Producción de tomate bajo cubierta (tesis)

8/15/2019 Producción de tomate bajo cubierta (tesis)

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D' M&s bspk=&mbs - p&rtu2ubsbs jd$ufjdbr&f bm ?dt&0ktb k Nrdbftb Gbjd& - $rd+k! -jb kmm6 k &tr&s pk6sbs ksd/td+&s'

Jb k+ubrj& +&f ;0dt5 (E)! bf "rkf Hrbtk=k bm ?dt&0ktb f& sb +&0bf%: k +umtdkr

sdf& 5kstk E9' Rf& jb m&s prd0br&s +umtdkj&rbs $ub I&5f "brkrj! uf pbmu3ubr&

+dru?kf&' Bm md8r& tdtumkj& [dbr8ks jb "brkrj! $ub pu8md+kj& bf E

0bjdjk pmk2dkj& jb $ubftbs +&ftdfbftkmbs! bs tk08df ufk jb mks rb$brbf+dks 0/s

kftd2uks jbm ?dt&0ktb bf Df2mktbrrk' "brkrj sup& 3ub bm ?dt&0ktb sb +&fsu0d: tkft& bf

Bspk=k +&0& bf Dtkmdk' ;df b08kr2&! m k$dr0k8k 3ub brk t:1d+& (mks 5&?ks - m&s tkmm&s

jbm ?dt&0ktb +&ftdbfbf 2md+&km+km&djbs t:1d+&s! pbr& mk $rutk 0kjurk bs sb2urk)' M&s

puft&s jb dstk jb "brkrj brkf df$mu-bftbs! - bm ?dt&0ktb sb +&fsdjbr: f& kpt& pkrk

sbr +&fsu0dj& (kuf3ub f& fb+bskrdk0bftb t:1d+&) jurkftb 0u+5&s k=&s bf "rkf

Hrbtk=k - sus +&m&fdks f&rtbk0brd+kfks' ;df b08kr2&! bf bm sd2m& .DDD! bm ?dt&0ktb sb

+&fsu0d: b1tbfsk0bftb bf "rkf Hrbtk=k! - kftbs jbm $df jb bsb sd2m& mk Bf+d+m&pbjdk

Hrdt/fd+k dfjd+: 3ub bm ?dt&0ktb brk jb us& jdkrd& bf s&pks! +kmj&s - kjbrb%&s' K

pkrtdr jb Bur&pk tk08df sb jd$ufjd: k Bstkj&s Rfdj&s - Okfkj/! b0pb%: k+&0br+dkmd%krsb bf Bstkj&s Rfdj&s 5k+dk bm k=& E'

Jb8b f&tkrsb 3ub k fdbm pr/+td+k0bftb 2m&8km! sb utdmd%k mk pkmk8rk t&0ktb bf krd&s

djd&0ks (+&f md2br&s +k08d&s bf mk tbr0dfk+d:f) pkrk rb$brdrsb km kftd2u& 1dt&0ktm jb

m&s 0b1d+ks - km k+tukm ?dt&0ktb jb G1d+&' Mk pkmk8rk t&0ktb! &rd2dfkm0bftb sb

8


16/90

rb$dbrb k &trk bspb+db (S`yskmds dxnokrpk)! & tk08df mmk0kj&! t&0ktdmm&! t&0ktb brjb

& jb +/s+krk' Bs p&r bmm& 3ub k pbskr jb 3ub bf jdbrs&s krt6+um&s +dbft6$d+&s

0bf+d&fbf km $rut& jb dftbrs +&0& ”?dt&0ktb#! bf mk prbsbftb tbsds sb utdmd%kr/ mk

pkmk8rk ”t&0ktb#'

?..; O+*!8$*$( %*:&(3$*

Bs d0p&rtkftb 3ub sb t&3ub bm puft& jbm f&08rb +dbft6$d+& +&f bspb+dkm +udjkj&'

Kftbrd&r0bftb sb 0bf+d&fkr&f mks p&sd8mbs jds+rbpkf+dks bf bm f&08rb +&0,f! bst&

bs +&0prbfsd8mb jkj& mk fkturkmb%k jb m&s f&08rbs um2krbs' ;df b08kr2&! f& sb

pubjb pbr0dtdr 3ub k fdbm +dbft6$d+& 5k-k +&f$usd&fbs! p&r bmm& sb k8ufjkr/ bf bmtb0k' K+tukm0bftb! bf fu0br&s&s krt6+um&s +dbft6$d+&s jb jdbrs&s pk6sbs! sb 0kfb?k

”Myonpbrsdonf bsoumbftug Gdmm'# +&0& f&08rb +dbft6$d+& jbm t&0ktb> bst& bs

+&0prbfsd8mb sd sb +&fsdjbrk 3ub! 5kstk 5k+b km2uf&s k=&s! bsb brk +&fsdjbrkj& bm

f&08rb +&rrb+t&' ;df b08kr2&! jbsjb 499E! bsb f&08rb -k f& bs k+bptkj& - mk

,fd+k p&sd8mb sdf&fd0dk bs Myonpbrsdonf myonpbrsdoug' Mk tbr0dfk+d:f ”Gdmm'# jb

Myonpbrsdonf bsoumbftug bs ufk k8rbdkturk 3ub sb rb$dbrb k S5dmdpb Gdmmbr! 8&t/fd+&

bs+&+s +&ftb0p&r/fb& jb Okrm&s Mdffb&! 3udbf mb ksd2f: bsb f&08rb'

O*,)& . O+*!8$*$( %*:&(3$* ,#+ %&3*%#.Zk1:fXbdf& Smkftkb;u8rbdf& Zrk3ub&8d&ftk;upbrjddsd:f ;pbr0kt&p5-tkJddsd:f Gk2f&md&p5-tkOmksb Gk2f&md&psdjk;u8+mksb KstbrdjkbNrjbf ;&mkfkmbs7k0dmdk ;&mkfk+bkb"fbr& ;&mkfu0

Bspb+db _nmkfug myonpbrsdougF&08rb

8df&0dkm_nmkfug myonpbrsdoug M

7ubftb Ad@dpbjdk'Skrk rb$brdrsb +&f +brtb%k k km2ufk bspb+db p&r su f&08rb +dbft6$d+&! bs +&fbfdbftb

+&fsumtkr km2ufk jb mks 8ksbs jb jkt&s k+bptkjks - k+tukmd%kjks s&8rb f&0bf+mkturk

- tk1&f&06k' Bftrb bmmks! sb pubjbf 0bf+d&fkr mks sd2udbftbs

-


17/90

k) Mk 7m&rk Gbs&k0brd+kfk! ufk +&mk8&rk+d:f bftrb mk Rfdbrsdjkj Fk+d&fkm

Kut:f&0k jb G1d+&! bm Ikrj6f H&t/fd+& jb bA - bm Ikrj6f H&t/fd+& jb Gdss&urd'

(5ttp__0&8&t'0&8&t'&r2_Z_;bkr+5_0bs&'5t0m)

8) Z5b B1pbrt Obftbr $&r Zk1&f&0d+ Djbftd$d+ktd&f! ufk 8ksb jb jkt&s jb b1pbrt&s bftk1&f&06k jb m&s Sk6sbs Hk?&s ([&mkfjk)' (5ttp__AAA'btd'uk'fm)

+) Mk 8ksb jb jkt&s ”Zr&pd+&s# jbm Gdss&urd H&tkfd+km "krjbf df$&r0k s&8rb mk

pu8md+k+d:f &rd2dfkm - sdf:fd0&s' Zdbfb bfmk+bs k m&s jkt&s jb jdstrd8u+d:f sb2,f m&s

b?b0pmkrbs jbp&sdtkj&s bf bstb 5br8krd&! +&f mk p&sd8dmdjkj jb 0kpbkrm&s' Skrk

0u+5ks bspb+dbs tdbfb bfmk+bs k $m&rks - mdstks $m&r6std+ks! ks6 +&0& d0/2bfbs jb

b?b0pmkrbs jb 5br8krd&! b?b0pmkrbs bf d& - mk jbs+rdp+d:f &rd2dfkm'

j) Mk p/2dfk jb mk bspb+db bf bm ;DDZ (;dstb0k Dftb2rkj& jb Df$&r0k+d:f Zk1&f:0d+k)

jb ONFKHDN! 3ub bs mk brsd:f bf bspk=&m jbm DZD; (Dftb2rktbj Zk1&f&0d+

Df$&r0ktd&f ;-stb0) jbm Jbpkrtk0bft& jb K2rd+umturk jb m&s Bstkj&s Rfdj&s!

+&ftdbfb df$&r0k+d:f tk1&f:0d+k +&f fu0br&s&s bfmk+bs k &trks 8ksbs jb jkt&s - k

8us+kj&rbs jb dftbrfbt' S&r b?b0pm&! 5k+b ufk 8,s3ubjk kut&0/td+k jb d0/2bfbs jb

mk bspb+db bf "&&2mb - 0ubstrk uf 0kpk jb jdstrd8u+d:f jb mk "m&8km Hd&jdbrsdt-

Df$&r0ktd&f 7k+dmdt-! "HD7'

b) Bf bm Dftbrfktd&fkm Smkft Fk0b Dfjb1 (DSFD)! 2bfbrkm0bftb sb bf+ubftrk mk +dtk

&rd2dfkm jb mk bspb+db' ;b bfmk%k k 8,s3ubjk jb df$&r0k+d:f bf mk 8ksb jb jkt&s jbm

Fktd&fkm Obftbr $&r Zk1&f&0- Df$&r0ktd&f! Fktd&fkm Dfstdtutbs &$ [bkmt5! R';'K' Km

8us+kr mk bspb+db! f& s&m& kpkrb+bf rb$brbf+dks k jkt&s 2bftd+&s sdf& tk08df

bfmk+bs k Su8Gbj! ufk 8ksb jb jkt&s jb mdtbrkturk 8d&0jd+k - k Su8GbjObftrkm!

j&fjb sb pubjbf +&fsumtkr 0u+5&s krt6+um&s bf m6fbk bf $&r0k 2rktudtk'

(5ttp__AAA'dpfd'&r2)

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+&ftdbfb df$&r0k+d:f s&8rb mk tk1&f&06k! jdstrd8u+d:f jb mk bspb+db bf B'R'K'!

bstktus - rb2mk0bftk+d:f +&0& dfksdk bf su +ks&' Zk08df tdbfb dmustrk+d&fbs -

:


18/90

bfmk+bs k 0/s 8ksbs jb jkt&s (2' "XDF "br0pmks0 Xbs&ur+bs Df$&r0ktd&f

FbtA&r@! +&f k8ufjkftb df$&r0k+d:f)'

;b 0bf+d&fk +&0& sdf:fd0& k _nmkfug myonpbrsdoug M' pkrk mk $&r0k sdmbstrb! ;DDZ

- SMKFZ; utdmd%kf bm f&08rb _nmkfug myonpbrsdoug M' kr' +brksd$&r0b (Jufkm);p&&fbr! I' Kfjbrs&f - X'' Ikfsbf> "XDF usk Myonpbrsdonf bsoumbftug Gdmm' kr'

+brksd$&r0b (Jufkm) K' "rk-' Mk $&r0k sdmbstrb k b+bs sb +mksd$d+k +&0&

Myonpbrsdonf bsoumbftug kr' mbpt&p5-mmu0 (Jufkm)' ;df b08kr2&! $ubrk jb m&s

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?..? J#!$)"$( 2&%5($*

Bm t&0ktb bs ufk pmkftk pbrbffb jb p&rtb kr8ustd& 3ub sb +umtdk +&0& kfukm' Mk

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krdbjkjbs jbtbr0dfkjks b dmd0dtkj& bf mks krdbjkjbs dfjbtbr0dfkjks! pujdbfj&

mmb2kr! bf bstks ,mtd0ks! k E9 0 bf uf k=& (Xd+@! E


19/90

jb rbp&s& jb ufks 9 5&rks jurkftb bm +ukm f& sb &8sbrk fdf2,f +k08d& bf mk

kfkt&06k fd bf mk k+tddjkj 0btk8:md+k jb mk sb0dmmk' S&stbrd&r0bftb! mk sb0dmmk

+&0dbf%k k k8s&r8br k2uk jb fub&! dfd+d/fj&sb mk btkpk jb +rb+d0dbft& ks&+dkjk

+&f mk b0br2bf+dk jb mk rkj6+umk (HbAmb- - Hmk+@! E4)'

M* )*10

Bm sdstb0k rkjd+km jbm t&0ktb bst/ +&fstdtudj& p&r mk rk6% prdf+dpkm! rk6+bs sb+ufjkrdks

- p&r rk6+bs kjbftd+dks' Mk rk6% prdf+dpkm +rb+b uf&s 4! +0' jdkrd&s 5kstk mmb2kr k m&s

C9 +0' jb pr&$ufjdjkj' ;d0umt/fbk0bftb sb pr&ju+bf rk0d$d+k+d&fbs - rk6+bs

kjbftd+dks! t&j& m& +ukm +&f$&r0k uf k0pmd& sdstb0k rkjd+umkr 3ub pubjb k8kr+kr

ufk b1tbfsd:f jb E' 0' jb jd/0btr& p&r E' 0' jb pr&$ufjdjkj' Rfk sb++d:f

trkfsbrskm jb mk rk6% prdf+dpkm p&fb jb 0kfd$dbst& mk b1dstbf+dk jb trbs %&fks+mkrk0bftb jd$brbf+dkjks mk bpdjbr0ds! bm +:rtb1 - bm +dmdfjr& ks+umkr'

Mks rk6+bs sb+ufjkrdks sb &rd2dfkf bf mks +mumks jbm pbrd+d+m& - b0br2bf k trks jbm

+:rtb1' Bm 1dmb0k jb bstks rk6+bs $&r0k uf sdstb0k tbtrkr+k +&f +uktr& kmks bf +ru%'

Mks rk6+bs kjbftd+dks! sd0dmkrbs bf su bstru+turk k mks mktbrkmbs! sb jbskrr&mmkf

prdf+dpkm0bftb k pkrtdr jb mk 8ksb jbm tkmm& bf +&fjd+d&fbs $k&rk8mbs (Sd+@bf bt km.,

EC)' Bm sdstb0k rkjd+km tdbfb +&0& $uf+d&fbs mk k8s&r+d:f - bm trkfsp&rtb jb

futrdbftbs! ks6 +&0& mk su?b+d:f & kf+mk?b jb mk pmkftk km subm&'

B+ %*++&

Bm tkmm& t6pd+& tdbfb bftrb 4 - +0 jb jd/0btr& bf mk 8ksb! s&8rb bm sb kf

jbskrr&mmkfj& 5&?ks! tkmm&s sb+ufjkrd&s b df$m&rbs+bf+dks' Bst/ +u8dbrt& p&r trd+&0ks

2mkfjumkrbs - f& 2mkfjumkrbs 3ub skmbf jb mk bpdjbr0ds +u-k bsbf+dk +&f$dbrb su

kr&0k +krk+tbr6std+& k mk pmkftk' Jb8k?& jb mk bpdjbr0ds sb bf+ubftrk bm +:rtb1 +u-ks

+mumks 0/s b1tbrfks tdbfbf +m&r&$dmk - s&f $&t&sdfttd+ks! 0dbftrks mks 0/s dftbrfks

s&f jb tdp& +&mbf3ud0/td+& - k-ujkf k s&p&rtkr bm tkmm&' Bf bm b1trb0& jbm tkmm&

prdf+dpkm sb bf+ubftrk bm 0brdstb0& kpd+km! ufk rb2d:f jb jddsd:f +bmumkr k+tdk

j&fjb sb dfd+dkf m&s fub&s prd0&rjd&s $&mdkrbs - $m&rkmbs' Zdbfb $&r0k jb +,pumk -

bst/ pr&tb2dj& p&r mks 5&?ks rb+df $&r0kjks (Sd+@bf bt km '! EC)'

2


20/90

Mk bm&+djkj jb bm&f2k+d:f jbm tkmm& ku0bftk 2bfbrkm0bftb +&f mk tb0pbrkturk

(Okmbrt! EC)! jkfj& mu2kr k tkmm&s 0ks jbm2kj&s +&f ufk 0k-&r pr&p&r+d:f jb

tb?dj& pkrbf3ud0/td+& - jb k2uk' Mk tb0pbrkturk :ptd0k pkrk mk bm&f2k+d:f jbm tkmm&

bs jb uf&s 9 O pkrk pm/ftumks ?:bfbs - jb E U E O pkrk pmkftks kjumtks' Mk

bm&+djkj jb bm&f2k+d:f jbm tkmm& jds0dfu-b k 0bjdjk 3ub mk f&+5b sb 5k+b 0ks

mkr2k (rdst&$$brsbf! EC)'

M* 4&9*

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+umtdkjks tdbfb uf&s 9 +0' jb mkr2&! +&f uf 2rkf $&md&m& tbr0dfkm - 5kstk 2rkfjbs

$&md&m&s mktbrkmbs! 3ub pubjbf! k su b%! sbr +&0pubst&s' M&s $&md&m&s bst/f

rb+u8dbrt&s jb trd+&0ks! s&f usukm0bftb pb+d&mkj&s - m&8umkj&s drrb2umkr0bftb +&f8&rjbs jbftkj&s'

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+&fjd+d&fbs k08dbftkmbs' Bf 2bfbrkm! mk pr&ju++d:f jb 5&?ks - jb prd0&rjd&s $&mdkrbs

ku0bftk +&f mk drrkjdk+d:f jdkrdk - +&f mk tb0pbrkturk! sdbfj& +&fstkftbs +ukfj& mks

+&fjd+d&fbs k08dbftkmbs tk08df m& s&f (dfbt! E


21/90

md0dtk sbrdk0bftb bm +rb+d0dbft&! bm bstrs 56jrd+& pubjb pr&0&br bm jbskrr&mm& $m&rkm

(Kt5brt&f - [krrds! EC)' Mks df$m&rbs+bf+dks sb jbskrr&mmkf +kjk 4 5&?ks bf mks

k1dmks'

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k8&rt& jb mks -b0ks $m&rkmbs! bst/f df$mudj&s p&r mks +&fjd+d&fbs k08dbftkmbs jbm

8r&tb' Mks $m&rbs sb jbskrr&mmkf 0/s jbprdsk k ufk tb0pbrkturk jb 49 O 3ub k EC O!

- kjb0/s sb pr&0ubb ufk $m&rk+d:f 0ks tb0prkfk bf mk sb2ufjk df$m&rbs+bf+dk

(Okmbrt! EC)' Mks tb0pbrkturks jdurfks s&f 0/s b$b+tdks 3ub mks f&+turfks bf mk

pr&0&+d:f jbm jbskrr&mm& jb mks $m&rbs (Mk@b! EC


22/90

E) -! km $dfkm jbm 0ds0&! bm $rut& 5k km+kf%kj& pr/+td+k0bftb su 0/1d0&

jbskrr&mm&'

' Zbr+br pbrd&j& jb +rb+d0dbft& mbft&! jb ufks j&s sb0kfks! bf bm 3ub bm

ku0bft& bf bm pbs& jbm $rut& bs pb3ub=& pbr& sb pr&ju+bf m&s +k08d&s

0btk8:md+&s +krk+tbr6std+&s jb mk 0kjurk+d:f' Mk d0p&rtk+d:f jb ksd0dmkj&s

p&r bm $rut& tbr0dfk uf&s E9 j6ks jbspus jbm dfd+d& jbm +k08d& jb +&m&r! -k

kkf%kj& bm pr&+bs& jb 0kjurk+d:f'

Bm tk0k=& $dfkm jbm $rut& bst/ bstrb+5k0bftb +&rrbmk+d&fkj& +&f bm f,0br& jb

sb0dmmks - bm f,0br& jb m:+um&s' Bm f,0br& jb sb0dmmks kr6k! t6pd+k0bftb! bftrb 9 -

499 (Fub%! 499E)' Mks tb0pbrkturks bmbkjks pubjbf pr&0&br mk b1bf+d:f jbm

bstdm& - rbju+dr mk kut&p&mdfd%k+d:f - +uk?kj& jbm $rut&'

?.; _%*$( < ")&,$$( 3(,*+

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bf mk bmk8&rk+d:f jb bfskmkjks' Bm t&0ktb bs mk kp&rtk+d:f b2btkm jb G1d+& 0/s

b1tbfjdjk 0ufjdkm0bftb' ;u k+bptk+d:f bf mks jdbrsks +umturks jbm 0ufj& m& u8d+k

+&0& bm sb2ufj& pr&ju+t& 5&rt6+&mk 0/s +&fsu0dj& k fdbm 0ufjdkm'

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+&f uf fdbm pr&0bjd& kfukm jb C 0dmm&fbs jb t&fbmkjks' M&s $k+t&rbs 3ub 5kf

pbr0dtdj& mk bstk8dmdjkj bf mk pr&ju++d:f s&f jb rbfjd0dbft& 0/s 3ub p&r

$mu+tuk+d&fbs bf mk supbr$d+db +&sb+5kjk' Jurkftb bm mkps& jb E - E m&s

rbfjd0dbft&s 0ufjdkmbs pr&0bjd& jb t&0ktb 5kf +rb+dj& bf '! 0dbftrks 3ub mk

supbr$d+db +&sb+5kjk m& 5k 5b+5& bf


23/90

b Dfjdk! pk6sbs 3ub +&f?uftk0bftb 5kf pr&ju+dj& jurkftb bm pbrd&j& E4 U 499E bm

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+&f E' - bm rbst& sb &8tu& bf N+bkf6k - $rd+k'

Jurkftb bm pbrd&j& kfkmd%kj& (E4 U 499E)! O5dfk 5k sdj& bm prdf+dpkm pr&ju+t&r

0ufjdkm jb t&0ktb bf bm 0ufj& km pr&0bjdkr E 0dmm&fbs jb t&fbmkjks kfukmbs (E

= 7 6 =

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; 6 ? C ?

K C 6 K 7 7

K 7 6 H = >

= K 6 7 K

= ; 6 = O 7

? ? 6 7 C

; > 6 > > >

; > 6 ; > 7

; 6 = 7 7

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trkfsm,+dj&! b0pmbkjk pkrk bm +umtd& - mk +&fsbrk+d:f jb pmkftks jbmd+kjks! & pkrk

$&r%kr su +rb+d0dbft& $ubrk jb tb0p&rkjk' M&s dfbrfkjbr&s bst/f djbkj&s pkrk0&jd$d+kr mk tb0pbrkturk! 5u0bjkj - mu% pkrk +&fsb2udr ks6 +&fjd+d&fbs k08dbftkmbs

sd0dmkrbs k mks jb &tr&s +md0ks' Mk mu% fkturkm bs su$d+dbftb bf mk 0k-&r6k jb mks

rb2d&fbs tb0pmkjks! pbr& bf mks %&fks j&fjb bm dfdbrf& &$rb+b p&+ks 5&rks jb s&m

sb 5k+b fb+bskrd& bm su0dfdstr& jb mu% krtd$d+dkm! fb+bskrdk pkrk bm +rb+d0dbft& jb mks

pmkftks' Bf brkf&! bm +km&r dftbrd&r sb k0df&rk tkpkfj& mks +rdstkmbrks! k8rdbfj& m&s

&rd$d+d&s jb bftdmk+d:f & 5k+dbfj& +dr+umkr kdrb $rbs+& 0bjdkftb +ukm3udbr &tr&

sdstb0k' Bf dfdbrf&! +ksd t&j& bm +km&r jb uf dfbrfkjbr& sb &8tdbfb jb mk rkjdk+d:f

s&mkr! pbr& tk08df sb pubjb pr&+urkr +km&r kjd+d&fkm k trks jb mk kspbrsd:f jb

kp&r! +&f k2uk 5drdbfj&! & 0bjdkftb uf sdstb0k jb +dr+umk+d:f jb kdrb +kmdbftb' Mk

5u0bjkj sb pubjb +&ftr&mkr s&8rb t&j& k pkrtdr jb mk +kftdjkj jb k2uk jbm rdb2& - jb

mk bftdmk+d:f'

?.C.; X#'&

Bm rdb2& bs mk kp&rtk+d:f jb k2uk k mk tdbrrk p&r jdstdft&s 0t&j&s pkrk $k+dmdtkr bmjbskrr&mm& jb mks pmkftks' ;b prk+td+k bf t&jks k3ubmmks pkrtbs jbm 0ufj& j&fjb mks

prb+dpdtk+d&fbs f& su0dfdstrkf su$d+dbftb 5u0bjkj km subm& & 8dbf j&fjb sb 3udbrbf

d0pmkftkr +umtd&s jb rb2kj6&'

;


35/90

Bm &8?btd& jb m&s sdstb0ks jb rdb2& bs 8rdfjkr bm k2uk fb+bskrdk km +umtd& bf bm

0&0bft& &p&rtuf&' Mk +kftdjkj jb k2uk jdsp&fd8mb bf uf subm& tdbfb uf b$b+t&

d0p&rtkftb bf mk pr&ju+tddjkj jbm tbrrbf& pkrk su us& k2r6+&mk' Zkft& bf bstkj&

m63udj& +&0& 2ksb&s&! bm k2uk &+upk +br+k jb uf +ukrt& jbm &mu0bf jbm subm&

pr&ju+td&! mk +kftdjkj jb k2uk rbtbfdjk jbpbfjb jbm tk0k=& - jb mk jdsp&sd+d:f jb

m&s p&r&s bf bm subm&' Bftrb m&s sdstb0ks jb rdb2&! uf& 0u- b$d+dbftb bf bm us& jbm

k2uk! bs bm rdb2& m&+kmd%kj& & 2&tb&' Rfk krdkftb jb bstb sdstb0k jb rdb2& bs bm

$brtdrrdb2& (Hkr2ub=&! E)'

?.C.? E#)%))'*$( < (%)3#(%&!

;b bftdbfjb p&r $brtdrrd2k+d:f mk kpmd+k+d:f jb sustkf+dks futrdtdks (d&fbs 0dfbrkmbs!+&0pubst&s &r2/fd+&s! dtk0dfks! k0df&/+dj&s! 0b?&rkj&rbs! 8d&k+tdkj&rbs!

5&r0&fks! /+dj&s! bt+') fb+bskrd&s p&r m&s b2btkmbs bf bm k2uk jb rdb2&!

kpmd+/fj&m&s bf mk +kftdjkj! pr&p&r+d:f - $&r0k 3u60d+k rb3ubrdjk p&r mks pmkftks

sb2,f su btkpk $bf&m:2d+k! rdt0& jb +rb+d0dbft& - k+u0umk+d:f jb 0ktbrdk sb+k! jb

tkm 0kfbrk 3ub sb m&2rbf! k +&rt& - mkr2& pmk%&! kmt&s rbfjd0dbft&s +&f +kmdjkj - bm

0kftbfd0dbft& jb uf kjb+ukj& fdbm jb $brtdmdjkj 2bfbrkm bf bm subm& ( Fkkrr&!

E


36/90

+rb+d0dbft& jb mk pmkftk! jb8b b1dstdr ufk kjb+ukjk rbmk+d:f pr&p&r+d&fkm bftrb m&s

d&fbs dftb2rkftbs jb mk s&mu+d:f futrdtdk' Bst& ,mtd0& +&fstdtu-b uf kspb+t& jb 0u-

jbmd+kj& b3udmd8rd&! -k 3ub mk k8ufjkf+dk jb uf jbtbr0dfkj& +ktd:f & kfd:f! pubjb

sbr jbtbr0dfkftb jb mk jb$d+dbf+dk jb &tr&'

M&s futrd0bft&s k8s&r8dj&s p&r mks rk6+bs s&f trkfsp&rtkj&s k mk pkrtb krbk jb mks

pmkftks k trks bm 1dmb0k - rbjdstrd8udj&s bf mk pkrtb /rbk jb mk pmkftk p&r bm $m&b0k!

k,f +ukfj& pubjb &+urrdr bm trkfsp&rtb jb futrd0bft&s bftrb m&s jd$brbftbs :r2kf&s

jb mks pmkftks k trks jbm 1dmb0k bf pr&p&r+d:f 0u+5& 0bf&r' Jb k+ubrj& +&f mk

bm&+djkj jb trkfsm&+k+d:f bf bm dftbrd&r jb mks pmkftks! 7rb2&fd (EC) +mksd$d+k k m&s

futrd0bft&s bf trbs 2rup&s

E' G:dmbs (FFN ! FF[ ! Om! S[4SN _ S[SN4 ! T - G2T4 )!

4' Dftbr0bjd&s (;;N4 ! GfT4 ! 7bT4 ! *fT4 ! OuT4 - G&G&NT4 )!

' Df0:dmbs (OkT4 - H[HN )'

Bstk +mksd$d+k+d:f bs 0u- ,tdm bf mk djbftd$d+k+d:f jb s6ft&0ks jb jb$d+dbf+dk jb uf

jbtbr0dfkj& futrd0bft&' S&r b?b0pm&! m&s s6ft&0ks jb $kmtk jb F sb 0kfd$dbstkf bf

mks pkrtbs 0/s db?ks (5&?ks db?ks)! 0dbftrks 3ub m&s jb $kmtk jb H sb jkf bf mks

pkrtbs 0/s ?:bfbs jb mk pmkftk (puft&s jb +rb+d0dbft&)'

?.C. F%)$( /#'#%*+ 2*+*($#*,*

Bm 8kmkf+b& jb futrd0bft&s bs bm krtb jb 0kfdpumkr k t&j&s k3ubmm&s bmb0bft&s

0dfbrkmbs! &r2/fd+&s - k2uk! rb3ubrdj&s p&r m&s +umtd&s 5&rt6+&mks! &rjbfkfj& -

pr&p&r+d&fkfj& bst&s +&f$&r0b k mks fb+bsdjkjbs $dsd&m:2d+ks jb mk pmkftk sb2,f su

btkpk $dsd&m:2d+k! $&r0ks 3u60d+ks prb$brbf+dkmbs jbm +umtd&! +kftdjkj! +kmdjkj! p&+k

jb kpmd+k+d:f - pr&p&r+d:f bftrb sd kjb+ukj&s (Fkkrr&! E)'

Bm prdf+dpd& 8/sd+& jb mk futrd+d:f b2btkm 8kmkf+bkjk bs bm 0&fdt&rb& jb m&s

bmb0bft&s 0dfbrkmbs bf k2uk! subm& - pmkftk utdmd%kfj& pkrk bst& ufk sbrdb jb

kf/mdsds - t+fd+ks jb futrd+d:f tkmbs +&0& kf/mdsds jb subm&! kf/mdsds jb k2uk!

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37/90

kf/mdsds jb s&mu+d:f jbm subm&! kf/mdsds $&mdkr! kf/mdsds jb b1trk+t& +bmumkr jb pb+6&m& -

kf/mdsds 8r&0kt&m:2d+&s bftrb m&s d0p&rtkftbs' ;b pkrtb jbm bstk8mb+d0dbft& jb

bst/fjkrbs - +&f+bftrk+d&fbs :ptd0ks pkrk +kjk tdp& jb kf/mdsds! +umtd& - btkpk

$bf&m:2d+k bf j&fjb sb rb3udbrb mk k-ujk jb uf mk8&rkt&rd& bspb+dkmd%kj& +&f bm +ukm

sb +kmd8rkf b dftbrprbtkf +&f?uftk0bftb m&s jd$brbftbs tdp&s jb kf/mdsds' M&s

pr&p:sdt&s 8/sd+&s jbm kf/mdsds b2btkm s&f mk prbjd++d:f jb $utur&s pr&8mb0ks

futrd0bftkmbs! bm 0&fdt&rb& pkrk +&f&+br mk jdf/0d+k futrd0bftkm - bm jdk2f:std+&

pkrk bkmukr mks p&sd8mbs +kusks jb uf jbskrr&mm& $dsd&m:2d+& rbstrdf2dj& p&r km2ufk

jb$d+dbf+dk! b1+bs& & pr&8mb0k jbm &rjbf futrd0bftkm'

Dfd+dkm0bftb sb rbkmd%k +&0& prbrrb3udsdt& 8/sd+& uf kf/mdsds +&0pmbt& jb subm&! bm

+ukm df+mu-k $brtdmdjkj! skmdfdjkj - pr&pdbjkjbs $6sd+ks! ks6 +&0& uf kf/mdsds 3u60d+& -$6sd+& jbm k2uk jb rdb2&' Bf 8ksb k bst&s kf/mdsds sb rbkmd%k bm pr&2rk0k jb

$brtdrrd2k+d:f - sb t&0k mk jb+dsd:f jb rbkmd%kr ufk $brtdmd%k+d:f jb $&fj& sd bs 3ub bm

fdbm jb $brtdmdjkj dfd+dkm f& bs bm kjb+ukj& jb k+ubrj& k m&s rb3ubrd0dbft&s jbm

+umtd&'

Bm pr&2rk0k jb $brtdrrdb2& jb8br/ sbr rbkmd%kj& prbd& +&f&+d0dbft& jb mk b1trk++d:f

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0ktbrdk sb+k! - bstb s&m& sbrdr/ jb 8ksb pkrk 3ub jurkftb bm trkfs+urs& jbm +umtd&

sb rbkmd+bf m&s k?ustbs +&rrbsp&fjdbftbs sb2,f mk rbspubstk jbm +umtd& k mk kpmd+k+d:f

jb +dbrt& rdt0& jb $brtdmd%k+d:f - km k+br+k0dbft& 3ub bstk $brtdmd%k+d:f tbf2k +&f m&s

bst/fjkrbs :ptd0&s jb +&f+bftrk+d:f'

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!!%#3*! ,# 8#)%))'*$(.

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k mk $brtdrrd2k+d:f jb +umtd&s 5&rt6+&mks pubjbf utdmd%kr pkrk mmbkr k +k8& uf 0kfb?&

kjb+ukj& jbm pr&+bs& jb $brtdrrd2k+d:f! bftrb mks 0/s d0p&rtkftbs sb bf+ubftrkf

:


38/90

K.- M&! *(5+!! ,# *'* ,# )#'& !&+$( ,# )#'&

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+&ftbfdj&s - +&fsdjbrkfj& m&s bmb0bft&s bf b1+bs& pkrk rbju+dr su b$b+t& fb2ktd&

0&jd$d+kfj& kjb+ukjk0bftb m&s fdbmbs jb km2uf&s futrd0bft&s' S&r &trk pkrtb

pubjb prbbrsb mk df+djbf+dk jb su +&0p&sd+d:f bf mk pbr0bk8dmdjkj jbm subm& bf

$uf+d:f jb pkr/0btr&s +&0& su tb1turk - +kpk+djkj jb $d?k+d:f jb s&jd&' Bm +&ftbfdj&

jb skmbs prbsbftbs bf bm k2uk jb rdb2& utdmd%kjks bf sdstb0ks jb rdb2& prbsurd%kj&

pubjb prbsbftkr pr&8mb0ks jb prb+dpdtk+d&fbs - tkp&fk0dbft& jb 2&tbr&s ($:s$&r&

+km+d&) sd bm trktk0dbft& prbd& k bstks f& bs bm +&rrb+t& (Hur2ub=&! E)'

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jb mks pmkftks s&f kdrb! tb0pbrkturk! mu%! s&p&rtb 0b+/fd+&! futrd0bft&s - k2uk'

Okjk uf& jb bmm&s k$b+tk bf $&r0k jdrb+tk bm +rb+d0dbft& jb mk pmkftk' Rf kjb+ukj&

fdbm jb $brtdmdjkj jbm subm& bs dtkm pkrk uf subm& pr&ju+td&' Rf subm& $rtdm f& tdbfb

fb+bskrdk0bftb 3ub sbr uf subm& pr&ju+td&! -k 3ub uf jrbfk?b dfsu$d+dbftb!

dfsb+t&s! pmk2ks! sb3u6k - &tr&s $k+t&rbs pubjbf md0dtkr su pr&ju++d:f! k,f tbfdbfj&

$brtdmdjkj kjb+ukjk (Hur2ub=&! E)'

[k- +uktr& pkrtbs 8/sd+ks 3ub jb8br/f +&f$&r0kr uf 8ubf kf/mdsds jb subm&

E' Kf/mdsds jb $brtdmdjkj 4' Kf/mdsds jb b1trk+t& jb pkstk skturkjk (skmdfdjkj)

' Kf/mdsds 0d+r&8d&m:2d+& ' Kf/mdsds $6sd+&

Mk dftbrprbtk+d:f jb m&s rbsumtkj&s bs jb bspb+dkm dftbrs! jb8dfj&sb k?ustkr m&s

rbsumtkj&s +&f bm su$d+dbftb +rdtbrd& k2r&f:0d+&! bf 8ksb k mks +krk+tbr6std+ks jb mk

m6fbk jb pr&ju++d:f p&r bstk8mb+br! +mksb jb subm&! tdp& jb +umtd& - b1trk++d:f 0bjdk

jb futrd0bft&s p&r stb'

3


39/90

O.- M&! *(5+!! ,# +* !&+$( ,#+ !#+&

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jb futrd0bft&s kpmd+kjk - bm subm& & sustrkt&! pbr0dtdbfj& brd$d+kr bm p[! mk

+&fju+tddjkj bm+trd+k (O' B') - bmb0bft&s jb dftbrs bf 2bfbrkm'

Mk s&mu+d:f jbm subm& bs bm dftbr0bjdkrd& futrdtd& bftrb bm +&0pmb?& k8s&r8bftb jbm

subm& - mk pmkftk> mk +&0p&sd+d:f jb mk s&mu+d:f jbm subm& bs krdk8mb sb2,f bm tdp& jb

subm&! mk rd3ub%k bf bmb0bft&s futrdtd&s ($brtdmd%k+d:f)! mk bstk+d:f! bm 2rkj& jb

5u0bjkj jbm subm&! bftrb &tr&s' Mk +kftdjkj jb bmb0bft&s jdsp&fd8mbs pkrk mks

pmkftks jbpbfjbr/ jbm jbspmk%k0dbft& bf 0ksk jb mk s&mu+d:f! - jb mk jd$usd:f0kftbfdjk bf mks +br+kf6ks jb mks rk6+bs p&r bm 2rkjdbftb jb +&f+bftrk+d:f pr&ju+dj&

p&r bmmks (Hur2ub=&! E)'

J.- M&! *(5+!! 8&+*)#! < +&! *(5+!! ,# #:%)*$%& $#++*) ,#+ "#$1&+& !*/*

Bm kf/mdsds jb mk pmkftk pubjb sbr +&fsdjbrkj& +&0& uf 0bjd& +m/sd+& jb +&ftr&m jb mk

futrd+d:f - jb mk $brtdmd%k+d:f jb m&s b2btkmbs +umtdkj&s' Bm :r2kf& jb rb$brbf+dk

+&0,f0bftb utdmd%kj& pkrk 5k+br bstb +&ftr&m! bs mk 5&?k' Mk rk%:f bdjbftb jb su

2bfbrkmd%k+d:f 8k?& bm f&08rb jb Jdk2f:std+& 7&mdkr dbfb jbm 5b+5& jb 3ub sb trktk

jb mk pkrtb jb mk pmkftk 0/s $/+dm jb t&0kr'

Bm kf/mdsds $&mdkr pr&p&r+d&fk df$&r0k+d:f s&8rb mk rbspubstk jb mk pmkftk k mk futrd+d:f

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0ds0& sdrb +&0& 6fjd+b jb rb$brbf+dk +&0pkrktd& jb futrd+d:f' Zk08df! bf +dbrt&s

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bm p&r+bftk?b jb km0dj:f (Okjk56k! E)' S&r tkmbs rk%&fbs! bm jdk2f:std+& $&mdkr bs

ufk jb mks t+fd+ks jb 0k-&r utdmdjkj pkrk bm 0kfb?& jb mk $brtdrrd2k+d:f bf m&s

+umtd&s! m& 3ub b1pmd+k mk k8ufjkftb df$&r0k+d:f jdsp&fd8mb bf +ukft& k fdbmbs

2


40/90

:ptd0&s jb +&f+bftrk+d:f jb m&s bmb0bft&s 0dfbrkmbs bf mks pmkftks! km&rbs

&8tbfdj&s 0bjdkftb bm kf/mdsds jb 5&?ks - pb+6&m&s (Hur2ub=&! E)'

Bf km2ufks &+ksd&fbs mks 5&?ks f& +&fstdtu-bf uf :r2kf& jb rb$brbf+dk m& 8kstkftb

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bdjbftb 3ub m&s tb?dj&s +&fju+t&rbs (tkmm&s! pb+6&m&s! 8r&tbs k1dmkrbs)! bst/f bf

rbmk+d:f pbr0kfbftb - jdrb+tk bftrb mk $ubftb jb kpr&dsd&fk0dbft& (sdstb0k rkjd+km)

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E)! m& 3ub ?ustd$d+k mk jbtbr0dfk+d:f jb m&s +&ftbfdj&s futrd0bftkmbs -k f& bf m&s

tb?dj&s! sdf& jdrb+tk0bftb bf m&s b1trk+t&s +bmumkrbs & bf mk skdk' M&s kf/mdsds jb

skdk pbr0dtbf +&f&+br! jb 0kfbrk df0bjdktk! mk rbspubstk jb mk pmkftk k m&sfutrd0bft&s +&ftbfdj&s bf bm subm& & sustrkt&' Mk bkmuk+d:f r/pdjk jb mk rbspubstk

jb mk pmkftk pbr0dtb b$b+tukr +&rrb++d&fbs - &ptd0d%kr mk futrd+d:f jurkftb bm +d+m& jb

+umtd&' (Okjk56k! E)'

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f&s jdbr&f mks $k+dmdjkjbs pkrk mk rbkmd%k+d:f jbm prbsbftb trk8k?&> bstk b0prbsk bstk

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jb Ikrkm jbm Xb$u2d&! pbrtbfb+dbftb km 0ufd+dpd& jb K+/08kr&! "ukfk?ukt&' K dfd+d&s

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K2r&.b2 ;' S' X' jb X' M'

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mk $k0dmdk ;brrkf& Iks&' Bf bfbr& jbm 499C mk $k0dmdk jb+djd: +&fstrudr uf fub&

4


41/90

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Documents

Producción de tomate bajo cubierta (tesis)