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1X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
PVDIS: 6 GeV Results and the SoLID ProgramXiaochao Zheng ( 郑晓超 ) (Univ. of Virginia)
August 5th, 2015
PVDIS and electron-quark effective couplingsThe 6 GeV PVDIS experimentPVDIS with SoLID
2X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
Basics of Electron Scattering on a Fixed Nuclear Targetto detector
target (at
rest)
electron beam
recoil
Before After
λ=hc
6GeV=0.2 fm
Inclusive: only the scattered electron is detected
3X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
“Resonance”: 1<W<2GeV
“Deep Inelastic”: W>2 GeV, (structure functions, parton
distribution functions)
10-18m or smaller
Three Kinematics Regions of Electron Scattering
“Elastic”: W=Mt or Mp
(form factors – fourier transformation of the charge distribution in
the nucleon)
4X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
Parity Violation in the Standard Model
5X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
Measuring PVES Asymmetryto detector
target (at
rest)
electron beam
λ=hc
6GeV=0.2 fm
Inclusive: only the scattered electron is detected
change helicity of the electron
beam
count how many electrons are scattered, using the same detector system
7X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
Parity Violation in the Standard Model
In weak interaction, all elementary fermions behave differently under parity transformation
They have a preferred chiral state when coupling to the Z0
8X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
Unlike electric charge, need two charges (couplings) for weak interaction: gL, gR
or “vector” and “axial” weak charges:
Parity Violation in the Standard Model
fermions
u, c
d, s
e
e-, -
g Vf= I 3−2Q sin2W
12
12
−122sin
2W
12−43sin
2W
−1223sin
2W
g Af= I 3
−12
12
−12
Z0
e e
−ig Z
2
[ g V
e−g A
e5]
gV~(gL+gR) gA~(gL-gR)
9X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
Unlike electric charge, need two charges (couplings) for weak interaction: gL, gR
or “vector” and “axial” weak charges:PVES asymmetry comes from V(e)xA(targ) and A(e)xV(targ)
Parity Violation in the Standard Model
Z0
e e
gV~(gL+gR) gA~(gL-gR)
V-A -V-A
-V-A
e e
V-A
10X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
Unlike electric charge, need two charges (couplings) for weak interaction: gL, gR
or “vector” and “axial” weak charges:PVDIS asymmetry comes from:
Effective Couplings in the Standard Model
Z0
e e
gV~(gL+gR) gA~(gL-gR)
V-A -V-A
-V-A
e e
V-A
C1q≡2 g Ae g V
q , C 2q≡2 gVe g A
q
q q q q
“electron-quark effective couplings”
11X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
Unlike electric charge, need two charges (couplings) for weak interaction: gL, gR
or “vector” and “axial” weak charges:PVDIS asymmetry comes from:
Effective Couplings and New Contact Interactions
gV~(gL+gR) gA~(gL-gR)
C1q≡2 g Ae g V
q , C 2q≡2 gVe g A
q
“electron-quark effective couplings”V-A
V-A
e e
q q
-V-A
-V-A
e e
q q
12X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
Unlike electric charge, need two charges (couplings) for weak interaction: gL, gR
or “vector” and “axial” weak charges:PVDIS asymmetry comes from:
gV~(gL+gR) gA~(gL-gR)
C1q≡2 g Ae g V
q , C 2q≡2 gVe g A
q
“electron-quark effective couplings”V-A
V-A
e e
q q
-V-A
-V-A
e e
q qC1q=g AV
e q ,C2q=g VAe q
Erler&Su, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 71, 119 (2013)
Effective Couplings and New Contact Interactions
13X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
Accessing C1q,2q
Need electron beam on hadronic targetIn elastic PVES– directly probes C1q, electrons' parity-violating
property;– quarks' parity-violation is represented by the nucleon
axial form factor GA, and extracting C2q from GA is model-dependent
Only in PVDIS, electron probes the quark and PVDIS asymmetry depends on C2q directly.
14X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
a x =310
2C1u−C1d 1 0.6 s.
u.d . b x =
310
2C 2u−C 2d uV d V
u.d .
Formalism for Parity Violation in DIS
For an isoscalar target (2H), structure functions
largely simplifies:
APV =GF Q 2
2 [a x Y y b x ]
x≡x Bjorken y≡1−E ' / E
q i−. x =q i
V x≡q i x−q i. x
a x =12
g Ae F1
Z
F1
=12
∑iC1iQ i q i
. x
∑iQi2q i
. x b x =gV
e F 3 Z
F 1
=12
∑iC2iQi qi
−. x
∑iQi2qi
. x
q i.
x ≡q ix q i. x
16X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
Best Data on C1q (eq AV couplings) from PVES+APV
Androic et al., PRL 111, 141803 (2013);
17X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
Projecting to C1q vs C2q (e-q AV vs. VA couplings)
2C1u-C1d
2C2u
-C2d
-1.50 -1.25 -1.0 -0.75 -0.50
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
18X. Zheng, Hadron 20152C1u-C1d
2C2u
-C2d
-1.50 -1.25 -1.0 -0.75 -0.50
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
Add E122
19X. Zheng, Hadron 20152C1u-C1d
2C2u
-C2d
-1.50 -1.25 -1.0 -0.75 -0.50
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
and combine them
20X. Zheng, Hadron 20152C1u-C1d
2C2u
-C2d
-1.50 -1.25 -1.0 -0.75 -0.50
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
then zoom in
-0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
21X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
PVDIS at 6 GeV (JLab E08-011)
22X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
Staff: ~700User community: ~1300
A CB
Beam first delivered in 10/95 ~1/3 of US PhDs in Nuclear
Physics Energy: 6 GeV, 12 GeV ongoing The largest superconducting RF accelerator in the world, the highest polarized luminosity.
23X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
100uA, 90% polarized electron beam
High-Resolution Spectrometers20cm liquid
deuterium target
PVDIS at 6 GeV (JLab E08-011, ran in Oct-Dec. 2009)
Students: Xiaoyan Deng, Kai Pan, Diancheng Wang (PhD)Postdoc: Ramesh Subedi
Measured two DIS points: Q2=1.085 and 1.901 (GeV/c)2
Collected 170 billion (E9) electrons in total
24X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
From Measured to Physics Asymmetry (Unblinded in 2012)A
Q 2=1.085, x=0.241
raw =−78.45±2.68±0.07 ppm
●beam polarization●counting deadtime●EM radiative correction●box correction●target aluminum endcap●beam depolarization
●beam-normal asym●Q2 determination●pair production●target impurity●charged pion background
AQ 2
=1.085, x=0.241
phys =−91.10±3.11±2.97 ppm
AQ 2=1.901, x=0.295
raw=−140.30±10.43±0.16 ppm(L)
AQ 2=1.901, x=0.295
raw=−139.84±6.58±0.46 ppm(R)
AQ 2
=1.901, x=0.295
phys =−160.80±6.39±3.12 ppm
25X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
Compare to Standard Model?
AQ 2
=1.085, x=0.241
phys =−91.10±3.11±2.97 ppm
AQ 2
=1.901, x=0.295
phys =−160.80±6.39±3.12 ppm
ASM=2.022×10−4
[ 2C1u−C 1d 0.594 2C2u−C2d ]=−158.9 ppm
ASM=1.156×10−4
[ 2C1u−C1d 0.348 2C2u−C 2d ]=−87.7 ppm
26X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
Extracting Effective Couplings
AQ 2
=1.085, x=0.241
phys =−91.10±3.11±2.97 ppm
AQ 2
=1.901, x=0.295
phys =−160.80±6.39±3.12 ppm
ASM=2.022×10−4
[ 2C1u−C 1d 0.594 2C2u−C2d ]=−158.9 ppm
ASM=(1.156×10−4
)[ (2C1u−C1d )+0.348 (2C 2u−C2d ) ]=−87.7 ppm
uncertainty due to PDF: 0.5% 5%uncertainty due to HT: 0.5%/Q2, 0.7ppm
uncertainty due to PDF: 0.5% 5%uncertainty due to HT: 0.5%/Q2, 1.2ppm
27X. Zheng, Hadron 20152C1u-C1d
2C2u
-C2d
-1.50 -1.25 -1.0 -0.75 -0.50
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
Previous data: Elastic PVES + APV
28X. Zheng, Hadron 20152C1u-C1d
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
2C2u
-C2d
-1.50 -1.25 -1.0 -0.75 -0.50
Add JLab 6 GeV PVDIS
-0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
29X. Zheng, Hadron 20152C1u-C1d
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
2C2u
-C2d
-1.50 -1.25 -1.0 -0.75 -0.50
best fit
-0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
Wang et al., Nature 506, no. 7486, 67 (2014);
factor five improvement
30X. Zheng, Hadron 20152C1u-C1d
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
2C2u
-C2d
-1.50 -1.25 -1.0 -0.75 -0.50
best fit
-0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
Wang et al., Nature 506, no. 7486, 67 (2014);
2 from zero – clearly identified parity-violating
contribution from quarks' axial
charge
“Measurement of parity violation in electron-quark scattering”
Wang et al., Nature 506, no. 7486, 67 (2014);
31X. Zheng, Hadron 20152C1u-C1d
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
2C2u
-C2d
-1.50 -1.25 -1.0 -0.75 -0.50
best fit
-0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
Marciano., Nature 506, no. 7486, 43 (2014);
“Measurement of parity violation in electron-quark scattering”
Wang et al., Nature 506, no. 7486, 67 (2014);
32X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
BSM Mass Limit on eq VA contact interaction
(2C1u-C1d) (TeV)15 10 5 0 5 10 15
15
10
5
0
5
10
15
(2
C 2u-
C 2d)
(TeV
)
Wang et al., Nature 506, no. 7486, 67 (2014);
Complementary to LHC results
on the mass limit of eq
contact interactions
X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
Coherent PVDIS Program with SoLID @ 11 GeV
““SoLID” spectrometerSoLID” spectrometer
SoLID Physics topics:
PVDIS
SIDIS
J/
X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
Coherent PVDIS Program with SoLID @ 11 GeV
Goal on C2q: one order of magnitude improvement over 6 GeV
X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
Coherent PVDIS Program with SoLID @ 11 GeV
Goal on C2q: one order of
magnitude improvement over 6 GeV
X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
Coherent PVDIS Program with SoLID @ 11 GeV
X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
Wang et al., Nature 506, no. 7486, 67 (2014);
What do you expect a biologist to get from reading your paper?
Marciano., Nature 506, no. 7486, 43 (2014);
X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
Disclaimer: The following slides are for promoting curiosity and new ideas ONLY.
X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
pharmaceuticals must be chirally correct to work.
Well, the whole biological world is chiralWell, the whole biological world is chiral
An object that cannot be superimposed on its mirror
image is called chiral
ChiralityAll living organisms contain almost only ‘left-handed’ amino-acids and ‘right-handed’ sugars
Natrulose (left-handed
sugar) – blessing or
curse?
(Only spider-man has left-handed DNAs)
For physicists: do you know the difference between chirality and helicity?
caraway spearmint
X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
pharmaceuticals must be chirally correct to work.
Well, the whole biological world is chiralWell, the whole biological world is chiral
An object that cannot be superimposed on its mirror
image is called chiral
ChiralityAll living organisms contain almost only ‘left-handed’ amino-acids and ‘right-handed’ sugars
Natrulose (left-handed
sugar) – blessing or
curse?
(Only spider-man has left-handed DNAs)
For physicists: do you know the difference between chirality and helicity?
caraway spearmintPhysicists are studying the Physicists are studying the same thing – chirality of same thing – chirality of
elementary particles!elementary particles!
X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
Why is the whole world chiral?Why is the whole world chiral?
10,000,000,00110,000,000,000
The existence of our universe
CP violation
How does parity violation “show up” in the macroscopic world?
?
X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
How does parity violation “show up” in the macroscopic world?
10,000,000,00110,000,000,000
The existence of our universe
CP violationParity violation
?
Why is the whole world chiral?Why is the whole world chiral?
?
X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
Chirality contributes to complexity of molecules, which is essential for the origin of life.
X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
How does parity violation “show up” in the macroscopic world?
10,000,000,00110,000,000,000
The existence of our universe
CP violation
The existence(?) of life?
Parity violation
?
Why is the whole world chiral?Why is the whole world chiral?
?
X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
Symmetry in the macroscopic world comes from symmetry in the underlying building blocks and interactions. So what is the cause of the chiral structure of our biological world? Could it be explained from physics? Could it come partially from parity violation?
How does parity violation affect the macroscopic world?
46X. Zheng, Hadron 2015
Summary and Perspectives
The 6 GeV PVDIS from JLab:Improved world data on the eq VA effective coupling term 2C2u-C2d by factor of five
agrees with the SM
showed 2C2u-C2d is 2 from zero – indicating a nonzero contribution to PVDIS asymmetry due to quark's chirality preference
BSM mass limits complimentary to collider experiments.
“New construction” experiments at JLab 12 GeV:Will improve C2q by another order of magnitude.
Subedi et al, NIM-A 724, 90 (2013); Wang et al., PRL 111, 082501 (2013);Wang et al., Nature506,no.7486, 67 (2014); long paper accepted by Phys. Rev. C.