bySharifah Noorulhuda Binti Habib Elias

G1319600

ISĀ ALAIHISSALĀM IN ISLAM

VSJESUS CHRIST

IN CHRISTIANITY

JESUS : INTRODUCTIONISLAM

Durie, Mark. (1999). ‘Isa, the Muslim Jesus. Retrieved http://www.answering-islam.org/authors/durie/islamic_jesus.html:111

• the only RELIGION that recognizes the person of Jesus but denies Jesus' divinity, crucifixion, and resurrection.

• referred to in over 90 verses in 15 surahs and Hadith collections

• Jesus was no more than a prophet, performed miracles, and was among the ‘ūl al- azmi.

• Jesus’ original disciples were also true Muslims, (Al-Ma’idah 5:111)

CHRISTIANITYhttp://christianity.about.com/od

• Jesus is the central figure in Christianity.

• His life, message and ministry are chronicled in the four Gospel ( Matthew, Mark, Luke and John) of the New Testament.

• a Jewish teacher from Galilee who performed many miracles of healing and deliverance.

• He called 12 Jewish men to follow him, working closely with them to train and prepare them to carry on the ministry.

JESUS IN HOLY BOOKSISLAM-QURAN-Jesus.docx

CHRISTIANITY-O&NTESTAMENT-ISA.docx

JESUS : BIOGRAPHYISLAM

Durie, Mark. (1999). ‘Isa, the Muslim Jesus. Retrieved http://www.answering-islam.org/authors/durie/islamic_jesus.html:111

• Jesus’ true name was ‘Isa bin Maryam. ‘Isa was the Messiah. He was strengthened with the holy spirit. (Al-Baqarah 2:87; Al-Ma’idah 5:110) He is also referred to as the ‘Word of Allah’. (An-Nisa’ 4:171)

• Mariam gave birth to ‘Isa alone in a desolate place under a date palm tree. (Maryam 19:22ff). (Not in Bethlehem).

• ‘Isa spoke whilst still a baby in his cradle. (Âl 'Imran 3:46; Al-Ma’idah 5:110; Maryam 19:19-36) He performed various other miracles, including breathing life into clay birds, healing the blind and lepers, and raising the dead. (Âl 'Imran 3:49; Al-Ma’idah 5:111) He also foretold the coming of Muhammad. (As-Saff 61:6)

CHRISTIANITYhttp://christianity.about.com/od

• Jesus of Nazareth—The name "Jesus" is derived from the Hebrew-Aramaic word "Yeshua," meaning "Yahweh [the Lord] is salvation." The name "Christ" is actually a title for Jesus. It comes from the Greek word "Christos," meaning "the Anointed One," or "Messiah" in Hebrew.

•  While in Bethlehem, Mary gave birth to Jesus, accompanied by Joseph. Probably due to the census, the inn was too crowded, and Mary gave birth in a crude stable. She wrapped the baby in cloths and placed him in a manger

• The shepherds decided to travel to Bethlehem (town of David) after signs given by an angel of Lord and see the Christ-child. There they found Mary, Joseph and the baby, in the stable and they began to spread the word about this amazing child, praising and glorifying God and everything the angel had said about him. But Mary kept quiet, treasuring their words and pondering them in her heart. It must have been beyond her ability to grasp, that sleeping in her arms—the tender child she had just borne—was the Savior of the world.

JESUS : LINEAGEISLAM

Durie, Mark. (1999). ‘Isa, the Muslim Jesus. Retrieved http://www.answering-islam.org/authors/durie/islamic_jesus.html:111

• `Isa’s mother, Mariam was the daughter of `Imran, (Âl 'Imran 3:34,35) (Maryam 19:28) She was fostered by Zachariah (father of John the Baptist). (Âl 'Imran 3:36) While still a virgin (Al-An `am 6:12; Maryam 19:19-21)

• According to another tradition people asked Imam al-Baqir if ‘Imran was a Prophet? Imam replied, “Yes, he was a Prophet sent by Allah to his community. And Hanna was the wife of ‘Imran and Hanana was the wife of Zakariyya . They both were sisters. Maryam was the daughter of Hanna and Imran while Yahya was the son of Hanana and Zakariyya . ‘Isa was the son of Maryam and Yahya was the son of Maryam’s aunt. So they (Isa and Yahya) both were maternal cousins.

http://www.al-islam.org/hayat-al-qulub-vol-1-allamah-muhammad-baqir-al-majlisi/account-maryam-mother-isa

CHRISTIANITYhttp://christianity.about.com/od

• Virgin Mary is the mother of Jesus. His earthly father was Joseph the carpenter.

• Matthew's account traces the line of descent from Abraham to Jesus, while Luke's account follows the ancestry from Adam to Jesus

• Though nearly identical from Abraham to David, the two accounts are entirely different from David to Jesus. After David, only the names of Shealtiel and Zerubbabel appear on both lists.

• since Jewish scribes were known for their precise and detailed record keeping. Skeptics are usually quick to attribute these differences to biblical errors.

JESUS :PERSONALITY/DIVINITYISLAM

http://www.know-britain.com/islam/isa_jesus_islam_christianity.html

• He is a prophet, a messenger of Allah, a moral preacher .

• Martin Bauschke (German Protestant pastor ), the Islamic creed “There is no god but Allah and Mohammed is his messenger” precludes any claim to Jesus’ divinity. 

• “no more than (God’s) servant” (43:59), a few verses later (versus 61), he is linked to the end of the world. Hadith collections present Isā mainly as an eschatological figure who has an important role to play at the end of time as a Muslim warrior in order to destroy both Christianity and Judaism and to establish Islam as the only religion on earth. His army will also destroy the Anti-Christ (dajjal) supported by another eschatological figure called al-Mahdi (“the rightly-guided one”). In a great apocalyptic war to take place in Jerusalem, will emerge victorious and will liberate Jerusalem from the Jews.

CHRISTIANITYhttp://christianity.about.com/od

• family of gods — Father God, mother Mary and ‘Isa the son. Thus, `Isa is Divine.

• He is the Son of God (God Incarnate)

• One can only reject this claim by rejecting God’s intervention in history, rejecting miracles, rejecting the greatest miracle of the resurrection of Jesus, or rejecting God. If you reject all of these you can only conclude that he was a person who was self-deluded, who is not worthy to be followed, neither worthy to be an influence in our lives. (Roark, Dallas M. from http://www.answering-islam.org/authors/roark/real_jesus1.html)

Masterpiece: Later versions of Christ, including Leonardo Da Vinci's interpretation in his fresco The Last Supper, give Jesus similar characteristicsRead more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1372741/Hidden-cave-First-portrait-Jesus-1-70-ancient-books.html#ixzz2vHMhUBvc

IS THIS THE FIRST EVER PORTRAIT OF JESUS? THE INCREDIBLE STORY OF 70 ANCIENT BOOKS HIDDEN IN A CAVE FOR NEARLY

2,000 YEARSBy NICK PRYER CREATED: 17:44 GMT, 2 April 2011

• The owner of the cache is Bedouin trucker Hassan Saida who lives in the Arab village of Umm al-Ghanim, Shibli. He has refused to sell the booklets but two samples were sent to England and Switzerland for testing.

• A Mail on Sunday investigation has revealed that the artifacts were originally found in a cave in the village of Saham in Jordan, close to where Israel, Jordan and Syria’s Golan Heights converge – and within three miles of the Israeli spa and hot springs of Hamat Gader, a religious site for thousands of years.

• Precious: This booklet shows what scholars believe to be the map of Christian Jerusalem

• According to sources in Saham, they were discovered five years ago (2006) after a flash flood scoured away the dusty mountain soil to reveal what looked like a large capstone. When this was levered aside, a cave was discovered with a large number of small niches set into the walls. Each of these niches contained a booklet. There were also other objects, including some metal plates and rolled lead scrolls.Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1372741/Hidden-cave-First-portrait-Jesus-1-70-ancient-books.html#ixzz2wEogaEEb Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook

One lucky owner: Hassan Saida with some of the artifacts that he says he inherited http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1372741/Hidden-cave-First-portrait-Jesus-1-70-ancient-books.html#ixzz2vHN1vPLH

This booklet shows what scholars believe to be the map of Christian Jerusalem

JESUS :CRUCIFIXIONISLAM

Durie, Mark. (1999). ‘Isa, the Muslim Jesus. Retrieved http://www.answering-islam.org/authors/durie/islamic_jesus.html:111

• Christians and Jews have corrupted their scriptures. (Âl 'Imran 3:74-77, 113)

• Although Christians believe ‘Isa died on a cross, and Jews claim they killed him, in reality he was not killed or crucified, and those who said he was crucified lied (An-Nisa’ 4:157).

• ‘Isa did not die, but ascended to Allah. (An-Nisa’ 4:158)

CHRISTIANITYhttp://christianity.about.com/od

• Jesus Christ, the central figure of Christianity, died on a Roman cross as recorded in Matthew 27: 32-56, Mark 15:21-38, Luke 23:26-49, and John 19:16-37.

• In honor of Christ's death, the practice of crucifixion was abolished by Constantine the Great, the first Christian Emperor, in 337 A.D.

• Christian theology teaches that the death of Jesus Christ provided the perfect atoning sacrifice for the sins of all mankind, thus making the crucifix, or cross, one of the defining symbols of Christianity.

JESUS:CRUCIFIXION(CHRISTIANITY)

http://christianity.about.com/od/biblestorysummaries/p/crucifixionstor.htm• Jesus was publicly scourged, or beaten, with a leather-thonged whip

before his crucifixion. Tiny pieces of iron and bone chips were tied to the ends of each leather thong, causing deep cuts and painful bruising. He was mocked, struck in the head with a staff and spit on. A prickly crown of thorns was placed on his head and he was stripped naked. Too weak to carry his cross, Simon of Cyrene was forced to carry it for him.

• He was led to Golgotha where he would be crucified. As was the custom, before they nailed him to the cross, a mixture of vinegar, gall, and myrrh was offered. This drink was said to alleviate some of the suffering, but Jesus refused to drink it. Stake-like nails were driven through his wrists and ankles, fastening him to the cross where he was crucified between two convicted criminals.

JESUS:CRUCIFIXION(CHRISTIANITY)

http://christianity.about.com/od/biblestorysummaries/p/crucifixionstor.htm

• The inscription above his head tauntingly read, "The King of the Jews." On the cross Jesus hung for his final agonizing breaths, a period that lasted about six hours. During that time, soldiers cast lots for Jesus' clothing, while people passed by shouting insults and scoffing. From the cross, Jesus spoke to his mother Mary and the disciple John. He also cried out to his father, "My God, my God, why have You forsaken Me?“ (??????)

• At that point, darkness covered the land. A little later, as Jesus gave up his spirit, an earthquake shook the ground, ripping the Temple veil in two from top to bottom. Matthew's Gospel records, "The earth shook and the rocks split. The tombs broke open and the bodies of many holy people who had died were raised to life."

JESUS:CRUCIFIXION(CHRISTIANITY)

http://christianity.about.com/od/biblestorysummaries/p/crucifixionstor.htm

• It was typical at crucifixions for Roman soldiers to show mercy by breaking the criminal's legs, thus causing death to come more quickly. But this night only the thieves had their legs broken, for when the soldiers came to Jesus, they found him already dead. Instead, they pierced his side. Before sunset, Jesus was taken down by Joseph of Arimathea and laid in a tomb according to Jewish tradition.

JESUS:CRUCIFIXION(CHRISTIANITY)

http://christianity.about.com/od/biblestorysummaries/p/crucifixionstor.htm • Although both Roman and Jewish leaders could be implicated in the

sentencing and death of Jesus Christ, he himself said of his life, "No one takes it from me, but I lay it down of my own accord. I have authority to lay it down and authority to take it up again. This command I received from my Father." (John 10:18 ).

• There was a curtain or veil of the Temple separated the Holy of Holies (where the presence of God dwelled) from the rest of the Temple. Only the high priest could enter there once a year, with the sacrificial offering for the sins of all the people. When Christ died and the curtain was torn from top to bottom, this symbolized the destruction of the barrier between God and man. The way was opened up through Christ's sacrifice on the cross. His death provided the complete sacrifice for sin so that now all people, through Christ, can approach the throne of grace

JESUS :RESURRECTIONISLAM

http://raza-e-khushtar.org/articles/miscellaneous-topics/the-return-of-hazrat-isa-alaihis-salaam

• The ascension to the heavens of Prophet Isā (AS) and his return to the earth are miracles that the Holy Qur’an and the Hadith reveals (Q 3:55)

• Therefore, we cannot say that the early Christians were unbelievers in the sense and there has to be a group of prophet Isā (AS)’s followers who will exist until the Last Day. Such a group will emerge after his second coming, and those who follow him at that time will dominate the unbelievers until the Last Day.

• On the day of Resurrection ‘Isa himself will be a witness against Jews and Christians for believing in his death. (An-Nisa’ 4:159)

CHRISTIANITYhttp://christianity.about.com/od

• There are at least 12 different appearances of Christ in the resurrection accounts. They were physical, tangible experiences with Christ eating, speaking and allowing himself to be touched.

• • Jesus' resurrected body was different from his physical body. It was no longer subject to the same laws of nature. He could transcend locked doors, and yet he could still be touched and he could eat.

• Before Jesus ascended into heaven he gave the Great Commission, telling his followers to go and make disciples of all nations.

• The stone was not rolled away from the tomb so Jesus could get out. He was able to walk through walls (John 20:19) in his resurrected body. The stone was rolled away so that everyone could see that he was risen.

JESUS :RESURRECTION? in ISLAM

• It is established by the authentic hadith narrated from him by Imam Ahmad in his “Musnad” and others with a chain of sound narrators as stated by al-Haythami in Majma` al-Zawa'id, that a certain man Salman al-Farisi had seen in al-Qudus was actually Isā ibn Maryam

(http://www.islamic.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Tazkiyyah/seeing_the_prophet.htm)

CHRISTIAN CRITICAL COMMENTSDurie, Mark. (1999). ‘Isa, the Muslim Jesus. Retrieved http://www.answering-islam.org/authors/durie/islamic_jesus.html:111

• ‘Isā was not an historical figureThe Qur’an’s ‘Isa is not an historical figure. His identity and role as a prophet of Islam is based solely on supposed revelations to Muhammad over half a millennium after the Jesus of history lived and died.

• Jesus’ name was never ‘IsāJesus’ mother tongue was Aramaic. In his own lifetime he was called Yeshua in Aramaic, and Jesu in Greek. This is like calling the same person John when speaking English and Jean when speaking French: Jesu, pronounced "Yesoo", is the Greek form of Aramaic Yeshua. (The final -s in Jesu-s is a Greek grammatical ending.) Yeshua is itself a form of Hebrew Yehoshua’, which means ‘the Lord is salvation’. However Yehoshua’ is normally given in English as Joshua. So Joshua and Jesus are variants of the same name.

CHRISTIAN CRITICAL COMMENTS

Durie, Mark. (1999). ‘Isa, the Muslim Jesus. Retrieved http://www.answering-islam.org/authors/durie/islamic_jesus.html:111

Jesus did not receive a ‘book’• According to the Qur’an, the ‘book’ revealed to ‘Isa was

the Injil. The word Injil is a corrupted form of the Greek euanggelion ‘good news’ or gospel. What was this euanggelion? This was just how Jesus referred to his message: as good news. The expression euanggelion did not refer to a fixed revealed text, and there is absolutely no evidence that Jesus received a ‘book’ of revelation from God.

The ‘gospels’ of the Bible are biographies• The term euanggelion later came to be used as a title for the

four biographies of Jesus written by Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, the ‘gospels’. This was a secondary development of meaning. Apparently this is where Muhammad got his mistaken idea of the Injil being a ‘book’

CHRISTIAN CRITICAL COMMENTS

Durie, Mark. (1999). ‘Isa, the Muslim Jesus. Retrieved http://www.answering-islam.org/authors/durie/islamic_jesus.html:111

• Jesus’ titles of Messiah and Word of God, which the Qur’an uses, find no explanation in the Qur’an. Yet in the Bible, from which they are taken, these titles are well integrated in a whole theological system.

• Jesus’ alleged foretelling of Muhammad’s coming (As-Saff 61:6) appears to be based on a garbled reading of John 14:26, a passage which in fact refers to the Spirit

CHRISTIAN CRITICAL COMMENTSDurie, Mark. (1999). ‘Isa, the Muslim Jesus. Retrieved http://www.answering-islam.org/authors/durie/islamic_jesus.html:111

• The Hebrew scriptures were Jesus’ Bible. Jesus affirmed their authority and reliability and preached from them. From these same scriptures he knew God as Adonai Elohim, the Lord God of Israel. Jesus did not call God Allah, which appears to have been the name or title of a pagan Arabian deity worshipped in Mecca before Muhammad. Muhammad's pagan father, who died before Muhammad was born, already bore the name ‘Abd Allah ‘slave of Allah’

• We read that An-Najm 53:19-23 seeks to refute the pagan Arab belief that Allah had daughters named al-Uzza, al-Ilat and Manat. (See also An-Nahl 16:57 and Al-An’am 6:100).

THE HISTORICAL EVIDENCE FOR JESUS (YESHUA)OF NAZARETH AND HIS DEATH BY CRUCIFIXION

Durie, Mark. (1999). ‘Isa, the Muslim Jesus. Retrieved http://www.answering-islam.org/authors/durie/islamic_jesus.html:111

Non-Christian sources for Jesus• Tacitus (AD 55-120), a renowned historical of ancient Rome, wrote in the

latter half of the first century that ‘Christus ... was put to death by Pontius Pilate, procurator of Judea in the reign of Tiberius: but the pernicious superstition, repressed for a time, broke out again, not only through Judea, where the mischief originated, but through the city of Rome also.’ (Annals 15: 44).

• Suetonius writing around AD 120 tells of disturbances of the Jews at the ‘instigation of Chrestus’, during the time of the emperor Claudius. This could refer to Jesus, and appears to relate to the events of Acts 18:2, which took place in AD 49.

• Thallus, a secular historian writing perhaps around AD 52 refers to the death of Jesus in a discussion of the darkness over the land after his death. The original is lost, but Thallus’ arguments — explaining what happened as a solar eclipse — are referred to by Julius Africanus in the early 3rd century.

THE HISTORICAL EVIDENCE FOR JESUS (YESHUA)OF NAZARETH AND HIS DEATH BY CRUCIFIXION

Durie, Mark. (1999). ‘Isa, the Muslim Jesus. Retrieved http://www.answering-islam.org/authors/durie/islamic_jesus.html:111

Non-Christian sources for Jesus• Mara Bar-Serapion, a Syrian writing after the destruction of

the Temple in AD 70, mentions the earlier execution of Jesus, whom he calls a ‘King’.

• The Babylonian Talmud refers to the crucifixion (calling it a hanging) of Jesus the Nazarene on the eve of the Passover. In the Talmud Jesus is also called the illegitimate son of Mary.

• The Jewish historian Josephus describes Jesus’ crucifixion under Pilate in his Antiquities, written about AD 93/94. Josephus also refers to James the brother of Jesus and his execution during the time of Ananus (or Annas) the high priest.

JESUS IN GNOSTIC CHRISTIANITY

GNOSTIC CHRISTIANITY http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/books/nhl.pdf

• Gnosticism (for catholic christians) was a second century heresy claiming that salvation could be gained through secret knowledge. Gnosticism is derived from the Greek word gnosis, meaning "to know.“

• Among these early followers of Christ, an elite group delineated themselves from the greater household of the Church by claiming not simply a belief in Christ and his message, but a "special witness" or revelatory experience of the divine. It was this experience, this gnosis, which--so these Gnostics claimed--set the true follower of Christ apart from his fellows

GNOSTIC CHRISTIANITY • Gnostic writings are extensive. Many so-called Gnostic Gospels are

presented as "lost" books of the Bible, but in fact did not meet the criteria when the canon was formed. In many instances they contradict the Bible. (http://christianity.about.com/od/glossary/a/Gnosticism.htm)

• these Gnostic Christians held a "conviction that direct, personal and absolute knowledge of the authentic truths of existence is accessible to human beings, and, moreover, that the attainment of such knowledge must always constitute the supreme achievement of human life (Stephan A. Hoeller, The Gnostic Jung (Wheaton, Ill., 1982), p.11.

• Professor of Harvard University notes that though ultimately this Gospel was condemned and destroyed by the evolving orthodox church, it may be as old or older than the four canonical gospels preserved,and even have served as a source document to them. (Helmut Koester, "Introduction to The Gospel of Thomas", in NHL, p. 124 f..)

JESUS IN GNOSTIC CHRISTIANITYhttp://khazarzar.skeptik.net/books/nhl.pdf

• The Gospel of Thomas, one of the Gnostic texts found preserved in the NAG HAMMADI LIBRARY, gives these words of the living Jesus: Jesus said, `I am not your master. Because you have drunk, you have become drunk from the bubbling stream which I have measured out... (Gospel of Thomas, 35.4-7, NHL)

JESUS IN GNOSTIC CHRISTIANITYhttp://khazarzar.skeptik.net/books/nhl.pdf

• GNOSTICS WERE DIVIDED ON JESUS. One view held that he only appeared to have human form but that he was actually spirit only. The other view contended that his divine spirit came upon his human body at baptism and departed before the crucifixion.

• Christianity, on the other hand, holds that Jesus was fully man and fully God and that his human and divine natures were both present and necessary to provide a suitable sacrifice for humanity's sin.

JESUS IN GNOSTIC CHRISTIANITY• that the views expressed in the QUR’ĀN are

closer to the Gnostic Apocrypha ("things put away" or "things hidden“) than to the CANONICAL GOSPELS, and

• That Isā has more in common with the Manichean Jesus than the Jesus of Nazareth whose life, death, resurrection and divinity are detailed in the Gospels and confirmed by the early Christian creeds.

http://www.know-britain.com/islam/isa_jesus_islam_christianity.ht

JESUS IN GNOSTIC CHRISTIANITY• For Manicheans, salvation is mainly about liberating

the Light Sparks within ourselves from the Illusion of Matter.

• This process of liberation is composed of three elements:

1) Worship God and not Creation (this means not worshiping Christ as if He were the Divine Source)

2) Get rid of all worldly attachments since the world is illusion and our true Home is beyond the material world.

3) Cultivate virtue. http://digitalarchive.webapp.org.uk/manichaean/shamon/maniandchristianity.pdf

CONCLUSION• Needless to say, such a portrayal of ISĀ IN ISLAM is very different from,

and quite opposed to, that of JESUS CHRIST OF THE NEW TESTAMENT AND CHRISTIAN HISTORY.

• But, in the name of Christian-Muslim dialogue, an increasing number of so-called “Christian” scholars are willing to water down the Christian faith and choose Isā to be the authentic Jesus.

• In their eagerness to seek a common ground between the two faiths, or in order to appease the Muslim side, they are producing a new “Jesus” who is stripped of all his unique attributes: his deity, incarnation, passion, crucifixion, resurrection, redemptive mission and universal lordship.

• This is denying the very heart of the Christian faith and reintroducing the old heresy of Arianism, which caused so much damage to the Church in the past. Such stripping of Christianity of its essentials renders any Christian-Muslim dialogue extremely dangerous and utterly meaningless.

http://www.know-britain.com/islam/isa_jesus_islam_christianity.html