Psyc311 Ch 11-12 Adolescence

8/10/2019 Psyc311 Ch 11-12 Adolescence

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Adolescence

Psyc311 Developmental

Dr. Wright


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defnition o puberty

Pubertas atin !ord or "adult#

Narrow defnition$ %he processby !hich an individual becomes

capable o reproduction.%he activation o the &P'(&PA a)is

Broad defnition$ %hephysical*psychological* and cultural

changes that occur as thegro!ing child transitions intoadulthood.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.dhss.mo.gov/AdolescentHealth/adolescents.jpg&imgrefurl=http://ethiopiaencyclopedia.blogspot.com/2006/10/why-we-should-avoid-eagerly-encouraging.html&usg=__MInqZKzYt-8potdSckFEL_ONL4k=&h=1097&w=1664&sz=373&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=LryICRUFV8vleM:&tbnh=99&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dimages%2Bof%2Badolescents%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4DMUS_enUS308US308%26sa%3DX%26um%3D1http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.dhss.mo.gov/Nutrition_Adolescents/Nutrition_Adolescents.png&imgrefurl=http://www.dhss.mo.gov/Nutrition_Adolescents/&usg=__ULullEUhaKzFy115SM1BonhTs6E=&h=244&w=225&sz=270&hl=en&start=4&um=1&tbnid=a5Umzs75GYCbIM:&tbnh=110&tbnw=101&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dimages%2Bof%2Badolescents%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4DMUS_enUS308US308%26sa%3DX%26um%3D1http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.efanet.org/images/visuals/adolescents.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.efanet.org/asthma/asthmalifestages.html&usg=__cCpG2NEu6JERCw2eDvmOVh8fjGw=&h=400&w=346&sz=24&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=zMNjM6MWMMg9LM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=107&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dimages%2Bof%2Badolescents%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4DMUS_enUS308US308%26sa%3DX%26um%3D1


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time periods o adolescent

Adolescence is a uniquedevelopmentalperiod

it +eeps changing,

Earlyadolescence 11 to 13 years old -ontinues to be pushed earlier /012

Middleadolescence 14 to 15 years old

Lateadolescence early adulthood 16to 7 years old

-ontinues to be pushed later 710742


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physical changes2

Primaryse) characteristics

%he body organs and reproductive structures andunctions that di8er bet!een !omen and men.

'onads testes and ovariesSecondaryse) characteristics

-haracteristics o the body that are caused byhormones* develop during puberty* and last

through adult lie. -hanges in genitals(breasts(voice

Pubic(body(acial hair


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%anner 9tages


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%anner 9tages


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changes2

:apid acceleration o physical gro!th Adolescent growth spurt

3.; girls to 4. boys inches(year

< adult !eight gained during adolescence

-hanges in body composition 3$1 muscle to body at ratio or boys

;$4 or girls

=mergence o se) di8erences in physical

perormance-hanges in circulatoryand respiratory

systems >ncrease in si?e(capacity o heart and lungs


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t!o roles o hormones

Organizationalrolelie0long$

@odifcation o the organism early in lie primarily inuencing its anatomy

Brgani?ation(structure o -C9 "eminine# vs. "masculan0ized# brain and body

Activationalrolespecifc to puberty$

9tructural "remodeling# o brain

>ncrease in salience o se)ual stimuli* se)ualmotivation

Development o secondary se) characteristics


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hormone regulatorysystems

=ndocrine system HPA axis

&ypothalamus Pituitary gland

Adrenals -orticosteroids

:egulates bodyEs response to stress

HPG axis &ypothalamus Pituitary gland Gonads

%estes(Bvaries

9e) &ormones Androgens(=strogens

:egulates se)ual maturation


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The hormonal changes brought on bypuberty can afect the adolescents

behavior in at least three ways.


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impacts o puberty

Sleep patterns

Delayed phase preerence

/ hours$ 1 am to 1 am

a!ily relations

%ransormation o parent0child bond

Peer relations%ransormation o riendships* romantic

relationships


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impacts o puberty

Sel"#estee!

-hanging body image

-hanging sense o sel

Moods

>ncreased stress F >ncreased sensitivity

luctuation o moods

Due to hormonesor environmentG

"9torm and stress#$ mythor factG


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moods


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timing 0 individual actors

Genetic"actors

%iming and tempo

Environ!ental"actors Cutrition Hody !eight

=)posure to hormones(chemicals

amily conict

9tepathers


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timing 0 group actors

-omparisons

Across socioecono!ic gro$ps

>mpact o poverty Dietary inta+e* health care* e)posure to

disease

Across co$ntries

>mpact o industriali?ation Across ti!e periods

9ecular trend


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early maturation

Hoys

=arly maturationpositives Popularity* higher sel0esteem

=arly maturation negatives Deviant* ris+ behaviorsI more rigidity later

'irls

=arly maturationpositives Popularity cultural dependence

=arly maturation negatives o!er sel0esteem* eating disorders* emotions*

deviant behaviors


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late maturation

Hoys

ate maturationpositives &igher levels o creativity* inventiveness

ate maturation negatives o! sel0esteem* lo! social competence

'irls

ate maturationpositives

%hinner build

ate maturation negatives 9ocial !ithdra!al


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the second !ave2.

ongitudinal @:> studies reveal$

Period o rapid synaptogenesisandpr$ning

>ncreased !yelinationbac+ toront

Bpportunity or massive cognitivegro!th and learning 9hit into PiagetEsformal operations


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pre rontal development

inal develop!ent o" exec$tive"$nction

Planning(problem0solving

>mpulse control 9eat o "sober 7ndthought#

$ll !at$ration sometime bet!een

adolescence and early adulthood )oincides wit% c%ild#onset

sc%izop%renia

ailure in e)ecutive unctioning


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heightened arousal

>ncreased %or!one activity estrogen J testosterone

9e)ual stimulation

9ocial status conict >ncreased ne$rotrans!itter activity

heightened emotional sensitivity(reactivity imbic system norepinephrine

increased ris+* stimulation0see+ing behaviors Punishment(re!ard system dopamine

increased uctuations in mood 9erotonin


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timing o brain maturation

imbic system matures early in puberty Prerontal corte) matures several years

later

&eightened need or re!ard(stimulation leads to increased ris+0ta+ing* stimulation0see+ing

behaviors

&igher level o emotional volatility

Knderdeveloped "sober# assessment o ris+s >ncreased cognitive(social demands

-reates cognitive overload DiLculty !ith impulse control


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timing o brain maturation

Time gap may explain whyadolescence is a period ofheightened experimentation with

risky behaviors. >ncreased ris+ o

violence(criminal activity

+ids under 16 account or 7; o violent crime inK9

drug J alcohol e)perimentation

unsae se)ual activities


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conduct problems

Adolescents w%osepre"rontal corticaldevelop!ent is less!at$re t%an nor!alare even !ore li&elyto %ave conduct

problems(

Pop$lations !ost at

ris&*


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teen pregnancy


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teen pregnancy in K9

5;06;* teens bet!een 1;01/ years oldbecome pregnant every year. 7(3rds bet!een 1601/ years old.

7;* under 1; years old.

Arican American teens have highest rate

134(1* vs. 46(1*1 -aucasian teenagers

;5M end in birth 11M o all births in K9 14M end in miscarriage

7/M end in abortion

67M o those pregnancies !ere unintended

6NM o teen mothers remain unmarried

3;M have a 7ndchild !ithin t!o years


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ris+ actors

Physical

9e)ual maturation

40; years beforepsychological(emotionalmaturation

Hecoming longer as puberty starts earlier

Hrain development

&eightened activation o limbic system >ncreased attraction to ris+y behaviors

Pre0rontal development incomplete


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Why is teenage pregnancy higher in the US?


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conseOuences

9=9 actors

;M o pregnancies occur in most impoverishedpopulations

ess opportunity or education ess access to birth control

:educed internal locus o control

=)posure to other ris+ actors

drugs* alcohol* abuse* lac+ o parental monitoring

Desire or amily(stability


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conseOuences

Should we be concerned about this?

or teenage parents

mother in particular

or baby

or amilies

or communityMethods of prevention?


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adolescent substance useadolescent substance use

Have tried+ 'y gradeHave tried+ 'y grade,-.,-. cigarettes 4Mcigarettes 4M

alcohol N3Malcohol N3M illegal drugs 36Millegal drugs 36M

By end o" %ig% sc%ool.By end o" %ig% sc%ool. 15M smo+e regularly15M smo+e regularly

76M recent heavy drin+ing76M recent heavy drin+ing

4MF tried illegal drugs4MF tried illegal drugs

Figure 11.7


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impact o substance abuse

Alcohol(drug abuse

'reater potential impairment in learning

@ore !idespread brain damage

:epeated e)posure may e8ect path andOuality o development

Due to reduction in plasticity* this damage

cannot be corrected later! 9o* does this mean all e)perimentation

!ith drugs(alcohol badG

d l b


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adolescent substanceadolescent substance

abusersabusers

-ompared to e)perimenters$-ompared to e)perimenters$ more antisocial* impulsive actsmore antisocial* impulsive acts

start earlierstart earlier

more li+ely to be a8ected bymore li+ely to be a8ected by

genetic and environmental actorsgenetic and environmental actors

lo! 9=9lo! 9=9

amily drug useamily drug use

amily diLcultiesamily diLculties physical* se)ual abusephysical* se)ual abuse

poor school perormancepoor school perormance


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9hould !e be !orried about e)posureto graphic violence through mediaG

Why or !hy notG

What reasons might !e have orthin+ing adolescents are particularlyvulnerable to aggression(violenceG


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social implications

What should the social attitudesbe about adolescent eposure toand involvement inhigh0

stimulation(high0ris+ activitiesG

9e)ual Activity

Drugs J Alcohol iolence


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identity development

Adolescence =ric+son stage oidentity crisis

>dentity

9ense o individual sel

9election o commitments* belies* values

>nterpersonal process

%a+ing their place in the adult community


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cognitive changes

>mportance o conceptual structureothin+ing

Propositional logic$ thin+ing constrained by logical

relations =mphasis on rationalityand scientic methodology

>mportance o conceptual resources

employed in thin+ing ive process$ Attention* !or+ing memory*

processing speed* organization" meta#cognition


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cognitive changes

Piaget/s 0 or!al Operational1%o$g%t$ogical" abstract thin%ing

1%in&ing a'o$t possi'ilities ">0then# thin+ing -onnection bet!een ho! things areand

ho! they might have been or could be.

1%in&ing a'o$t t%in&ing Knderstanding +no!ledge ho!(!hen

gained @onitoring oneEs o!n mental states


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relativism

Cot everything is "blac+ and !hite# :ecognition o importance o perspective

Death o childish "realism(absolutism#

-an result in e)treme skepticism :eQection o authority

:eQection o cultural(social norms

=verything is "o+# no right(!rong

%olerance or di8erent belies%hough less tolerance or actual

interaction(helping


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adolescent egocentrism

>ncreased introspection* sel0consciousness* rationali?ation

:esponsible or adolescent version oegocentrism&

>maginary audience

Personal able >mportance opersonal individuality


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-risis never begins$ diusion

-risis begins R ends !ith foreclosure

-risis begins R ends !ith achievement Psychosocial moratorium Period o e)ploration

>mportance in contemporary societyG


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What are some o the groundsoidentityG

'ender =thnicity(culture

Age group

ocation Political ideology

:eligious(moral values


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What is gender identityG

unction o gender roles

Adolescence adulthood

'ender intensifcation

9ocial(cultural pressures

Peer pressures

Parental pressures Hiological pressures


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What is ethnic identityG

>dentifcation Physical(psychological characteristics

-ultural practices(belies

:acial sociali?ation @aQority vs. minority status

Dislocation rom native lands

-ultural heritage

Positive vs. negative identity Assimilation vs. marginality

Hi0culturalism


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ocational identity Aspect o identity associated !ith career. Heing a la!yer Heing a Qanitor

:eligious identity Aspect o identity associated !ith religious

belie system. Heing a -hristian or Huddhist Heing an atheist

Age identity Aspects o identity associated !ith age group.

Heing a teenager Heing an elderly person


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>dentity and stereotypes

>dentities commonly incorporate(activatestereotypes

-ommon characteristics associated !ith Heing emale

Heing Cative American

Heing a plumber

Heing a liberal

9ome characteristicspositive* others negative.

9tereotype activation ma+es thesecharacteristics salient.

%his can have incredibly po!erul e8ects onbehavior.


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'ender and ethnicity stereotypes

>nuence on academic perormance

When gender made salient

emales under0perorm on math e)ams When ethnicity made salient

Hlac+s under0perorm on academic tests

Whites over0perorm on academic tests

-an be activated by something as simple asas+ing ethnicity on demographic orm,


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-lash o multiple identities

Asian emales

Haseline math perormance

When gender made salient* perorm lesswell

When ethnicity made salient* perorm

better


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Bther e8ects

When primed !ith racial stereotypes people !eremore li+ely to perceive a po!er tool as a gun.

People primed !ith elderly stereotype !ill

perceive hills to be steeper and distances longer. People primed !ith stereotype o obesity

perceived people to be less intelligent* more la?y.

Priming !ith gender inuences perception o

artistic pieces and !riting.

Priming o identity stereotypes acilitate specifcinterpretations o behavior.


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Positive identity stereotypes create "uplit#

Cegative identity stereotypes create"threat#

A person can have a mi)ture o both intheir identity.

Subtleandpowerfulinuence o ouridentity on our perception* attitudes* andbehaviors.

Documents

Psyc311 Ch 11-12 Adolescence