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Properties of Excited State 홍익대학교 신동명

Properties of Excited State - CHERIC · 2006. 4. 3. · Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules H C H O sp2 planar H C H O 1.32A 120o hν 20o bent structure D.M. Shin

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Page 1: Properties of Excited State - CHERIC · 2006. 4. 3. · Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules H C H O sp2 planar H C H O 1.32A 120o hν 20o bent structure D.M. Shin

Properties of Excited State

홍익대학교

신동명

Page 2: Properties of Excited State - CHERIC · 2006. 4. 3. · Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules H C H O sp2 planar H C H O 1.32A 120o hν 20o bent structure D.M. Shin

Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules

• Time resolved spectrum

• High resolution absorption spectrum (vibrational, rotationtional, resonance raman) obtnd with laser flash photolysis.

• Acetylene

• 210~250nm (f~10-4)

» π -> π*

» ground state geometry : linear

» excited state geometry :transoid planar trigonal

» => geometry가 너무 달라 overlap이 잘 일어나지

않아 ε 가 작다.

D.M. Shin : Functional Organic Thin Film

H C C H

HC C

H120o

1.38A

2p 2p

π

π∗

π bonding에 남아있는 전자가 s 와 overlap 되면서sp2 geometry를 갖게 되었다.

2 s 와 interaction 하면서 더 destabilize된다.

Page 3: Properties of Excited State - CHERIC · 2006. 4. 3. · Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules H C H O sp2 planar H C H O 1.32A 120o hν 20o bent structure D.M. Shin

Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules

• Ground state (평면구조) -> excited state (twisted )

• Excited stated state에서는 90도

가 더 안정

• π∗로 transition됨으로 인하여

double bond보다 쉽게 회전.

• 두개 서로 다른 orbital의

반발력으로 90도가 안정

D.M. Shin : Functional Organic Thin Film

HC C

H

HH

sp2

H

H H

H

T1

S1

0 90 180

Ground State

π

π∗

결합 약화

Page 4: Properties of Excited State - CHERIC · 2006. 4. 3. · Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules H C H O sp2 planar H C H O 1.32A 120o hν 20o bent structure D.M. Shin

Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules

HC

HO

sp2 planar

CHH

O

1.32A

120o

20ohν

bent structure

D.M. Shin : Functional Organic Thin Film

•Ground state (평면구조) -> excited state (bent)

• (n,π∗)와 (π,π∗) 에서 C-O 결합 길이를 비교하자.

• C-O (n,π∗) < C-O (π,π∗)

이유는 (n,π∗)에서는 π 전자가 남아있는 상태에서 π∗에 전자가 들어와 결합길이가 짧다. (π,π∗) 는 π전자 자체가 이동하여 2중 결합이 완전 파괴.

Page 5: Properties of Excited State - CHERIC · 2006. 4. 3. · Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules H C H O sp2 planar H C H O 1.32A 120o hν 20o bent structure D.M. Shin

Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules

π 와 π∗ 의 전자 밀도 변화

n 와 π∗ 의 전자 밀도 변화

비공유 전자쌍이 탄소쪽으로 이동하여 탄소의 전자 밀도 증가

탄소의 p-orbital이 1개 더 증가한 것과 유사

따라서: pseudo sp3 structure 를 갖는다. (tetrahedral structure)

평면 구조가 깨진다.

D.M. Shin : Functional Organic Thin Film

C O

π∗

C O

Page 6: Properties of Excited State - CHERIC · 2006. 4. 3. · Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules H C H O sp2 planar H C H O 1.32A 120o hν 20o bent structure D.M. Shin

Excited State Properties: Acid – Base Properties

• Acid – Base Properties - naphthol

D.M. Shin : Functional Organic Thin Film

OHfl.

hν= 360 nm (acidic)fl.

hν= 430 nm (basic)

1 1

2 2

3

43

45

5

360 400 430 (nm)

Fl.intensity

: 0.15 M HClO4

: 0.04 M HClO4

: pH =5~6

: 0.02M ACOH +0.02M NaOAc

: 0.02 M NaOH

Isosbestic point : 용액 중에 단지 2개의 물질만 존재한다문: 2, 3, 4 2, 3, 4 번의번의 흡수흡수 spectraspectra가가

11번과번과 같은같은 이유는이유는 ??

Page 7: Properties of Excited State - CHERIC · 2006. 4. 3. · Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules H C H O sp2 planar H C H O 1.32A 120o hν 20o bent structure D.M. Shin

Excited State Properties: Acid – Base Properties

• Acid – Base Properties

D.M. Shin : Functional Organic Thin Film

OHfl.

hν= 360 nm (acidic)fl.

hν= 430 nm (basic)

Ground state와 excitedState의 equilibrium 상수가 다르기 때문에

Excited state에서는 염기를 조금만 가해도 anion으로 존재하고,

Ground state에서는 OHGroup이 그대로 존재.

OH

OH*

360nm

430nm

O

*O

ΔHo

ΔHo

ΔEAΔEA-

k-0

k0

k-1

k1

K*

K

Page 8: Properties of Excited State - CHERIC · 2006. 4. 3. · Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules H C H O sp2 planar H C H O 1.32A 120o hν 20o bent structure D.M. Shin

Excited State Properties: Acid – Base Properties

• Acid – Base Properties

ΔEHA – ΔEA- = ΔHo - ΔHo*

• = ΔGo - ΔGo* = 2.86 X 10-3 ΔνF (cm-1)

• (assumption: dissociation entropie of ground and excited are the same)

D.M. Shin : Functional Organic Thin Film

구함를부터차이로와 pKa E. Excited Ground :

625.0303.2

ln

*

F

FAHA

AHA

TRTEEpKapKapKa

RTEE

KK

ν

ν

Δ

Δ=Δ−Δ

=−=Δ

Δ−Δ=

−≠

Acidic조건fl.

basic조건fl.

Fluorescence intensity가 반으로 줄었을 때pH = pKa

Page 9: Properties of Excited State - CHERIC · 2006. 4. 3. · Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules H C H O sp2 planar H C H O 1.32A 120o hν 20o bent structure D.M. Shin

Excited State Properties: Acid – Base Properties

• Singlet과 triplet 상태의 pKa 비교 – 2-naphthol

빛을 받으면 oxygen의 전자가 aromatic

ring으로 이동

H+를 잃기가 쉬워져 acidity가 증가한다.

T1의 경우:

diradical character (두개의 spin이 correlated되어서 같은 space에있을 수 없다.) 때문에 전자의 이동이 충분하지 않아서 산소에 전자가 남아있게 된다. 따라서 S0 와 유사한 acidity를 보임.

D.M. Shin : Functional Organic Thin Film

7.7~8.12.5~3.49.5

pKa (T1)pKa (S1)pKa (S0)

OH

OHδ

δ−

Page 10: Properties of Excited State - CHERIC · 2006. 4. 3. · Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules H C H O sp2 planar H C H O 1.32A 120o hν 20o bent structure D.M. Shin

Excited State Properties: Acid – Base Properties

• pKa* of benzoic acid

D.M. Shin : Functional Organic Thin Film

OH

O hν

OH

Oδ−

δ

따라서:

Ground State pKa 값이 더 작다. 더 acidic.

Page 11: Properties of Excited State - CHERIC · 2006. 4. 3. · Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules H C H O sp2 planar H C H O 1.32A 120o hν 20o bent structure D.M. Shin

Excited State Properties: Dipole Moments

• Dipole moments μ= q X l

» μ* 빛에 의한 변화

• 응용 1) 액정과 전기장

• 응용 2) solvent effects on excited states

• Stark Effects

• Liquid sample에서 강한 electric field를 걸어주면 분자의 line spectrum이 shift 하게 된다.

D.M. Shin : Functional Organic Thin Film

q

l

Page 12: Properties of Excited State - CHERIC · 2006. 4. 3. · Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules H C H O sp2 planar H C H O 1.32A 120o hν 20o bent structure D.M. Shin

Excited State Properties: Dipole Moments

• 광에 의하여 EDG 에서 EWG로 전자 transition이 이루어 진다. Transition dipole moment와 분자 자체의 dipole moment 가 일치.

D.M. Shin : Functional Organic Thin Film

NN

O

O

δ −δ +EDG EWG

μ =6.5D

hν NN

O

O

μ∗ =22 D

Page 13: Properties of Excited State - CHERIC · 2006. 4. 3. · Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules H C H O sp2 planar H C H O 1.32A 120o hν 20o bent structure D.M. Shin

Excited State Properties: Dipole Moments - polarization

• 용액에 highly dipolar molecules을 넣고 E field 가한다.

D.M. Shin : Functional Organic Thin Film

E field

Random orientation 대부분 한쪽 방향으로 alignPolarized flu. Spectra 얻는다.

strength. field E : field E on w/opolarizati Flu. :

field Eon w/ polarizati Flu. :

)(101

'

2*

1'

e

i

e

eie

FpP

FkT

PP μ=−

Page 14: Properties of Excited State - CHERIC · 2006. 4. 3. · Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules H C H O sp2 planar H C H O 1.32A 120o hν 20o bent structure D.M. Shin

Excited State Properties: Dipole Moments - polarization

• 전기장 하에서의 에너지 변화

• 여기 상태의 쌍극자 모멘트가 크면

D.M. Shin : Functional Organic Thin Film

E

αe

*1E

0ERandom orientation

*10 EE Δ<Δ

eeFEEE αμμ cos)( 0*10

*1 −−−=Δ

W/ E field

eeFE αμ cos*1

*1 −=Δ

eeFE αμ cos00 −=ΔEΔ

Page 15: Properties of Excited State - CHERIC · 2006. 4. 3. · Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules H C H O sp2 planar H C H O 1.32A 120o hν 20o bent structure D.M. Shin

Excited State Properties: Dipole Moments

• αe 를 정확히 알 수 없기 때문에

θ= 0인 경우는 transition moment 와 dipole mtm이 일치하는 경우.

D.M. Shin : Functional Organic Thin Film

.

)/(101 0, if)

mtm)n (transitio M and b/w angle :

on polarizati :

)/)(1cos3(201

*1

22*1

S*1

22*1

2

01

있다수알를부터값으로와

정도

μ

μθ

μθ

μθ

ee

ee

S

e

eHV

HVe

Fp

FkTp

p

FkTIIIIp

==

−=+−

=

Page 16: Properties of Excited State - CHERIC · 2006. 4. 3. · Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules H C H O sp2 planar H C H O 1.32A 120o hν 20o bent structure D.M. Shin

Excited State Properties: dipole - solvation

• 여기 상태의 dipole이 더 큰 경우:

• Solvent shift ( )= [dispersive interactions] + [ static dipole interactions]

• Dispersive interaction은 dynamic 하고 reaction field 에 depend.

D.M. Shin : Functional Organic Thin Film

1S

0SUnder vacuum Non-polar sol.

polar solvents

ν

Page 17: Properties of Excited State - CHERIC · 2006. 4. 3. · Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules H C H O sp2 planar H C H O 1.32A 120o hν 20o bent structure D.M. Shin

Excited State Properties: dipole - solvation

=[dispersive interaction] + [solute dipole – induced solvent dipole]

+ [ μ* - solvent dipole]

+ [ solvent dipole – induced solute dipole]

+ [H-bonding : CT interaction ; etc]

a: Onsager cavity radius (분자를 둘러 싸고 있는 cavity: +, - charges increase the size of cavity.)

D : static dielectric constant

n : refractive index n2 : optical dielectric constant

H-bonding, CT 등이 커지면 위식의 의미가 없어진다.

D.M. Shin : Functional Organic Thin Film

ν

)12

112

1}(){22

2

3

20

*1

maxmax +−

−+−−

=−=Δnn

DD

ahcFA μμννν

Page 18: Properties of Excited State - CHERIC · 2006. 4. 3. · Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules H C H O sp2 planar H C H O 1.32A 120o hν 20o bent structure D.M. Shin

Excited State Properties: dipole – polarity scale

• Solvent polarity scale

• Pyrene : H-bonding 없다

• Betain : 분자내 +, - charge 때문에 H-bonding 너무 강하다.

• Aminonitrobenzene: 모두 고려할 수 있다.

D.M. Shin : Functional Organic Thin Film

N NO2N

O Pyrene(Py Scale)

Betain(ET scale)

dialkylamino-nitrobenzene

(π* Scale)

Page 19: Properties of Excited State - CHERIC · 2006. 4. 3. · Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules H C H O sp2 planar H C H O 1.32A 120o hν 20o bent structure D.M. Shin

Excited State Properties: Excited dipole moment

• Tips for Excited State Dipole Moment

• μo < μ* (3π,π*) < μ* (1π,π*)

• μo > μ* (1n,π*) ~ μ* (3n,π*)

• Solvent sensitivity가 μ* (1π,π*) 의 경우가 가장 큰 것은 아니다. 어떤

경우에는 triplet이 큰 경우도 있다. 이유는?

D.M. Shin : Functional Organic Thin Film

Triplet lifetime이 길다. Solvent 의 영향을 많이 받을 수 있다. Excited state의 dipole moment 만 갖고는 solvent polarity effect를 알 수없다. 즉 static한 effect 만 아니고, dynamic effect도 고려해야 한다. Solvent reorganization은 약 100 psec에 일어난다. 그러나 lifetime이 길면 영향력이 더 커질 수 있다.

Page 20: Properties of Excited State - CHERIC · 2006. 4. 3. · Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules H C H O sp2 planar H C H O 1.32A 120o hν 20o bent structure D.M. Shin

Excited State Properties: Excited dipole moment

• Conjugation length and Excited State Dipole Moment

• n => μ* 예상 하였으나,

• 여기상태 dipole mtm의 값의 변화가 거의 없다. 이유는?

D.M. Shin : Functional Organic Thin Film

μ=q X l 에서 l은 커지나, 전하가 분산되면서 q 가 작아져 μ 값의변화가 거의 없다.

NO2

N

n

Page 21: Properties of Excited State - CHERIC · 2006. 4. 3. · Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules H C H O sp2 planar H C H O 1.32A 120o hν 20o bent structure D.M. Shin

Photochemical Technique: Singlet - triplet

• Electron spin

D.M. Shin : Functional Organic Thin Film

y

x

z

LengthOf vector on z axis

(m)

LengthOf vector

(s)

η21

+

η21

Page 22: Properties of Excited State - CHERIC · 2006. 4. 3. · Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules H C H O sp2 planar H C H O 1.32A 120o hν 20o bent structure D.M. Shin

Photochemical Technique: Singlet - triplet

• Electron spin

D.M. Shin : Functional Organic Thin Film

αα=21 SS

S1 S1 S1

S2 S2 S2

S=1Ms=1

S=1Ms=0

S=1Ms=-1

S=0Ms=0

SingletTriplet

αβ=21 SS ββ=21 SSαβ−=21 SS

Cannot be in the same space : ParamagneticIn the same space : Diamagnetic

Page 23: Properties of Excited State - CHERIC · 2006. 4. 3. · Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules H C H O sp2 planar H C H O 1.32A 120o hν 20o bent structure D.M. Shin

Photochemical Technique: Triplet

D.M. Shin : Functional Organic Thin Film

• 같은 공간에 있을 수 없는 것을 함수로 보면

anti-symmetric 함수로원점에서 확률이 0 이다. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )[ ]

0 0 2

1

221

1'

22'

1

===

−=

AA

A

rr

rrrr

ψψ

ψψψψψ

따라서

Fermi hole

Page 24: Properties of Excited State - CHERIC · 2006. 4. 3. · Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules H C H O sp2 planar H C H O 1.32A 120o hν 20o bent structure D.M. Shin

Photochemical Technique: Triplet

D.M. Shin : Functional Organic Thin Film

• 자기장의 영향

• Isotropic dipolar anisotropic dipolar

spin magnetic spin magnetic External magnetic

interaction interaction Field H

• Isotropic에서는 세 개의 T가 모두 같은 에너지 상태에 있다.

• Magnetic field 크기에 따라서 ΔEH의 크기가 달라진다.

• ESR 로 triplet을 detect 할 수 있고 이에 관계된 실험 가능.

Txy Txz Tyz

Txy

Txz

Tyz

ΔEH

ΔEH

Page 25: Properties of Excited State - CHERIC · 2006. 4. 3. · Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules H C H O sp2 planar H C H O 1.32A 120o hν 20o bent structure D.M. Shin

Photochemical Technique: Triplet –Singlet Energy

• Tripet E < Singlet E ????•

D.M. Shin : Functional Organic Thin Film

TS

TS

T

12

2

12

2

12

2

S

0

EE 0 2EE

E

integral Exchange : )1()2()2()1(

integral Coulombic : )2()2()1()1(

E

definitionby : 0)(

>∴>=−∴

−++=

=

=

+++=

++=

=

mn

mnmnnm

nmnmmn

nnmmmn

mnmnnm

nm

KKJEE

reK

reJ

KJEEreEE

SE

ϕϕϕϕ

ϕϕϕϕ

Singet에서는 Kmn이 크다.

Page 26: Properties of Excited State - CHERIC · 2006. 4. 3. · Excited State Properties: Geometry of Excited Molecules H C H O sp2 planar H C H O 1.32A 120o hν 20o bent structure D.M. Shin

Photochemical Technique: Triplet –Singlet Energy

• Singlet과 triplet의 에너지 차이

• ( n,π*) 의 경우 2Kmn ~ 10 kcal/mole

• (π,π*) 의 경우 2Kmn ~ 30 kcal/mole

• Kmn은 전자교환에 의한 에너지 증가이다. ( n,π*) 의 경우는 공간적인 요인에 의하여 전자교환에 의한 값이 작게 된다.

D.M. Shin : Functional Organic Thin Film