Prospects and Planning of

Producing Energy from Biomass and

Waste for Clean India

Dr.M.K.MohantyM.Tech(IIT,KGP),PhD(IITD)

Contents

• Energy scenario

• Biomass and Potential of biomass

• Conversion technologies

• Case studies• Case studies

• Mainstreaming challenges

• Biorefinery

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World Energy Scenario

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Indian energy scenario• India’s energyusagehasbeenrapidly increasingasa resultof economicgrowth in

69.3%1.9%

16.1%

12.7%

Thermal

Nuclear

Hydro

Renewable

Thermal

176,118.6

MW

Hydro

40,798.8

MW

Nuclear

4,780

MW

Renewable

32,307.71

MW

Total

254,005.1

MW

Indian Power Sector Power Installed Capacity = 253.390 GW

As of 31st August 2014

• India’s energyusagehasbeenrapidly increasingasa resultof economicgrowth inthe last decade and the large population;

• Per capita consumption of electricity in India (2.02kWh) is very low compared toCanada (51.5kWh), USA (39.25kWh) and other developed countries.

• India is one of the major coal importing nations in the world• More than 25% of primary energy needs being met by imports mainly in the form of

crude oil and gas• India is endowed with vast renewable energy resources including wind, solar,

biomass and small hydro.• India needs to develop the available renewable energy to meet its growing power

needs and ensure energy security

India’s Energy Challenge

ShortageDemand

In next 12 years India’s electricity requirement to

grow 2.5 times

Peak shortage of 2% and energy shortage

of 5.1% is expected(2014-15)**

Access

Security

Climate ChangeClimate Change is

also an important issue

India was dependent on oil imports for 71% of its

demand in 2012*

300 Million people did not have access to electricity as per the 2011 census*

*Source: http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=in; ** Source: http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/yearly/lgbr_report.pdf

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67.14%

11.84%

12.52%

8.49%

Wind

Small Hydro

Bio mass

Solar

Wind

21,692.98

MW

Small Hydro

3,826.18

MW

Solar

2,743

MW

Biomass

4,045.55

MW

Total

32,307.71

MW

7

Power Installed Capacity = 32.308 GWAs of 31st August, 2014

Renewable Power Capacity

Renewable Power Projects PotentialResource Potential (MW) Cumulative

achievement

Wind 49,500(50m hub height)102,800(80m hub height)

21,692.98

Small Hydro(up to 25MW) 19,700 3,826.18

Biomass including bagassecogeneration

22,500 4,045.55

Solar 50MWp/km2 2,743MW

Renewable Power Projects Potential

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Distributed Generation Diagram

http://www.eere.energy.gov/der/basics.html030412

Potential DG Sources• Diesel engines with very large storage tanks (five days are

common)

• Reciprocating engines similar to diesels that burn by biofuel

• Microturbines on gas

• Wind turbines

• Solar arrays• Solar arrays

• Geothermal

• Stream turbine from a small local stream

• Wave

• Tide

• Human or animal powered (really retrogressive)

070412

What is Biomass?

Biomass is the solar energy stored in chemical form

from living organisms in plant ,animal materials

and their by-products. It supply 14% of primary

energy consumption.energy consumption.

• Burn to produce heat and electricity

• Change to gas like fuel such as methane

• Changed to liquid fuel

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BIOMASS

Biofuels — Converting biomass into liquid a&

gases fuels for transportation.

Biopower — Burning biomass directly, or

converting it into gaseous or liquid fuels that

burn more efficiently, to generate electricity.burn more efficiently, to generate electricity.

Energy Value of biomass

– A Typical Example: 1 kg of Dried biomass gives

»3-3.6 kWh heat Energy;

or,

»0.7-0.9 kWh electricity plus 1.4 kWh »0.7-0.9 kWh electricity plus 1.4 kWh heat.

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Sources of biomass

•Crop residues

•Forest residues

•Agro-industrial residues

•Animal waste•Animal waste

•Aquatic plants

•Purpose grown trees

•Others like MSW and synthetic organics.

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Why Biomass?• An even larger contribution to global primary energy

supply;

• Significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, and

potentially other environmental benefits;

• Improvements in energy security and trade balances, by

substituting imported fossil fuels with domesticsubstituting imported fossil fuels with domestic

biomass;

• Opportunities for economic and social development in

rural communities; and

• Scope for using wastes and residues, reducing waste

disposal problems, and making better use of resources.

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Composition of Biomass

Elemental (ultimate)

– Carbon: 49%

– Oxygen : 44%

– Hydrogen: 6%

– Other : 1%

Structural composition

– Cellulose : 40-50%

– Hemicellulose : 20-35%

– Lignin : 15-35%

– Other : 1%

Non essential structural components– Extractives (e.g oleorisins, polyphenols)– Inorganic compounds (ash): calcium, silicon,

magnesium, manganese

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Limitations

• Crop residues generated in country side—Low in bulk density

• High transportation costs• Seasonal availability• High moisture content, high bio-degradability • High moisture content, high bio-degradability Therefore• De-centralised utilisation preferred• Dedicated system for single biomass is questionable due to

seasonal availability, R & D on multi-fuel flexibility• Should be called “feedstock”for fuels rather than “fuel”

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Biomass Transformation As Energy

Direct Combustion

Thermo chemical

Transformation

Gasification

Thermal Cracking

Direct Liquefaction

Heat, Power

Generation

(Fuel) Gas

Synthetic Gas

Liquid Fuel

Biomass

Biochemical

Transformation

Others

Low Temperature

Gasification

Anaerobic

Digestion

Aerobic Pyrolysis

Fermentation

Hydrogen, Methane

Methane

(Compost)

Ethanol

RDF, Carbonization, Bio-Diesel

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Biomass Briquetting – A Value Adding

Technology for Green coalTechnology for Green coal

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Briquettes•Briquetting is the process of densification of biomass toproduce homogeneous, uniformly sized solid pieces of highbulk density which can be conveniently used as a fuel.•Briquetting is one of the several compaction technologies inthe category of densification.•The process of briquetting consists of applying pressure toamassof particleswith or without a binderand convertingitmassof particleswith or without a binderand convertingitinto a compact product of high bulk density, lowmoisturecontent, uniform size and shape and good burningcharacteristics.• Briquettes can be produced with the density of 1.2 to 1.4g/cm3 from loose agro residues with a bulk density of 0.1 to0.2 g/cm3.

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Advantages

•The process increase the net calorific value ofmaterial per unit volume

•End product is easy to transport and store

• The fuel produced is uniform in size and quality

•Helps solve the problem of residue disposal•Helps solve the problem of residue disposal

•Helps to reduce deforestation by providing asubstitute for fuel wood.

• The process reduce/eliminates the possibility ofspontaneous combustion waste

• The process reduces biodegradation of residues

Dryingcollection

Compaction

Shredding machine

size reduction

Briquetting machine

Compaction

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GasificationGasification

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Gasification

Thermochemical process that converts

biomass into a combustible gas called

Producer gas.

• Producer gas contains

– Carbon monoxide,

– Hydrogen,

– Water vapor,

– Carbon dioxide,

–Tar vapor and ash particles

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D r y in g Z o n e u p to 1 2 0 0C

P y r o ly s is Z o n e 2 0 0 0 - 6 0 0 0C

B IO M A S S

O x id a tio n Z o n e 9 0 0 0- 1 2 0 0 0C

2 0 0 - 6 0 0 C

P r o d u c e r G a s

A ir A ir

S C H E M A T IC D IA G R A M O F D O W N D R A F T G A S IF IE R

A sh

A s h P it

R e d u c t io n Z o n e 9 0 0 0 - 6 0 0 0 C

G r a te

H e a r th

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Applications of gasifier

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Gasification (Contd.)

• Use of Gasifier gas

• Variety of thermal application including

• Cooking

• DryingThe Heating value of gases

rages from • Drying

• Water heating

• Steam generation

• Mechanical / Electrical power generation

• Fuel for Internal combustion engine

rages from 4000 – 5000 kJ/kg

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Gasification

• Fuel for Gasifier:

– A wide range of biomass materials can be used for Gasification

– A Typical Example: 1 kg of Dried biomass gives – A Typical Example: 1 kg of Dried biomass gives

»3-3.6 kWh heat Energy;

or,

»0.7-0.9 kWh electricity plus 1.4 kWh heat.

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7 kWe mobile power plant at Dhanwas, HaryanaPower generation

Salient features:• All sub components assembled on trolley making

it an mobile source of power• Used for more than 5 years (1989-1994, about 2000 hrs) for

• community lighting in village• for converting local mustard stalk into briquettes

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10 kWe system (TERI): System Specification

• Power output:10 kWe

• Fuel: Wood/Charcoal

• Gas cooling

–Water cooling (direct/indirect)

• Gas cleaning• Gas cleaning

Combination of cyclone, Venturi scrubber,

gravel, fabric and paper filters

• Engine: Kirloskar RV-3 (modified for operation

on 100% producer gas by TERI)

• Initial starting: Pedal, DG set, Battery/inverter

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Village electrification –Gasifier at Village Deodhara, Orissa

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Anaerobic digestion of Biomass

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Anaerobic digestion

• Biochemical process in which particular kindsof bacteria digest biomass in an oxygen-freeenvironment.

• Several different types of bacteria work• Several different types of bacteria worktogether to break down complex organicwastes in stages, finally resulting in theproduction of “Biogas."

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Solar energy

Animal husbandry

Crop harvesting

Industrial processing

Human consumption

Photosynthesis

H2O

CO2

Biogas Cycle

Electrical and/or

thermal energy

Biofertilizer

Organic

wastes Anaerobic

digestion

Biogas

Human consumption

Energy

crops

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DOMESTIC BIO WASTE TREATMENT PLANT

FROM KITCHEN TO KITCHEN

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TECHNICAL DETAILS OF 1 CUM FAMILY SIZE BIO WASTE TREATMENT PLANT

• Waste Treatment Capacity - 2 Kg Solid waste

• Waste Water 20 – 30 Litres

• Volume of Digester - 1000 Litres

• Suitable for - 3 - 5 member family

• Space required for the installation - 1. 25 Sq Mtrs.

• Gas generation per day - 1 Cum Biogas

• Liquid fertilizer - 20 Litres per day

• 1 Cum Biogas - 0.5 Kg. LPG

• Annual income in the form of

gas &manure - Rs. 12,000/-

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TOILET LINKED BIOGAS PLANTS

(ECO FRIENDLY TOILET)

• The human excreta (night soil) discharged from the domestic

household are converted into bio gas by applying anaerobic digestion

.

• For the people living in coastal areas, marshy lands and high water

table places, this type of toilets are suitable. Here also the

construction of separate septic tank can be avoided.construction of separate septic tank can be avoided.

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GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY FROM WASTE

• The organic waste generated from public institutions like Market

and slaughter houses etc can be used for the generation of

electricity through the installation of treatment plants.

• 1.5 KW electricity can be produced from one cubic metre of

biogas. The main advantage of waste to electricity project is

that, no external power is required for the operation of thethat, no external power is required for the operation of the

plant.

• The power generated in the treatment plant can be utilized to

meet the in-house requirements and also for providing lights in

the markets and streets.

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• Raw Feed (solid concentration : 235.0 tonnes/day

16%)

• Location : Ludhiana, Punjab

• Type of digester : BIMA

• Digester Retention time : 27 days

• Biogas produced : 9116.0 m3/day

Case study 1 : Large AD system based on cattle dung

• Biogas produced : 9116.0 m3/day

• Biofertilizer Production : 47 tonnes/day

• Auxiliary power requirement : 2600 kWh/day

• Energy generation from plant : 19800 kWh/day

• Power to be exported to grid : 17200 kWh/day

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Biogas collection

Two BIMA Digesters and the Gas Holder Gas engine with associated piping networkTwo BIMA Digesters and the Gas Holder Gas engine with associated piping network

Layout of the

Process Plant

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BioFuelBioFuel

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• Two fuels dominate fuel market:

– Diesel

• Biodiesel can be used to supplement or replace

diesel fueldiesel fuel

– Gasoline

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Generation According to Technologies

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WHAT IS BIOWHAT IS BIO--DIESEL ?DIESEL ?

BioBio--diesel is Vegetable oil processed to resemble Diesel diesel is Vegetable oil processed to resemble Diesel

Fuel. Fuel. Rudolf Diesel (1912), Inventor of Diesel engine Address to

the Engineering Society of St Louis, Missouri in 1912

“ The use of vegetable oils for engine may

Rudolf DieselRudolf Diesel

Paris, 1912

“ The use of vegetable oils for engine mayseem insignificant to-day, but such oilsmay become in course of time asimportant as petroleum and the coal tarproducts of the present time ”

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What type of oil is most biodiesel

made from?Edible

– Soybean oil in the USA

– Rapeseed oil in Europe

– Palm oil in Malaysia

– Coconut in Indonesia

Non Edible

• Karanja, Jatropha,

Polanga, Mohua,

Seemarouba, – Coconut in Indonesia

• The use of edible vegetableoils for biodiesel productionhas recently been of greatconcern because theycompete with food materials.

Seemarouba,

Castor, Neem,

Cotton etc.

• 26 non-traditional

plant seed oils

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Experimental Setup for SVO

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Present Status and future Prospects of BioEnergy

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Development status of the main upgrading technologies (green),

biomass-to-heat technologies (red) and biomass-to-power and CHP

technologies (blue).

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Development status of the main technologies to produce liquid and gaseous biofuels.

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Bio-refineries

• A biorefinery is the processing of biomass into a spectrum of marketable products and energy.

• are a cluster of facilities, processes, and industries;•are sustainable: maximising economics, minimising environmental impacts, replacing fossil fuel, while taking socio-economic aspects into account;•contain different processing steps: upstream processing, transformation, fractionation, thermo chemical and/or biochemical conversion, extraction, fractionation, thermo chemical and/or biochemical conversion, extraction, separation, downstream processing;• can use any biomass feedstock: crops, organic residues, agro-residues, forest residues, wood, aquatic biomass;• produce more than one product, each with an existing (or shortly expected) market of acceptable volumes and prices;•can provide both intermediate and final products, i.e. Food,eed, chemicals, and materials; and•can co-produce energy as fuels, power, and/or heat.

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Bio-energy IN SWACHH BHARAT

THANK YOU

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Questions

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