Public Sector’s Role and Strategy on Reducing Food Losses - Control of Food Waste Generation and Food Recycling System in Japan

Public Sector’s Role and Strategyon Reducing Food Losses

- Control of Food Waste Generation and Food Recycling System in Japan

APEC Seminar on Strengthening Public-Private Partnershipto Reduce Food Losses in the Supply Chain

6 August, 2013The Westin Taipei, Taipei, Chinese Taipei

Masanobu IshikawaProfessor, Dr.

Graduate School of Economics, Kobe University

6th August 2013 1M. Ishikawa

1. Food waste material flows

2. Major development of food waste policies

3. Overview of food recycling law

4. Priorities of recycling

5. Targets

6. Policy tools for promotion of recycling

Contents


Food Waste Material Flows in Japan (2010)


6th August 2013 M. Ishikawa 4

The amount of business food waste generation in Japan

(FY2011)


Recycling rate of food waste by sector in FY2011

Business type

Target%

Recycling etc. rate (%)

Control of waste

generation

Recycling (%) Heat recovery

%

Reduction in weight

%Feed Fertilizer others

Manufacture 85 95 9 71 78 17 5 2 13

Wholesaler 70 57 7 46 26 48 26 3 1

Retailer 45 41 11 30 45 34 21 0 1

Restaurant 40 23 4 16 26 37 38 0 3

Total - 84 8 83 75 18 7 2 11


Category Food waste type Separation Suitable recycling treatment

Manufacture

soybean cake, rice bran

bakery, confectionary garbage

okara (bean curd refuse)

food residue

returned food, excess production

Wholesale

cooking residuals

unsold (processed food)

unsold (box lunch)

Retailcooking garbage

leftover

Householdcooking garbage

leftover

Easy

Difficult

Feed

Fertilizer

Methane

Suitable recycling treatment by waste type and sector

1. Food Recycling LawEstablished in 2000, enforced in 2001, revised in 2007

2. Biomass Nippon StrategyApproved by cabinet in 2002, revised in 2006

3. Basic Act for the Promotion of Biomass UtilizationEstablished and enforced in 2009

4. National Plan for the Promotion of Biomass UtilizationApproved by cabinet in 2010

5. Feed-in Tariff Scheme for Renewable Energy in JapanEstablished in 2011, enforced in 2012

6. Biomass Industrialization StrategyAdopted in 2012 by the National Biomass Policy Council

Major development of Food Waste Policies in Japan


1. Priorities of initiatives- Control of waste generation, Recycling, Heat recovery, Reduction of weight

2. Targets- Control of Waste generation, Recycling rate

3. Responsibilities of stakeholders-Food related business operators-Consumers-National and local governments

Overview of Food Recycling Law


1. Control of waste generation- Improvement of yields- Optimization of order placement- Use of Food Bank- etc.

2. RecyclingPriority 1: FeedPriority 2: Fertilizer/Oil and Fat products/Methane/Char/Ethanol

3. Heat recovery- Should recover more than160MJ/ton for wastes except oil or fat- Should recover more than 28,000MJ/ton for waste oil or fat- Only if there is no other recycling facilities within 75km

Priorities of Recycling


4. Reduction of weight- Dehydration

1. Control of waste generation target

- Depending on business group: not binding so far

- Targets are set based on reported data

-Target level is set so as ca. 70% of firms in the group meet the target

Targets for control of waste generation



Business type Detail target unit

Food Manufacturing

Meat Products 113 kg/Myen

Milk and Dairy 106 kg/Myen

Soya sauce 895 kg/Myen

Miso 191 kg/Myen

Sauce 59.8 kg/t

Bread 194 kg/Myen

Noodle 270 kg/Myen

Tofu and Fried tofu 2,560 kg/Myen

Frozen food 363 kg/Myen

Prepared food 403 kg/Myen

Sushi, Lunch bag, Prepared bread 224 kg/Myen

Whole SaleWhole sale (beverage) 14.8 kg/Myen

Whole sale(other foods) 4.78 kg/Myen

Retail

Retail (food) 65.6 kg/Myen

Retail(sweets, bread) 106 kg/Myen

Convenience store 44.1 kg/Myen

Targets for control of waste generation

2. Recycling target

- Sector base target: not bindingManufacture (85%), wholesales (70%), retailer (45%), restaurant (40%)

- Individual company base target: binding with penaltyShould achieve at least 20%2% point improvement for companies of lower achievement (20%-50%)1% point improvement for companies of mid achievement (50%-80%)Maintain or improvement for companies of higher achievement (>80%)

- Definition of recycling rateRecycling rate=(Wsup+Wrec+0.95*Wh+Wred)/(Wsup+Wg)

Wsup: suppress of waste generation, Wrec: recycling, Wh: heat recovery, Wred: reduction of weight, Wg: waste generation

Targets for recycling


1. Targets for the control of food waste generation- Targets set for 16 business sectors so far- will be extended to other sectors

2. Mandatory regular reporting by business operators- 100 tons of food waste or more in the previous year

3. Promotion of recycling by business operators- Registered Recycling Business Operator System- Recycling Business Plan Approval System

Policy Tools for Promotion of Recycling


1. Objectives- Development of good recycle operators

2. Requirement of registration- Appropriate business with regard to conservation of living environment- Larger than 5 ton/day treatment ability- Capable of financial basis

3. Merits- Food related business operators

Choose of good recycle operators- Recycling business operators

Ease of Waste Disposal and Public Cleaning ActEase of Fertilizer Control ActEase of Act on Safety Assurance and Quality Improvement of Feeds

Registered Recycling Business Operator System



Development of the Registered Recycling Business Operators

1. Objectives- Promote higher quality recycling in downstream sectors

such as feed and fertilizer in retail and restaurant business

2. Requirement of registration- Appropriate business operation and meet criteria, competency- Certainty of utilization of feed/fertilizer/etc.- Retailer/restaurant must sell more than half of final products by themselves

3. Merits- Food related business operators

Can brand its products- Recycling business operators

Ease of Waste Disposal and Public Cleaning Act

Recycling Business Plan Approval System


4. Feature- Motivations of self monitoring and monitoring of business partners are

embedded in food recycling loop


Recycling Business Plan Approval SystemSell What You Separate scheme

Collection and transportation by Sanko Ltd.

Koso-no-sato Ltd. uses the fertilizer (362 t/year) to grow vegetables, fruits, rice, soybeans and flowers (284 t/year).

Agriculture/Forestry/production operator

Recycling business operator

Sanko Ltd.

238.3 t/year is sold in markets or to other companies.

5 shops of UNY

Food Recycling Loop by UNY Co., Ltd.

[Branding]agricultural products grown with the fertilizerfrom food waste to have bland "cyclical vegetable."

Food retailer

UNY purchases agricultural production (45.7 t/year) to sell

food residue (525.6 t/year)

fertilizer(362 t/year)

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Development of the Approved Recycling Business Plan


Other Policies and Activities for Food Waste Reduction

1. Initiatives of the entire food chain to reduce food loss- To reduce food loss caused by excess stock or returning- Working team: manufacturer, wholesaler, retailer

2. Food bank- More than 20 organizations in Japan- Second Harvest Japan deals with the maximum amount (1,689tons in 2011)

3. National campaign on reduction of food loss- Cabinet Office, Consumer Affairs Agency, Ministry of the Environment,

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries


Trend of Food Waste Generation


Trend of Food Waste Recycling etc. rate


Concluding Remarks

1. Recycling of food waste in Japan has been making progress.

2. The amount of food waste generation in food industry is steadily decreasing.

3. The manufacturing sector achieved the recycling target, but other sectors did not.

4. We should focus on downstream sectors such as retailers and restaurants as well as households.

5. We set waste generation control targets for 16 business groups based on reported data, which will be reviewed in 2014 and are planned to be extended to other business groups.

6. We set up the Recycling Business Plan Approval scheme (SellWYS scheme) to encourage high quality recycling in downstream sectors, and the number of approved plan is steadily increasing.


Thank you for your attention

Hoping everybody could eat enough healthy food without producing excessive wastes

Documents

Public Sector’s Role and Strategy on Reducing Food Losses - Control of Food Waste Generation and Food Recycling System in Japan