Pengertian SubjunctiveSubjunctive adalah bentuk kalimat pengandaian. Namun topik Subjunctive ini berbeda

dengan Conditional. Conditional adalah kalimat pengandaian juga namun perbedaannya

adalah Conditional dilengkapi dengan syarat-syarat tertentu untuk mengandai-andai.

Misalnya “Aku akan mengundanya jika aku jadi kamu.”.Subjunctives adalah sebuah

harapan di masa yang akan datang atau bentuk penyesalan dari harapan yang tak

terwujud.

PEMBAGIAN SUBJUNCTIVES:

Present Subjunctives

Past Subjunctives

Past Perfect Subjunctives

STRUKTUR SUBJUNCTIVE

be (present)

Dalam kalimat Non-Verbal, semua Subject dalam Present Subjunctive menggunakan

“be”, tidak ada “is’am’are”.

I be

you be

he, she, it be

we be

you be

they be

be (past)

Dalam kalimat Non-Verbal, Semua subject dalam Past Subjunctives memakai “were”.

I were

you were

he, she, it were

we were

you were

they were

Kata kerja lain (past & present)

Semua kata kerja harus dalam bentuk “Bare Infinitive” yaitu tidak mendapat imbuhan

apapun seperti “s”, “es”, “ing”, atau “-ed”.

I work

you work

he, she, it work

we work

you work

they work

PENGGUNAAN SUBJUNCTIVE

Kita menggunakan subjunctives ketika kita berbicara tentang suatu kegiatan yang

sebenarnya tidak akan terjadi. Kita menggunakan subjunctive ketika berbicara tentang

kegiatan yang seseorang:

Inginkan agar terjadi

Harapkan akan terjadi

Membayangkan akan terjadi

Contoh:

The President requests that you be present at the meeting.

It is vital that you be present at the meeting.

If you were at the meeting, the President would be happy.

Subjunctive biasanya menggunakan kedua struktur berikut:

Kata Kerja: ask, command, demand, insist, propose, recommend, request, suggest +

that

Ekspresi: it is desirable, essential, important, necessary, vital + that

Contoh:

The manager insists that the car park be locked at night. (Bukan: The…car park is

locked)

(Manager itu berharap agar semua area parkir dikunci pada malam hari)

The board of directors recommended that he join the company. (BUKAN: The….that

he could join)

(Dewan DIreksi merekomendasikan agar dia dapat bergabung dengan Perusahaan)

1. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVES

Present Subjunctives adalah harapan di masa sekarang maupun di masa yang akan

datang. Ciri-ciri dari Present Subjunctives adalah Kata Kerjanya dalam bentuk “Bare

Infinitive”.

Contoh:

May God bless you!

(Semoga Tuhan memberkatimu)

Have a good time!

(Selamat bersenang-senang)

Long live the President!

(Semoga Presiden panjang umur!)

2. PAST SUBJUNCTIVES

Past Subjunctives adalah harapan yang tidak terwujud di masa sekarang. Ciri-ciri dari

Past Subjunctives adalah Tenses yang digunakan dalam bentuk “Past”.

Kata/Frase yang sering digunakan dalam Past Subjunctives adalah:

 Wish

If Only

As if

As though

Would rather

It’s time

WISH

Kata wish berfungsi untuk:

a. Menunjukkan Future Time

Rumus: S + wish + would/could + Verb

Contoh:

It’s raining. She wishes it would stop.

(Hari sedang hujan. Dia berharap hujan akan berhenti)

Faktanya: Sekarang masih hujan dan belum berhenti 

I wish Fatimah could come.

(Saya harap Fatimah bisa datang)

Faktanya: Fatimah tidak bisa datang

b. Menunjukkan Present Time

Rumus: S + wish  … + S + Past Verb

Contoh:

They wish I were there.

(Mereka berharap saya ada di sana)

Faktanya: Saya tidak ada di sana

She wishes I would not come.

(Dia berharap saya tidak akan datang)

Faktanya: Saya akan datang

IF ONLY

If Only yang kita gunakan disini artinya adalah “Seandainya”.

Contoh:

If only she were not here.

(Seandainya dia tidak ada disini)

If only they could speak English.

(Seandainya mereka bisa berbicara bahasa Inggris)

WOULD RATHER

Selain dapat digunakan untuk  menjelaskan “lebih suka”, would rather dapat juga

digunakan pada Subjunctives, yang artinya sama, “lebih suka”.

Contoh:

I would rather you went now.

(Saya lebih suka kamu pergi sekarang)

They would rather I not call them.

(Mereka lebih suka kalau saya tidak menelpon mereka)

AS IF / AS THOUGH

As if dan As though mempunyai fungsi dan arti yang sama, yaitu “seolah-olah“.

Contoh:

 Edi talks as if he knew everything.

(Edi berbicara seolah-olah dia tahu segalanya)

They act as though they were the real actors.

(Mereka berakting seolah-olah merekalah aktor yang sebenarnya)

IT’S TIME

It’s time disini diartikan dengan “Kini saatnya”. Ada 2 pola dari It’s Time, yaitu:

It’s time + to infinitives

It’s time + Subjek + Past Form

Contoh:

It’s time to get up.

(Waktunya bangun)

It’s time to go to the movie.

(Saatnya pergi ke bioskop)

It’s time you sent the letter.

(Waktunya kamu kirimkan surat itu)

It’s time I went to school.

(Waktunya saya pergi ke sekolah)

3. PAST PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVES

Past Perfect Subjunctives adalah sebuah ungkapan harapan yang tidak terwujud di

masa lampau. Ciri-ciri dari Past Perfect Subjunctives adalah kata kerjanya dalam bentuk

Past Perfect.

Contoh:

I wished they had invited me.

(Saya harap mereka telah mengundang saya)

Faktanya: They didn’t invite me.

You talked as if you had been there.

(Kamu berbicara seolah-olah kamu ada di sana)

Faktanya: You were not there.

They would rather I had called them.

(Mereka lebih suka kalau saya sudah menghubungi mereka)

Faktanya: I didn’t call them.

If only I had rejected him.

(Seandainya saya sudah menolaknya)

Faktanya: I didn’t reject him.

SITUASI TIDAK FORMAL

Pada situasi tidak formal, tidak ada aturan main seperti penjelasan di atas.

Contoh:

She talked as if she was there.

I wish she is here.

Pokoknya mau formal atau informal, jika kita menggunakan kata-kata seperti wish, as

if, as though, would rather, it’s time dan if only, maka sebenarnya kita sudah

menggunakan bentuk Subjunctives.

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Subjunctive adalah bentuk kalimat pengandaian. Subjunctive/angan-angan digunakan untuk

menyatakan serta untuk mengungkapkan harapan yang tidak dapat terpenuhi.

-                Future

Rumus :  S¹ + wish + S² + could/would + V¹/be

                        Contoh : I wish you would stop saying that.

                                      (saya berharap kamu akan berhenti mengatakan itu)

                                       I wish she would come to my party to night

                                                  (saya berharap dia akan dapat datang ke pesta saya minggu ini)

-          Present

Rumus : S¹ + wish + S² + V2/were

                        Contoh : I wish you were old enough to marry me.

                                       (saya berharap sekarang ini umurmu cukup tua untuk menikahi saya)

                                      They wish they didn’t have to go to school today.

                                       (mereka berharap sekarang ini mereka tidak harus pergi sekolah)

-          Past

Rumus : S¹ + wished + S² + had V3/could

have V3

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Subjunctive adalah kata kerja yang digunakan untuk membayangkan akibat dari sesuatu yang tidak

ada atau tidak terjadi, yang dapat berupa wish (harapan), requirements(kebutuhan),

dan suggestion (saran). Atau dengan kata lain, makna kalimat subjunctive ini selalu berlawanan

dengan kenyataan atau fakta.

Kata-kata yang digunakan dalam subjunctive adalah “wish” (menginginkan/ mengharapkan),“as if/

as though” (seolah-olah), “would rather” (lebih suka), “if only” (seandainya/ jika saja).

Fungsi Subjunctive

As if/ as though digunakan untuk menyatakan keadaan yang tidak benar kenyataan

atau faktanya.

Wish, would rather, dan if only digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu harapan atau

keinginan.

Rumus Penggunaan Subjunctive

1.    Future Subjunctive

Future Subjunctive digunakan sebagai kalimat pengandaian yang mengacu pada masa yang akan

datang, jadi faktanya juga dalam bentuk Simple Future Tense.

Wish Subject (1) + wish + Subject (2) + Could / Would + Verb 1

Contoh:

I wish you would come to the party tonight.

(Artinya: Saya berharap kamu akan datang ke pesta nanti malam.)

(Faktanya: He will not come to the party tonight)

CATATAN

Walaupun jarang digunakan, tetapi Future Subjunctive terkadang masih sering kita jumpai, jadi lebih

baik kita mengenalinya juga. Sebagai gantinya bisa menggunakan Present Subjunctive.

2.    Present Subjunctive

Present Subjunctive digunakan sebagai kalimat pengandaian yang mengacu pada masa sekarang, jadi

faktanya juga dalam bentuk Simple Present Tense.

Wish Subject (1) + wish + Subject (2) + Verb 2 / were

As if /As though Subject (1) + Verb 1 + as if + Subject (2) + Verb2 / were

Would rather Subject (1) + would rather + Subject (2) + Verb 2 / were

If only If only + Subject + Verb 2

CATATAN

Pada bentuk Present Subjunctive, kata kerja yang digunakan adalah bentuk ke-2 (VERB 2), dan jika

harus menggunakan to be, harus menggunakan “were” untuk semua jenis Subject.

Contoh:

I wish you visited me.

(Artinya: Saya berharap kamu mengunjungi saya.)

(Faktanya: You don’t visit me.)

The girl dresses as if it were summer now.

(Artinya: Perempuan itu berpakaian seolah-olah sekarang musim panas.)

(Faktanya: it is not summer now.)

Shelly would rather he told the truth.

(Artinya: Shelly lebih suka dia mengatakan yang sebenarnya.)

(Faktanya: He doesn’t tell the truth.)

If only she knew.

(Artinya: Seandainya dia tau.)

(Faktanya: She doesn’t know.)

3.    Past Subjunctive

Past Subjunctive digunakan sebagai kalimat pengandaian yang mengacu pada masa lampau, jadi

faktanya juga dalam bentuk Simple Past Tense.

Wish Subject (1) + wished + Subject (2) + Had + Verb 3 / been

As if /As though Subject (1) + Verb 2 + as if + Had + Verb 3 / been

Would rather Subject (1) + would rather + Subject 2 + Had + Verb 3 / been

If only If only + Subject + Had + Verb 3 / been

Contoh:

She wished (that) she had had more time last night.

(Artinya: Dia berharap bahwa dia punya waktu lebih kemarin malam.)

(Faktanya: She didn’t have more time last night.)

Jeff looked as though he had seen a ghost.

(Artinya: Jeff terlihat seolah-olah dia telah melihat hantu.)

(Faktanya: He didn’t see a ghost.)

I would rather he had been here.

(Artinya: Saya lebih suka dia sudah berada disini.)

(Faktanya: He was not here.)

If only Rachel had not been at home last night

(Artinya: Seandainya Rachel sudah tidak ada di rumah kemarin malam.)

(Faktanya: Rachel was at home last night.)

Untuk informasi selengkapnya silahkan baca juga mengenai Fungsi dan Contoh SubjunctivePada Noun

Clause (Klausa Nomina).

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Subjunctive adalah bentuk kalimat pengandaian. Namun topik Subjunctive ini berbeda dengan Conditional. Conditional adalah kalimat pengandaian juga namun perbedaannya adalah Conditional dilengkapi dengan syarat-syarat tertentu untuk mengandai-andai. Misalnya "Aku akan mengundanya jika aku jadi kamu.". Berikut ini adalah penjelasan tentang Subjunctives.

Struktur Subjunctive

be (past)

    * I were    * you were    * he, she, it were    * we were    * you were    * they were

be (present)

    * I be    * you be    * he, she, it be    * we be    * you be    * they be

Kata kerja lain (past & present)

    * I work    * you work

    * he, she, it work    * we work    * you work    * they work

Penggunaan Subjunctive

Kita menggunakan subjunctives ketika kita berbicara tentang suatu kegiatan yang sebenarnya tidak akan terjadi. Kita menggunakan subjunctive ketika berbicara tentang kegiatan yang seseorang:

    * Inginkan agar terjadi    * Harapkan akan terjadi    * Membayangkan akan terjadi

Contoh:

    * The President requests that you be present at the meeting.    * It is vital that you be present at the meeting.    * If you were at the meeting, the President would be happy.

Subjunctive biasanya menggunakan kedua struktur berikut:

    * Kata Kerja: ask, command, demand, insist, propose, recommend, request, suggest + that    * Ekspresi: it is desirable, essential, important, necessary, vital + that

Contoh:

    * The manager insists that the car park be locked at night.    * The board of directors recommended that he join the company.    * It is essential that we vote as soon as possible.    * It was necessary that every student submit his essay by the weekend.

Perhatikan bahwa struktur berikut ini, subjunctive-nya sama. Tidak masalah kalimat itu tenses-nya past atau present. Contoh:

    * Present: The President requests that they stop the occupation.    * Past: The President requested that they stop the occupation.

    * Present: It is essential that she be present.    * Past: It was essential that she be present.

Kita selalu menggunakan were sebagai pengganti "was" setelah if (dan kata lainnya yang memiliki arti yang sama). Contoh:

    * If I were you, I would ask her.    * Suppose she were here. What would you say?

Mengapa kita menggunakan "I were", "he were"?

Kita sering mendengar orang berkata "if I were you, I would go" atau "if he were here, he would tell you". Memang normalnya adalah: I was, he was. Tetapi struktur if I were you tidak melihat Past Tense". Struktur tersebut hanya mengenal past subjunctive untuk "to be" nya. Perhatikan contoh kata-kata/frase di bawah ini untuk struktur di atas:

    * if    * as if    * wish    * suppose

    * If I were younger, I would go. (FORMAL)    * If I was younger, I would go. (INFORMAL)    * If he weren't so mean, he would buy one for me.(FORMAL)    * If he wasn't so mean, he would buy one for me. (INFORMAL)    * I wish I weren't so slow! (FORMAL)    * I wish I wasn't so slow! (INFORMAL)    * I wish it were longer. (FORMAL)    * I wish it was longer. (INFORMAL)    * It's not as if I were ugly. (FORMAL)    * It's not as if I was ugly. (INFORMAL)    * She acts as if she were Queen. (FORMAL)    * She acts as if she was Queen. (INFORMAL)    * If I were you, I should tell her. (FORMAL)    * If I was you, I should tell her.  (INFORMAL)

Note: We do not normally say "if I was you", even in familiar conversation.

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EXPRESSING WISH ( SUBJUNCTIVE )These are two kinds of Subjunctive:

I.      PRESENT  SUBJUNCTIVEa.       The use:

To express wish very often involving supra natural power (do’a ; kutukan)b.      The form:

The simple present tense, except there is –s/es ending for the third person singular.Examples:God Bless you!                   Heaven be praised!                       God forgive us!                  Fuck you!                                           

God help us!                        Darm you!                  Bedakan:                                  My father lives long. (present tense)Long live my father. (subjunctive)                             

II.    PAST  SUBJUNCTIVEIt is used to express a condition which is contrary to the real situation.We can used it by using: wish, if only, as if / as though, would rather / sooner, it’s (high) time.

Pattern 1:

Wish ( that ) + Subject + Past tense

The use:         It is used to express a regret (=penyesalan) about situation in the present.         To express a condition which is contrary to the real situation in present.

Examples:Fact / Situation Wish Sentences

1.       I’m very tired2.       My father is in the office now3.       The children are in the yard4.       We live in the country5.       My sister works in the evening6.       I can’t swim now7.       She won’t come to  help you

I wish (that)... I were not very tired.We wish (that) ...The teacher wishes (that) ...We wish (that) ...She wishes (that) ...I wish (that)...We wish (that) ...

Note:To be in the Subjunctive is WERE for all subjects.--˃I wish she were here.

Pattern 2:

Wish ( that ) + Subject + Past perfect tense

The use:         It is used to express a regret about situation in the past.         To express a condition which is contrary to the real situation in the past.

Examples:Fact / Situation Wish Sentences

1.       I wasn’t  at home yesterday2.       My father was so tired3.       The children were not at home4.       We lived in the small village5.       My sister worked very hard6.       I couldn’t swim last year7.       She wouldn’t help you

I wish (that) ... I had been at home yesterday.We wish (that) ...The teacher wishes (that) ...We wish (that) ...She wishes (that) ...I wish(that) ...We wish(that) ...

EXERCISES 1.Supply appropriate completions in the following.

1.       The sun isn’t shining. I wish the sun ... right now.    ( were shining )2.       I didn’t go shopping. I wish I ... shopping.3.       I don’t know how to dance. I wish I ... how to dance.4.       You can’t meet my parents. I wish you ... them.

5.       Jimmy didn’t come to the meeting. I wish he ... to the meeting.6.       My friend won’t lend me her car. I wish she ... me her car tomorrow.7.       The teacher is going to give us an exam tomorrow. I wish he ... us an exam tomorrow.8.       My sister doesn’t have enough money to buy a book. I wish she ... enough money.9.       You didn’t tell them about it. I wish you ... them about it.10.   Martha is tired because she went to bed late last night. She wishes she ... to bed earlier last night.

EXERCISES 2.Supply an appropriate auxiliary or verb in the following.

1.       I’m not at home, but I wish I ... were2.       I don’t know her, but I wish I ... knew3.       I can’t sing well, but I wish I ....4.       I didn’t go, but I wish I ...5.       He won’t talk about it, but I wish he ...6.       I didn’t read that book, but I wish I ...7.       I want to go, but I can’t. I wish I ...8.       I don’t have a bicycle, but I wish I ...9.       He didn’t buy a ticket to the game, but he wishes he ...10.   She can’t speak English, but she wishes she ...11.   It probably won’t happen, but I wish it ...12.   He isn’t old enough to drive a car, but he wishes he ...13.   They didn’t go to the movie, but they wish they ...14.   I don’t have a driver’s license, but I wish I ...15.   I’m not living in an apartment, but I wish I ...

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untuk mengetahui penggunaan Subjunctive pada Noun Clause.

Contoh Keterangan

Our teacher demands that we be on

time.

(Asalnya: “we should be on time”.)

I insisted that he pay me the money.

(Asalnya: “he should pay me the

money”.)

I recommended that she not go to the

concert.

(Asalnya: “she should not go to the

concert”.)

It is important that they be told the

truth.

(Asalnya: “they should be told the

truth”.)

Pada contoh kalimat pertama di

samping, fungsi be adalahSubjunctive

Verb.

Subjunctive digunakan pada Noun

Clause yang diikuti oleh kata

kerja(verbs), kata sifat (adjectives), dan

ekspresi (expressions) tertentu. Pada

contoh kalimat di samping, Subjunctive

Verb digunakan hanya dalam bentuk

sederhananya. Yakni, tidak

mengandung unsur atau

bentukpresent, past, atau future. Tidak

juga tunggal (singular) atau

jamak (plural), jadi tidak ada

penambahan –s/-espada kata

kerjanya (Verb).

Pada kalimat negatif: not + simple

form (bentuk sederhana / dari Verb 1),

seperti contoh ketiga.

Pada kalimat pasif: bentuk

sederhana dari be + Verb 3, seperti

contoh keempat.

Subjunctive lebih sering digunakan pada American English daripada British English.

Pada British English, (should, could, would) + Verb 1 lebih biasa digunakan

daripada Subjunctive. Perhatikan contoh berikut:

-       I suggested that she see a doctor.

-       I suggested that she should see a doctor.

Penggunaan kata “should” mungkin untuk digunakan setelah

kata suggest danrecommend.

Kata kerja (verbs) yang lazim diikuti oleh Subjunctive pada Noun Clause

demand (that), suggest (that), insist (that), recommend (that), request (that), advise

(that), ask (that), propose (that)

Kata sifat (adjectives) dan ekspresi (expressions) yang lazim diikuti

olehSubjunctive pada Noun Clause

It is important (that), It is necessary (that), It is essential (that), It is vital (that), It is

imperative (that)

Fungsi dan Contoh Subjunctive Pada Noun Clause (Klausa Nomina)

Perhatikan Tabel di bawah ini!

Fungsi Contoh Kalimat

Untuk mengekspresikan

kebutuhan(requirements) dan

saran (suggestion)dengan menggunakan

kata kerja (verbs)yang lazim diikuti

oleh Subjunctive padaNoun Clause, yakni:

demand (that), suggest (that), insist

(that), recommend (that), request (that),

advise (that), ask (that), propose (that).

They requested that we not go after

midnight.

Mr. Brian insists that we be careful in

our writing.

The doctor recommended that

she stayin bed for a few days.

The students suggested we have class

outside.

She asked that we be sure to lock the

door behind us.

Untuk mengekspresikan It is necessary that

kebutuhan(requirements) dengan

menggunakan kata sifat (adjectives) dan

ekspresi(expressions) yang lazim diikuti

olehSubjunctive pada Noun Clause, yakni:

It is important (that), It is necessary

(that), It is essential (that), It is vital

(that), It is imperative (that).

everyone come here on time.

It is essential that pollution be

controlledand eventually be

eliminated.

It is vital that no one know about the

secret government operation.

It is necessary that

everyone come here on time.

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Subjunctive Wish - If only - Would ratherThe past tense is sometimes used in English to refer to an 'unreal' situation. So, although the tense is the past, we are usually talking about the present, e.g. in a Type 2 conditional sentence:If an elephant and a mouse fell in love, they would have many problems.Although fell is in the past tense, we are talking about a hypothetical situation that might exist now or at any time, but we are not referring to the past. We call this use the unreal past.

Other situations where this occurs are:

after other words and expressions like 'if' (supposing, if only, what if);

after the verb 'to wish';

after the expression 'I'd rather..'

Expressions like 'if'The following expressions can be used to introduce hypothetical situations:- supposing, if only, what if. They are followed by a past tense to indicate that the condition they introduce is unreal:

Supposing an elephant and a mouse fell in love? (= but we know this is unlikely or impossible)

What if we painted the room purple? (= that would be very surprising)

If only I had more money. (= but I haven't).

These expressions can also introduce hypothetical situations in the past and then they are followed by the past perfect.

Examples If only I hadn't kissed the frog (= I did and it was a mistake because he turned into a horrible

prince, but I can't change it now.)

What if the elephant had trodden on the mouse? (She didn't, but we can imagine the result!)

Supposing I had given that man my money! (I didn't, so I've still got my money now.)

The verb to wishThe verb to wish is followed by an 'unreal' past tense when we want to talk about situations in the present that we are not happy about but cannot change:

I wish I had more money (=but I haven't)

She wishes she was beautiful (= but she's not)

We wish we could come to your party (but we can't)

When we want to talk about situations in the past that we are not happy about or actions that we regret, we use the verb to wish followed by the past perfect:

I wish I hadn't said that (= but I did)

He wishes he hadn't bought the car (= but he did buy it.)

I wish I had taken that job in New York (= but I didn't, so I'm stuck in Bristol)

NOTE: When we want to talk about situations we are not happy about and where we wantsomeone else to change them, we use to wish followed by would + infinitive:

I wish he would stop smoking. (= I don't like it, I want him to change it)

I wish you would go away. (= I don't want you here, I want you to take some action)

I wish you wouldn't squeeze the toothpaste from the middle! (= I want you to change your

habits.)

I'd rather and it's time...These two expressions are also followed by an unreal past. The verb is in the past tense, but the situation is in the present.When we want to talk about a course of action we would prefer someone else to take, we use I'd rather + past tense:

I'd rather you went

He'd rather you called the police

I'd rather you didn't hunt elephants.

NOTE: the stress can be important in these sentences, to show what our preference is:

I'd rather you went = not me,

I'd rather you went = don't stay

He'd rather you called the police = he doesn't want to

He'd rather you called the police = not the ambulance service

Similarly, when we want to say that now is a suitable moment to do something, either for ourselves or for someone else, we use it's time + past tense:

It's (high) time I went.

It's time you paid that bill.

Don't you think it's time you had a haircut?

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Subjunctive 1

06MARDalam kehidupan sehari-hari kamu pasti pernah mengalami suatu kejadian yang nggak sesuai dengan yang kamu harapkan. Akhirnya kamu cuma bisa berharap terjadi sebaliknya atau berandai-andai saja. Misalnya,

1. “Saya berharap bisa mengerjakan test dengan baik.”   ( Faktanya: saya nggak bisa kerjakan tes dengan baik sekarang)                  “I wish I could do the test well.”2. ” Saat ini saya tidak tahu jawaban yang benar , tapi saya sungguh berharap     saya tahu “.

              I don`t know the correct answer now, but I really wish I knew

3.  Para pelajar  berharap gurunya tidak marah sama mereka kemarin.    (faktanya: kemarin mereka  dimarahi sama gurunya)            The students wished their teacher hadn`t been angry with them. 

Jadi  ketika kamu berharap  ungkapkan dengan:1. “ … wish + Past  Tense ”(untuk harapan yang berlawanan dengan kenyataan sekarang ini. Lihat contoh  a dan b di atas) 

2.  “… wish + Past Perfect”(Untuk harapan yang berlawanan dengan kenyataan yang terjadi tadi, baru saja, kemarin,tadi malam, atau yang lalu. Lihat contoh c) 

sedangkan untuk berandai-andai , gunakan pola:1. “If only + Past Tense “.                                                                                                                 (Berandai-andai sekarang/ saat ini)Contoh:Andai dia bisa kesini hari ini.                                                                                                 (Faktanya: hari ini dia tidak bisa kesini)If only she could be here today 

2.   “If only+Past Perfect”.  (Berandai-andai tadi, barusaja,kemarin,tadi malam,atau yang lalu)Contoh“Andai  anaknya telah belajar lebih giat tadi malam ”.    (Faktanya : Tadi malam anaknya tidak belajar giat)If only his son had studied harder last night 

 

Tidak jarang kamu juga menemui teman yang “sok tahu” atau kita sebut saja “Mr.Know-all”. Dia seakan-akan tahu semuanya. So ,ketika  kamu ingin mengungkapkan  bahwa apa yang dia atau mereka perbuat atau katakan tidak sesuai dengan fakta yang sebenarnya, gunakan:“As if…. atau   as though…”(seakan-akan/ seolah-olah)Misalnya ,

 

1.  “As if + Past Tense”   (faktanya berlawanan dengan kondisi saat ini)ContohPak Bual ngomong seakan-akan dia tahu segalanya. (faktanya dia nggak tahu apa-apa)Mr. Bual talked as though he knew everything 

 

 2. “As if + Past Perfect)  ( faktanya berlawanan dengan kenyataan tadi, baru saja, kemarin, tadi malam atau yang lalu)ContohKemarin Jesica melihatku seolah-olah dia nggak kenal aku sebelumnya. (fakta sebenarnya dia kenal aku sebelumnya. Dia hanya pura-pura tidak kenal)Yesterday Jesica saw me as if she hadn`t recognized me before.Subjunctive dibagi ke dalam 3 kelompok besar, yaitu:

 (1) Subjunctive (hope)      a) Future Subjunctive      b) Present Subjunctive      c) Past Subjunctive

 (2) Subjunctive if only      a) Present Subjunctive      b) Past Subjunctive

 (3) Subjunctive would rather (preference)      a) Present Subjunctive      b) Past Subjunctive

Catatan Penting: *) pada subjunctive haruslah ada wish/wishes dan S1 (siapa saja yang berharap). Jika I, you, we, they maka wish. Jika he, she, it, maka wishes. *) Saat fakta dalam keadaan kalimat positif maka, subjunctive dalam keadaan kalimat negatif, begitu pun sebaliknya. *) Kata was diganti dengan were.

 Di Subjunctive (hope) terbagi dalam 3 tensis,

1. Future Subjunctive ialah faktanya berbentuk future. example 1 : He wishes I brought a candy to him next week.                   S1    wish S2   V2          O               C

 Fact 1 : I will not bring a candy to him next week.           S2 modal     V1       O                C

 example 2 : They wish I  could not went to party tonight.                    S1  wish S2 canv2      V2        O         C

 Fact 2 : I  can go to party tonight.          S2 can V1     O         C

Keterangan:S1 subjek (noun),wish/wishes, wish jika subjeknya I, you, we, they, dan wishes jika subjeknya he, she, it.S2 subjek (noun),O objek dari S2, danC keterangan.

 *) Modal pada fakta yaitu present future, bisa can/can't atau will/won't. Dan di subjunctive-nya haruslah past future, could not (-) dan could (+) untuk can. V2 (+) dan didn't + V2 (-) untuk will. *) Verb (kata kerja) jika pada fakta V1 maka pada subjunctivenya V2.

2. Past Subjunctive ialah faktanya berbentuk past (lampau) example : He wishes I  had not bought a car last night.               S1   wish  S2  havev2   V3      O        C

 fact : I  bought a car last year.        S2    V1     O       C

 *) Verb. Di fakta haruslah V2 dengan keterangan waktu (C) lampau seperti last, ago, before, dan sebagainya. Jika (+) maka verb-nya harus V2 dan jika (-) maka didn't + V1. Dan pada subjunctive-nya haruslah past perfect (bingunng??) yang rumusnya S + had + V3. Jika (+) maka setelah S2 harus ada had + V3 dan apabila (-) maka harus hadn't + V3.

3. Present Subjunctive ialah kata yang faktanya Present (sekarang). example : I wish He didn't cut a paper.               S wish  S  didnt   v1   O fact : He cut a paper.          S   v1      O

 *) Verb. pada fakta jika (+) maka harus V1 dan jika (-) harus ada don't untuk I, you, we, they dan doesn't untuk He, she, it. Dan pada sybjunctive-nya, jika (+) maka V2 dan jika (-) maka didn't + V1.

 Singkatnya kalau faktanya present maka subjunctivenya past, jika past maka subjunctive-nya past perfect. So, fakta tidak mungkin past perfect dan subjunctive tidak mungkin present.

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subjunctive

Sesuai dengan ruang lingkup materi, kalimat subjunctive yang diperkenalkan dalam bab ini adalah kalimat subjunctive yang menggunakan ‘wish’(ingin), ‘if only’ (jika,hanya jika),’would rather’(lebih suka) dan ‘as if’ atau ‘as though’ (seolah-olah). Kalimat subjunctive yang menggunakan ‘wish’,’if only’ dan ‘would rather’ digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu keinginan. Sedang kalimat subjunctive yang menggunakan ‘as if’ atau‘as though’ digunakan untuk menyatakan sifat atau keadaan yang tidak benar adanya.Kata kerja atau ‘to be’ yang digunakan dalam kalimat subjunctive selalu dalam bentukPast Tense, baik Simple Past maupun Past Perfect Tense.

Bentuk Kalimat Subjunctive Dan Fakta

1.       Present SubjunctiveKalimat subjunctive ini menunjukkan pada keadaan sekarang. Kata kerja yang digunakan dalam bentuk Simple Past Tense. To be untuk semua kata ganti adalah  ‘were’.Contoh 

¶  I wish she were here (faktanya : she isn’t here)¶  He wishes I went to the meeting (faktanya : I don’t go to the meeting)¶  If only they were my friends   (faktanya : They aren’t my friends)¶  If only he didn’t ask me (faktanya : He asks me).¶  He behaves as if he were the owner of the hotel  (faktanya : He isn’t the owner of the hotel).¶  She stares at me as though she didn’t know me (faktanya : She knows me)

2.       Past SubjunctivePast Subjunctive menunjukkan pada keadaan waktu lampau. Kata kerja yang digunakan bentuknya Past Perfect Tense.Contoh¶  I wish she had been here  (faktanya : She wasn’t here).¶  He wishes I had gone to the meeting (faktanya : I didn’t go to the meeting).¶  If only they had been my friends  (faktanya : They were not my friends).¶  If only he hadn’t asked me  (faktanya : He asked me).¶  She would rather he had been at home with me yesterday (faktanya : He wasn’t at home with me yesterday)¶  I would rather you had told me the news(faktanya : You didn’t tell me the news).¶  He behaved as if he had been the owner of the hotel (faktanya : he wasn’t the owner of the hotel).¶  She stared at me as thogh she hadn’t known me (faktanya : She knew me).

3.       Subjunctive “would rather” untuk pilihan lebih suka1. a.       Present tense

subject + would rather (that) + subject + past tense

¶  I would rather you told me the news (faktanya : You don’t tell me the news)¶  Ali would rather it were not cold now (faktanya : It is cold now)¶  He would rather you came to the party (faktanya : You don’t come to the party)¶  I would rather you paid by cash (faktanya : You don’t pay by cash)

b.       Past tense

subjek + would rather (that) + subjek + past perfect

¶  Ali would rather Ahmad had gone to class yesterday (faktanya : Ahmad didn’t go to class yesterday)¶  Budi would rather that it had not been cold last night (faktanya : It was cold last night)

4.       Indikator subjunctive

subject + verb (that) + subject + present verb 

Jenis kata kerja yang sering digunakan adalah

AdviseAskCommandDecreedDesireDemandInsistMoveOrderPreferProposeRecommendRequireStipulateSuggestUrge

¶  When a patient’s blood pressure is much higher than it should be, a doctor usuallyinsist that he not smoke (asalnya … should not smoke)¶  The doctor suggested (that) his patient stop smoking (asalnya … his patient should not smoke)¶  The manager asks that people in the theatre not smoke (asalnya … should not smoke)¶  Ali’s advisor moves that the meeting be adjourned (penasehat Ali mengusulkan agar pertemuan ditunda)

@  CatatanKata that dapat dihilangkan dari kalimat tersebut

Juga dapat digunakan dengan pola

It + be + adjective verb + (that) + subject + present verb

Adapun verb/ adjective yang sering digunakan untuk susunan kalimat ini

AdvisedImportantMandatoryNecessaryObligatoryProposedRecommendedRequiredSuggestedUrgent

Imperative

¶  It is necessary that he find the books (asalnya … his patient should find the books)¶  It was suggested that the meeting be adjourned (asalnya … should be adjourned)¶  It was urgent that she leave at once (asalnya … she should leave at once)¶  It is important that you remember this rule (asalnya … you should remember this rule)¶  It has been proposed that we not change the topic (asalnya … we should not change the topic)

Subjunctive digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian , keinginan ataupun kenyataan yang bertentangan dengan apa yang sesungguhnya ada atau terjadi .

1. Wisha. FuturePola : [Subject + wish(that) + subject + would/could + V1]¶  I wish you would stop saying that .b. PresentPola : [Subject + wish(that) + subject + V2/were]¶  We wish that you were old enough to come with us .c. PastPola : [Subject + wished(that) + subject + had + V3]¶  She wished that she had had more time during the exams .

2. As if / as thougha. PresentPola : [S1 + V1 + as if / as though + S2 + V2 + S + V2]¶  The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in summer .b. PastPola : [S + V2 + as if / as though + S + had + V3]¶  Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost .

3. Would Rathera. PresentPola : [S1 + would rather + S2 + V2 + ket. Waktu sekarang]¶  Jane would rather it were winter now .b. PastPola : [S1 + would rather + S2 + had V3 + ket. Waktu sekarang]¶  Jim would rather it were winter now