MINOR PROJECT REPORT

ON

APPLICATION OF LEDs FOR EFFICIENT AND ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY LIGHTS

B.Tech 2008-2012

IN

Deptt of ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION.

Submitted to: submitted by:

Ms Neha Koolwal Sujan Neroula, Sunny Sinha

Sudhir Yadav, Sunil Sharma

SEM: V SEC: A

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us utmost pleasure that we are finally been able to acknowledgment all those people without their guidance and support this project wouldn’t have been possible. It is due to their motivation and enlightenment that we have been finally able to present such a work of perfection.

It has been enormous pleasure working on this project due to continue Endurance of our project guide Ms Neha Koolwal who was always present as a torchbearer at the time of setback.

We finally thank Mr. Rashid Hussain (HOD ECE) for helping us in every possible way. He has always been the source of enormous exuberance and encouragement. It is due his tremendous positive energy and guidance as a friend and philosopher that this project has actually been possible.

It gives me spellbound satisfaction to present to them my efforts in form of the system

“APPLICATION OF LEDs FOR AN EFFICIENT AND ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY LIGHT”

I am grateful to all the people who made this project a success.

SYNOPSIS

APPLICATION OF LEDs FOR AN EFFICIENT AND ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY LIGHT

OUR VISION: is to replace all filament bulbs, fluorescent bulbs and even CFLs with LED lights for a super efficient and environment friendly light

This project will demonstrate the efficiency and uncountable advantages of LED lights over other light sources

Some of the advantages are as follows

Efficiency: LEDs emit more light per watt than incandescent bulbs .Their efficiency is not affected by shape and size, unlike Fluorescent light bulbs or tubes.

Colour: LEDs can emit light of an intended colour without using any colour filters as traditional lighting methods need. This is more efficient and can lower initial costs.

Size: LEDs can be very small (smaller than 2 mm2) and are easily populated onto printed circuit boards.

On/Off time: LEDs light up very quickly. A typical red indicator LED will achieve full brightness in under a micro seconds. LEDs used in communications devices can have even faster response times.

Cycling: LEDs are ideal for uses subject to frequent on-off cycling, unlike fluorescent lamps that fail faster when cycled often.

Dimming: LEDs can very easily be dimmed either by pulse width modulation or lowering the forward current.

Cool light: In contrast to most light sources, LEDs radiate very little heat in the form of IR that can cause damage to sensitive objects or fabrics. Wasted energy is dispersed as heat through the base of the LED.

Slow failure: LEDs mostly fail by dimming over time, rather than the abrupt failure of incandescent bulbs.

Lifetime: LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. One report estimates 35,000 to 50,000 hours of useful life, though time to complete failure may be longer. Fluorescent tubes typically are rated at about 10,000 to 15,000 hours, depending partly on the conditions of use, and incandescent light bulbs at 1,000–2,000 hours.

Shock resistance: LEDs, being solid state components, are difficult to damage with external shock, unlike fluorescent and incandescent bulbs which are fragile.

Focus: The solid package of the LED can be designed to focus its light. Incandescent and fluorescent sources often require an external reflector to collect light and direct it in a usable manner.

Low toxicity: LEDs do not contain mercury, unlike fluorescent lights

In this project we will do a comparative study between the LED lights and incandescent light and will prove the above advantages

INDEX

CONTENTS PAGE NO.

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. BLOCK DIAGRAM 6

3. BLOCK DIAGRAM DISCRIPTION 7

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 8

5. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DISCRIPTIONa. LED LIGHT CIRCUITb. INCANDESCENT LIGHT CIRCUIT

9

6. COMPONENTS USED 11

7. COMPARATIVE CHART 12

8. COMPARASION OF POWER

CONSUMPTION

13

9. DATA SHEET 14

10. BIBLIOGRAPHY 15

INTRODUCTION

PROJECT: APPLICATION OF LEDs FOR AN EFFICIENT AND ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY LIGHT

In this Project we have tried our best to make the man made source of light as efficient as possible by replacing them with led lights We have tried to design the project in such a way that user may not have any difficulty in using this project & further expansion is possible without much efforts.

In this project we have used LED bulbs having power rating of 60 -100 mW and a bulb having power rating of 15 W to demonstrate the various advantages of first over later .

Our project uses cluster of 16 led lights having overall power rating of 1.6 W and an incandescent bulb having a power rating of 15 w

And we have tried to show that both produce almost same illumination. And have proved that the LED light consumes only the

10% of the power consumed by the incandescent bulb.

Power consumption of incandescent bulb = 15 watts

Power consumption of 16 led lights = 1.6 watts

Light produced by LEDs = light produced by the bulb

= > LEDs save approximately 90 % of power

1

WHAT IS LED?

Like a normal diode, the LED consists of a chip of semiconducting material doped with impurities to create a p-n junction. As in other diodes, current flows easily from the p-side, or anode, to the n-side, or cathode, but not in the reverse direction. Charge-carriers—electrons and holes—flow into the junction from electrodes with different voltages. When an electron meets a hole, it falls into a lower energy level, and releases energy in the form of a photon.

The wavelength of the light emitted, and thus its

colour, depends on the band gap energy of the materials forming the p-n junction.

In silicon or germanium diodes, the electrons and holes recombine by a non-radioactive transition which produces no optical emission, because these are indirect band gap materials.

The materials used for the LED have a direct band gap with energies corresponding to near-infrared, visible or near ultraviolet light.

2

LED development began with infrared and red devices made with gallium arsenide. Advances in materials science have enabled making devices with ever-shorter wavelengths, emitting light in a variety of colours.

LEDs are usually built on an n-type substrate, with an electrode attached to the p-type layer deposited on its surface. P-type substrates, while less common, occur as well. Many commercial LEDs, especially GaN/InGaN, also use sapphire substrate.

Most materials used for LED production have very high refractive indices. This means that much light will be reflected back into the material at the material/air surface interface. Thus, light extraction in LEDs is an important aspect of LED production, subject to much research and development.

3

LEDs USED IN CURRENT ERA

1. LED lighting in the aircraft cabin of an Airbus A320 Enhanced.

2. A large LED display behind a disc jockey.

3. LED destination displays on buses, one with a colored route number.

4. LED digital display that can display 4 digits along with points.

5. Traffic light using LED

6. Western Australia Police car using LED

7. Print head of an Oki LED printer

8. LED daytime running lights of Audi A4

4

9. LED panel light source used in an experiment on plant

Growth. The findings of such experiments may be used to grow food in space on long duration missions.

5

BLOCK DIAGRAM

AC

1 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

3 LED PANEL

2 SWITCHING CIRCUIT

1 AC SUPPLY

3 220V 15W BULB

4

5 6

2 SWITCH

6

BLOCK DIAGRAM DISCRIPTION

1. Step down Transformer for converting the 220v ac supply into 6v.

2. Switch to put the LED light panel on or off

3. Led light panel having a cluster of 16 led lights and a equivalent power rating of 1.6 watts

4. 220v power supply socket for the incandescent light

5. Ac switch to put the incandescent light switch on or off

6. Incandescent light of power rating 15 watts (220v)

7

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Led light circuit

1

2

3

4

5

Incandescent bulb circuit

8

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DISCRIPTION

Led light circuit

1. Cluster of led lights having equivalent power rating of 1.6 wattIn this cluster 16 LEDs are used as 4x4 matrix, four led are connected in series and then in parallel, one led works in 1.5 v and hence 4 led s are connected in series as we have a 6v power supply

2. Step down transformer of input / output ratio 220:6 is used for converting the 220 volts mains to 6 volts supply for the led s.

3. Switch to break the circuit between transformer and the LED light.

4. Connecting wires : we have used parallel wires for the connections (red colored wires are used for the 220 v mains)

9

Incandescent bulb circuit

5. AC input (220v) socket are used for creating connections between the 220 V AC supply and the kit.

6. Switch to break the circuit between the AC mains and the incandescent bulb, because switching the circuit for a longer lime change the parameters of the circuit.

7. Incandescent bulb of voltage rating 220 V and power rating of 15 watts ,for doing the comparative study between the led lights and the normal lighting source taken in domestic uses.

10

COMPONENT USED

S no component Specification1. LED 1.5v, 100mW.

2. Transformer 220v: 6v.

3. Switcha : dc b : ac (~5 A)

< 1 A.< 5 A.

4. Power supply 220 v AC

5. incandescent bulb

220 v AC 15 W

6. Bulb holder -

7. Connecting wires Parallel bus wires

8. Circuit board 10x5 cm ( unfabricated)

9. Soldering iron 220v , 35 W

11

COMPARATIVE CHART

Led light incandescent bulb

Voltage 1.5 V 220 VCurrent 60 mA 68 mAPower 100 mW 15 WIllumination - -Life Approximately

4,000 hourApproximately2,00,000 hours

Heating High due to the filament used

No heating

12

COMPARISION OF POWER CONSUMPTION

LED LIGHT BULB USED0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Power consumed by incandescent bulb = 15 W

Power consumed by LED light cluster = 1.6 W

Pled 1.6

Pbulb 15

13

DATA SHEET

COMPONENTS DISCRIPTION QUANTITY

1. power supply 220 v AC

2.transformer Step down 220v:6vBreeze pvt ltd Made in India

1

3.Switch AC ,DC (<5A and <1A)respectively

2

4.LEDs 4mm (white light)1.5 v & 0.1A

16

5.incandescent lights

220v , 15A (yellow light) 1

6.Connecting wires

Parallel bus wires 1m

7.circuit board 10 x 5 cm (with holed)Thickness 1mm

1

14

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Reference

Electronics for you

Tell me how series

Websites:-

www.wikipedia.comwww.ehow.com

www.howstuffworks.com www.google.comwww.1000projects.comwww.electronicsforyou.com

15

PREFACE

In this Project we have tried our best to make the inefficient process of lighting as efficient as possible using light emitting diodes (LEDs).

We have tried to design the module in such a way that user may not have any difficulty in using it & further expansion is possible without much effort. Even though we cannot claim that this work to be entirely exhaustive, the main purpose of our exercise is to save each and every bit of energy possible.

This project can be applied in industries colleges and other institutions and a lot of energy can be saved.

We have tried the best to increase the efficiency of the system as much as possible, and finally are able to obtain efficiency of around 90%

We have a deep faith that this project can be further developed and can be made more efficient and environment friendly in future.

CERTIFICATEGYAN VIHAR UNIVERSITY

Electronics and communication

2008-2012

This is to certify that the following students

Have submitted their minor project on “APPLICATION OF LED LIGHTS FOR AN EFFICIENT AND ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY LIGHTS” and have successfully demonstrated it. Under the enjoinment of Ms Neha Koolwal

1. Sujan Neroula

2. Sunny Sinha

3. Sudhir Yadav

4. Sunil Sharma

Mr. Rashid Hussain Mr. Manish Sharma

HOD E&C Vice Principal