waste prevention requires a broad mobilisation of all stakeholders: local government authorities, households, companies and businesses, artisans, trades and retailers, Chambers of Commerce and Industry,

producer responsibility organisations, consumer and environmental protection groups.Consumer and environmental groups such as France Nature Environnement and Zéro Waste France help design national policy by their contributions to working groups at the National Waste Council and to implementation of measures under the National Waste Prevention Programme. They also mobilise their members on waste prevention issues and carry out local action. In some cases this action is supported by ADEME via partnership agreements.

NOT-FOR-PROFITS ARE MAJOR RELAYS FOR GETTING OUT THE MESSAGE

In 2016 ADEME held training sessions on the environmental impacts of common consumer products for

employees, volunteers and affiliates of the Consommation Logement Cadre de Vie (CLCV) consumer association. These

sessions addressed product life cycle, environmental labels, food wastage,

reusing products, among other topics.

Website www.casuffitlegachis.fr FOR FURTHER INFORMATION

TRAINING AMBASSADORS AND RESOURCE PERSONS


PAGE 18



http://www.casuffitlegachis.fr

Implementation of local waste prevention schemes for household waste (PLPDMA) has been mandatory since 1 January 2012 and no longer receives targeted financial aid.

Waste prevention works. Case studies and monograph reports show that the keys to success are strong political backing, partnerships and waste prevention schemes coupled with pricing incentives. Ordinary household waste (OMA) reductions of over 20% in four years were obtained in 12% of local authorities surveyed

Réunion MartiniqueGuadeloupe Mayotte Guyanne

Taux > 80 %

50 à 80 %

30 à 50 %

0 à 10 %

No prevention programme

Covered (2009/Dec 2014)

Source : Référentiel des coûts et des performances des PPP - Étude monographies. ADEME 2016

Population covered by local waste prevention schemes (PLP)

Ordinary household waste reduction in local authorities after four years (71 local authorities)

of the French population covered by a voluntary waste prevention scheme in 201466%

in four years in local authorities where a prevention scheme was coupled with pricing incentives

10%

23 %

ACHIEVEMENTS IN TERRITORIES AND COMMUNITIES

< 4%

Drop in ordinary household waste (OMA)

4 - 7%

7 - 10%

10 - 20%

> 20%

30%25%20%15%10%5%0%

Percentage of local authorities


in four years in local authorities where a prevention scheme was put into place

On average ordinary household waste (OMA) declined by

On average ordinary household waste (OMA) declined by


PAGE 19



The rules for devising and implementing local waste prevention schemes are set forth by central government in decree no. 2015-662 of 14 June 2015, and in a FAQ page of the Environment Ministry website.

In addition the New Territorial Organisation Act of 8 August 2015, also called the NOTRe Act, transferred responsibility for waste management and prevention plans from departments to the regional echelon of government. As of 2017 each region must have implemented its own Regional Plan for waste prevention and management across its territory.

From 2009 to 2014 no fewer than 500 training sessions were held for over 8 000 participants, including many elected officials.

A NEW HANDBOOKTo help new territorial entities design and carry out their waste prevention schemes, the Environment Ministry and ADEME have drawn up a handbook of practical guidance that draws widely from the experience acquired by the local authorities that were the first to voluntarily undertake waste prevention action. Pending publication of the new guidance in 2017, the existing handbook is available at the OPTIGEDE website www.optigede.ademe.fr/plan-programme-prevention. * Publication scheduled for 2017, ADEME ref. 8 858

Prevention trends in local authorities and territories

Training for waste prevention plans and programmes

Synergy in territorial policy: a shared dynamic

A new instrument has recently been added to the policy toolbox supporting the commitment to waste prevention: this is the concept of Zero Waste Zero Wastage territories (TZDZG – see Acronyms).Two calls for projects were issued by the Environment Ministr y and ADEME in 2014 and 2015, designed to suppor t local authorities that wanted to set up a voluntary and participatory approach to promote the circular economy. These demonstration territories, meant to serve as examples, draw upon a mobilisation of all local stakeholders – companies and businesses, residents and consumers, government, retail stores, not-for-profit groups – to pursue the following objectives: cut down on waste from all sources, prolong the useful life of products, extract as many valuable resources as possible from

ZERO WASTE, ZERO WASTAGE TERRITORY: THE PRINCIPLES OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY

Local authorities can develop waste prevention in synergy with other territorial policies, in favour of the economy and job creation, better living conditions, social community, civic action, etc. Twenty-five local authorities recount their experience.

of Zero Waste Zero Wastage territories already had a local waste prevention plan

80%

Moins de déchets, une dynamique pour votre territoire ! ADEME 2015. www.ademe.fr/mediatheque Case studies and monograph reports on waste prevention plans and programmes. ADEME 2016. www.ademe.fr/mediatheque OPTIGEDE website with monograph reports on waste prevention plans and programmes www.optigede.ademe.fr/prevention-monographies-ppp Prévention des déchets et politiques publiques territoriales. ADEME 2016. www.ademe.fr/mediatheque 25 collectivités donnent de l’élan à leur territoire. ADEME 2016. www.ademe.fr/mediatheque ADEME website pages devoted to local authority waste reduction. www.ademe.fr/collectivites-secteur-public ADEME website pages devoted to local waste prevention programmes. www.ademe.fr/expertisesAnalyse et exploitation des coûts et des performances des plans et programmes locaux de prévention des déchets ADEME 2016. www.ademe.fr/mediatheque


UN ATOUT, LA PRÉVENTION D

ES D

ÉCH

ETS

25 COLLECTIVITÉSDONNENT DE L’ÉLAN À LEUR TERRITOIRE



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http://www.optigede.ademe.fr/prevention-monographies-ppp



http://www.ademe.fr/collectivites-secteur-public/integrer-lenvironnement-domaines-dintervention/dechets/reduire-dechets

http://www.ademe.fr/expertises/dechets/passer-a-laction/eviter-production-dechets/dossier/programmes-locaux-prevention/cadre-legislatif



Projects selected to be Zero Waste territories

Selected in 2014

Selected in 2015Réunion MartiniqueGuadeloupe

Mayotte Guyanne St Pierre et Miquelon

Source : www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr

waste and discarded products by recycling materials and recovering organic materials and energy.This concept aims for efficient use of materials and not simply waste prevention, and approaches the local circular economy as an integral unit. This approach makes the project more visible and more legible to local residents. Implementation of Zero Waste territories is based on dynamic partnerships, in particular with economic institutions such as Chambers of Commerce and Industry, and Chambers of Trades and Crafts.153 territorial entities in 81 departments have been selected. Most of them had already implemented a waste prevention plan on a voluntary basis. They receive technical and financial aid from ADEME and from the central government for the Zero Waste schemes. In 2015 close to €55 million was allocated to these project territories.

The Réseau A3P network of prevention plan and programme officers today has over 550 active members who share the objective of pooling their working experience. This network was created in 2010 by ADEME and since 2016 groups together Waste Prevention Plan/Programme and Zero Waste Territory task officers.

The OPTIGEDE® website provides tools and examples of action programmes for task officers and technicians in charge of waste prevention and management. In this way local authorities, companies, businesses and not-for-profit groups can share their experience.

Pooling and sharing experience


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http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/01_20160201_seminaire_TZDZG.pdf

1 Energy Transition for Green Growth Act. Loi n° 2015-992 du 17 août 2015 relative à la transition énergétique pour la croissance verte (LTECV). www.legifrance.gouv.fr

A study by the French Commissariat Général au Développement Durable (CGDD) has found that when pricing incentives are implemented by a local authority:

- Unsorted household waste drops by 28% (67 kg per person);

- Sorted waste increases by 33% (14 kg per person for paper and packaging).

These changes appear even before the pricing scheme takes effect, with the influence of prior communication to inform residents.

Positive results for pricing incentives

waste tonnages is seen in 80% of cases, which confirms that this is an effective measure for minimising waste in a territory.The Energy Transition Act stipulates that pricing incentives should be more widely used by local authorities, with the target of 15 million people covered by 2020, and 25 million in 2025.1

Adopting variable pricing is not so simple, however, because waste collection services must be entirely revamped, and the change in pricing may meet with negative reactions from some residents. Even so, in a survey of users in areas where variable pricing is applied 7 out 10 respondents said they supported the pricing incentives implemented by their local authority.

Variable pricing and pricing incentives for waste collection services are widely recommended for the purpose of encouraging households to improve their sorting techniques and reduce the amount of household waste generated.At the end of 2015 12 million people in France resided in areas where local authorities had studied pricing incentives, and 6 million people in communities that had implemented these incentives. As of 1 January 2016 4.5 million people received waste collection bills that included a pricing incentive.The most common way to apply an incentive is to count each bin of residual household waste collected, and bill households accordingly. When this incentive is in effect the tonnage of residual household waste collected falls by between 20% and 50%, depending on the locality, and separately collected paper and packaging waste increases. An overall decline in

PAY-AS-YOU-THROW PRICING: INCENTIVES TO SORT MORE AND DISCARD LESS

6 million people covered by pricing

incentives at the end of 2015


Site du Réseau A3P. www.a3p.ademe.fr

Tools, guidelines and programmes of local authorities designated for Zero Waste Territory projects www.optigede.ademe.fr/laureats-tzdzg-2015 www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/Territoires-zero-dechets-zero


PAGE 22



https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000031044385&categorieLien=id

http://www.a3p.ademe.fr

http://www.optigede.ademe.fr/laureats-tzdzg-2015

http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/Territoires-zero-dechets-zero

1 Energy Transition for Green Growth Act. Loi n° 2015-992 du 17 août 2015 relative à la transition énergétique pour la croissance verte (LTECV). www.legifrance.gouv.fr2 Décret n° 2016-288 du 10 mars 2016 portant diverses dispositions d’adaptation et de simplification dans le domaine de la prévention et de la gestion des déchets. www.legifrance.gouv.fr

The Energy Transition Act raised the National Waste Prevention Programme objective for industrial and commercial waste, and calls for reducing these waste streams, including waste from construction and public works waste by 2020 (baseline 2010).1

In addition, companies and government offices are required to separate out five types of waste (paper, metal, plastic, glass and wood), as set forth in a decree date d 10 March 2016 . 2 This mandator y sor ting does not focus on prevention, but rather gives companies and government o f f i c e s a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o rethink their approach to waste generation and management.At the same time the concept of the circular economy is now integrated into business thinking. At the 2013 Conference on the Environment professional and trade groups pledged to work towards voluntary agreements. This work is going

forward in 14 business sectors under the auspices of the National Industry Council (Conseil National de l’Industrie, CNI). The first step is to review the current state of play in each sector, and identify practices that work towards the circular economy. Once this assessment is completed, pathways for progress are charted for each sector. These are the basis for

action: the first pledges for green growth were signed on 27 April 2016.The mobilisation of the business sector is also supported by ADEME and its par tners. From 2014 to 2016 under the Business Showcase scheme on the theme "Energy and materials: Waste avoided = Profits

augmented", 49 companies were selected out of 329 candidates, for implementation of an action plan to demonstrate that substantial financial savings could be made by reducing consumption of energy and materials, and recovering more value from waste. The selected companies received:

INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL WASTE: COMPANIES TAKE ACTION

T he Business Showcase slogan:

" Waste avoided = Profits augmented "

Preliminary energy and materials/waste audits;

Support for the most appropriate and profitable measures during one year;

Quantitative assessment of financial savings and lower

environmental impacts obtained through these measures.

1 2 3

Population covered by variable pricing (from preliminary studies to implementation)

201520142014201220112010200920080

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Popu

latio

n (m

illion

s)

0.61.8

4.4

6.6

8.4

10.411.0

12.0

2.2

1.30.6

3.84.9

5.7 6.0 6.2

Total population covered, including preliminary studies

Pricing incentives adopted or being implemented


SiADEME website page on pricing incentives. www.ademe.fr/expertises

Tarification incitative conseils et retours d’expérience ADEME 2014 www.ademe.fr/mediatheque

La tarification incitative de la gestion des ordures ménagères : quels impacts sur les quantités collectées ? CGDD 2016 www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr

TEOM incitative : premières orientations de mise en œuvre. ADEME 2014 www.ademe.fr/mediatheque



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http://www.ademe.fr/expertises/dechets/passer-a-laction/couts-financement/dossier/modes-financement-service-public-gestion-dechets/tarification-incitative-ti


http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/La-tarification-incitative-de-la.html


FOR FURTHER INFORMATION Entreprises témoins - Énergie & matières : gaspillage évité = marge augmentée. 72 fiches. ADEME 2016 www.ademe.fr/entreprises-monde-agricole

Réduisez vos pertes matières et vos déchets. ADEME 2016. www.ademe.fr/mediatheque

Formation à la méthode MFCA permettant de mettre en évidence le coût complet des déchets et des pertes matièreswww.formation.ademe.fr

Les premiers engagements pour la croissance verte ont été signés. www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr

A study of ten industrial companies by ADEME in 2012 showed that external waste management costs represented less than 7% of the total cost of waste. Whatever the recycling option, it is never profitable to generate waste. The total cost of waste disposal is always higher than the

revenue that can be generated by recycling, because this total includes the cost of waste production (primary materials purchases and processing), plus internal and external management costs.

To bring support to technical firms that offer waste services, ADEME offers training in methods to assess and analyse the total cost of material losses and waste.

DID YOU KNOW? What waste costs companies

The results of this operation have been compiled in 72 information sheets to provide examples and encourage other companies to take action.

KEY FIGURES FROM THE BUSINESS SHOWCASE COMPANIES

9 000 t CO2 emissionsavoided annually

Source ADEME 2016. Voir EN SAVOIR +

Total cost of waste

© A

DEM

E


from all sectors of activity, 275 measures implemented

49companies showcased average savings per

company (from €2 000 to €375 000 annual savings)

€60 000/year

in savings obtained by adopting simple measures to save materials and energy and reduce waste

€3 million /year Average payback

time 23% of savings generated by measures with immediate results

7months

FOCUS ON…


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http://multimedia.ademe.fr/catalogues/fiches-entreprises/ADEME_Entreprises_temoins_2016.pdf


http://www.formation.ademe.fr/solutions/stage.php?stageid=4688&folid=26

http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/Les-premiers-engagements-pour-la.html


FOCUS ON…

PEOPLE ARE MOBILISED

A CONCERN BROADLY SHARED ACROSS SOCIETY

Posters to raise awareness of food wastage

FOOD WASTE

Food waste is increasingly considered to be an important issue in France, as seen with the "Awarenes" survey conducted in 2016.1

Food waste refers to "foodstuffs intended for human consumption that are lost, discarded or deteriorated at some point in the food value chain."2 This wastage occurs at all stages in the value chain, from farm production to final consumption, and in storage, processing and distribution in between. According to a recent ADEME study of French households, 29 kg of food par year and per person are wasted in homes alone, of which 7 kg are food items still in their packaging.3 Total losses and waste along the entire food value chain are evaluated at 10 million tonnes, representing an estimated theoretical commercial value of €16 million.4

This study calculates that GHG emissions linked to these losses and waste are 15.3 Mt CO2 eq, amounting to 3% of all emissions for the domestic economy.

Environmental associations and other forces in civil society have focused attention on the fight against food wastage. These forces work actively in the field to alert and mobilise households and facilitate exchange of know-how and best practices.

ADEME and the government ministries in charge of the environment and food

issues support these initiatives via local and national communication and information campaigns, for instance with the creation of a national Fight Food Waste Day (16 October) in 2013, and the national campaign entitled "Enough is enough – stop waste" launched in 2016 by ADEME and the Environment Ministry.

ADEME has also undertaken further studies to better apprehend this topic, and has committed financial resources to structuring projects such as "1 000 schools against food waste" and 250 volunteer civil service positions around the country, among others.

A t home per person in France.

29 kgof food wasted per year

1 Sensibilité des Français à la prévention des déchets (La) – Édition 2015. ADEME 2016. www.ademe.fr/mediatheque2 As defined under the Pacte national de lutte contre le gaspillage alimentaire.3 État des lieux des masses de gaspillages alimentaires et de leur gestion aux différentes étapes de la chaîne alimentaire. ADEME 2016. See FOR FURTHER INFORMATION4 This "theoretical" value is based on the retail price of lost and wasted products. It does not include any financial gains from recycling or recovery of waste (use as animal feed, energy produced by anaerobic digestion, composting, etc.) nor the cost of measures required to avoid losses (labour costs, storage, information and awareness, transport).

Source : www.casuffitlegachis.fr

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REGAL brings together the main players in the Aquitaine region (producers, processors, distributors, restaurant owners, public establishments, environmental groups, etc.) for concrete action to apply the National Covenant to Fight Food Waste in this region. This group was created by the Centre Ressource d’Ecologie Pédagogique d’Aquitaine (CREPAQ) in late 2013, with support from institutional partners. In addition to various annual events, REGAL makes tools available via its website to help all stakeholders implement measures to prevent food waste. This dynamic approach gained momentum in 2016 with the creation of REGAL in Normandy and similar projects starting up in other regions.

In October 2016 ADEME and the French Environment Ministry published methodological guidelines to help public administrations set up audits and action plans to combat food waste in their institutional food service operations. These guidelines are intended for managers of institutional food services and offer many insights based on experience acquired through local projects.

www.ademe.fr/mediatheque

A NATIONAL COVENANT TO FIGHT FOOD WASTE

NEW REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS

Stakeholders in the food v a l u e c h a i n s i g n e d a n agreement with the French central government in 2013 to establish a National Covenant to Fight Food Waste and undertake voluntary action on this issue. This covenant outlines the measures and commitments pledged by the various stakeholders and sets an overall goal of reducing food waste by 50% by 2025.

Since the Covenant was established in 2013 policy to fight food waste has received a strong strategic boost at the national level. This action is one of 13 strategic focuses in the 2014-2020 National Waste P r eve n t i o n Pr o g r a m m e and one of four priorities listed in the National Food Programme (Programme national pour l’alimentation, PNA) since 2014.Under the Energy Transition and Green Growth legislation, the centr al gover nment , local authorities and public establishments now have an obligation to put into place measures to fight food waste in their food and restaurant services.

The Energy Transition and Green Growth Act bans display of a use-by date on certain types of products, in particular fresh fruits and vegetables, alcoholic beverages, vinegar, sugar, salt, etc.

Le Réseau pour éviter le gaspillage alimentaire (REGAL)

Institutional food service: a manual for reducing food wastage

REGAL website www.reseau-regal-aquitaine.org

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http://www.reseau-regal-aquitaine.org


1 Food Waste Act: Loi n° 2016-138 du 11 février 2016 relative à la lutte contre le gaspillage alimentaire. www.legifrance.gouv.fr

Source : Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Agroalimentaire et de la Forêt

Conservation times for foodstuffs

Even more recently these steps have been supplemented by food waste legislation outlining:

Hierarchy of measures to be implemented;

Obligations and bans imposed on businesses and distributors to encourage food donations, notably to charities;

Education on food waste in schools;

Food wastage to be addressed as part of corporate social and environmental action.1

Prevention of food wastage

Use of unsold items fit for human consumption, by donation or processing

Resource use for animal feed

Composting to recover resources for agricultural

purposes, or energy recovery, in particular via

anaerobic digestion.

Pyramid of action stipulated by the French Environment Code

1 2 3 4

EXTENDING PRODUCT LIFE AND COMBATING PLANNED OBSOLESCENCE

All consumer products and their packaging have impacts on the environment. Consumers are increasingly aware of these impacts, and want products that are sturdier, last longer, can be repaired, and thus help protect the environment. When information on product life is available, consumers

LONGER PRODUCT LIFE TO PREVENT WASTE

État des lieux des masses de gaspillages alimentaires et de sa gestion aux différentes étapes de la chaîne alimentaire ADEME 2016. www.ademe.fr/mediathequeFood wastage toolbox. www.optigede.ademe.fr/outils-gaspillage-alimentaireRéduire le gaspillage alimentaire en restauration collective. ADEME 2016. www.ademe.fr/mediathequeManger mieux, gaspiller moins. ADEME 2016. www.ademe.fr/mediathequeREGAL website. www.reseau-regal-aquitaine.org French Ministry for Agriculture, Food and Forests. http://agriculture.gouv.fr

EN SAVOIR

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http://agriculture.gouv.fr/infographie-le-gaspillage-alimentaire-les-dates-de-conservation-des-aliments


http://www.optigede.ademe.fr/outils-gaspillage-alimentaire



http://www.reseau-regal-aquitaine.org

http://agriculture.gouv.fr/

1 The Influence of Lifespan Labelling on Consumers (ILLC study), European Economic and Social Committee, March 2016. www.eesc.europa.eu2 Consumer Products Act. Loi n° 2014-344 du 17 mars 2014 relative à la consommation. www.legifrance.gouv.fr

To accelerate this movement the National Waste Prevention Programme has set objectives to define the notion of planned obsolescence and to prolong the minimum legal guarantee on goods and products. The 2014 Consumer Products Act and the 2015 Energy Transition Act take steps towards these goals.2

A REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR EXTENDING PRODUCT LIFE AND COMBATING PLANNED OBSOLESCENCE

All manufactured products, without exception, have an impact on the environment: resource depletion, GHG emissions, air,

water and/or soil pollution, waste, etc.

Recent regulations adopted in France address product life span, in particular the 2014 Consumer Products Act and the 2015 Energy Transition and Green Growth Act.

Minimum legal product warrantee extended from six months to two years (Consumer Products Act) During this period the seller must guarantee a defect-free product. Under the Energy Transition Act extension of this warrantee to five or ten years is being considered for certain categories of products;

Testing of the effectiveness of displaying useful life span information on products. An assessment of these experiments will be submitted to the French Parliament in 2018 (Energy Transition Act);

Definition of planned obsolescence in the Energy Transition Act: "Planned obsolescence covers the full range of techniques used by a product marketer to deliberately shorten the useful life of a product in order to increase the rate of replacement."

Institution of penalties for planned obsolescence, punishable by two years’ imprisonment and a minimum fine of €300 000.

More recently, in 2015 the European Commission proposed a series of measures for longer product life in its circular economy package.

Regulatory advances

5 - Support repair businesses, notably via training and certification of repair technicians and artisans.

1 - Measure product life span; this means developing standard

evaluation methods;

2 -Evaluate gains associated with longer product life for each

product category; this involves applying life cycle analysis to assess

environmental gains;

3 - Encourage manufacturers to make their products last longer, in particular via ecodesign, e.g. adjust the

environmental contribution levied on products, or set a minimum quality level for access to the market;

4 - Encourage and support change in consumer behaviour via information on product life and the best way to use purchases;

5key measures

to achieve longer product life

Source : Avis de l’ ADEME sur l’allongement de la durée de vie des produits. ADEME 2016. Voir EN SAVOIR +

Legal warranty of product quality. Service public 2016. www.service-public.frADEME opinion on extending product life. ADEME 2016. www.ademe.fr/mediathequeThe Influence of Lifespan Labelling on Consumers (ILLC study), European Economic and Social Committee, March 2016. www.eesc.europa.eu


choose produc t s with the longes t useful life, according to a recent study by the European Economic and Social Committee.1

Following on this progress ADEME and the French Environment Ministry aim to pursue this policy and develop campaigns to ensure information on product life, durability and environmental impacts. Another priority is support for repair and reuse activities.

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http://www.eesc.europa.eu/?i=portal.fr.obsolescence-studies-articles


http://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F11094


http://www.eesc.europa.eu/?i=portal.fr.obsolescence-studies-articlest

1 Decree no. 2016-703 of 30 May pertaining to reuse of replacement automobile parts in the circular economy. www.legifrance.gouv.fr

2 Energy Transition Act for Green Growth Act: Loi n° 2015-992 du 17 août 2015 relative à la transi-tion énergétique pour la croissance verte, article 70. www.legifrance.gouv.fr

REUSE, REPAIR, REPURPOSEThe European Waste Directive and the French Environment Code emphasise reuse, repair and repurposing as the preferred methods for waste management. The 2014-2020 waste programme and the Energy Transition Act in France follow in this direction.One of the application decrees for deployment of the Energy Transition Act stipulates that professional automobile maintenance and repair services must propose refurbished spare parts to customers rather than new parts as of 1 January 2017.1 Voluntary experiments are also planned to develop deposit-and-return schemes.2

The 2014 Consumer Products Act requires manufacturers to inform consumers of the period of availability of replacement parts for the products they put on the market, and to ensure that vendors and repair businesses receive within two months the parts they have ordered.These new measures support the development of repair and repurposing activities. The Energy Transition Act also raises the obligations of producers under environmental responsibility compliance schemes, as had already been done for furniture and furnishings waste and for waste electronics and electrical equipment (WEEE). In these two sectors the producer responsibility schemes favour reuse and repurposing by contributing some of their resources to social solidarity enterprises, along the lines of partnerships concluded with the Emmaüs charity, the Envie network and Ressourceries.

By prolonging the useful life of products and reducing consumption of resources and the generation of waste, reuse, repairs and repurposing are major components of the circular economy. In today’s difficult economic circumstances these approaches may be developing in part because they help households to spend less.A strong waste prevention and management policy must be backed by stakeholders mobilised at different levels – government authorities, companies and businesses, producer compliance schemes, consumer and environmental groups. Action to encourage reuse and repair are taking shape under territorial action programmes and schemes (PLP, TZDZG – see Acronyms) that are coordinated with other local aspects of economic and social policy.Thanks to reuse and repurposing 940 000 tonnes of waste were avoided in 2013, 14% more than in 2011.3

A MOVEMENT SUPPORTED BY REGULATIONS

A POSITIVE CONTRIBUTION TO THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY

DID YOU KNOW?

Reuse, repair, repurpose - what do these terms mean?

Reuse refers to "all operations by which substances, materials or products that are not waste are reused for a purpose identical to that for which they were originally designed."

Repair is used in the ordinary sense of restoring a product’s function.

Repurposing refers to all operations by which substances, materials or products that have become waste are used again.

reused or repurposed in 2013

940 000 t of waste

Source : Réemploi, réparation et réutilisation Synthèse 2è Édition. ADEME 2015. Voir EN SAVOIR +

3 Panorama de la deuxième vie des produits en France : actualisation 2014. ADEME 2014. See FOR FURTHER INFORMATION

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https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/decret/2016/5/30/DEVP1602645D/jo


Large home appliances: a supply chain for second-hand replacement parts

Deposit and return for reuse: a lever for reducing waste

Évaluation de la viabilité économique d’une filière de pièces détachées de réemploi et élaboration d’un schéma de fonctionnement. ADEME 2015. See FOR FURTHER INFORMATION

Consigne pour les emballages boissons. ADEME 2011.

In a study published in 2015 ADEME and the Groupement interprofessionnel des fabricants d’équipement ménager ( GIFAM) outlined the conditions that would be needed to establish a supply chain for recovery and sale of second-hand replacement parts for large domestic appliances in France.

The operating principle of such a supply chain would be to remove reusable parts from unusable appliances, test them, and store and sell them to repair shops and mechanics, and perhaps even to individual users.

According to this study a used parts supply chain would be financially and structurally viable if backed by an existing network. There are obstacles to be removed however, before such a chain could be launched.

In common parlance packaging is said to be subject to a deposit if the cost of the packaging is added to the retail product price, and reimbursed when the product is consumed and the empty packaging returned to the store. This term can also be applied to other systems that provide an advantage (purchase voucher, gift, etc.) for the return of packaging.

While such systems still exist in business-to-business (BtoB) distribution circuits (pallets, barrels and kegs used by professionals) they have practically disappeared from business-to-consumer (BtoC) sales; nonetheless they have real environmental advantages for packaging of drinks, under certain conditions, in particular in distribution networks for cafés, hotels and restaurants, and in household networks on a regional scale.

As these economic and environmental benefits are not automatically ensured for deposit-and-return systems, further study is needed to determine the conditions that would make such

systems efficient and the ways in which they could be deployed.

Several current initiatives address this issue:

A workshop devoted to deposit and reuse systems has been established under the National Waste Prevention Programme. This group brings together all stakeholders, and is piloted by the ZWF not-for-profit group and the Environment Ministry. It has compiled a review of mechanisms designed to recover household packaging items for reuse or repurposing, and has drawn up recommendations. The group is now turning its attention to industrial and commercial packaging;

A project to monitor and evaluate ten mechanisms for collection of drinks packaging for reuse or repurposing was launched by ADEME in May 2016.

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1 Panorama de la deuxième vie des produits en France : actualisation 2014. ADEME 2014. www.ademe.fr/mediatheque

In 2013 there were some 5 600 businesses in the reuse sector in France, a number that has risen by slightly over 10% in two years.1

The repair activity sector is much bigger, with about 85 000 enterprises that employ over 150 000 people and generate total sales of roughly 45 billion euros. After automobile

repairs, that represent close to 70% of total sales, repairs to grey appliances (computers and office equipment) are preponderant and relatively significant. Other activities, such as furniture and apparel repairs (clothes mending, shoe repair shops) are fewer in number and more fragile economically.

Anticipating changes in the repair of electric and electronic devices, ADEME has set up a partnership w i t h a t r a i n i n g ce n t r e (C FA Ducretet). In this centre repair technicians are broadening their skills to cover the wide range of connected objects in the expanding Internet of Things (IoT).

A DIY repair shop in the Limousin region

ATR Limousin, the AGORA company and GIFAM have launched an experimental do-it-yourself repair shop for household appliances, under an agreement with ADEME. At this shop individual users have access to tools to repair their clothes washer or refrigerator with advice from a professional. This experiment is intended to test the economic viability of this model and assess the market demand. Findings are expected in 2017.

PREVENTING WASTE IN CONSTRUCTION AND PUBLIC WORKS

Construction waste generated

The construction industry has two subsectors, "Buildings" and "Public works", further broken down by activity (construction, rehabilitation, demolition). Three categories of waste are distinguished: inert waste, non-hazardous non-inert waste, and hazardous waste.

The construction industry generated close to 247 Mt of waste in 2017, 72% of all waste produced in France. Despite these significant quantities, few measures to reduce or prevent waste have been implemented in this sector.

MUCH IS AT STAKE

Source : Indicateur 5 de suivi du PNPD – Production de déchets du secteur de la construction. SOeS

Non-hazardous non-inert waste

Inert waste

Hazardous waste

Millions of tonnes150100 250 30020050

2012

2010

2008

0

ADEME reuse and repair site. www.ademe.fr/expertisesRéemploi, réparation et réutilisation - Synthèse 2è Édition. ADEME 2015. www.ademe.fr/mediathequeDurée de vie des équipements audiovisuels. ADEME 2014. www.ademe.fr/mediathequePanorama de la deuxième vie des produits en France : actualisation 2014. ADEME 2014. www.ademe.fr/mediathequePanorama de l’offre de réparation en France : actualisation 2014. ADEME 2014. www.ademe.fr/mediathequePerceptions et pratiques des Français en matière de réemploi des produits. ADEME 2014. www.ademe.fr/mediathequeÉvaluation de la viabilité économique d’une filière de pièces détachées de réemploi et élaboration d’un schéma de fonctionnement. ADEME 2015. www.ademe.fr/mediatheque


A RAPIDLY EXPANDING SECTOR OF ACTIVITY

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http://www.ademe.fr/expertises/dechets/passer-a-laction/eviter-production-dechets/reemploi-reparation







1 Obligation de télédéclaration des formulaires de récolement après démolition - Rapport de mise en œuvre (édition 2016) ADEME 2016. www.diagnostic-demolition.ademe.fr2 Identification des freins et des leviers au réemploi de produits et matériaux de construction. ADEME 2016. Voir EN SAVOIR +

Public procurement for roadway works

The Energy Transition Act (article 79) stipulates that central and local government authorities should use recycled materials obtained from construction and demolition waste for roadway work in order to meet these goals. All public tenders for roadway construction or upkeep must give priority to materials obtained by recovering or recycling waste materials, subject to annual reporting requirements. The target is 60% recycled materials in 2020.

The public works sector has practised recycling and reuse of materials for years, for instance employing asphalt aggregate on site when resurfacing roads, but overall there is still much room for improvement.Waste prevention is much less common in the buildings construction sector, apart from demolition projects where crushed concrete and other inert materials are often used as fill to rehabilitate the worksite, avoiding the need to handle this waste off site (up to 44% of inert demolition waste and materials may be reused on site.)1

A recent ADEME study has identified obstacles and levers to reuse of construction materials.2 This report shows that builders are insufficiently aware of the issue of waste prevention and the benefits of reuse of materials. Furthermore this term is technically and legally unclear.An action plan of specific measures to encourage reuse in the construction and public works sector is outlined in the report, with the main idea that builders and contractors must be involved and informed as far upstream as possible.

The stakes are very high in this sector, as recognised by the National Waste Prevention Programme, that aims to stabilise construction waste by 2020, at the very least. The Energy Transition Act calls for 60% of roadway works materials to be obtained by reuse, recycling or repurposing of recovered materials.

Ways to achieve these goal s include ecodesign of civil engineering work s, materials and products used; limiting the amount and toxicity of worksite waste; and creation of materials recovery sites for construction materials so as to stimulate reuse and repurposing. Demolition materials can also be reused, or repurposed for another type of use, as the case may be.

GOOD PRACTICES ARE STILL TOO FEW AND FAR BETWEEN

SUBSTANTIAL CULTURAL INHIBITIONS

O f all waste comes from

the construction industry

73%

A study of obstacles and levers for the reuse of construction materials yields several specific findings for this sector:

Throughout the chain builders are insufficiently aware of these issues and do not know the benefits of reuse.

In their day-to-day business practices building professionals do not take reuse into account.

The technical specifications, suitability and performance of recycled materials and products are not well known.

Certain types of building design and construction make it impossible to "dismantle" these structures.

Reuse of building materials and products is not often mentioned in professional documentation and regulations.

Builders do not have sufficient guarantees of the quality of recycled materials and insurance coverage for structures built with them.

The commercial obligations of producers of recycled materials are unclear, as are conditions regarding the EC stamp that is required to bring a product to market, and the ultimate legal status of the product (merchandise or waste?).2

Obstacles in the building sector

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http://www.diagnostic-demolition.ademe.fr/demolition/

1 Sensibilité des Français à la prévention des déchets (La). ADEME 2016. www.ademe.fr/mediatheque

Projects to mobilise stakeholders

BAZED is the first French initiative proposing overall building design assistance to reduce waste throughout the entire life of a building. This methodology includes various options, e.g. conservation of existing elements in building rehabilitation, reuse of structural components, features to allow buildings to evolve and be readily dismantled.

ReQualif aims to study the technical feasibility and regulatory compliance of using recycled products in a number of demonstration projects. More specifically, the project goals are:

To devise specific procedures for reusing thermal insulation materials and wood window frames in building maintenance and rehabilitation;

To select products according to their suitability;

To achieve high-quality selective deconstruction;

To implement recycled products and construction.

LOCAL MANAGEMENT OF ORGANIC WASTELocal management of organic waste, via composting, mulching, shredding, conversion to animal feed, etc. has been promoted and supported by local governments and ADEME for over 25 years. Waste prevention plans and programmes have been implemented to foster these practices.ADEME carried out a study in 2007 and determined that residual household waste contains on average 125 kg of biodegradable waste per person and per year, an amount representing 40% of household waste bins. A large proportion of this waste could be managed at people’s homes.

Under the new measures of the Energy Transition Act this movement to treat biodegradable waste will accelerate in pace, as the legislation stipulates that solutions must be available to all so that organic waste does not have to be thrown out with residual waste. Local authorities will be required to put into place source sorting of waste, separate collection of organic

waste, neighbourhood composting etc.Composting is well received in France, and supported by local authorities, via distribution of home composting units, for instance. More recently collective composting has become more common, in apartment buildings and community facilities for instance. ADEME brings support to this "collective" waste treatment chain. The agency is working with stakeholders to write up a professional reference document, and has supported training for compost resource persons.As of 2015 15 training organisations had been accredited and 115 people had followed the compost instruction courses.

Reference documents on stakeholder training for local management of organic waste

These reference documents published by ADEME list the activities and competencies required of various stakeholders in local management of organic waste–local authority task officers, compost resource persons, composting "guides", site managers – and available courses and instruction.

www.bazed.fr

I n 2015 50% of people in France said they composted kitchen or

garden waste. 1

Reference documents pertaining to stakeholder training for local management of organic waste. ADEME 2013. formations.ademe.fr

Identification des freins et des leviers au réemploi de produits et matériaux de construction. ADEME 2016 www.ademe.fr/mediatheque

Déchets du bâtiment. ADEME 2016 www.ademe.fr/mediatheque

Déchets des travaux publics ADEME 2016 www.ademe.fr/mediatheque


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https://www.ademe.fr/mediatheque

http://www.bazed.fr

http://formations.ademe.fr/data/news1038/r-f-rentiel_acteurs_.pdf




1 Grenelle II Legislation – Loi n° 2010-788 du 12 juillet 2010 portant engagement national pour l’environnement dite Grenelle II. www.legifrance.gouv.fr2 Litter in our seas, European Environment Agency, 2014. See FOR FURTHER INFORMATION

MARINE DEBRIS AND LITTERMarine debris and litter refers to all types of waste present in oceans and seas. This waste has either migrated from land, or has been directly discarded in the water, escaping the reaches of organised waste collection. Eighty per cent of marine debris originates on land.The European Environment Agency estimates that close to 10 Mt of waste find their way into the oceans and seas each year.2

Since 1 January 2012 public and private entities in France that generate large amounts of organic waste are required to sort this waste and process it to recover resources.1 As of 2016 this requirement applies to all companies and business that generate 10 tonnes of organic waste or more per year, and/or 60 tonnes or more of spent cooking oils. This pool includes a large number of companies, from hypermarkets and food stores to institutional food service operations.

Annuaire des acteurs de la gestion de proximité des biodéchets en France. ADEME 2016 http://reseaucompost.org

Directory of players in local organic waste management

Under an agreement with ADEME the Réseau compost citoyen has issued its first directory of people and organisations involved in local organic waste management. This directory lists stakeholders and organisations (other than local authorities) in France that offer training, project assistance, theme events and learning tools related to composting. The compilation also lists manufacturers and importers of composting equipment for local authorities.

A sea of plastic

Plastic materials, in particular packaging such as bottles and single-use carrier sacks are far and away the most common waste found in the marine environment. These materials break down into tiny fragments, smaller than 5 millimetres and invisible to the naked eye, and are dispersed at the surface of the water. It is estimated that some 5 000 billion micro-fragments of plastic are floating on the planet’s oceans and seas. At least 267 marine species, including mammals, tortoises and birds, are affected by these fragments that are mistaken for food and cause suffocation and intestinal occlusion. The micro-fragments also serve as a medium supporting non-indigenous species, viruses and bacteria, enabling them to propagate over long distances.

Many pollutants are also concentrated on the surface of these fragments. When ingested by marine fauna (shellfish, fish) that may mistake them for zooplankton, these plastics have an impact on the food chain. Other waste found in the oceans includes glass bottles, metal cans, sanitary napkins, cotton swabs, cigarette butts, balloons, and damaged fish nets that continue to entrap fish and marine mammals many years after being discarded.

OPTIGEDE website on recovery of organic resources (tools, examples, good practices). www.optigede.ademe.fr

Compostage partagé dans les territoires des plans et programmes de prévention des déchets (Le). ADEME 2015. www.optigede.ademe.fr

Jardinage au naturel dans les territoires des plans et programmes de prévention des déchets (Le). ADEME 2015. www.optigede.ademe.fr

Gestion domestique des biodéchets dans les territoires des plans et programmes de prévention des déchets (La). ADEME 2015. www.optigede.ademe.fr

ADEME website on organic resource recovery. www.ademe.fr/expertises

ADEME website on organic waste management. www.ademe.fr/expertises


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https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000022470434

http://reseaucompost.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/AnnuaireBiodechetsProximite-RCC2016.04.pdf

http://www.optigede.ademe.fr/gestion-proximite-dechets-organiques

http://www.optigede.ademe.fr/gestion-proximite-dechets-organiques

http://www.optigede.ademe.fr/sites/default/files/fichiers/Synthese_compostage-partage_actionsPPP.pdf

http://www.optigede.ademe.fr/sites/default/files/fichiers/Synthese_jardinage-au-naturel_actionsPPP.pdf

http://www.optigede.ademe.fr/sites/default/files/fichiers/Synthese_gestion-domestique_actionsPPP.pdf

http://www.ademe.fr/expertises/dechets/passer-a-laction/valorisation-organique

http://www.ademe.fr/expertises/dechets/passer-a-laction/valorisation-organique/gestion-proximite

1 Marine Strategy Framework Directive 2008/56/EC of 17 June 2008, www.eur-lex.europa.eu2 The 2012 Rio+20 Summit called for action to achieve "significant reductions in marine debris" by 2025 (The Future We Want, summit political outcome document).3 Décret n°2016-379 du 30 mars 2016 relatif aux modalités de mise en œuvre de la limitation

des sacs en matières plastiques à usage unique www.legifrance.gouv.fr4 These plans were drawn up to apply the EU Ma-rine Strategy Framework Directive and enacted on 8 April 2016. 5 Questions/answers on plastic carrier sackswww.developpement-durable.gouv.fr6 Workshop set up by the Water Resources and

Biodiversity Directorate and the General Direc-torate for Risk Prevention. This workshop is an emanation of the waste prevention working group.

Tackling the problem of marine debris depends largely on waste prevention and management on land, to better collect waste and stop consumers from leaving litter and waste in the natural environment.The EU’s Marine Strategy Framework Directive in 2008 called for returning oceans and seas to good ecological health by 2020.1 Commitments made at the Rio+20 summit in 2012 and at the G7 summit meeting in June 2015 are signs that awareness of this issue has increased since this directive was published.2

Various measures provide a framework for stronger action by public authorities. The Energy Transition Act of August 2015 was followed by decrees limiting use of plastic carrier sacks and disposable cutlery.3 More recently legislation has been enacted to preserve biodiversity, nature and the landscape.

Measures to reduce marine debris and litter are being implemented under action plans for the marine environment.4 These measures have already been notified to the European Commission.

The Environment Ministry has issued communication and information materials listing questions and answers on regulation of plastic carrier sacks.5 The ministry also started up a Marine Debris workshop in January 2015 to support implementation of measures decided at the national level.6

Measures targeting marine debris

Energy Transition Act: provisions dealing with plastics that generate marine debris :

As of 17 August 2015: ban on oxo-fragmentable sacks and packaging ;

As of 1 July 2016: distribution of single-use carrier sacks in retail stores to end;

As of 1 January 2017: distribution of plastic sacks for merchandise to end, with the exception of "home-compostable sacks entirely or partly made of organic materials";

As of 1 January 2020: restrictions on distribution of disposable tumblers, cups and dishware made of plastic, unless home-compostable and made entirely or partly of organic materials.

Biodiversity Act: provisions dealing with plastics that generate marine debris:

As of 1 January 2020: distribution of plastic cotton swabs for home use to be ended;

As of 1 January 2018, at the latest: cosmetic cleansers and scrubs containing solid plastic particles to be banned from the market.

A study of aquatic waste originating in cities, to help municipal authorities decide on priority action and qualify for public subsidies;

Experimental voluntary scheme to recover and recycle fishing nets (circular economy);

Improvement of waste management in ports (leisure craft, fishing boats, commercial vessels).

Marine environment action plans: examples of measures implemented

French Environment Ministry website on marine debris and litter: www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr Déchets marins (Les). Institut océanographique de Paris 2016. www.institut-ocean.org Litter in our seas, European Environment Agency, 2014. www.eea.europa.eu Étude sur la caractérisation et les flux de déchets en milieux aquatiques. ADEME 2012. www.ademe.fr/mediatheque


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http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FR/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32008L0056


http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/-Questions-Reponses-sur-les-sacs-en,8678-.html

http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/Quand-sac-plastique-rime-avec.html

http://www.institut-ocean.org/images/articles/documents/1451904797.pdf

http://www.eea.europa.eu/fr/signaux/signaux-2014/gros-plan/des-ordures-dans-nos-oceans


1 Actions éco-exemplaires dans les territoires des plans et programmes de prevention des déchets. ADEME 2015 (Les). ADEME 2015. www.optigede.ademe.fr See also chapter 2, page 13.2 See the section on food wastage, page 26.

EXEMPLARY CONDUCT IN PUBLIC AND GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATIONS

Going beyond their role in designing and carrying out policy for waste prevention and management, government bodies – central State administration, public establishments, local authorities – can show the way by internal measures and action in their own offices that apply the advice they give to the general public. In this case they can prevent and reduce the amount of waste generated in the course of their work.

This environmental exemplarity is the goal of "exemplary government" plans in the central State administration, and of waste prevention plans in local government.1 Some measures, such as reducing use of paper,

were put into place even before these plans.

A national strategy for waste prevention in government

"Reflex" information sheets and Guidelines for public procurement of waste management services for government administrations.

French Environment Ministry, 2016. www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr

The goal of environmental exemplarity for government is mentioned in various framework documents, most notably the "exemplary administration" plan drawn up in 2009 and renewed in 2015, and the "sustainable purchasing" plan for 2015-2020. This goal was reiterated with the Energy Transition Act and its reference to waste prevention and the circular economy.

Article 79 of this legislation sets a target for 2020, aiming for a 30% reduction in paper use for central government, local authorities and their branch offices and agencies. It also stipulates mandatory use of recycled paper in government offices:

at least 25% by 2017; 40% by 2020.

Article 102 of the Energy Transition Act requires government administrations to adopt action plans by 1 September 2016 to combat food waste in their institutional food service.

In addition, since 2014 implementation and monitoring of waste prevention action under the National Waste Prevention Programme for 2014-2020 is coordinated by a national workshop made up of representatives from different bodies of government activity. This workshop contributes to practical information sheets and guidelines that include a "Reflexes" series on waste management for government offices via EPR chains, and guidelines on how to write calls for tender to contract for management of "ordinary" waste generated by government administrations.

Prevention plans and programmes have been set up in 422

territorial entities (45 plans and 377 programmes) since 2010, and have implemented 749 exemplary measures for the environment.

of waste in territorial jurisdictions comes from public entities

5to15%

Environmental exemplarity also underpins action in the 153 Zero Waste territories selected on the basis of their projects for reducing, reusing and recycling waste.

These projects are diverse and cover a wide range of activities, implicating different government departments:

Reducing consumption of paper, office supplies, disposable products, as well as extending the life of office furniture and electrical and electronic equipment, in particular information technology devices;

"Qualitative prevention" aimed at reducing the use of toxic substances for cleaning, housekeeping services, parks and gardens, printer cartridges, etc.;

Measures focusing on organic waste, including food waste;2

Focus on event planning services, to reduce the amount of disposable items used (dishware, packaging etc.) and raise public awareness.

3 FOCUS ON …

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http://www.optigede.ademe.fr/sites/default/files/fichiers/Synthese_eco-exemplarite_%20actionsPPP.pdf

http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/Le-principe-de-la-responsabilite,12046.html

Regional networks for public procurement and sustainable development

Some ten environmental procurement networks bring together public entities and work with procurement officers on responsible purchasing and contracting strategies.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATIONGovernment circular on exemplary government administration, 2015. French Environment Ministry, 2015. www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr

National action plan for sustainable public procurement 2015-2020. French Environment Ministry, 2014. www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr

Sustainable procurement guidelines by the Contracts working group. Ministry for the Economy. www.economie.gouv.fr

Website of Public procurement and sustainable development regional networks. www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr

Réseau Commande publique et développement durable du Nord-Pas-de-Calais

Club des acheteurs publics écoresponsables

Réseau Commande publiqueet développement durable PACA

Réseau Régional sur l’éco-responsabilité et le Développement Durable

Réseau " Villes et territoires durables "

Réseau francilien des achats Responsables

ResPIR RESeau Picard des achats Responsables

Fifty per cent of purchases for central government come under public procurement contracts. This shows the enormous potential scope of environmentally exemplary action and its role as a trigger, giving momentum to the transition to a circular economy.

Waste prevention is reinforced by environmentally responsible purchasing, based on upstream analysis of needs and applying environmental criteria to purchases in various product categories.

www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr

ACTION IN THE FIELD

3 FOCUS ON …

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http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/Circulaire-administration.html

http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Plan_national_d_action_pour_les_achats_publics_durables_2015-2020.pdf

http://www.economie.gouv.fr/daj/oeap-liste-des-guides-gem#DD

http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/-Commande-publique-et-developpement-.html

http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/-Commande-publique-et-developpement-.html

ACTION IN THE FIELD

" Our commitment to waste prevention is not new. With the Zero Waste scheme we have picked up the pace and widened the scope of partners and beneficiaries, so as to involve all the stakeholders in the territory. "

Jacky BOURGET Presiding officer, Sirdomdi© Dominique Drouet

THE SIRDOMDI WASTE COLLECTION SYNDICATE: FROM WASTE PREVENTION TO THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY

To make the most of the territorial momentum in waste management and move towards a circular economy model, the Beaupréau waste collection syndicate (Sirdomdi, Maine et Loire department) decided to follow

up on its local waste prevention plan by adopting a Zero Waste programme.

With strong involvement of local elected off icials, this territor y adopted a waste prevention plan in 2010. Thanks to the mobilisation of local stakeholders and the engagement of residents, this plan led to an overall drop of 12% in household waste (excluding green waste) and to a 39% reduction in residual household waste (104 kg per person in 2014), Savings came to roughly 16% of waste management costs per household and per year (€120/household in 2014). By adopting the Zero Waste approach this territory hopes to mobilise stakeholders around three objectives: reduce all types of wastage, find a second life for products, and recycle all materials that are recyclable.A Objectives agreement has been concluded with ADEME.This agreement calls for a 3% reduction in household waste (DMA, See Abbreviations and

Acronyms) over three years, a 75% recycling rate for household waste (excluding rubble), and two industrial and territorial environmental plans, among others.In all more than 30 specific measures will be conducted under the Zero Waste scheme between 2015 and 2018.For Jacky Bourget, presiding officer of Sirdomdi, including the players in the local economy in this scheme is "an opportunity to be seized, to achieve even more than what has already been accomplished". Because, after all, "isn’t it true that one person’ waste can be another’s resource?"

Fighting food waste and finding value in organic waste

Schools, retirement and nursing homes, institutional and commercial restaurants across the area are involved in this action. Through partnerships with two business chambers and a local not-for-profit group, more than 70 entities will take part in this ongoing scheme to adopt concrete measures to reduce food wastage and convert organic waste to valuable resources. The scheme includes five weeks during which food waste is weighed, followed by continuing support measures for each entity. The partners will also use this scheme to introduce local food products and work on food packaging issues.

SIRDOMDI PAVES THE WAY WITH PRICING INCENTIVES

The Sirdomdi syndicate serves a large mostly rural territory that covers 54 municipalities regrouped in five new local authorities. The syndicate is one of the first to have introduced pricing incentives, which went into effect on 1 January 2011.

-12 %household waste

-39 %residual household waste

104 kg of residual waste per person and per year

€120waste management cost per household and per year

IN ALL MORE THAN 30 SPECIFIC MEASURES WILL BE CONDUCTED UNDER THE ZERO WASTE TERRITORY SCHEME BETWEEN 2015 AND 2018.

• SIRDOMDI monograph. www.optigede.ademe.fr

• Four films presenting SIRDOMDI and the local waste prevention programme in the Pays des Mauges district

For further information


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http://optigede.ademe.fr/prevention-monographies-ppp

http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x4whuos_le-programme-local-de-prevention-des-dechets-du-pays-des-mauges-teaser_tech

• Site Bricothèque : www.bricotheque-chalon.fr

• Information sheet. ADEME 2015. www.optigede.ademe.fr

• Information sheet. Stand to promote waste prevention at the Chalon-sur-Saône business fair Grand Chalon. optigede.ademe.fr


BRICOTHEQUE: A DIY RESOURCE CENTRE FOR BORROWING TOOLS AND GETTING ADVICE

ADIY resource centre was set up at the initiative of partners Active, a solidarity enterprise pole, the municipality of Chalon-sur-Saône and the

Grand Chalon urban community.1 The centre is open to all; users can borrow tools and equipment free of charge, and get advice for home repairs and improvement work.

The idea for this centre grew out of the observation that homes in the territory needed renovating, that know-how was available, but tools were lacking. The municipal government wanted to make professional equipment available to residents, so as to avoid purchases of inferior-quality home tools that in most instances would wind up in a recycling centre after being used just a few times.The resource centre is managed by the Maison des Aubépins association and is open two afternoons a week. In addition to borrowing tools, the Bricothèque users can ask professionals for an audit of work to be done, or for advice on the tools to use for their work.

To date there have been over 1 000 loans. Recognising this interest, new services have been added. Since 2014 30 woodworking workshops have been held to teach members the rudiments of woodworking and how to use woodworking tools. A series of training sessions started up in 2016 to give instruction in specific techniques.The tools library is progressively becoming a forum for exchange and transmission of skills.

BRICOTHÈQUE FIGURES

€12 000 invested for equipment (not including premises))

More than 1 000 loans since opening

253 tools available, from screwdrivers and hand drills to giraffe sanders

98 paid-up members (218 members since start-up)

€10 annual fee per person

" The centre is a very convivial place where one and all can discover do-it-yourself work, and why not, meet new people and make friends with neighbours. "

A Bricothèque member

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1 The success of this project is also linked to a public/private partnership that includes the Batigère foundation among its many financial partners.


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http://www.bricotheque-chalon.fr

http://www.optigede.ademe.fr/sites/default/files/fichiers/Opex_Bricotheque_Bourgogne_Le_Grand_Chalon_Agglo.pdf

http://optigede.ademe.fr/fiche/stand-mes-dechets-j-y-pense-j-agis-je-les-reduis-foire-de-chalon

© ADEME Lorraine

Lorraine "compost guide" t-shirts are given to trained volunteers

15 November 2014: First meeting of the regional compost volunteer network held in Lunéville

© A

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© ADEME Lorraine

1 Mulching is the practice of spreading a 5-10 cm layer of shredded organic waste on the ground to protect plants. This shredded material can also be used in organic waste compost.

2 ADEME also offers a ten-day "Master Composter" course. Master Com-posters are professionally qualified to be technical advisers and coordina-tors for local organic waste prevention and management.

A VOLUNTEER NETWORK TO BOOST HOME COMPOSTING ON A MASSIVE SCALE

KEY DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF A COMPOST VOLUNTEER NETWORK

1. A local government employee is trained to build and coordinate a compost volunteer network.

2. Residents are recruited to become compost volunteers. 3. Volunteers are trained by ADEME-certified instructors (costs

covered by ADEME).

4. Network coordination: The local authority organises meetings of network volunteers and works with them to implement measures in the field.

• Video presentation of the network. www.dailymotion.com/video/x38ncdf

• More information on the Lorraine network. www.guidescomposteurslorraine.fr

• Current news on network events in Lorraine. www.facebook.com/guidescomposteurs

• ADEME guidelines for compost volunteers. optigede.ademe.fr


" Local authorities were very interested in the training proposal. Some 20 sessions were held in one year, and over 100 new compost volunteers trained in the first half of 2016 alone. For their part, local government employees are enthusiastic about these very committed volunteers. Naturally, we have to make sure we keep up this dynamic pace. "

Julien RUAROADEME Lorraine

Local authorities in Lorraine have created networks organised around volunteer compost resource persons to promote home composting and encourage residents to adopt this practice.

These networks are made up of local volunteers recruited by local government authorities. The volunteers are charged with the task of informing their friends and neighbours about home composting and mulching, including in multifamily housing.1 The networks are coordinated by municipal employees.The ADEME regional of f ice created a "network of networks" in 2013 to bring together these networks and the local authorities that sponsor them. Through this net work volunteers receive free training in techniques for organic waste management

and in communication.2 They are thus able to reach out and transmit to others their enthusiasm

for composting and mulching, and disseminate good practices.In all more than 300 volunteers have received training and joined the ranks of Lorraine composting resource persons. Local residents greatly appreciate having these compost volunteers close to home, and the participating local authorities see these networks as one

of the main vectors for the development of home composting and mulching practices.

300volunteers have received training


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www.dailymotion.com/video/x38ncdf

www.guidescomposteurslorraine.fr/

https://www.facebook.com/guidescomposteurs/

http://www.optigede.ademe.fr/gestion-proximite-dechets-org

© ADEME Lorraine

Information sheet: Créer et animer un réseau de relais " Éco-consommation ". SMICTOM Alsace centrale. ADEME 2015. optigede.ademe.fr


The waste collection syndicate in central Alsace (Syndicat mixte de collecte et de traitement des ordures ménagères, SMICTOM) has coordinated a network of stakeholders dedicated to environmentally friendly

consumer practices since 2012. This network aims to influence consumer behaviour by relaying good practices and advice.

SMICTOM has been engaged for several years in projects to reduce waste in its territory, and the amount of household waste collected and treated fell by 4% between 2012 and 2013.SMICTOM is counting on training and instruction to help information relays fulfil their role as consumer influencers and motivators. In the words of the network coordinator: "The idea is to give trainees the keys they need to become themselves environmentally friendly consumers, and by a snowball effect transmit their knowledge to their own personal network."Some 15 training sessions have been held since 2012, with assistance from various partners. In four years 107 information relay persons have received training on environmentally friendly use of personal care and home cleaning products, on indoor pollution, on sustainable food practices, on upkeep of municipal premises and buildings, on how to make natural products for small children, and on ways to stimulate environmental user behaviour.Today the "Eco-consumer" network is affiliated with other thematic networks under the auspices of Club OPTIMO, an organisation that has the role of bringing together initiatives related to the circular economy.

STARTING AND MAINTAINING AN "ECO-CONSUMER" OUTREACH NETWORK

" Our role is to enable stakeholders in the territory to learn about other organisations, and to foster common projects. We have seen positive initiatives in this area, for example AGF Benfeld now systematically invites the Hahnenberg Repar’café group to its internal and external events for the promotion of repairing and reusing products. "

Isabelle MOULLIER Territorial coordinator

SMICTOM, central Alsace

Making personal care and hygiene products

Making home cleaning products

© SMICTOM d’Alsace centrale

© S

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© SMICTOM d’Alsace centrale


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http://www.optigede.ademe.fr/fiche/creer-et-animer-un-reseau-de-relais-eco-consommation

© Consei

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CÔTE-D’OR FAVOURS WASHABLE NAPPIES

The Côte-d’Or departmental government council has joined forces with local authorities who have adopted waste prevention schemes in a series of proactive

measures to promote and test use of washable nappies in the territory.

An estimated 5 000 nappies are used before children are toilet-trained at around the age of two and half. This amounts to close to a tonne of waste in disposable nappies. In Côte-d’Or disposable nappies represent 3% of ordinary household waste (OMA*) roughly 5 000 tonnes annually. Seeing this, the departmental council decided to take action.An information and awareness campaign was drawn up, targeting elected officials, local waste prevention plan task officers and waste professionals.Several experiments were set up to identify obstacles and levers for using

washables nappies in child care facilities. Of four participating child care centres, only one decided to continue using washable nappies, notably because a fee incentive was decided for the local area.Af ter compiling practical guidelines for day care centres, the departmental council is pursuing its action and studying the possibility of creating a network of influencers and motivators (physicians, etc.) to promote washable nappies in Côte-d’Or.The local government plans to employ workers who are returning to work for nappy collection and laundry.

5 000tonnes of waste per year

-4%of household waste

Source : Dépliant sur les couches lavables – Côte-d’Or (www.ecotidiens21.fr/cms/CL)

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Modern washable nappies have three components:

1. A thin protective sheet, to protect the nappy and remove solid excrement;

2. An absorbent layer that retains urine;

3. A waterproof wrapper.

* See Abbreviations and Acronyms

• Information sheet. Stratégie départementale de promotion des changes lavables. Conseil départemental de la Côte-d’Or. ADEME 2014. www.optigede.ademe.fr

• Practical guidelines. Guide pratique sur la mise en place des couches lavables en crèche. www.ecotidiens21.fr/cms/guideCL

• Survey findings. Résultats de l’enquête sur la connaissance et l’utilisation des couches lavables. www.ecotidiens21.fr/cms/enqueteCL

• Promotional video. www.ecotidiens21.fr/cms/videoCL

• Brochure on washable nappies. www.ecotidiens21.fr/cms/guideCL


" We chose to be pragmatic, and test ways to implement washable nappies before attempting wide-scale deployment. In parallel with the testing we conducted a survey that showed that households were not yet ready to change their practices. Accordingly we dropped some ideas, such as creating a nappy hire and laundry service. "

Mathilde MOUCHET Circular economy task officer,

Côte-d’Or departmental government council


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http://optigede.ademe.fr/fiche/strategie-departementale-de-promotion-des-changes-lavables

http://www.ecotidiens21.fr/cms/guideCL

http://www.ecotidiens21.fr/cms/enqueteCL

http://www.ecotidiens21.fr/cms/videoCL

http://www.ecotidiens21.fr/cms/guideCL

Repar’Acteurs is a brand name with the vocation of promoting professional repair activities. This brand was originally created by the regional Chamber of Trades and

Crafts in Aquitaine, and taken up by the Brittany Chamber of Trades and Crafts in 2015.

With this initiative the chamber wants to publicise the technical know-how and expertise of repair artisans, while reducing

waste generation in the region. As underscored by one of the project developers: "In addition to boosting the local economy, Répar’Acteurs is a link in the circular economy."The brand is intended for repair artisans in Brittany across all trades and sectors (excepting automobile repairs). Those who adopt the Répar’Acteurs label pledge to

prefer repairs over sale of a new item or appliance to their customers.At present over 300 artisans in Brittany have joined this scheme. This pool of repair ambassadors can be mobilised by local authorities for waste prevention events in the community, to support Zero waste schemes and to the circular economy in general.A listing of Répar’Acteurs in Brittany has been available online since June 2016. www.crma.bzh/annuaire-reparacteurs. Répar’Acteurs also has a Facebook page.

TYPE OF NAPPY INVESTMENT UNIT COST PER USE ESTIMATED COST FOR 250 NAPPIES / USES

Disposable €0 €0.13 * approx. €32.50

Washable €25(approx. 25 uses)

approx. €0.015 per liner(to be changed at each use)

approx. €28.75(not including cost of

washing)

* Preferential bulk cost for quantity and communication advantage for manufacturers (cf. €0.30-0.33 retail cost for families).

PRICING INCENTIVES FOR THE PROMOTION OF WASHABLES NAPPIES

The cost of using washables nappies is much the same as for disposables nappies. A pricing incentive applied to waste collection is a powerful lever that can be used to create a cost differential to encourage child care centres to use washable nappies.

RÉPAR’ACTEURS® BRETAGNE: A BRAND SERVING REPAIR TECHNICIANS AND TRADES

• Information sheet : Répar’Acteurs Bretagne. Chambre régionale de métiers et de l’artisanat de Bretagne. ADEME 2016 www.optigede.ademe.fr

• Chamber of Trades website:www.crma.bzh/crma-bretagne/reparacteurs


Source : Conseil départemental de la Côte d’Or

HOW TO FIND A RÉPAR’ACTEUR

R é p a r ’ A c t e u r s r e c e i v e a communication kit to make their commitment known to customers, with a poster, a window sticker, a vehicle decal, a display rack and flyers.

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http://optigede.ademe.fr/fiche/repar-acteurs-bretagne

http://www.crma.bzh/crma-bretagne/reparacteurs

STEPS AGAINST FOOD WASTAGE IN ISÈRE MIDDLE SCHOOLS

The Isère department has made a commitment to fight food wastage, with the specific objective of reducing food waste by half in three years at the 96 middle schools in Isère. Steps are taken to improve the quality

of meals by purchasing greater quantities from farmers in the area.

On average 150 g are thrown out for each meal served in the middle schools, representing 23% of the meal. This amounts to an annual cost of €2.1 million for all of Isère, further augmented by the cost of collecting and treating this waste, estimated at €400 000.1

Several types of measures are deployed in middle schools:1. Public employees are trained in techniques to audit and measure wastage, in ways to make meals attractive, in self-service options, in hospitality, in ordering and purchasing the right amounts, and in how to serve portions correlated to pupils’ appetites while maintaining a proper nutritional balance.2. Awareness campaigns aimed at pupils, following after staff training. Three awareness sessions are conducted at lunchtime, to make pupils aware that they are involved in food wastage, that they can reduce this waste, and that they must make a long-term commitment.3. Information and communication to draw in all stakeholders, including pupils, teachers, school principals and the entire education community.The results achieved are highly encouraging, with a high degree of staff investment and pupils who are engaged and aware of the issue. Some schools have already cut

food waste in half, and a few have even exceeded this target.The remaining organic waste is composted.Starting in July 2016, 21 middle schools out of 96 in Isère have benefited from this scheme.

FOOD WASTE IN FIGURES (for a typical middle school of 500 day students)

BEFORE: - 150 g wasted per meal (23% of the meal tray);- 10 tonnes wasted per year;- Net cost of €30 700 per year (food waste + waste management)AFTER ACTION PLAN TO FIGHT FOOD WASTE- Waste reduced by 75 g per meal on average;*- Net savings of €15 000 per year (food waste + waste management).For all 96 middle schools, the total potential savings for the department exceed €1 million per year.* Not including packaging and unavoidable waste such as bones.

1 According to observations made during a test project in 2011.

" By reducing middle school students’ food waste by half, we are limiting our impact on the environment and saving money. With the money saved we can put more into food quality by purchasing from Isère farmers. With better food products, the children will eat more, and waste even less. A virtuous circle. "

Olivier FERRANDIn charge of the food

wastage scheme in Isère

© FO

NDALIM PACA

© Départemental de l’Isère

150 gof food thrown out for each meal served

€400 000in waste treatment costs

€2.1worth of food wasted each year

million


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• Information sheet. Réduire le gaspillage alimentaire au restaurant scolaire du collège le Calloud (38). ADEME 2014. www.rhone-alpes.ademe.fr

• ADEME Graph. www.presse.ademe.fr

• Information sheet. Steps against food wastage in Isère middle schools. Conseil départemental de l’Isère 2015. www.optigede.ademe.fr


FONDALIM PACA MORE EFFECTIVE FOOD DONATION

FONDALIM PACA (Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur) is a fund that provides food aid and fights

food wastage by enabling the food processing industry and distributors to donate their unsold merchandise to regional food assistance operations. 1

Following up on a proposal by the Bouches-du-Rhône Food Bank, the fund was created in 2015 by regional food processors (Fédération régionale des industries agroalimentaries, FRIAA) in partnership with COOP de France Alpes Méditerranée and five food banks in the region.2

In practical terms FONDALIM PACA acts as an interface between producers of organic waste and hundreds of charitable organisations in the region that are authorised by the prefecture to distribute food aid. Through the fund food processors and distributors can donate unsold merchandise while continuing to comply with regulations on waste management. They also benefit from a tax break on the donated items. The mechanism uses a web-based platform and a logistics service to match up merchandise and takers as quickly as possible and at the least distance.After an initial test period, the FONDALIM system became fully operational in September 2016.

" What we have done in the Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur region is a model to be replicated in all regions, as the French federation of food banks covers the whole country thanks to its 104 chapters and network of several thousand not-for-profit groups. "

Jacques ANSQUERFounder and presiding officer

of FONDALIM PACA

• FONDALIM website : www.fondalim-paca.fr

• FRIAA PACA website : www.friaapaca.com


1 FONDALIM was initially conceived by the Food Bank in Burgundy. The concept has been taken up and adapted for the PACA region.2 This action follows the recommendations of the Fight Food Waste charter drawn up by the Association nationale des industries alimentaires (ANIA) that has been signed by FRIAA.

FONDALIM PACA CORE OBJECTIVES

1. Help develop food assistance and fight food wastage in the PACA region;

2. Encourage and coordinate initiatives for social solidarity donations by companies and cooperatives to organisations that distribute food so that all people can feed themselves;

3. Contribute to better waste management.

© F

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http://www.rhone-alpes.ademe.fr/sites/default/files/files/mediatheque/publications/OPEX/fiche-opex-reduire-gaspillage-alimentaire-calloud.pdf

http://www.presse.ademe.fr/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Infographie-ADEME_CG38_GASPILLAGE-COLLEGES38.pdf

http://optigede.ademe.fr/fiche/evaluation-du-cout-du-gaspillage-alimentaire-dans-les-colleges-de-l-isere

http://www.fondalim-paca.fr

http://www.friaapaca.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=86&Itemid=77

EDF: PREVENTION BY COMMUNICATION

True to its conviction that the best waste is the waste that is not generated, Electricité de France (EdF) has implemented a series of communication measures to encourage its employees to be a driving force in waste prevention.

This action is one of the pledges made by the company as part of its sustainable development policy and in the framework of SME ISO 14001, aiming to reduce waste and convert 90% of recyclable conventional waste to valuable resources.

An in-house competition for project proposalsEdF has held an in-house competition entitled "Ca déborde, à vous de jouer!" [The bin is overflowing – it’s your move!] yearly since 2010, addressing waste prevention and optimisation of waste management. This competition is open to all employees of the group.The winning projects are announced during Waste Reduction Week and the results posted in the sustainable development section of the corporate intranet.In the words of the director for sustainable development at EdF, "The involvement of all employees is key to our collective success, because what is at stake is nothing less than a complete rethinking of our consumer habits and working practices."

Bouchain site At the Bouchain site EdF has applied a waste organisation and management scheme (Schéma d’organisation et de gestion des déchets, SOGED) to anticipate waste management needs and ways to reduce waste. Under this approach a limited amount of demolition waste was removed after the dismantling of an existing thermal power plant, and the remaining materials reused to build a new plant: 12 500 t of inert concrete and excavated silt and soil were reused on site, saving €620 000 in avoided costs.

BUILDING A FACTORY WITH THE RUBBLE OF THE PREVIOUS BUILDING: AN EXAMPLE OF THE CIRCU-LAR ECONOMY

© J

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Chris

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EDF)

" Our main problem was getting everybody to understand the notion of prevention and to demonstrate the cross-cutting

nature of this concept – everybody is implicated. To do this we decided to create an e-learning module

and to focus our efforts on communication. The competition is useful because it gives us concrete examples of steps that employees can implement on their own. By estimating annual avoided waste and the corresponding savings in avoided costs we have been able to get several contractors interested. "

Annie PERRIER-ROSSET Environment project leader

© E

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Information and awareness tools for employeesA number of tools to spread good practices and encourage prevention on a daily basis have been made available to employees:- Waste prevention guidelines that include, among others, examples of prevention steps taken in the field;- An e-learning tool available to all employees and service providers, via the intranet;- An intranet adverts service to encourage the entities in the EdF group to exchange goods and equipment.Through these measures EdF avoided some 240 000 tonnes of waste in 2014, for savings of roughly €20 million.The next step will be to include waste prevention clauses in tenders, working closely with the group’s purchasing agents.

OLD COBBLESTONES MAKE NEW ROADS

The City of Paris has used granite cobblestones and kerbs in building its roads since the 19th

century. Today these materials are found in some 1 600 km of roadways, in the amount of 1 million m3 weighing 2.5 Mt.

Close to 15 000 t of granite are used each year in city roadworks. This work also involves removing close to 10 000 t of granite each year, as deteriorated kerbstones are changed and cobblestones taken up to be replaced by asphalt, etc.To lower expenses and improve its environmental footprint, the City of Paris has created a technical platform to recycle kerbs and cobblestones removed from worksites.At this platform the materials are cleaned, sorted and resized if necessary in a stonecutting workshop. The outcome is very positive, with 7 000 to 8 000 t of granite recovered and recycled out of 10 000 t taken up at worksites. The remaining 2.000 to 3 000 t (scraps and non-reusable stone) are crushed and used as fill. In addition the city avoids over 300 trips by 25-tonne trunks used to haul granite from quarries, which comes to 600 t of avoided CO2 emissions for the city.In all using recycled granite saves the city close to €1 million a year.This operation has been so successful that the city government has authorised the platform to sell recycled granite to other public and private-sector contractors who are interested. Several tonnes have been sold since March 2016 and demand is steadily increasing.

Kerbs before recycling

Kerbs after recycling

Cobbles brought in before recycling

THE RECYCLING PLATFORM

© Ville

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© Ville

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© Ville

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Extension of the T3 tramway line

In the course of work to extend the T3 tramway line the city recovered 11 000 t of granite worth €1 million at market value. Thanks to this operation 440 trips by 25-tonne trucks were avoided, and roughly 800 t of CO2

emissions.A total of 3 000 t of granite were reused directly at the site, saving €170 000 for the City of Paris. This operation received a gold medal in the Sustainable Development categor y in the Territoria 2010 awards event.

Territoria Awards 2014 documentation


Bolstered by this success, the City of Paris is now sharing its experience with other municipalities, notably within the scope of the Grand Paris entity now being developed.

" Our thinking on the circular economy has been highly beneficial, both in economic terms and in environmental terms. Our platform is operating at full capacity and reprocesses several tonnes of granite a day. All the remains to be done is to adopt this approach in all of Grand Paris! "

Patrick MARCHETTIHead of the maintenance and supply centre,

Roadways and travel division, City of Paris

© Ville de Paris

FIND MORE DOCUMENTATION, FEEDBACK AND EXPERIENCE AT

• OPTIGEDE website. www.optigede.ademe.fr

• Environment Ministry/ADEME website, www.casuffitlegachis.fr > Rubriques Collectivités et Entreprises


PAGE 50



http://s210245549.onlinehome.fr/territoria2014/documents/Prix/prix2010/laureats/Territoria2010-Dev-durable.pdf

http://www.optigede.ademe.fr


A3P : Network of Prevention Plan/ Programme and Zero Waste Territory coordinatorsADEME : French Environment and Energy Management AgencyBTP : Construction and Public WorksCCI : Chamber of Commerce and IndustryCDW : Construction and demolition wasteCESE : Economic, Social and Environmental CommitteeCGDD : General Commission for Sustainable DevelopmentCMA : Chamber of Trades and CraftsCND : National Waste CouncilCNE : National Packaging CouncilCNI : National Industry CouncilCREPAQ : Resource centre for teaching on the environment, Aquitaine regionCRMA : Regional Chamber of Trades and CraftsDDM : Minimum useful lifeDAE : Industrial and commercial waste DEEE : Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)

DMA : Household and similar waste = ordinary household waste plus occasional waste, generally collected at recycling centres, e.g. bulky waste, green waste, rubble and excavated materialDMC : Domestic material consumptionDRAAF : Regional directorate for food, agriculture and forests DREAL : Regional directorate for the environment, infrastructure and housingEA : Furniture and furnishingsEEE : Electrical and electronic equipmentESS : Social and solidarity enterprisesGEM : Large domestic appliancesGES : Greenhouse gas (GHG)GIFAM : Appliance manufacturers’ trade groupIoT : Internet of ThingsLTECV : Energy Transition for Green Growth ActMEEM : Ministry for the Environment, Energy and the SeaMt : Million tonnesNOTRe : New Territorial Organisation ActOCDE : Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD)

OMA : Ordinary household and similar waste OMR : Residual household waste PEDMA : Household waste disposal planPIB : Gross domestic product (GDP)PLP : Local waste prevention schemePLPDMA : Local household waste prevention schemePNA : National food programmePNPD : National waste prevention programmePPP : Waste prevention plan and programmePRPG : Regional waste prevention and management planPTP : Territorial waste prevention planREGAL : Food waste prevention networkREP : Extended producer responsibility (EPR)SERD : European Week for Waste Reduction (EWWR)TI : Pricing incentivesTLC : Household textiles, linens and shoesTZDZG : Zero waste zero wastage territory

Household and similar waste – Waste collected by (or on behalf of) local authority waste collection services, encompassing "ordinary" waste from private households, small businesses and offices, and occasional waste (green waste, bulky items) deposited at civic amenity sites, drop-off points and recycling centres. See page 4.

Repair: repairing a product to extend its useful life; Reuse: reusing a product for the purpose for which it was originally intended (different user);

Repurpose: transforming a product or material to prepare it for a different use; e.g. processing textiles to make carpeting;

Materials and energy recovery: processing of items to extract valuable/usable materials (glass, metals, paper, plastics) and/or energy (heat).

In France "réemploi" – reuse for original purpose before an item becomes waste – is considered to be waste prevention. "Réutilisation" – reuse for a different purpose after an item has entered the waste cycle – is considered to be waste treatment. See page 4 and page 30.

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS USED IN THIS DOCUMENT

TERMINOLOGY USED IN THIS DOCUMENT

3R : Réemploi, réparation, réutilisationA3P : Réseau des animateurs des PPP et TZDZGADEME : Agence de l’environnement et de la maîtrise de l’énergieBTP : Bâtiments et travaux publicsCCI : Chambre de commerce et d’industrieCESE : Conseil économique, social et environnementalCGDD : Commissariat général au développement durableCMA : Chambre des métiers et de l’artisanatCND : Conseil national des déchetsCNE : Conseil national de l’emballageCNI : Conseil national de l’industrieCREPAQ : Centre ressource d’écologie pédagogique d’AquitaineCRMA : Chambre régionale des métiers et de l’artisanatDDM : Date de durabilité minimaleDAE : Déchets d’activités économiquesDEEE : Déchets d’équipements électriques et électroniquesDMA : Déchets ménagers et assimilés (DMA = OMA + déchets occasionnels essentiellement collectés en déchèterie -encombrants, déchets verts, déblais et gravats…)

DMC : Domestic material consumption, ou consommation intérieure apparente de matièresDRAAF : Direction régionale de l’alimentation, de l’agriculture et de la forêt DREAL : Direction régionale de l’environnement, de l’aménagement et du logementEA : Éléments d’ameublementEEE : Équipements électriques et électroniquesESS : Économie sociale et solidaireGEM : Gros électroménagerGES : Gaz à effet de serreGIFAM : Groupement interprofessionnel des fabricants d’appareils ménagersIoT : Internet des objets (internet of things)LTECV : Loi relative à la transition énergétique pour la croissance verteMEEM : Ministère de l’Environnement, de l’énergie et de la merMt : Million de tonnesNOTRe : Nouvelle organisation territoriale de la RépubliqueOCDE : Organisation pour la coopération et le développement économiquesOMA : Ordures ménagères et assimiléesOMR : Ordures ménagères résiduelles

PEDMA : Plan d’élimination des déchets ménagers et assimilésPIB : Produit intérieur brutPLP : Programme local de prévention des déchetsPLPDMA : Programme local de prévention des déchets ménagers et assimilésPNA : Programme national pour l’alimentationPNPD : Programme national de prévention des déchetsPPP : Plan et programme de prévention des déchetsPRPG : Plan régional de prévention et de gestion des déchetsPTP : Plan territorial de prévention des déchetsREGAL : Réseau pour éviter le gaspillage alimentaireREP : Responsabilité élargie du producteurSERD : Semaine européenne de la réduction des déchetsTI : Tarification incitativeTLC : Textiles, linge de maison et chaussuresUE : Union européenneTZDZG : Territoire zéro déchet, zéro gaspillage

SIGLES ET ACRONYMES

ABOUT ADEMEThe French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME) is active in the implementation of public policy in the areas of the environment, energy and sustainable development. The Agency provides expertise and advisory services to businesses, local authorities and communities, government bodies and the public at large, to enable them to establish and consolidate their environmental action. As part of this work ADEME helps finance projects, from research to implementation, in the areas of waste management, soil conservation, energy efficiency and renewable energy, raw materials savings, air quality, noise abatement, circular energy transition and food wastage abatement.

ADEME is a public agency under the joint authority of the Ministry for Environment, Energy and the Sea and the Ministry for Higher Education, Research and Innovation.

PREVENTING WASTEOVERVIEW 2016

Waste prevention is of crucial importance for society. Reducing waste is the responsibility of each and every individual, and calls for commitment and action by all.The French National Waste Prevention Programme 2014-2020 was adopted on 18 August 2014. Since then many steps have been taken to prevent waste under a series of laws: the Energy Transition for Green Growth Act, the Consumer Products Act, the Food Wastage Act, the Biodiversity Act, and others. All of these laws have bolstered action to prevent generation of waste.This overview for 2016 provides figures and explanatory remarks, and reviews prevention activities carried out by territorial authorities, businesses, companies and not-for-profit groups, both locally and nationally.


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PREVENTING WASTE - ademe.fr · Crédits photo : Fotolia, Dominique Drouet, ... SMICTOM d’Alsace Centrale, Active, Conseil départemental de la Côte-d’Or, CRMA Bretagne, FONDALIM