Protozoa Protozoa PhylaPhyla

List of PhylaList of Phyla

Amoeba-like organisms (e.g., Amoeba-like organisms (e.g., AmoebaAmoeba)) Phylum EuglenozoaPhylum Euglenozoa

Subphylum Euglenida (e.g., Subphylum Euglenida (e.g., EuglenaEuglena)) Subphylum Kinetoplasta (e.g., Subphylum Kinetoplasta (e.g.,

TrypanosomaTrypanosoma)) Phylum Chlorophyta (e.g., Phylum Chlorophyta (e.g., VolvoxVolvox)) Phylum Apicomplexa (e.g., Phylum Apicomplexa (e.g., PlasmodiumPlasmodium)) Phylum Ciliophora (e.g., Phylum Ciliophora (e.g., ParameciumParamecium))

General CharacteristicsGeneral Characteristics

Single-celled or unicellular Single-celled or unicellular organisms; some live in colonies; organisms; some live in colonies;

Size = microscopic (3 to 1,000 Size = microscopic (3 to 1,000 microns).microns).

No germ layers, tissues, or organs; No germ layers, tissues, or organs; However, specialized intracellular However, specialized intracellular

"organelles" are present"organelles" are present

General CharacteristicsGeneral Characteristics

Locomotion by pseudopodia, flagella, Locomotion by pseudopodia, flagella, or cilia.or cilia.

Symmetry = all types (bilateral, radial, Symmetry = all types (bilateral, radial, spherical, or asymmetrical)spherical, or asymmetrical)

Free living, commensal, parasitic, or Free living, commensal, parasitic, or mutualisticmutualistic

Mostly naked, but few have simple Mostly naked, but few have simple protective exoskeletons (tests). Ex. = protective exoskeletons (tests). Ex. = ArcellaArcella

General CharacteristicsGeneral Characteristics

Nutrition = autotrophic (holophytic), Nutrition = autotrophic (holophytic), saprozoic, saprophytic, or holozoic.saprozoic, saprophytic, or holozoic.

Reproduction: asexual = longitudinal Reproduction: asexual = longitudinal and transverse binary fission, and transverse binary fission, budding, budding,

Sexual = sporogony, and autogamySexual = sporogony, and autogamy

Amoeba-like organismsAmoeba-like organisms

Amoeba-like organismsAmoeba-like organisms

Organisms move by pseudopodia, Organisms move by pseudopodia, flagella, or a combinationflagella, or a combination

Monomorphic nucleiMonomorphic nuclei Genera Genera

AmoebaAmoeba- without a test, naked - without a test, naked ArcellaArcella- with a calcareous test- with a calcareous test

Figure 11.10Figure 11.10

AmoebaAmoeba

Contractile Vacuole

Nucleus

Food Vacuole

Phagocytosis

Pseudopod

Hyaline Cap

Figure 11.05Figure 11.05Amoeba huntingfood

ArcellaArcella

Test

Pseudopod

Side View

ArcellaArcella

Top View Nucleus

Phylum EuglenozoaPhylum Euglenozoa

Organisms move Organisms move by one or two by one or two flagella flagella

Monomorphic Monomorphic nucleinuclei

Capable of Capable of photosynthesis; photosynthesis; chloroplasts chloroplasts usually presentusually present

Subphylum EuglenidaSubphylum Euglenida

Plant like organismsPlant like organisms SolitarySolitary Can photosynthesizeCan photosynthesize

Euglena

EuglenaEuglena

Stigma

Contractile Vacuole

Chloroplasts

Flagellum notvisible

Subphylum KinetoplastaSubphylum Kinetoplasta

Organisms are only Organisms are only heterotrophicheterotrophic

No chloroplasts No chloroplasts presentpresent

all parasiticall parasitic

Trypanosoma smear – cause of sleeping sicknessOrganism

Red Blood Cells

Trypanasoma Trypanasoma

Trypanosoma organism

Red Blood Cells

Phylum ChlorophytaPhylum Chlorophyta

Flagellated single or colonial Flagellated single or colonial organismsorganisms

Are autotrophicAre autotrophic Have chloroplasts with chlorophyllHave chloroplasts with chlorophyll Genetically different from Genetically different from

EuglenozoaEuglenozoa

Figure 11.20Figure 11.20Volvox life cycle

VolvoxVolvox

Egg

MotherColony

Zygote

Mother Colony

Daughter Colonies

Nuclei of individualcells

Phylum ApicomplexaPhylum Apicomplexa

organisms do not organisms do not have locomotor have locomotor structures; structures;

all species are all species are parasiticparasitic

asexual asexual reproduction reproduction involves involves schizogonyschizogony

Plasmodium smear – cause of Malaria

Plasmodium – agentFor malaria

Final Host

Vector

Trophozooite

trophozoitemerozoite

Ring stage

Red blood cell

Ring stage – Early Trophozoite

Ring stage in red blood cell

Merozoites in the Schizont

Schizont with merozoites in red blood cell

Red blood cell

Gametocytes

Female Male

Phylum CiliophoraPhylum CiliophoraThe CiliatesThe Ciliates

Organisms move by ciliaOrganisms move by cilia Usually two sizes of nuclei Usually two sizes of nuclei Macronucleus and micronucleusMacronucleus and micronucleus Reproduction usually by transverse Reproduction usually by transverse

binary fissionbinary fission but sexual reproduction by conjugationbut sexual reproduction by conjugation

Paramecium

Binary Fission – Asexual Binary Fission – Asexual ReproductionReproduction

Conjugation – sexual reproductionConjugation – sexual reproduction

Vorticella Vorticella

StentorStentor