PRODUCCIÓN DE BIODIESEL A PARTIR DE ACEITE CRUDO DE PALMA

7/23/2019 PRODUCCIÓN DE BIODIESEL A PARTIR DE ACEITE CRUDO DE PALMA

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TA^QLAE; â mg~að`tje w ~glqc`tje mj~ rtjna~j~ nje}geqj~ ma }tè~a~}atgign`ngþe `cn`cge` ma `nag}a ntqmj ma r`cl` r`t` c` rtjmqnngþe ma dgjmga~ac# alrcaèmj ac ~glqc`mjt ma rtjna~j~ HW^W^]L% Ac rtglatj ma accj~ gencqwaqe rta}t`}`lgae}j ma eaq}t`cg{`ngþe ma cj~ àngmj~ ft`~j~ cgdta~ w ac ~afqemj# qe` a~}atgign`ngþe nje njemgngjea~àngm`~% â ta`cg{þ qe` ay`cq`ngþe }anejcþfgn` r`t` a~}`dcanat qe èàcg~g~ njlr`t`}gyj ae}ta `ldj~ rtjna~j~% Maclg~lj# ~a njencqwþ pqa ac f`~}j ma l`}atg`~ rtgl`~ a~ l`wjt r`t` ac rtjna~j nje rtaeaq}t`cg{`ngþe ma cj~ àngmj~ft`~j~% ]`ldgçe ~a aenje}tþ pqa ac ~afqemj rtjna~j# nje a~}atgign`ngþe rtayg`# faeat` l`wjt nè}gm`m ma dgjmga~ac r`t` qe` lg~l` nè}gm`m ma `nag}a ntqmj ma ae}t`m`%

R@C@DT@^ NC@YA; Dgjmga~ac% Dgjnjldq~}gdca~% Mg~aðj ma rtjna~j~% ^glqc`ngþe ma rtjna~j~%]tè~a~}atgign`ngþe% @nag}a ntqmj ma r`cl`%

@D^]T@N]; ]vj nje}geqjq~ }tè~a~}atgign`}gje rtjna~~a~ ijt dgjmga~ac rtjmqn}gje itjl ntqma r`cl jgc vatama~gfeam èm ~glqc`}am# q~gef }ha HW^W^]L rtjna~~ ~glqc`}jt% ]ha igt~} jea gencqma~ ` rta}ta`}lae} ji }ha itaai`}}w `ngm~ yg` eaq}t`cg{`}gje èm }ha ~anjem jea yg` è a~}atgign`}gje vg}h `ngmgn njemg}gje~% ]j a~}`dcg~h `njlr`t`}gya è`cw~g~ da}vaae dj}h rtjna~~a~# ` }anhejcjfgn`c `~~a~~lae} v`~ n`ttgam jq}% G} v`~ njencqmam }h`} }hat`v l`}atg`c~ nje~qlr}gje g~ fta`}at ijt }ha rtjna~~ vg}h itaa i`}}w `ngm~ eaq}t`cg{`}gje% G} v`~ ijqem# `c~j# }h`} }ha~anjem rtjna~~# vg}h rtaygjq~ a~}atgign`}gje# faeat`}a~ ljta dgjmga~ac ijt è apq`c `ljqe} ji ntqma jgc ji geca}%

OAWVJTM^; Dgjmga~ac% Dgjiqac~% Rtjna~~ ma~gfe% Rtjna~~ ~glqc`}gje% ]tè~a~}atgign`}gje% Ntqma r`cl jgc%

0% GE]TJMQNNGÞE

Ac rtjna~j là~ q}gcg{`mj r`t` c` rtjmqnngþe ma dgjmga~ac a~ c` }tè~a~}atgign`ngþe# c` nq`c ~ataigata ` c` ta`nngþe ae}ta qe `nag}a j ft`~` w qe

`cnjhjc ae qe lamgj n`}`cg{`mj# r`t` rtjmqngt ç~}ata~ `cpqìcgnj~ ma àngmj~ ft`~j~ (g%a% dgjmga~ac'w fcgnatjc j fcgnatge`% C` Igfqt` 0 lqa~}t` c`



ta`nngþe pqa }tè~ijtl` c`~ ljcçnqc`~ ma}tgfcgnçtgmj~# ftèma~ w t`lgign`m`~# aeljcçnqc`~ ma ç~}ata~ `cpqìcgnj~# cgea`ca~# ejt`lgign`m`~# ma laejt }`l`ðj w lqw ~glgc`ta~ `c`~ mac ra}tjmga~ac _0\%

Cj~ `cnjhjca~ alrca`mj~ madae ~at ma d`kj ra~jljcanqc`t? ae}ta ç~}j~# ac là~ q}gcg{`mj a~ acla}èjc madgmj ` ~q d`kj nj~}j# ~afqgmj rjt aca}èjc _4\%

Cj~ rtjna~j~ ma rtjmqnngþe ma dgjmga~ac rqamae~at rjt cj}a~ j nje}geqj~% Cj~ rtglatj~# hè ~gmj`lrcg`lae}a a~}qmg`mj~ }è}j ` egyac mac`djt`}jtgj njlj gemq~}tg`c w ae c` dgdcgjftìì`~a tarjt}è njemgngjea~ ma jrat`ngþe ma}`cc`m`~%

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tanjrgc`ngþe ma a~pqal`~ ma rtjna~j }è}j rjt cj}a~ njlj nje}geqj~ _>\% Cj~ rtjna~j~nje}geqj~ rqamae alrca`t dgae ~a` ta`n}jta~ ma}èpqa `fg}`mj N^]T (nje}geqjq~ ~}gttam }èo ta`n}jt' njlj }qdqc`ta~ RIT (rcqf icjv ta`n}jt'%Qe a~pqal` ma rtjna~j }ìrgnj a~ ac q~j ma y`tgj~N^]T ae ~atga% Ma~rqç~ ma pqa r`t}a ma c`fcgnatge` rtjmqngm` ~a ~amglae}` ae ac rtglat ta`n}jt# c` ta`nngþe ae ac ~afqemj a~ d`~}è}atàrgm`% Ftè nè}gm`m ma rtjna~j~ alrcaèla{nc`mjta~ a~}à}gnj~ j djld`~ r`t` `qlae}`t c`

ge}ae~gm`m ma la{nc`mj ma c` njttgae}a pqagefta~` `c ta`n}jt% Ac q~j ma ta`n}jta~ RIT jitanalaejta~ }galrj~ ma ta~gmaeng`# mac jtmae ma 9,02 lge%# `qepqa mada f`tè}g{`t~a pqa ac mg~aðjma cj~ ta`n}jta~ dtgema ac ft`mj ma `fg}`ngþeeana~`tgj r`t` jd}aeat njeyat~gjea~ `manq`m`~%

@~glg~lj# rqamae ge~}`c`t~a ae qe `ttafcj~anqaeng`c pqa ratlg}` c` ~amglae}`ngþe ma c`fcgnatge`%

C`~ geya~}gf`ngjea~ pqa tarjt}è geijtl`ngþema}`cc`m` ma c`~ njemgngjea~ ma jrat`ngþe ma rtjna~j~ nje}geqj~ ~je a~n`~`~% [hèf a} `c%ta`cg{`tje ac mg~aðj# ~glqc`ngþe w ay`cq`ngþeanjeþlgn` ma y`tgj~ rtjna~j~ nje}geqj~ njen`}àcg~g~ àngm` w dà~gn` _4\%

C` rtjmqnngþe ma dgjmga~ac ae Njcjldg` }jm`yì`

ej ~qrat` c` a}`r` ma rcè}` rgcj}j% Nje ac rta~ae}a }t`d`kj ~a rta}aema# ` }t`yç~ ma qeèàcg~g~ njlr`t`}gyj# è`cg{`t c` yg`dgcgm`m}çnegn` ma mj~ rtjna~j~ nje}geqj~ r`t` c` rtjmqnngþe ma dgjmga~ac ` r`t}gt ma `nag}a ntqmjma r`cl`# }aegaemj ae nqae}` c` n`taeng` maa~}qmgj~ ma a~}a }grj ae ac àldg}j e`ngje`c%Mgnhj èàcg~g~ nje~}g}qwa qe` hatt`lgae}` mageijtl`ngþe r`t` nje}tgdqgt `c iq}qtj lje}`ka aeNjcjldg` ma qe rtjft`l` ma ~q~}g}qngþe mamga~ac }t`mgngje`c rjt dgjmga~ac%

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Cj~ mj~ rtjna~j~ mg~að`mj~ alrcaè njljlç}jmj c` }tè~a~}atgign`ngþe }t`mgngje`c njen`}àcg~g~ dà~gn`% C` mgiataeng` ae}ta `ldj~ t`mgnàe ac }grj ma rta}t`}`lgae}j ma cj~ àngmj~ ft`~j~

cgdta~% R`t` ac rtglat rtjna~j (R0' ~a q}gcg{þ cèaq}t`cg{`ngþe `cn`cge`# lgae}t`~ pqa r`t` ac~afqemj (R4' ~a alrcaþ qe` a~}atgign`ngþen`}`cg{`m` rjt àngmj% Ac mg~aðj w c` ~glqc`ngþe ~ata`cg{`tje alrcaèmj ac ~glqc`mjt ma rtjna~j~HW^W^]L y>%4 ma @~rae ]anhejcjfw Gen%

4%0 N`r`ngm`m ma c` rcè}`

Njttamjt a} `c% ìgtlè pqa nje~gmatèmj qea~nae`tgj jr}glg~}`# a~ mangt# nje qe rjtnae}`kama ~q~}g}qngþe mac 01!# c` malèm` ma dgjmga~ac

r`t` Lamaccìe ~atì` ma 72%222 }je*`ðj ae ac `ðj4228 w ma 022%222 }je*`ðj ae ac 420=% R`t` N`cga~}`~ ngit`~ ccaf`tìè ` 64%222 }je*`ðj w 82%222}je*`ðj# ta~ran}gy`lae}a% Rjt j}tj c`mj# c`malèm` r`t` Djfj}à# nje~gmatèmj a~}a lg~lj rjtnae}`ka# `cnè{`tì` c`~ 092%222 }je*`ðj ae ac4228 w c`~ 061%222 }je*`ðj ae ac 420= _=\% Ac rjtnae}`ka ma ~q~}g}qngþe pqa ~a `mjr}a ae c`cafg~c`ngþe ma}atlge`tà ae ûc}glj }çtlgej c`~n`r`ngm`ma~ ma c`~ rcè}`~ pqa ~a madatàenje~}tqgt% ^ge ald`tfj# ac a~}qmgj ma Njttamjt ratlg}a geiatgt pqa qe` n`r`ngm`m ma rcè}` ma

022%222 }je*`ðj ratlg}gtì` nqdtgt njlrca}`lae}a# w ae nq`cpqgat a~nae`tgj# c`malèm` gemgygmq`c ma N`cg w Lamaccìe# c`malèm` njekqe}` ma D`ttèpqgcc` wDqn`t`lèf`# a gfq`clae}a rjmtì` `rjt}`t `rtjxgl`m`lae}a qe 12,92! ma c` malèm` maDjfj}à r`t` qe rjtnae}`ka ma ~q~}g}qngþe mac01!% Rjt a~}` t`{þe# ~a mangmgþ }t`d`k`t nje }`cnè}gm`m njlj n`r`ngm`m ma rcè}` ge~}`c`m`%@malà~# rqa~}j pqa c` ay`cq`ngþe anjeþlgn`(R`t}a 4 mac `t}ìnqcj' mac rta~ae}a }t`d`kj# ejnje~}g}qwa ae ~ì qe a~}qmgj ma}`cc`mj ma

i`n}gdgcgm`m# ~gej qe` –a~}gl`ngþe ma a~}qmgj“# c`ngit` ma 022%222 }je*`ðj tarta~ae}` qe y`cjt ta`cg~}` r`t` ma~`ttjcc`t cj~ jdka}gyj~ `pqì}t`{`mj~%

4%4 ^glqc`ngþe ma rtjna~j~

C` Igfqt` 4 lqa~}t` qe mg`ft`l` ma dcjpqa~ pqatarta~ae}` `ldj~ rtjna~j~% R`t` ac rtjna~j 0(R0' ac ta`n}gyj ma rta}t`}`lgae}j a~ ac E`JHlgae}t`~ pqa r`t` ac rtjna~j 4 (R4' a~ ac

la}èjc%

R`t` c` ~glqc`ngþe# ~a nje~gmat`tje cj~ }ta~}tgfcgnçtgmj~ ma l`wjt rjtnae}`ka ae ac `nag}antqmj ma r`cl`; }tgr`clg}ge`# }tgjcaìe` w}tgcgejcaìe`% Ae c` ]`dc` 0 ~a lqa~}t` c`njlrj~gngþe nje pqa ~a }t`d`kþ ae c` ~glqc`ngþe%Mgnh` njlrj~gngþe ~a jd}qyj ` r`t}gt ma c`njlrj~gngþe tarjt}`m` rjt Daekqla` a} `c% r`tàc `nag}a ntqmj ma r`cl` njcjldgèj#ma~rtangèmj cj~ rjtnae}`ka~ ma cj~ j}tj~}tgfcgnatgmj~ pqa ~a aenqae}tè ae laejt

nè}gm`m ae ac `nag}a _1\% ]`ldgçe ~a nje~gmatþqe` `ngma{ mac >%8! ae ra~j# axrta~`m` njljnje}aegmj ma àngmj r`clì}gnj%

]`dc` 0% Njlrj~gngþe mac `nag}a ntqmj ma r`clà~rangign`m` ae c` ~glqc`ngþe%

]`dca 0% Ntqma r`cl jgc njlrj~g}gje q~am ge }ha~glqc`}gje%

Ac dgjmga~ac jd}aegmj iqa qe` la{nc` ma cj~la}gcç~}ata~ njtta~rjemgae}a~ ` n`m` qej ma cj~}tgfcgnçtgmj~; la}gc r`clg}`}j# la}gc jca`}j w la}gccgejca`}j%

C` l`wjtì` ma njlrqa~}j~ ~a aenje}t`tje ae c`cgdtatì` ma njlrjeae}a~ ma HW^W^]L% R`t` cj~njlrqa~}j~ ej mg~rjegdca~# ~a alrcaþ c`hatt`lgae}` Hwrj Lè`fat nje ac ige ma nta`t

cj~ lg~lj~ ` r`t}gt ma ~q~ rtjrgam`ma~% ânta`tje ~ag~ njlrqa~}j~ hgrj}ç}gnj~; }ta~ icqgmj~(}tgfcgnçtgmj~' w }ta~ ~þcgmj~; r`clg}`}j ma ~jmgj#àngmj ij~iþtgnj w ij~i`}j ma ~jmgj% ]è}j achgmtþxgmj ma ~jmgj#

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Igfqt` 4% Mg`ft`l` ma dcjpqa~ ma cj~ rtjna~j~ mg~að`mj~%Igfqta 4% Dcjno mg`ft`l ijt }ha ma~gfeam rtjna~~a~%

njlj ac la}èjc w ac àngmj ~qciûtgnj ~anje~gmat`tje njlj l`}atg`~ rtgl`~ rqt`~ rqa~}jpqa cj~ rtjna~j~ tapqgatae njemgngjea~ èhgmt`~%Ac àngmj ij~iþtgnj ~a a~rangignþ njlj qe`~jcqngþe `nqj~` `c 81! v}%

@qepqa c` ~`c pqa ~a faeat` njlj ~qdrtjmqn}jnqèmj ~a q~` OJH njlj n`}`cg{`mjt# rqama ~at `rtjyanh`m` r`t` rtjmqngt iat}gcg{è}a~# ~a rtaigtgþ q~`t E`JH rjtpqa a~ laej~ nj~}j~j wtapqgata laejta~ nè}gm`ma~ r`t` `cnè{`t egyaca~ ma njeyat~gþe ~glgc`ta~ _1\% @malà~# acOJH ej ~a aenqae}t` mg~rjegdca ae c` cgdtatì` manjlrjeae}a~ mac ~glqc`mjt HW^W^]L%

Ac ljmacj }atljmgeàlgnj a~njfgmj r`t` c` i`~acìpqgm` iqa ac ljmacj ma `n}gygm`m ET]C (eje,

tèmjl }vj cgpqgm~'# w` pqa ~a }gaeaenjlrqa~}j~ `c}`lae}a rjc`ta~ njlj ac la}èjc wc` fcgnatge` _4\% R`t` c` i`~a y`rjt ~a alrcaþ cànq`ngþe ma Raef,Tjdge~je%

Cj~ njaigngae}a~ ma ge}at`nngþe dge`tg` ejmg~rjegdca~ ae c` cgdtatì` mac ~glqc`mjt iqatjea~}gl`mj~ nje ac lç}jmj QEGI@N (Qegyat~`c

Iqengje`c Ftjqr @n}gyg}w Njaiigngae} ' r`tàpqgcgdtgj cìpqgmj,cìpqgmj

Ac ljmacj ngeç}gnj q}gcg{`mj r`t` c` ta`nngþe ma

a~}atgign`ngþe iqa ac tarjt}`mj rjt ^g} a} `c%pqgaea~ a~}qmg`tje c` ta`nngþe nje `nag}a ntqmjma r`cl` a hgmtþxgmj ma ~jmgj _9\%Ac ljmacj nje~gmat` c` ta`nngþe fcjd`c njljgttayat~gdca w }gaea c` ~gfqgae}a ijtl`;

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Mjema N}f < Njenae}t`ngþe ma }tgfcgnçtgmj~ _<\fljc*c ? Nlajh < Njenae}t`ngþe ma la}èjc _<\fljc*c ? ,t < T`}` ma ta`nngþe _<\ fljc*(c,~'% Aci`n}jt ma itanqaeng` w c` aeatfì` ma `n}gy`ngþe mac` anq`ngþe ma @tthaegq~ a~}àe m`m`~ rjt; @<

7%01>=x029 c*(fljc,~' w A` < 92620 oK*oljc%

R`t` c` ta`nngþe ma a~}atgign`ngþe mac àngmj r`clì}gnj# ~a alrcaþ ac ljmacj ma rtglat jtmae rtjrqa~}j rjt âem{gogaea a} `c% nje cj~~gfqgae}a~ r`tàla}tj~; @ < 0%46 ~,0# A` <0>>22 oK*oljc _6\%

4%> Mg~aðj ma rtjna~j~

C`~ rtgengr`ca~ qegm`ma~ ma rtjna~j alrca`m`~ r`t` c` ~glqc`ngþe ae a~}`mj a~}`ngje`tgj iqatje

djld`~# ge}atn`ldg`mjta~ ma n`cjt# ~ar`t`mjta~~þcgmj*cìpqgmj# ~ar`t`mjta~ cìpqgmj*y`rjt ( ic`~h'#ta`n}jta~ RIT# }jtta~ ma ma~}gc`ngþe w maax}t`nngþe cìpqgm`%

â q}gcg{`tje aeitg`mjta~ w n`cae}`mjta~ njljapqgrj~ ma ge}atn`ldgj ma n`cjt% Njlj~ar`t`mjta~ ~þcgmj*cìpqgmj ~a q~`tje ~ar`t`mjta~~glrca~# mg~rjegdca~ ae c` cgdtatì` ma HW^W^]L%R`t` ayg}`t rtjdcal`~ ma rta~aeng` ma ~þcgmj~ aec`~ qegm`ma~ ma jrat`ngþe `fq`~ `d`kj# mgnhj~apqgrj~ ~a a~rangign`tje r`t` aian}q`t qe`

~ar`t`ngþe ratian}`# a~ mangt# r`t` pqa c`njttgae}a cìpqgm` ma ~`cgm` ej nje}qygat` ~þcgmj~%Ae c` ~glqc`ngþe ej ~a }qyj ae nqae}` càigngaeng` ma rc`}j~ ma c`~ }jtta~# makàemj~a igkàe 022!% â ayg}þ c` jrat`ngþe ae y`nìj#}aegaemj ae nqae}` cj~ `c}j~ nj~}j~ jrat`}gyj~pqa matgyè ma c` lg~l`% R`t` cj~ ta`n}jta~# cj~ge}atn`ldg`mjta~ ma n`cjt w cj~ ~ar`t`mjta~

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~þcgmj*cìpqgmj ~a a~rangignþ qe` n`ìm` ma rta~gþema 62 oR`%

Ac mg~aðj ma c`~ }jtta~ ma ax}t`nngþe cìpqgm` wma~}gc`ngþe rta~ae}a~ ae `ldj~ rtjna~j~# ~a ccayj` n`dj ae ac ~glqc`mjt# a~rangignèmj ae n`m`

qe` qe eûlatj ma a}`r`~ }`c pqa ratlg}gat`nqlrcgt# }è}j cj~ jdka}gyj~ ma ~ar`t`ngþema~a`mj~ r`t` ac rtjna~j# njlj c` njeyatfaengèqlçtgn` ma c` ~glqc`ngþe% R`t` c`~ }jtta~ mama~}gc`ngþe# ~a hg{j qe a~}gl`}gyj gegng`c maceûlatj ma rc`}j~# mac rc`}j ma `cglae}`ngþe w mac` tac`ngþe ma taicqkj ax}ate`# lamgè}a ac q~j ma}jtta~ ^hjt},Nq} # pqa ~je dcjpqa~ ma nàcnqcjnje}aegmj~ mae}tj mac ~glqc`mjt# d`~`mj~ ae aclç}jmj Iae~oa,Qematvjjm,Fgccgcèm w pqaa~}àe jtgae}`mj~ a~ranìign`lae}a `c mg~aðj ma}jtta~ ma ma~}gc`ngþe ~glrca~% Rj~}atgjtlae}a#

nje}èmj nje mgnhj a~}gl`}gyj rtaygj# ~a~glqc`tje c`~ }jtta~ tgfqtj~`~# pqa ~je c`~ pqa ~alqa~}tè ae cj~ RIM ma `ldj~ rtjna~j~%

C`~ njemgngjea~ ma jrat`ngþe ma cj~ rtjna~j~mg~að`mj~ a~}qygatje ~qka}`~ ` c`~ ta~}tgnngjea~ma ma~njlrj~gngþe }çtlgn` ma cj~ njlrqa~}j~%[hèf a} `c% tarjt}` qe` }alrat`}qt` ma 412»N r`t` ac dgjmga~ac _4\% R`t` c` fcgnatge`# ~anje~gmatþ qe` }alrat`}qt` ma 42=%==»N# ma`nqatmj ` cj tarjt}`mj rjt Lgeat _8\% C` l`wjt }alrat`}qt` ` c` pqa ~a ~jla}gatje cj~

}tgfcgnçtgmj~ iqa ma 4>2»N# c` nq`c ~a aenqae}t` rjt mad`kj mac rqe}j ma hqlj (}alrat`}qt` ` c`nq`c ~a alrga{è ` jd~aty`t cj~ rtjmqn}j~ ma c`ma~njlrj~gngþe' ma `nag}a~ ~ge àngmj~ ft`~j~cgdta~# ~afûe tarjt}` D`gcaw _7\%

>% TA^QC]@MJ^

>%0 Ma~ntgrngþe mac Rtjna~j 0C` Igfqt` > lqa~}t` ac mg`ft`l` ma icqkj mac R0(RIM'% Ae c` ]`dc` 4 ~a lqa~}t` qe` cg~}` nje cj~apqgrj~ rtgengr`ca~ ma `ldj~ rtjna~j~% C`

njttgae}a NRJ (`nag}a ntqmj ma r`cl`' ~a la{nc`nje c` njttgae}a E`JH rta}t`}%

Ac icqkj là~gnj ma a~}` ûc}gl` njttgae}a iqa`kq~}`mj r`t` pqa c` njeyat~gþe ma c` ta`nngþe maeaq}t`cg{`ngþe iqat` }j}`c% Cqafj ma c` la{nc`# acge}atn`ldg`mjt A,022 `qlae}` c` }alrat`}qt` mac` njttgae}a 02= ` 91»N% @ a~}`~ njemgngjea~# ac E`JH ta`nngje` nje ac àngmj r`clì}gnj r`t`

ijtl`t r`clg}`}j ma ~jmgj (qe k`dþe' w `fq` _7\%Ac ta`n}jt tapqgata n`cae}`lgae}j (njttgae}aP02>' r`t` lè}aeat ~q }alrat`}qt` ae 91»N rqa~}j pqa c` ta`nngþe a~ aemj}çtlgn`% C`la{nc` pqa ~`ca mac ta`n}jt r`~` `c ~ar`t`mjt X,022 mjema ~a ~ar`t` ac ~þcgmj ma c` la{nc`%Rj~}atgjtlae}a c` njttgae}a cìpqgm` ma `nag}a 029cgdta ma àngmj r`clì}gnj w nje 00%1! v} ma `fq` r`~` ` qe ~g~}al` ma ~an`mj rjt ay`rjt`ngþege~}è}àea` ( ic`~h' ae ac pqa ~a talqaya ac `fq`mac `nag}a eaq}t`cg{`mj% C` njttgae}a ma y`rjt 027 nje}gaea ac 77%1! mac icqkj là~gnj ma `fq`

pqa gefta~` `c ~ar`t`mjt cìpqgmj*y`rjt ae c`njttgae}a 028% C` rçtmgm` rjt l`~` ma `nag}a pqa~a ay`rjt` w ~`ca ae c` njttgae}a 027 a~ mac2%04!%Cqafj c` njttgae}a @nag}a eaq}t`cg{`mjnje qe` njlrj~gngþe ma }tgfcgnçtgmj~ mac 022!v} a~ djlda`m` ` c` {je` ma ta`nngþe%

Ma `nqatmj `c }grj ma ta`nngþe fcjd`c (gemgygmq`ca gttayat~gdca' ~a ta`cg{þ ac èàcg~g~ ma mg~aðj mac` {je` ma ta`nngþe% â `kq~}þ qe` tac`ngþe ljc`t `cnjhjc*`nag}a ma 02%4;0 r`t` f`tè}g{`t qe`njeyat~gþe }j}`c ma cj~ }tgfcgnçtgmj~% Ac }grj ma

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â `~qla pqa mgnhj ta`n}jt jitana ac ft`mj ma`fg}`ngþe eana~`tgj r`t` pqa ~a mç c` ta`nngþe malèat` þr}gl`% Ae c` ~glqc`ngþe }`ldgçe ~anje~gmatþ ac q~j ma qe ta`n}jt N^]T# nje ac pqa~a jd}qygatje c`~ lg~l`~ njemgngjea~ manjlrj~gngþe mac aicqae}a ma ta`nngþe w qeyjcqlae ma ta`n}jt cgfat`lae}a l`wjt%



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]`dc` 4% Cg~}` ma apqgrj~ rtgengr`ca~ ma `ldj~ rtjna~j~%]`dca 4% L`ge apqgrlae} cg~} ijt dj}h rtjna~~a~%

Rtjna~j 0 Rtjna~j 4

Nþmgfj Ma~ntgrngþe ]grj Nþmgfj Ma~ntgrngþe ]grj

R,022 Djld` E`JH rta}t`}`lgae}j Tj}`}jtg` R,022 Djld` `cglae}`ngþe `nag}a Nae}tìiqf` ma qe` a}`r`

R,020 Djld` `cglae}`ngþe `nag}a Nae}tìiqf` ma qe` a}`r` R,020 Djld` la}èjc*àngmj rta}t`}`lgae}j Tj}`}jtg`

R,024 Djld` `nag}a eaq}t`cg{`mj Nae}tìiqf` ma qe` a}`r` R,024 Djld` `fq` }jtta C,C rta}t`}% Tj}`}jtg`

R,02> Djld` la}èjc,E`JH Nae}tìiqf` ma qe` a}`r` R,02> Djld` la}èjc,E`JH Nae}tìiqf` ma qe` a}`r`

R,02= Djld` tangncj la}èjc Nae}tìiqf` ma qe` a}`r` R,02= Djld` `nag}a eaq}t`cg{`mj Nae}tìiqf` ma qe` a}`r`

R,021 Djld` ijemj~ }jtta ma~}gc`ngþe Nae}tìiqf` ma qe` a}`r` R,021 Djld` tangncj la}èjc Nae}tìiqf` ma qe` a}`r`

R,029 Djld` `fq` ` }jtta ax}t`nngþe Tj}`}jtg` R,029 Djld` ijemj~ }jtta ma~}gc`ngþe Nae}tìiqf` ma qe` a}`r`

R,026 Djld` ta`n}jt eaq}t`cg{`ngþe E`JH Nae}tìiqf` ma qe` a}`r` R,026 Djld` `fq` ` }jtta C,C dgjmga~ac Tj}`}jtg`

RIT,022 Ta`n}jt }tè~a~}atgign`ngþe N`da{` icj}è}a R,028 Djld` ta`n}jt eaq}t`cg{`ngþe E`JH Nae}tìiqf` ma qe` a}`r`

A,022 Ge}atn`ldg`mjt ma n`cjt Mjdca }qdj RIT,022 Ta`n}jt a~}atgign`ngþe N`da{` icj}è}a

A,020 Ge}atn`ldg`mjt ma n`cjt Lûc}grca~ }qdj~ RIT,020 Ta`n}jt }tè~a~}atgign`ngþe N`da{` icj}è}a

A,024 Ge}atn`ldg`mjt ma n`cjt Lûc}grca~ }qdj~ A,022 Ge}atn`ldg`mjt ma n`cjt Mjdca }qdj

A,02> Ge}atn`ldg`mjt ma n`cjt Lûc}grca~ }qdj~ A,020 Ge}atn`ldg`mjt ma n`cjt Lûc}grca~ }qdj~

A,02= Ge}atn`ldg`mjt ma n`cjt Lûc}grca~ }qdj~ A,024 Ge}atn`ldg`mjt ma n`cjt Mjdca }qdj

A,021 Ge}atn`ldg`mjt ma n`cjt Lûc}grca~ }qdj~ A,02> Ge}atn`ldg`mjt ma n`cjt Lûc}grca~ }qdj~

A,029 Ge}atn`ldg`mjt ma n`cjt Lûc}grca~ }qdj~ A,02= Ge}atn`ldg`mjt ma n`cjt Lûc}grca~ }qdj~

A,026 Ge}atn`ldg`mjt ma n`cjt Mjdca }qdj A,021 Ge}atn`ldg`mjt ma n`cjt Lûc}grca~ }qdj~

A,028 Ge}atn`ldg`mjt ma n`cjt Mjdca }qdj A,029 Ge}atn`ldg`mjt ma n`cjt Lûc}grca~ }qdj~

A,0222 Tahatygmjt ],022 Oa}}ca A,026 Ge}atn`ldg`mjt ma n`cjt Mjdca }qdj

A,4222 Njemae~`mjt ],022 N`da{` icj}è}a A,0222 Tahatygmjt ],024 Oa}}ca

NTY,022 Ta`n}jt rta}t`}`lgae}j ]èpqa `fg}`mj A,4222 Njemae~`mjt ],024 N`da{` icj}è}aNTY,020 Ta`n}jt eaq}t`cg{`ngþe ~jm` ]èpqa `fg}`mj NTY,022 Ta`n}jt eaq}t`cg{`ngþe ~jm` ]èpqa `fg}`mj

X,022 âr`t`mjt ~þcgmj*cìp% r`clg}`}j âr`t`mjt nae}tìiqfj X,022 âr`t`mjt ~þcgmj*cìp% ij~i`}j âr`t`mjt nae}tìiqfj

X,020 âr`t`mjt ~þcgmj*cìp% ij~i`}j âr`t`mjt nae}tìiqfj Y,022 âr`t`mjt cìpqgmj*y`rjt fcgnatge` Tangrgae}a yat}gn`c

Y,022 âr`t`mjt cìpqgmj*y`rjt `fq` Tangrgae}a hjtg{je}`c ],020 ]jtta ma ax}t`nngþe cìpqgm` rta}t`}% ]jtta ma rc`}j~

Y,020 âr`t`mjt cìpqgmj*y`rjt fcgnatge` Tangrgae}a yat}gn`c ],024 ]jtta ma ma~}gc`ngþe ]jtta ma rc`}j~

],022 ]jtta ma ma~}gc`ngþe ]jtta ma rc`}j~ ],02> ]jtta ma ax}t`nngþe cìpqgm` dgjmga~ac ]jtta ma rc`}j~

],020 ]jtta ma ax}t`nngþe cìpqgm` ]jtta ma rc`}j~

â rtaigtgþ c` jrat`ngþe g~j}çtlgn` ~jdta c``mg`dà}gn` rqa~}j pqa nje a~}` ûc}gl` c` njttgae}ama ~`cgm` mac ta`n}jt a~}`d` ` 494»N# y`cjt ma}alrat`}qt` ~qratgjt `c ma ma~njlrj~gngþe}çtlgn` mac dgjmga~ac% â acgfgþ }t`d`k`t ` 91»N#

~afûe cj tarjt}`mj ae c` dgdcgjftìì`% Rqa~}j pqac` ta`nngþe a~ ae i`~a cìpqgm`# ac aian}j ma c` rta~gþe ~jdta c` njeyat~gþe a~ rtàn}gn`lae}ama~rtang`dca%

C` njttgae}a 00= ma ae}t`m` `c ta`n}jt ~aaenqae}t` ` 91»N w =62 oR`% C` njttgae}a ma~`cgm` 001 ` 91»N# =22 oR`# nje qe icqkj ma092=7 of*h w c` ~gfqgae}a njlrj~gngþe là~gn`;64%4= ! la}gcç~}ata~ (dgjmga~ac'# 2%01 ! E`JH#6%8= ! fcgnatge` w 07%66 ! la}èjc% R`t``cnè{`t c` njeyat~gþe }j}`c ~a eana~g}þ qe

ta`n}jt ma njt`{` w }qdj~ ma > l> nje 127 }qdj~ma 1 nl ma mgàla}tj ge}atej# 1 ll ma a~ra~jt w> l ma c`tfj%

C` {je` ma ~ar`t`ngþe a~}à njlrqa~}` rjt }ta~~qd,{je`~% Ae c` rtglat` ~a ~ar`t` ac la}èjc macaicqae}a ma ta`nngþe r`t` ~at tangtnqc`mj `cta`n}jt% Ae c` ~afqem`# ~a ~ar`tè cj~la}gcç~}ata~ ma c` fcgnatge` w ae c` ûc}gl` a}`r`

~a rqtgign` c` fcgnatge`# ~qdrtjmqn}j ma c`ta`nngþe ma }tè~a~}atgign`ngþe%

Ac la}èjc a~ ac njlrqa~}j là~ yjcà}gc ae c`njttgae}a ma ~`cgm` mac ta`n}jt# nje qe njaigngae}a

ma mg~}tgdqngþe O<0%118# ~afqgmj rjt c` }tgjcaìe`nje O<2%222=>% C` tac`ngþe ae}ta `ldj~# ~qfgatapqa qe njemae~`mjt r`tng`c ( ic`~h' d`~}`tì` r`t`~ar`t`t ac la}èjc%

^ge ald`tfj# `qepqa ae c` ~glqc`ngþe ~ajd}qygatje dqaej~ ta~qc}`mj~ ma njlrj~gngþenje qe njemae~`mjt r`tng`c# c` nè}gm`mtanqrat`m` ej iqa þr}gl`# rjt cj pqa ~a alrcaþqe` }jtta ma ma~}gc`ngþe ma = a}`r`~ }aþtgn`~ njeqe` tac`ngþe ma taicqkj ma 0%>1% Ma a~}` lèat`~a cjftþ tanqrat`t ac 77%=! mac la}èjc ae}tè}a

` c` ]jtta ],022# tangtnqc`tcj rqtj ae c` njttgae}a009 w la{nc`tcj nje c` njttgae}a ma tarj~gngþe(La}èjc'% C` n`ìm` ma rta~gþe ma c` }jtta ~aa~rangignþ ae 7 oR`# ~afûe ejtl`~ haqtì~}gn`~ mamg~aðj% Cj~ ijemj~ ma c` }jtta# njttgae}a 040# ~aaeitg`tje ` >1»N w ~a djlda`tje ` c` }jtta maax}t`nngþe cìpqgm` ],020% Ae c` }jtta ],020 manq`}tj a}`r`~ }aþtgn`~# ~a cjftþ tanqrat`t }jmj acicqkj là~gnj ma la}gcç~}ata~ ma c` njttgae}a 04>



q}gcg{èmj `fq` njlj ~jcyae}a ax}t`n}jt% C`njttgae}a Dgjmga~ac jd}aegm` }gaea qe`njlrj~gngþe ma 00%79 !v} la}gc,cgejca`}j#>8%7= !v} la}gc,jca`}j w =7%2= !v} la}gc, r`clg}`}j% Ac icqkj ma ~jcyae}a (njttgae}a @fq`'~a a~rangignþ ae 4=12 of*h r`t` nqlrcgt c`

a~rangign`ngþe ma njenae}t`ngþe ma E` ae ac dgjmga~ac% C` }jtta ~a }t`d`kþ ` 042 oR`# nje qe`n`ìm` ma rta~gþe ma 02 oR`%

Cj~ ijemj~ ma c` }jtta ],020 ~a la{ncè nje c`njttgae}a Àngmj ij~iþtgnj pqa a~ qe` ~jcqngþe`nqj~` `c 81 !v} ma àngmj# nqwj icqkj là~gnj ~aa~rangignþ ma lèat` }`c pqa eaq}t`cg{`t` }jmj achgmtþxgmj ma ~jmgj rta~ae}a ae c` njttgae}a 041%C` la{nc` ~a djlda` `c ta`n}jt NTY,020 wcqafj r`~` `c ~ar`t`mjt ~þcgmj*cìpqgmj X,020 aeac pqa ~a ~ar`t` }jmj ac ij~i`}j ~þmgnj faeat`mj

ae c` ta`nngþe% Njlj ae ac ~ar`t`mjt X,022# c`~ar`t`ngþe ~a a~ranìignj njlj gma`c% Rjt ûc}glj#c` njttgae}a 047 ma njlrj~gngþe >>%97 !v}fcgnatge` w 91%8> !v} `fq` r`~` ` qe ~g~}al` ma~ar`t`ngþe rjt ay`rjt`ngþe ge~}è}àea` ae ac pqa~a tanqrat` ac 8=! mac icqkj là~gnj ma fcgnatge`#jd}aegçemj~a 0001 of*h ma fcgnatge` `c 71 !v}njlj ~qdrtjmqn}j%

>%4 Ma~ntgrngþe mac Rtjna~j 4

C` Igfqt` = lqa~}t` ac mg`ft`l` ma icqkj mac R4

(RIM'% Ae c` {je` ma rta}t`}`lgae}j# ac `nag}antqmj ma r`cl` ~a ~jla}a ` qe` ta`nngþe maa~}atgign`ngþe mac àngmj r`clì}gnj n`}`cg{`m` rjt àngmj# r`t` rtjmqngt la}gc,r`clg}`}j w `fq`% C`njttgae}a ma `nag}a ntqmj# nje c`~ lg~l`~a~rangign`ngjea~ mac R0# ~a la{nc` nje c`njttgae}a ma la}èjc `ngmgign`m` 024% Ac icqkjlà~gnj ma la}èjc (njttgae}a La}èjc0' ~a`kq~}þ ae 18 of*h r`t` jd}aeat qe` njeyat~gþe maàngmj r`clì}gnj ae ac ta`n}jt ma 77%>!% C`njttgae}a Àngmj ~qciûtgnj nje}gaea H4^J= rqtj#nje qe icqkj là~gnj ma 0! mac icqkj }j}`c ma

`nag}a ntqmj# ~afûe cj tarjt}`mj rjt âem{gogaeaa} `c% C` la{nc` ~a djlda` `c ge}atn`ldg`mjt A,022 pqa `qlae}` c` }alrat`}qt` ` 92»N% Mgnh`}alrat`}qt` ~a igkþ njlj }alrat`}qt` mata`nngþe ` r`t}gt ma c`~ njemgngjea~axratglae}`ca~ tarjt}`m`~ ae ac a~}qmgj ngeç}gnj_6\% @qepqa c` njenae}t`ngþe ma àngmj mac `nag}antqmj alrca`m` ae ac rta~ae}a }t`d`kj# 2%0>1ljc*c (>%8 !v}'# a~ geiatgjt ` c` lìegl` nje pqa

~a }t`d`kþ ae ac a~}qmgj ngeç}gnj nje~qc}`mj(2%094 ljc*c'# ~a ~qrq~j pqa ac ljmacj at`yàcgmj r`t` a~}` njenae}t`ngþe madgmj ` c``q~aeng` ma là~ geijtl`ngþe ~jdta c` ngeç}gn` mac` a~}atgign`ngþe ma àngmj~ ft`~j~ cgdta~%

R`t` c` ta`nngþe ma a~}atgign`ngþe (gemgygmq`c agttayat~gdca' ~a q}gcg{þ qe RIT `mg`dà}gnj manjt`{` w }qdj~ nje qe yjcqlae ma 4%4 l># 482}qdj~ ma 1 nl ma mgàla}tj ge}atej# 1 ll maa~ra~jt w = l ma c`tfj% C` njttgae}a 029 ~`ca macta`n}jt ` 17%>4»N w 491 oR` nje qe`njlrj~gngþe ma >%7 !v} la}gc,r`clg}`}j# 2%249!v} àngmj r`clì}gnj# 2%49 !v} `fq`# 2%78 !v}H4^J= w ac rjtnae}`ka ta~}è}a `rjt}`mj rjt cj~}tgfcgnçtgmj~% Ac aicqae}a r`~` ` c` }jtta maax}t`nngþe cìpqgm` ],020 mjema ~a ca talqaya ac`fq` w ac àngmj ~qciûtgnj% Ae c` }jtta ],020 ~a

aian}û` qe` ax}t`nngþe ae ~ga}a a}`r`~ }aþtgn`~nje `fq` njlj ~jcyae}a ax}t`n}jt% C` }jtta jrat`` >1»N# }gaea qe` rta~gþe ma ae}t`m` ma 071 oR`w qe` n`ìm` ma rta~gþe ma 02 oR`% Ac icqkj ma~jcyae}a ~a `kq~}þ ae 0042 of*h nje cj pqa ~acjftþ ax}tàt rtàn}gn`lae}a }jmj ac àngmj~qciûtgnj w ac `fq` ma c` njttgae}a 026% C` rçtmgm` ma l`~` ma }tgfcgnçtgmj~ ae c` }jtta iqama 0%94!% C` njttgae}a @nag}a eaq}t`cg{`mj pqa~`ca ma c` r`t}a ~qratgjt ma c` }jtta r`~` ` c` {je`ma ta`nngþe%

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