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cÖkœ 3-Gi DËi K. Qq `dvi Ab¨Zg GKwU `dv n‡jv c�e© I cwðg cvwK¯�v‡bi R‡b `y‡Uv Avjv`v A_P mn‡R wewbgq‡hvM¨ gy ªvi cÖPjb Ki‡Z n‡e| `ywU AÂ‡ji R‡b¨ `ywU ¯Zš � Ô†÷U e¨vsKÕ _vK‡e| L. 1966 mv‡ji Qq `dv Av‡›`vjb e¯‘Z c‡¶ RbM‡Yi Avkv-AvKv�¶vq cwiYZ n‡qwQj| evOvwj RvZxqZvev` aviYvi weKvk NUv‡Z Qq `dvi ¸i“Z¡ wQj Acwimxg| g�jZ Qq `dvi g‡a¨B evsjv‡`‡ki ¯vaxbZvi exR wbwnZ wQj| evOvwji ¯vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡bi g�j wfwËB wQj Qq `dv Kg©m�wP| Qq `dvi cÖwZ RbM‡Yi mg_©b wQj ¯Ztù‚Z©| Qq `dv‡K evOvwji gyw³i mb` ejv nq| M. DÏxc‡K Dwj−wLZ fvlv ˆmwbK‡ì cÖ_g f‚wgKvwU n‡”Q 26-G Rvbyqvwi Zviv K¬vm eR©b K‡i evsjv fvlvi R‡b¨ †k−vMvb †`b| GwU fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi †kl ch©vqfz³| 1947 mv‡j ïi“ nIqv fvlv Av‡›`vjb 1952 mv‡j P‚ovš� iƒc aviY K‡i| 1952 mv‡ji 26- G Rvbyqvwi XvKvi GK Rbmfvq LvRv bvwRgDÏxb wjqvKZ Avjxi fvlvq †NvlYv †`b ÔD`y©B n‡e cvwK¯�v‡bi ivó«fvlv| G †NvlYvq QvÎ I eyw×Rxex gn‡j `vi“b nZvkv I †¶v‡fi m„wó nq| Zviv †`ke¨vcx niZvj I ag©NU Kg©m �wP MÖnY K‡i| 31 G Rvbyqvix me© jxq ivó«fvlv msMÖvg KwgwU MVb K‡i fvlvi `vwe cÖwZwôZ bv nIqv ch©š� Av‡›`vjb Pvwj‡q hvIqvi wm×vš� MÖnY Kiv nq| msMÖvg KwgwU 4 †deª“qvwi QvÎ ag©NU Ges 21- †deª“qvwi ivó«fvlv cvj‡bi wm×vš� †bq Ges mviv †`‡yk niZvj Kg©m�wP †NvlYv K‡i| 1952 mv‡ji 16B †deª“qvwi e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb Ges QvÎ‡bZv gwnDwÏb Avn‡g` ivRew›ì gyw³ Ges ivó«fvlv evsjvi `vwe‡Z AvgiY Abkb ïi “ Ki‡j Av‡›`vjb ZxeªZi n‡q I‡V| Av‡›`vj‡bi ZxeªZvq b �i“j Avgxb miKvi fxZ n‡q I‡Vb| ZvB 21 G †deª“qvwi Kg©m�wP‡K evbPvj Kivi R‡b¨ 20-G †deª“qvwi weKvj 3 Uv †_‡K 30 w`‡bi R‡b¨ 144 aviv Rvwi I wgwQj mgv‡ek wbwl× K‡i| wKš‘ fvlvi AwaKvi cÖwZôvq e× cwiKvi| QvÎiv Gme evav D‡c¶v K‡i 144 aviv f½ K‡i 21-G †deª“qvwi QvÎiv msMwVZ n‡q ivó« fvlv evsjv PvB, GB †k−vMvb w`‡Z w`‡Z Mb cwil‡ì w`K AMÖmi nq| 144 aviv f½ Ki‡j QvÎ I cywj‡ki g‡a¨ msN‡l©i m„wó nq| cywjk Kuv`y‡b M¨vm wb‡¶c K‡i Ges QvÎ‡;i †MÖdZvi Ki‡Z _v‡K| †ejv 3Uvi w`‡K cwiw¯’wZi AebwZ N‡U| cywjk GK ch©v‡q QvÎ‡ì Dci ¸wj el©Y K‡i| cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z cÖvY nvivb iwdK, kwdK, ReŸvi, mvjvgmn bvg bv Rvbv AviI A‡b‡K| Gfv‡e i‡³i wewbg‡q evOvwji cÖv‡Yi `vwe ivó«fvlv wn‡m‡e evsjv cÖwZwôZ nq| QvÎ I MYAv‡›`vj‡bi gy‡L cvwK¯�vb mivi evsjv‡K cvwK¯�v‡bi Ab¨Zg ivó«fvlv wn‡m‡e ¯xK…wZ w`‡Z eva¨ nq| 1956 mv‡ji kvmbZ‡š � evsjv‡K Ab¨Zg ivó«fvlvi gh©v`v cÖ vb Kiv nq| N. 1952 mv‡ji 21-G †deª“qvwi fvlv ˆmwbK‡ì gnvb AvÍZ¨v‡Mi wewbg‡q AwR©Z nq evOvwji cÖv‡Yi `vwe evsjv fvlvq K_v ejvi AwaKvi| 1947 mv‡j †`k ¯vaxb nIqvi ci c �e© cvwK¯�vwbiv bvbv êl‡gï wkKvi nb| †kl ch©š� fvlvi AwaKvi‡K †K‡o wb‡Z PvB‡j G‡`‡ki QvÎ RbZv Zv cÖwZnZ Ki‡Z Av‡›`vj‡b Suvwc‡q c‡ob| Zviv wb‡R‡ì cÖv‡Yi wewbg‡q fvlvi AwaKvi cÖwZwôZ K‡i G‡`‡ki Avcvgi RbmvaviY‡K †`k ¯vaxb Kivi msMÖv‡g DØy× K‡ib| DÏxc‡K wØZxq ch©v‡qi e³‡eï mv‡_ Avwg GKgZ| KviY fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡jB G‡`‡ki Avcvgi Rb‡Mvôx †`k ¯vaxb Kivi Av‡›`vj‡b Suvwc‡q c‡owQj| G‡¶‡Î hyw³ n‡jvÑ

1. 1940Ñ 1952 mvj ch©š� fvlvi `vwe‡Z †h Av‡›`vjb n‡qwQj Zvi g‡a¨ w`‡q evOvwj RvwZi g‡b ¯vaxbZv‡eva RvMÖZ n‡qwQj| 2. fvlv Av‡›`vjbB cÖ_g evOvwj RvwZ‡K HKë×fv‡e Av‡›`vjb Kivi Aby‡cÖiYv RywM‡qwQj hv cieZ©xKv‡j 1971 mv‡ji ¯vaxbZv hy‡×i cÖavb nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| 3. fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j m‡PZb Rb‡Mvôx AwaKvi m¤•‡K© m‡PZb n‡q I‡V| Avi m‡PbZv HK¨ I ¯vaxbZvi †PZbvq iƒc wb‡q ¯vaxb evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvq KvR K‡i‡Q| 4. GKz‡ki †PZbv evOvwj‡K AvÍcÖwZôvi msMÖv‡g DØy× K‡i mKj ˆ¯ivPvi Ab¨vq, Ackw³i wei“‡× i“‡L ùvov‡Z evOvwj RvwZ‡K Acwi‡gq kw³ RywM‡q‡Q| hvi cwiYwZ‡Z Rš§ n‡q‡Q ¯vaxb I mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`‡ki| ZvB ejv hvq, fvlv ˆmwbK‡ì AwaKvi Av`v‡qi msMÖv‡g DØy× n‡qB evOvwj RvwZ †`‡ki ¯vaxbZv AR©‡b HKë× nq Ges †`k ¯vaxb K‡i| ZvB fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi my �icÖmvix j¶¨ wQj †`‡ki ¯vaxbZv AR©b Kiv| 1971 mv‡ji 16B wW‡m¤î evsjv‡`k ¯vaxb nq|

cÖkœ 4-Gi DËi K. ivR‰bwZK `‡ji msÁvq Aa¨vcK g¨vKvBfvi e‡jb, hviv KZ¸‡jv mywbw ©ó bxwZi wfwË‡Z HKë× nq Ges mvsweavwbK Dcv‡q miKvi MVb Ki‡Z †Póv K‡i, †mB Rbmgwó‡K ivR‰bwZK `j ejv nq| L. ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Ab¨Zg GKwU cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q `jxq bxwZ I `jxq Kg©m�wP ev¯�evq‡bi gva¨‡g RvZxq AMÖMwZ I cÖMwZ AR©b Kiv| A_©vr ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv †h me bxwZi e¨vcv‡i HKë× nq Zv RvZxq Av`k© I ¯v_© i¶v Ki‡e| `j¸‡jv Ggb me Kg©m�wP ev¯�evqb Ki‡e hvi cÖwZ †`‡ki RbM‡Yi mg_©b i‡q‡Q| Gme bxwZ I Kg©m�wP †`k‡K mvwe©K Kj¨v‡Yi c‡_ cwiPvwjZ Ki‡e| AvaywbK ivó« eë¯’vq ivR‰bwZK `j iv‡ó«i GKwU Acwinvh© cÖwZôvb| M. DÏxc‡K Dwj−wLZ ÔKÕ e¨w³ ej‡Z †`‡ki cÖavbgš �x‡K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q| KviY wZwb RbM‡Yi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ msm` m`m¨ Ges ivó« cwiPvjbvq wZwbB gyL¨ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb| cÖavbš �xi †bZ…Z¡ cÖ vb KvRwU LyeB ¸i“Z¡c �Y©| Zv‡K †K›`ª K‡i †`k I RvwZ cwiPvwjZ nq| msm`xq eë¯’vq cÖavbgš �xi †bZ…Z¡ me©Î ¯xK…Z| cÖavbgš �x msm‡` msL¨vMwiô ivR‰bwZK `‡ji †bZv| wZwb AvBbmfvi †bZv| msm‡ì †bZv I mfvcwZ| Zv‡K †K›`ª K‡i gwš �mfv MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I wejyß nq| cÖavbgš �x RvwZi †bZv| wZwb RvZxq bxwZi wfwË‡Z Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡ib| cÖavbgš �xi †bZ…‡Z¡i Ici iv‡ó«i Kg©KvÛ I Dbœqb wbf©ikxj| N. DÏxc‡K D‡j−wLZ K Ges L e¨w³ ej‡Z h_vµ‡g cÖavbgš �x Ges ivó«cwZ‡K wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKwU ivó«‡K mPj ivL‡Z cÖavbgš �x Ges ivó«cwZ DfqB ¸i“Z¡c �Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb| Zviv DfqB ¯ ¯ Ae¯’vb †_‡K ivó«‡K myPvi“fv‡e cwiPvjbv Ki‡Qb| Avi Zv‡ì Kv‡Ri mgš^‡qi IciB iv‡ó«i Kg©KvÛ Ges Dbœqb wbf©ikxj| G‡¶‡Î Zviv †h me Kv‡Ri mgš^‡qi gva¨‡g †`‡ki Dbœq‡b KvR Ki‡Qb Zv n‡jv: 1.kvmb msµvš� : miKv‡ii cÖK…Z wbe©vnx ¶gZv cÖavbgš �x I Zvi gwš �cwil‡ì nv‡Z b¨¯�| gš �x‡ì wb‡qvM, D”P ch©v‡qi miKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡ì wb‡qvM, wePvi I ciivó« welqK hveZxq KvR cÖavbgš �xi civgk© I wm×vš� Abyhvqx cwiPvwjZ nq| Ab¨w`‡K ivó«cwZ cÖavbgš �xi civgk© Abyhvqx gš �x, GUwb© †Rbv‡ij, mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i cÖavb wePvicwZ, †mbvevwnbxi wZb cÖavb I Ab¨‡ì wb‡qvM w`‡q _v‡Kb| 2. AvBb msµvš� : cÖavbgš �xi †bZ…‡Z¡ msm‡` AvBb ˆZwi nq| Ab¨w ‡K ivó«cwZ msm‡` M„nxZ wej Aby‡gv`b K‡i _v‡Kb| 3. A_© msµvš� : cÖavbgš �xi wb‡`©‡k msm‡` †h ev‡RU cÖYqb Kiv nq ivó«cwZi mycvwik e¨ZxZ Zv msm‡` †ck Kiv hvq bv| Gfv‡e wePvi msµvš� ev Ri“wi Ae¯’v †NvlYv cÖf…wZ cÖwZwU Kv‡R ivó«cwZ cÖavbgš �xi mv‡_ civgk© K‡i _v‡Kb| Zv‡ì Df‡qi Kv‡Ri mgš^‡qi gva¨‡g †`‡ki mwVK Dbœqb Z¡ivwš^Z nq|


cÖkœ 5-Gi DËi K. wbe©vPb n‡”Q Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv ev c×wZ hvi gva¨‡g iv‡ó«i †fvUvwaKvicÖvß bvMwiKMY Zv‡ì cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb K‡i _v‡Kb| L. c‡iv¶ wbe©vPb wbe©vPb c×wZi GKwU cÖKvi‡f`| c‡iv¶ wbe©vPb ej‡Z †mB c×wZ‡K †evSvq †hLv‡b wbe©vPKgÛjx mivmwi cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb K‡i GKwU gaëZ©x ms¯’v wbe©vPb K‡i| †mB wbe©vPwb ms¯’v P‚ovš�fv‡e cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb K‡i| gvwK©b hy³iv‡ó«i ivó«cwZ wbe©vP‡b c‡iv¶ wbe©vPb c×wZ AbymiY Kiv nq| M. ¯vfvweK I kvwš�c �Y© AvBb k„�Ljv cwiw¯’wZ Aeva I myôz wbe©vP‡bi c �e©kZ©| wKš‘ DÏxc‡K Rbve wgRvb wbe©vPwb AvPiY wewa j�Nb K‡i myôz wbe©vPb cÖwµqv‡K e¨vnZ K‡i‡Qb| wZb 1972 mv‡ji MYcÖwZwbwa Av‡`k Abyhvqx wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi †`qv AvPiY wewa j�Nb K‡i‡Qb| Zwb wbe©vPwb cÖPviYvi †¶‡Î wbe©vPb Kwgkb †h AvPiY wewa †eu‡a w`‡q‡Q Zv j�Nb K‡i‡Qb| †hgbÑ wbe©vPwb cÖPviYvi †¶‡Î ejv n‡q‡QÑ †Kv‡bv cÖv_©xi †cv÷vi n¨vÛwej, wjd‡j‡Ui Ici †Kv‡bv cÖwZØ›Øx cÖv_©xi †cv÷vi wjd‡jU, n¨vÛwej jvMv‡bv hv‡e bv| wKš‘ wgRvb mv‡n‡ei Kg©xiv Ab¨ cÖv_©xi wjd‡jU, †cv÷vi e¨vbvi bó K‡i †d‡j Ges cÖv_©x m¤•‡K© wg_¨v Awf‡hvM K‡i| hv GK ai‡bi D¯‹vwbg�jK Kg©KvÛ| GwU cÖPvibvi †¶‡Î wbe©vPwb AvPibwewai my •ó j�Nb| GQvov wbe©vPwb AvPib wewa‡Z D‡j−L Av‡Q R‡qi j‡¶¨ †Kv‡bv cÖv_©x KvD‡K Aby vb ev Puv`v cÖ vb Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| wKš‘ wgRvb mv‡ne AwZwi³ A_© e¨q K‡i †fvUvi‡ì Nyl cÖ vb K‡i Ges wb‡Ri c‡¶ Rbmg_©b Av`v‡qi †Póv K‡i| hvi Øviv wbe©vPwb AvPib wewa jw�NZ n‡q‡Q| GKwU Aeva, wbi‡c¶ I myôz wbe©vPb Abyôv‡bi R‡b¨ cÖv_©x Zv‡ì mg_©Kmn mswk−ó mevi wbe©vPbx AvPib wewa h_vh_fv‡e AbymiY Kiv DwPZ| mevi mn‡hvwMZvc �Y© AvPibB ¯vfvweK I kvwš�c �Y© wbe©vPb Dcnvi w`‡Z cv‡i| wbe©vP‡bi mgq †h me wewa weavb †g‡b Pjv cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki KZ©e¨, ZvB n‡jv wbe©vPwb AvPib wewa| N. Rbve wgRvb mv‡ne RvZxq msm` wbe©vP‡b GKRb cÖv_©x wQ‡jb| wZwb Zi cÖfve cÖwZcwËi Kvi‡Y wbe©vPwb AvPibwewa Agvb¨ K‡ib| Ab¨ cÖv_©xiv fxZ n‡q Zvi wei“‡× †Kv‡bv eë¯’v MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM †bqwb| Rbve wgRvb mv‡ne Zdwmj †NvlYvi ci wbe©vPb AbywôZ nIqvi c�‡e© Zvi wbe©vPwb GjvKvi RbMY‡K mvnv‡hï bv‡g cÖPzi A_© cÖ vb K‡ib| GUv wbe©vPwb AvPib wewai my •ó j�Nb| Ab¨w`‡K Rbve wgRvb mv‡n‡ei `jxq Kg©xiv Ab¨ cÖv_©xi cÖPvibvq evav cÖ vb K‡ib, †cv÷vi I e¨vbvi bó K‡ib Ges cÖwZØ›Øx cÖv_©x‡K wg_¨v Awf‡hv‡M Awfhy³ K‡ib| Rbve wgRv‡bi Kg©xevwnbxi wbe©vPwb AvPibwewa j�N‡bi `vq `vwqZ¡ Zvi wb‡Ri IciB eZ©vq| wgRvb mv‡ne MYcÖwZwbwaZ¡ Av‡`k, 1972 Abyhvqx `Û‡hvM¨ Aciva K‡i‡Qb| †hgb: wbe©vP‡b AmsMZ cÖfve LvUv‡bv| cÖv_©x m¤•‡K© wg_¨v ejv| Ab¨ cÖv_©xi cÖPvibvq evav m„wó Kiv| wbe©vPwb wewaweavb j�Nb Kiv| Dcwi-D³ Acivag�jK Kg©Kv‡Ûi R‡b¨ Ô†¶Îwe‡k‡l Rwigvbvmn m‡e©v”P 10 eQi Ges me©wbæ 2 eQi mkÖg Kviv`Û n‡Z cv‡i|Õ Rbve wgRv‡bi wei“‡× wbe©vPb Kwgkb eivei, Av‡e`b ev wbe©vPwb GjvKvaxb B‡jK‡Uvivj Bb‡Kvqvwi KwgwUi wbKU wePvi cÖv_©bv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| kvw¯�‡hvM¨ Aciv‡ai kvw¯� nIqv DwPZ| Acivax †hB †nvK bv †Kb AvB‡bi cÖwZ kÖ×v P‡j hv‡e| †h‡nZz Rbve wgRvb AvBbmfvi m`m¨ cÖv_©x wQ‡jb ZvB Zvi me‡P‡q †ewk AvB‡bi cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj nIqvi K_v| A_P cÖfve LvwU‡q wZwb AvBb Agvb¨ Kivq Zvi „óvš�g�jK kvw¯� nIqv DwPZ| hv‡Z fwel¨‡Z Ab¨ †KD G ai‡bi Aciva Ki‡Z bv cv‡i| ¯vfvweK I kvwš�c �Y© cwi‡e‡k Aeva I myôz wbe©vPb Abyôv‡bi R‡b¨ wbe©vPb Kwgkb 1972 mv‡j wbe©vPwb AvPib wewa ˆZwi K‡i‡Q|

cÖkœ 6-Gi DËi K. †h eëmvq cÖwZôvb eû †jv‡Ki †hŠ_ gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z MwVZ nq ZvB n‡jv †hŠ_ g�jabx Kvievi| L. †hŠ_ g�jabx Kviev‡ii cÖavb êwkó¨ n‡jv GwU e„n`vqZb wk‡íi R‡b¨ Acwinvh©| KviY e„n`vqZb wk‡í mvaviYZ AwaK g�jab cÖ‡qvRb nq hv GKv ev K‡qK e¨w³i c‡¶ msMÖn Kiv KwVb| ZvB GwU eû †jv‡Ki D‡`¨v‡M ev gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z MwVZ nq| †hŠ_ g�jabx Kvievi cwiPvjbvi R‡b¨ GKwU cwiPvjKgÛjx _v‡K| M. DÏxc‡K †mwjg eÜz‡ì wb‡q eëmvi D‡Ï‡k¨ †h jvB‡mÝ †ei K‡i‡Q Zv Askx`vwi eëmv cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ mgvÄm¨c�Y©| KviY Askx`vwi Kviev‡ii R‡b¨ Kgc‡¶ `yBRb m`‡mï cÖ‡qvRb nq| `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³I Askx`vwi Kvievi cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cv‡i| †mwjg Zvi `yB eÜz‡K wb‡q we‡`‡k Lv`¨ mvgMÖx ißvwbi R‡b¨ GKwU eëmv cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zvjvi R‡b¨ jvB‡mÝ †ei K‡i Askx`vwii wfwË‡Z Zviv eëmv cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zv‡j| ZvB GwU Askx`vwi Kviev‡ii mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c �Y©| Askx`vwi Kviev‡ii gvwjKMY Kviev‡ii g�jab msMÖn Kivi eë¯’v wb‡RivB K‡i _v‡K| g�ja‡bi Abycv‡Z Zviv jvf MÖnY K‡i Ges SuywK MÖnY K‡i| Askx`vwi Kviev‡i `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK m`m¨ _v‡K| N. †eKvi mgm¨v evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK Ges A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| G‡`‡ki †gvU Rb‡Mvôxi A‡a©K †jvKB †eKvi| A_©‰bwZK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K evsjv‡`‡k †eKvi mgm¨vi cÖavb KviY n‡jv g�ja‡bi Afve| cvkvcvwk D‡`¨v‡Mi Afve‡KI `vqx Kiv nq| GK †kÖwYi gvbyl Av‡Q, hv‡ì nv‡Z cÖPzi g�jab i‡q‡Q| Avevi GK †kÖwYi †jvK i‡q‡Q hv‡ì g�jab †bB ej‡jB P‡j| Z‡e G‡¶‡Î eyw×gËv, cwikÖg, mvsMVwbK ¶gZv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q †eKvi mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e| Avwg g‡b Kwi DÏxc‡Ki †mwjg‡ì Kvh©µg mgm¨v mgvav‡b cÖavb f‚wgKv ivL‡e| KviY †mwjg Ges Zvi eÜziv wg‡j Askx`vwi Kvievi ïi“ K‡i‡Q| Zviv GKwU eëmvq cÖwZôvb M‡o Zz‡j‡Q| G eëmv cÖwZôv‡b Zv‡ì †eKvi AvÍxq ¯Rb‡ì wb‡qvM †`qvi K_v fve‡Q Zviv| Gfv‡e †eKvi †jvK‡ì Kg©ms¯’v‡bi eë¯’v Kiv hvq| ZvQvov Askx`vwi Kviev‡i wewfbœ gvby‡li mgš^q N‡U| GLv‡b KviI g�jab _vK‡Z cv‡i Avevi KviI bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| hv‡ì g�jab †bB Zviv Zv‡ì †gav, cwikÖg w`‡q ev mvsMVwbK ¶gZvi e‡j eëmv‡qi m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e `¶Zv I †hvM¨Zv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q g�jab bv _vKv m‡Ë¡I Askx`vwi Kviev‡ii gva¨‡g †eKviZ¡ ` �ixKiY m¤¢e| Askx`vwi Kviev‡i AskMÖnYKvix e¨w³‡ì g�ja‡bi Abycv‡Z jvf MÖnY I SuywK enb Ki‡Z nq|

cÖkœ 7-Gi DËi K. mvaviYZ 15 eQi eq‡mi Kg Ges 64 eQi eq‡mi †ewk gvbyl‡K ciwbf©ikxj e‡j we‡ePbv Kiv nq| L. RbmsL¨v e„w×i R‡b¨ bvix wk¶vi Afve A‡bKvs‡k `vqx| bvix wk¶vi cÖmvi RmsL¨v e„w× †iv‡a f‚wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| bvixiv wk¶vi Afve Ges i¶Ykxj `„wófw½i Kvi‡Y ¯vaxbZv †_‡K ewÂZ nq| ZvB Zv‡ì‡K wkw¶Z K‡i Zzj‡Z cvi‡j wm×vš� MÖnY ¶gZvq Zv‡ì AskMÖnY e„w× cv‡e| ZvB Rxeb, fv‡jv-g›` m¤•‡K© Zviv eyS‡Z cvi‡e| RbmsL¨vi Kzdj m¤•‡K© eyS‡Z cvi‡e Ges cwievi cwiKíbv Kg©m �wP‡Z Zviv AskMÖnY Ki‡e| bvix wk¶v bvix ¶gZvqb‡K Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i| M. Dwj−wLZ mviwY‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q evsjv‡`k Ges †bcv‡ji gv_vwcQy Avq h_vµ‡g 377 Ges 220 BD Gm Wjvi| evsjv‡`‡ki Rš§nvi cÖwZ nvRv‡i 19.8 Ges g„Zz¨ nvi cÖwZ nvRv‡i 4.8| †bcv‡ji Rš§nvi cÖwZ nvRv‡i 35 Ges g„Zz¨nvi 11.0| GLv‡b gv_vwcQy Av‡qi mv‡_ Rš§-g„Zz¨ nv‡ii GKwU m¤•K© j¶Yxq| A_©vr mviwY‡Z †bcv‡ji gv_vwcQy Avq

4 mvgvwRK weÁvb †evW© cÖYxZ cÖvK-wbe©vPwb cix¶vi bgybv cÖ‡kœi DËi me©wbæ †`Lv hv‡”Q †m wn‡m‡e †bcv‡ji Rš§nvi Ges g„Zz¨nvi me©vwaK j¶ Kiv hv‡”Q| A_©vr gv_vwcQy Avq me©wbæ nIqvq Rš§ g„Zzï nviI me©vwaK n‡q _v‡K| mviwY‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki gv_vwcQy Avq 2q Ae¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q| GLv‡b Rš§nvi †ewk n‡jI g„Zz¨nvi MZ 3Ñ4 `kK a‡i n«vm cv‡”Q| wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi DbœwZ I cÖhyw³we`¨vi DbœwZi d‡j g„Zzï nvi n«vm †c‡jI G‡`‡ki D”P Rš§nvi GLbI Ae¨vnZ n‡q‡Q, Ab¨w`‡K g„Zz¨nvi n«vm cv‡”Q| d‡j bxU RbmsL¨vi cwigvb e„w× cv‡”Q| gv_vwcQy Avq Kg n‡j RxebhvÎvi gvbI wbæ n‡q _v‡K| wk¶v wKsev Rxeb m¤•‡K© DbœZ wPš�vfvebv _v‡K bv| `vwi ª¨ Avi Awk¶vi Kvi‡Y Rš§nvi †hgb e„w× cvq †Zgwb g„Zz¨nviI e„w× †c‡q _v‡K| Z‡e AvaywbK wPwKrmv †mev g„Zz¨nvi A‡bKvs‡k n«vm Ki‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q| RbmsL¨vi w`K w`‡q we‡k¦ evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vb beg| N. GKwU †`k DbœZ ev Dbœqbkxj hvB †nvK bv †Kb †m‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi gv_vwcQy Av‡qi Ici Zv‡ì RxebhvÎvi gvb wbf©i K‡i| gv_vwcQy Avq †ewk n‡j Zviv D”P RxebhvÎvi cÖZ¨vkv K‡i| wk¶v, wPwKrmv cÖf…wZ wel‡q Zv‡ì g‡a¨ m‡PZbZv KvR K‡i d‡j Zv‡ì Rš§nvi g„Zz¨nvi m¤•‡K©I aviYvi m„wó nq| †`‡ki m¤•‡ i Zzjbvq AwZwi³ ev Kg RbmsL¨v †m †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z †bwZevPK cÖfve †d‡j G aviYv m‡PZb Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ KvR K‡i| gv_vwcQy Avq e„w×i mv‡_ Rš§-g„Zzï ZviZg¨ wbf©ikxj e³e¨wU evsjv‡`k Ges Rvcv‡bi †`qv Z‡_ï Av‡jv‡K we‡k−lY Kiv n‡jvÑ mviwY‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki gv_vwcQy Avq 377 BD Gm Wjvi †hLv‡b Rvcv‡bi gv_vwcQy Avq 32030| evsjv‡`‡ki Zzjbvq Rvcv‡bi gv_vwcQy Avq cÖvq 90 ¸Y †ewk| Rvcv‡bi Rš§nvi evsjv‡`‡ki Zzjbvq Kg n‡jI g„Zz¨nvi evsjv‡`‡ki Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk| evsjv‡`‡ki gv_vwcQy Avq Kg| ZvB RxebhvÎvi gvb m¤•‡K© GLv‡b GLbI DuPz aviYvi m„wó nqwb| †m R‡b¨ GLv‡b D”P Rš§nvi we`¨gvb| wKš‘ wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi DbœwZ Ges ¯v¯’¨ †mev m¤•‡K© m‡PZbZv m„wó nIqvq GLv‡b MZ 3-4 `kK a‡i g„Zz¨nvi n«vm cv‡”Q| Rvcvb we‡k¦i abx †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| GLvbKvi gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi gvb AZ¨š� DuPz| KviY Zv‡ì gv_vwcQy Avq †ewk| Zv‡ì gv_vwcQy Avq e„w× †c‡jI Rš§ g„Zz¨ nv‡ii g‡a¨ ZviZg¨ j¶ Kiv hv‡”Q| gv_vwcQy Avq Rš§nvi Kgv‡jI g„Zz¨nvi Kgv‡Z m¶g nqwb| ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki Zzjbvq Rvcv‡bi g„Zz¨nvi †ewk j¶ Kiv hv‡”Q| evsjv‡`‡ki Rš§nvi I g„Zz¨nvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ cwigv‡b n«vm cvIqvq GLv‡b RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi A‡bKvs‡k wbqwš �Z n‡q‡Q|

cÖkœ 8-Gi DËi K. gvwUi wb‡P A_ev Lwb †_‡K cÖvß m¤•`‡K LwbR m¤•` e‡j| evsjv‡`‡k wZb ai‡bi LwbR m¤•` cvIqv †M‡Q| †hgbÑ kw³, avZe Ges AavZe LwbR m¤•`| L. †`‡ki Af¨š�ixY Ges Avš�R©vwZK eëmv evwY‡Rï AwaKvsk Kg©KvÛ †h GjvKv ev bMi‡K †K›`ª K‡i cwiPvwjZ nq Zv‡K e›ì bMix e‡j| †h †Kv‡bv †`‡ki A_©bxwZi PvKv mPj ivL‡Z e›ì bMixi ¸i“Z¡ Acwimxg| evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z PÆMÖvg e›ì bMix ¸i“Z¡c �Y© f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| Avš�R©vwZK evwY‡Rï AwaKvsk Kvh©µg PÆMÖvg e›ì bMixi gva¨‡g n‡q _v‡K| M. DÏxc‡K Aw¼Z LwÛZ gvbwP‡Î †h wefvMwU Aw¼Z nqwb Zv n‡jv PÆMÖvg wefvM| G wefv‡Mi cÖavb b`x n‡”Q KY©dzjx| Avmv‡gi jymvB cvnvo †_‡K Drcbœ n‡q G b`x ivOvgvwU I PÆMÖvg AÂ‡ji Ici w`‡q cÖevwnZ n‡q e‡½vcmvM‡i c‡o‡Q| nvj`v, †evqvjLvwj I Kvmvjs G b`xi cÖavb Dcb`x| wb‡P gvbwP‡Î G b`xi MwZc_ †`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑ gva¨wgK mvgvwRK weÁvb c„. 147- evsjv‡`‡ki b` b`xi g¨vc-KY©dzjx b`xwU‡K mvs‡KwZK wPý Øviv wPwýZ K‡i Dcb`x ‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e| N. †h †Kv‡bv †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK DbœwZ‡Z LwbR m¤•‡ì ¸i“Z¡ AZ¨vwaK| evsjv‡`k LwbR m¤•‡` mg„× bq| Z‡e G‡`‡k K‡qKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq

LwbR m¤•` Avwe¯‹…Z n‡q‡Q hvi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ msL¨K i‡q‡Q DÏxc‡Ki ÔKÕ wPwýZ wefvM A_©vr wm‡jU wefv‡M| ZvB Avwg g‡b Kwi wm‡jU wefv‡M Avwe¯‹…Z LwbR m¤•` † ‡ki A_©‰bwZK DbœwZ‡Z ¸i“Z¡c �Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| †hgbÑ LwbR m¤•‡ì GKwU n‡jv kw³ m¤•`| G m¤•‡ì g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Kqjv, LwbR †Zj Ges cÖvK…wZK M¨vm| wm‡jU wefv‡Mi mybvgM‡Äi jvjNvU I Uv‡Ki Nv‡U DbœZgv‡bi weUzwgbvm I wjMbvBU Kqjv cvIqv †M‡yQ hv kw³ Drcv`b, w¯•wiU I AvjKvZiv ˆZwii Kv‡R eëüZ nq| wm‡j‡Ui nwicyi Ges †gŠjfxevRv‡i cÖvß LwbR †Zj kw³ Drcv`b I hvbevn‡bi R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡”Q| wm‡j‡Ui nweMÄ, Rvjvjvev`, ˆKjvmwUjv, †gŠjfxevRv‡i cÖvß cÖvK…wZK M¨vm evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb LwbR m¤•`| Uv‡Ki NvU, jvjNvU, Rvdjs, fvÛviNvU, RvwKiM‡Ä †h me Pzbvcv_i cvIqv †M‡Q Zv wm‡g›U, B¯•vZ, M¨vm, KvMR, we −wPs cvDWvi I M„nwbg©vY Kv‡R eëüZ nq| ZvQvov wm‡jU wefv‡Mi wewfbœ †Rjvq cÖvß PxbvgvwU I wmwjKv evwj h_vµ‡g evmbcÎ, m¨vwbUvwi wRwbmcÎ Ges ivmvqwbK `ªe¨, KvP wbg©vY I is cÖ ‘‡Z eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| ZvB ejv hvq wm‡jU †Rjvq cÖvß LwbR m¤•` †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z ¸i“Z¡c �Y© f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|

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L. mgvR nj cvi¯•wiK mgvwRK m¤•‡K©i m¤^Ühy³ gbyl¨ †Mvôx| mgvR wewfbœ Dcv`vb Øviv MwVZ| ci¯•i wbf©ikxjZv Zb¥‡a¨ GKwU, A_©vr mgv‡Ri gvbyl G‡K Ac‡ii Ici wbf©ikxj| KviY gvbyl GKv evuP‡Z cv‡i bv| mgv‡R GK e¨w³ Ab¨ e¨w³i mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv Qvov ¯qsm¤•�Y©fv‡e emevm Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

M. DÏxc‡Ki PwiÎ †bjxi wRIMÖvwd P¨v‡bj hv‡ì‡K †`‡L‡Q Zv‡ì mv‡_ Avgiv Avw`g mgv‡Ri gvby‡l wgj Lyu‡R cvB| KviY Avw`g mgv‡Ri gvbyl Lv`¨ Drcv`b Ki‡Z cviZ bv| cÖK…wZ †_‡K Zviv Lv`¨ msMÖn KiZ| G mgv‡Ri gvby‡li AvZ¥i¶v I cïcvwL wkKv‡ii R‡b¨ wewfbœ iKg nvwZqvi eënvi KiZ| Zv‡ì cÖ_g nvwZqvi n‡jv Mv‡Qi Wvjcvjvi jvwV Ges Am¤•�Y© cv_‡ii UzKiv| µ‡g µ‡g Zviv Zxi-abyK, gy i, ej−g, PvKz eowk, `vu, ek©v BZ¨vw` eënvi Ki‡Z †k‡L| Lv`¨ msMÖn I AvZ¥i¶vi ¯v‡_© Avw`g mgv‡Ri gvbyl `je× n‡q emevm KiZ| Avw`g mgv‡Ri gvby‡li †h mKj êwkó¨ i‡q‡Q, Avgiv Zvi AwaKvsk êwkó¨ Lyu‡R cvB wRIMÖvwd P¨v‡b‡j †`Lv gvbyl¸‡jvi gv‡S| AZGe DÏxc‡K ewY©Z †bjxi †`Lv gvbyl¸‡jv Avw`g mgv‡Ri gvbyl‡K Bw½Z K‡i e‡j Avwg g‡b Kwi| cÖZœZvwË¡K `„wó‡KvY †_‡K hv‡ì wbgœ cÖvPxb cÖ �i hy‡Mi gvbyl e‡j aviYv Kiv hvq|

N. DÏxc‡Ki PwiÎ †bjx wUwf‡Z b¨vkbvj wRIMÖvwd P¨v‡b‡ji GKwU Abyôv‡b †`Lj †h, GK`j gvbyl cv_‡ii ˆZwi †fvuZv A � I jvwV wb‡q GKwU nwiY wkKvi K‡i Ges nwiYwUi gvsm Av¸‡b Sj‡m mevB wg‡j Lv‡”Q| Abyiƒcfv‡e Av‡iK `j †jvK b`xi Zx‡ii ebf�wg‡Z dj msMÖn Ki‡Q, hv‡ì ci‡b i‡q‡Q jZvcvZv Ges cïi Pvgov| †bjxi †`Lv A_©vr DÏxc‡K Dwj−wLZ gvbyl¸‡jvi mv‡_ Avgiv Rvg©vwb‡Z cÖvß nvB‡WjevM©, B‡› v‡bwkqvi Rvfv gvbe Ges Px‡bi wcwKs gvb‡ei

wgj Luy‡R cvB| Giv wQj wbæ cÖvPxb cÖ �i hy‡Mi gvbyl| G hy‡Mi gvbyl cvwb mieiv‡ni Drm, wkKvi Kivi Dc‡hvMx †Lvjv ¯’v‡b emevm KiZ| G hy‡Mi cÖ_gw`‡K gvbyl KvuPv gvsm f¶Y KiZ, wKš‘ Kvjµ‡g Zviv Av¸b R¡vjvevi †KŠkj AvqË G‡b gvsm Sj‡m †L‡Z Af¨vm K‡i| GQvov Zviv eb-R½j †_‡K djg�j msMÖn K‡i †LZ| AZGe GK_v wbwØ©avq ejv hvq †h, ÒDÏxc‡K ewY©Z gvbyl¸‡jv Rvfv gvby‡li cÖwZ”QweÓ|

cÖkœ 2-Gi DËi

K. ÒmvgvwRK cwieZ©b nj mgvR KvVv‡gv I Kvh©vewji cwieZ©bÓÑK_vwU e‡j‡Qb wKsm‡j †Wwfm|

L. mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi Ab¨Zg êwkó¨ n‡jv wewPÎZv| mvgvwRK cwieZ©b KLbI DbœwZi w`‡K, KLbI AebwZi w`‡K, KLbI ¯’vqx Avevi KLbI A¯’vwqfv‡e n‡q _v‡K| wkívqb, bMivqY, wk¶v, cÖhyw³we`¨v I †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi mv‡_ gvby‡li K_vevZ©v, AvPvi-AvPiY, `„wófw½ I †ckvq cwieZ©b I êwPÎ¨ Av‡m| †hgb t bMivq‡Yi d‡j †Kv‡bv GjvKv bM‡i ev kn‡i cwiYZ nq| ZLb GjvKvi gvbyl K…wlR †ckv ev` w`‡q bvbv ai‡bi †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ nq|

M. AvgRv` mv‡n‡ei MÖv‡g mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡b cÖhyw&³we`¨v Dcv`vbwUi Kvh©KvwiZv cwijw¶Z n‡q‡Q| MÖv‡g we`y ‡Zi ms‡hvM NUvq ê y wZK mvgMÖxi e¨vcK eënvi n‡”Q| we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z wk¶v_©x‡ì Kw¤•DUvi †kLv‡bv n‡”Q| AvgRv` mv‡n‡ei MÖv‡gi gvbyl N‡i e‡m †`k-we‡`‡ki msev` cv‡”Q| MÖv‡gi cÖvq evwo‡Z †Uwjwfkb Av‡Q| MÖv‡gi wk¶v_x©‡ì Rb¨ cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡Z Kw¤•DUvi j¨ve ˆZwi K‡i wk¶v_x©‡ì B›Uvi‡bU eënv‡ii my‡hvM †Ìqv n‡”Q| d‡j AvgRv` mv‡n‡ei MÖv‡gi wk¶v_x©iv AvaywbK wk¶vq wkw¶Z n‡”Q|

N. Avwg g‡b Kwi mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡b D³-Dcv`vbwUB GKgvÎ Dcv`vb bq| mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi AviI Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q| mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡jv wkívqb, bMivqY, wk¶v I †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v BZ¨vw`| mvgwRK cwieZ©‡bi me¸‡jv Dcv`vbB Kvh©Kix f�wgKv cvjb K‡i| Z‡e GKB mgv‡R me¸‡jv Dcv`v‡bi Dcw¯’wZ bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| DÏxc‡K AvgRv` mv‡n‡ei MÖv‡gi cwieZ©‡b ïaygvÎ cÖhyw³we`¨v ¸i“Z¡c �Y© f �wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| wkívqb I bMivq‡Yi d‡j gvbyl KjKviLvbvq Drcv`b Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ nq| mgv‡R A_©‰bwZK AvZ¥wbf©ikxjZv e„w× cvq| wk¶v gvbyl‡K mvgvwRK I e¨w³Z¡kxj K‡i †Zv‡j| cÖhyw³we`¨v I †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi d‡j mgv‡R e¨vcK cwieZ©b †`Lv †`q| AvgRv` mv‡n‡ei MÖv‡gi cwieZ©b cÖhyw³ we`¨vi Ae`vb _vK‡jI mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi GUvB †h GKgvÎ Dcv`vb Zv ejv hv‡e bv| KviY mvgvwRK cwieZ©b mva‡b cÖhyw³we`¨v QvovI Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb †hgbÑ wkívqb, bMivqY, wk¶v I †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v kw³kvjx f �wgKv cvjb K‡i|

cÖkœ 3-Gi DËi

K. evsjvi †kl ¯vaxb bev‡ei bvg wmivR-D`-‡`Šjv|

L. div‡qwR Av‡›`vjb wQj GKwU agx©q ms¯‹viev`x Av‡›`vjb| Ewbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_gfv‡M Rwg`vi, bxjKi I gnvRb‡ i AgvbywlK wbh©vZb Ges Bmjvg we‡ivax Kvh©Kjvc †_‡K G‡`‡ki gymjvgb‡ì i¶v Kivi Rb¨ nvRx kixqZDj−vn dihwfwËK †h Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…Z¡ †`b, †m Av‡›`vjbB BwZnv‡m div‡qwR Av‡›`vjb bv‡g cwiwPZ|

M. Aby‡”Q‡ì ewY©Z we‡`ªv‡ni mv‡_ Ebwesk kZvãxi bxj we‡`ªv‡ni wgj i‡q‡Q| Aóv`k kZvãxi †klw`‡K I Ebwesk kZvãxi cÖ_gw`‡K Bsj¨v‡Ûi wkí wec −‡ei d‡j e �wk‡íi Af �Zc �e© DbœwZ mvwaZ nq Ges Kvco is Kivi Rb¨ bx‡ji Pvwn`v e¨vcK nv‡i †e‡o hvq| 1833 mv‡ji

6 mvgvwRK weÁvb †evW© cÖYxZ cÖvK-wbe©vPwb cix¶vi bgybv cÖ‡kœi DËi

mb` AvB‡bi d‡j weª‡Ub †_‡K `‡j `‡j Bs‡iR bxjKiiv evsjvq AvMgb K‡i B”Qvg‡Zv bx‡ji Pvl ïi“ K‡i| bxjKiiv K…lK‡ì DrK…ó Rwg‡Z `vM w`‡q bxjPv‡l eva¨ KiZ Ges Zv‡ì Ici Ry‡o w`Z bvbv kZ© †hme Pvwl Pzw³i kZ© f½ KiZ Ges bxj Pvl Ki‡Z m¤§Z n‡Zv bv Zv‡ì Ici PjZ AgvbywlK AZ¨vPvi| bxjKi‡ì AK_¨ AZ¨vPv‡i AwZô n‡q K…lKiv bxjKi‡ì weiy‡× we‡ ªvn K‡i, bxj we‡ ªvn `gb Kivi Rb¨ Bs‡iR miKvi Ôbxj KwgkbÕ MVb K‡ib| Kwgkb m‡iRwg‡b bxj Pvwl‡ì Awf‡hv‡Mi mZ¨Zv cix¶v K‡ib Ges Awf‡hvM h_v_© e‡j AwfgZ †`b| d‡j miKvi GKwU AvBb Øviv GwU eÜ †Nvlbv K‡ib|

N. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z G Av‡›`vjb bxj we‡`ªv‡ni mv‡_ mv „k¨c �Y©| bxj we‡ ªvn Avgv‡ì RvZxq †PZbv weKv‡k LyeB mnvqZv K‡i| G we‡ ªvn cieZx©‡Z wewfbœ ¯vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡b Aby‡cÖiYv hywM‡q‡Q| wn›`y gymjgvb, RvwZ, eY© I ag© wbwe©‡k‡l mKj bxjPvwliv cvi¯•wiK mn‡hvwMZv, k„�Ljv Gi „p msK‡íi d‡j bxj we‡`ªvn mvdj¨gwÛZ nq| cÖ_gw`‡K G Av‡›`vjb wQj kvwš�c �Y©, mZ¨vMÖn| kvš� I wbi �fv‡e Ab¨v‡qi wei“‡× m‡Zï wfwË‡Z msMÖvg Kiv‡K ÔmZ¨vMÖnÕ ejv nq| G Av‡›`vj‡b we‡kl fv‡e AbycÖvwYZ n‡q gnvZ¥v MvÜx wesk kZvãxi cÖ_g fv‡M weªwUk fvi‡Z Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb ïi“ K‡ib|

cÖkœ 4-Gi DËi

K. Aa¨vcK jvw¯‹i g‡Z, †h e¨w³ iv‡óªi my‡hvM-myweav MÖnY K‡i Ges iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ ¯xKvi K‡i, Zv‡KB bvMwiK ejv nq|

L. Rb¥m�‡Î bvMwiKZv jv‡fi ywU c×wZ Av‡Q| GKwU Rb¥bxwZ I AciwU Rb¥ ’vb bxwZ| Rb¥bxwZ Abymv‡i mvaviYZ wcZvgvZv †h †`‡ki bvMwiK

mš�vb †m‡ ‡ki bvMwiK n‡e| †hgbÑ evsjv‡ k, cvwK¯�vb Rb¥ ’vbbxwZ Abymv‡i †h †hB iv‡óª Rb¥MÖnY K‡i †m †mB iv‡óªi bvMwiK e‡j Mb¨ nq| hy³ivR¨ I hy³iv‡óª Rb¥bxwZ I Rb¥ ’vbbxwZ AbymiY K‡i|

M. Rxeb i¶v, Pjv‡divi AwaKvi, RbM‡Yi mvgvwRK AwaKvi, eLv‡Ui

Kvh©Kjvc, ebkªx GjvKvq emevmKvix‡ì mvgvwRK AwaKvi ¶zYœ Kiv n‡q‡Q| eLv‡U hyeK‡ì g`-MvuRvi Avmi, AmvgvwRK Kvh©Kjvc wQj| cÖwZw`b wQbZvB H GjvKvi Rxeb I m¤•wË i¶vi AwaKvi ¶zYœ Kiv n‡q‡Q| GjvKvq Zv‡ì AvPi‡Y cwi‡ek webó n‡q‡Q|

N. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z NUbvq AvB‡bi Avkªq †bIqv m‡Ë¡I AvBb cÖ‡qvMKvixi Kvh©Kjvc nZvkve¨ÄK| ÔAvB‡bi †Pv‡L mgvbvwaKviÕ wQj ebkªx GjvKvevmx‡ì mvgvwRK AwaKvi, AvBb cÖ‡qvMKvixi Kvh©Kjv‡c †m AwaKvi ¶zYœ n‡q‡Q| GjvKvevmx hLb AvBb cÖ‡qvMKvixi Kv‡Q †Mj ZLb Zv‡ì DwPZ wQj eLv‡U‡ì Lyu‡R †ei Kiv Ges Zv‡ì h_vh_ wePvi Kiv| GLv‡b AvB‡bi Abykvmb f½ Kiv n‡q‡Q| iv‡óªi g‡a¨ AvB‡bi Abykvmb _vK‡j mgfv‡e ¯vaxbZv I ivóªcÖ Ë my‡hvM myweav †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| mej ye©‡ji AwaKvi ¶zYœ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| mK‡jB AxaKvi †fv‡Mi ga¨ w`‡q e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki my‡hvM cvq| AvB‡bi Abykvmb ej‡Z cÖavb `ywU aviYv‡K †evSvq Ñ i. AvB‡bi cÖvavb¨ ii. AvB‡bi „wó‡Z mvg¨ AvB‡bi cÖvavb¨ cÖwZwôZ n‡j †KD AvBb Agvb¨ K‡i A‡bï AwaKv‡i n¯�‡¶c Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mvg¨ gv‡b abx, `wi ª, ag©, m¤cÖ vq wbwe©‡k‡l AvB‡bi Avkªq jvf Ki‡e| cÖfvekvjx I `wi ª GKB AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡e, mK‡ji Rb¨ GKB AvBb|

cÖkœ 5-Gi DËi

K. ivóªweÁv‡bi RbK Gwi÷Uj cwjwU‡K me©vwaK ev¯�eagx© miKvi e‡j‡Qb|

L. cÖZ¨¶ MYZš � t †h kvmb eë¯’vq bvMwiKMY cÖZ¨¶fv‡e kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbvq mwµq AskMÖnb K‡i, Zv‡K cÖZ¨¶ ev weï× MYZš � e‡j| cÖvPxb wMÖ‡m cÖZ¨¶ MYZš � Pvjy wQj| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b Rbeûj e„nr iv‡óª cÖZ¨¶ MYZš � Kvh©Kix Kiv m¤¢e bq| Z‡e GLbI myBRvij¨v‡Ûi K‡qKwU K¨v›U‡b cÖZ¨¶ MYZš � AvswkK fv‡e Pvjy Av‡Q|

M. wPÎ-1 hy³ivóªxq miKvi eë¯’vi cÖwZ”Qwe| G ai‡bi kvmb eë¯’vq msweavb KZ…©K †K›`ªxq miKvi I cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii g‡a¨ ¶gZv e›Ub K‡i †Ìqv nq| hy³ivóªxq kvmb eë¯’vq `y cÖKv‡ii miKvi _v‡K| GKwU †K›`ªxq miKvi Ges Ab¨wU A½iv‡Rï miKvi ev cÖv‡`wkK miKvi iv‡óªi msweavb †K›`ªxq I A½iv‡Rï miKv‡ii g‡a¨ ¶gZv e›Ub K‡i †`q| iv‡óªi mvgwMÖK ¯v‡_©i m‡½ RwoZ welq¸‡jv †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Ges ¯’vbxq ¯v‡_©i m‡½ RwoZ welq¸‡jv A½ivR¨ ev cÖv‡`wkK e¨vcv‡i A½ ivR¨¸‡jv ¯vqZ¡kvmb †fvM K‡i| G kvmb eë¯’vq msweavb wjwLZ I `y®•wieZ©bxq n‡q _v‡K|

N. evsjv‡`‡ki †¶‡Î Dc‡ii wPÎ-2 cÖ‡hvR¨| KviY wPÎ-2 Gi gva¨‡g GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi eë¯’vi cÖwZ”Qwe dz‡U D‡V‡Q| wPÎ-2 Gi gva¨‡g Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB †h, mvsweavwbK ¶gZv †K‡›`ªi nv‡Z i‡q‡Q, hv wefvM, †Rjvcwil`, Dc‡Rjv cwil` I BDwbqb cwil‡ì gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GK‡K›`ªxK miKvi ej‡Z †mB kvmb eë¯’v‡K †evSvq †hLv‡b msweav‡bi gva¨‡g iv‡óªi mKj ¶gZv †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii nv‡Z b¨¯� Kiv nq| A_©vr †K›`ªxq miKvi ¯’vbxq Hme miKvi‡K ¶gZv w`‡q _v‡K Avevi cÖ‡qvRb †ev‡a ¶gZv wdwi‡q wb‡Z cv‡i| GK‡Kw› ªK miKvi eë¯’vq cÖv‡`wkK miKvi¸‡jv †K‡›`ªi G‡R›U wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GK‡K›`ªxK kvmbeë¯’vq GKwU miKv‡ii ZË¡veav‡b mviv‡`‡k GKB AvBb, bxwZ I kvmb c×wZ cÖPwjZ _v‡K| G‡Z kvmb eë¯’v `„p nq I RvZxq HK¨ AwaK msnZ nq| me©mgq ¶gZv GKwU miKv‡ii nv‡Z _vKvq Af¨š�ixb I ê‡`wkK e¨vcv‡i AwaK `¶Zvi cwiPq cvIqv hvq| hy³ivR¨, d«vÝ, evsjv‡`‡k GK‡K›`ªxK miKvi we`¨gvb|

cÖkœ 6-Gi DËi

K. A_©bxwZ‡Z Afve ej‡Z †h †Kv‡bv `ªe¨ mvgMÖx cvIqvi AvKv�¶v ev B”Qv‡K †evSvq|

L. †hme e¯‘i Dc‡hvM Av‡Q, A_©vr †hme ªe¨ gvby‡li Afve c�iY Ki‡Z m¶g A_©bxwZi fvlvq Zv‡K `ªe¨ ejv nq| `ªe¨ wewfbœ iK‡gi n‡q _v‡K| Drcv`K `ªe¨ Zb¥‡a¨ GKwU| †hme `ªe¨ cÖZ¨¶fv‡e †fvM Kiv hvq bv wKš‘ †fvM¨`ªe¨ Drcv`‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i Zv‡K Drcv`K `ªe¨ e‡j|

M. iwng wgTvi wUwf †Kbvi B”Qv AvivgcÖ Afv‡ei ch©v‡q c‡o| KviY iwng wgTv cÖwZw`b wi·v Pvwj‡q RxebavY K‡ib| ev¯�e Ae¯’vi †cÖ¶vc‡U GKRb wi·vPvj‡Ki wbKU GwU †Kbv m¤¢e nq bv| GwU †KejgvÎ Rxebavi‡Yi Rb¨ bq| eis Rxe‡bi gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ GwU cÖ‡qvRb| myZivs mvwe©K wePv‡i iwng wgTvi wUwf †Kbvi B”Qv Avivg`vqK Afve wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e|

N. iwng wgTvi µqK…Z wUwKU A_©bxwZ‡Z m¤•` wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e| KviY m¤•‡ì PviwU êwkó¨B G‡Z we`¨gvb| †hgb t 1. iwng wgTvi wUwfwUi Dc‡hvM Av‡Q t m¤•‡ì cÖ_g êwkó¨ ni Dc‡hvM| gvby‡li Afve †gUvevi ¶gZvi Dc‡hvM e‡j| †Kv‡bv `ªe¨‡K m¤•` n‡Z n‡j Aek¨B Zvi Dc‡hvM _vK‡Z n‡e| iwng wgTvi µqK…Z wUwfwUi Dc‡hvM i‡q‡Q| 2. iwng wgTvi wUwfwUi mxgve× †hvMvb t m¤•‡ì wØZxq êwkó¨ n‡jv AcÖvPzh© ev mxgve× †hvMvb| m¤•` n‡Z n‡j `ªe¨wUi †hvMvb Aek¨B mxgve× n‡Z n‡e| iwng wgTvi wUwfwU †hvMvb mxgve×|


3.iwng wgTvi wUwfwU n¯�vš�i †hvM¨ t m¤•‡ì Z„Zxq êwkó¨ n‡jv n¯�vš�i †hvM¨Zv| A_©bxwZ‡Z n¯�vš�i †hvM¨Zv ej‡Z H `ª‡eï gvwjKvbv cwieZ©b‡K †evSvq| †hgb Ñ GKLÛ Rwgi G ¯’vbvš�i †hvM¨Zv bv _vK‡jI Zvi gvwjKvbv cwieZ©b Kiv hvq e‡jB Rwg m¤•`| iwng wgTvi wUwfwU n¯�vš�i‡hvM¨| 4. iwng wgTvi wUwfwUi evwn¨K Ae¯’v Av‡Q t m¤•‡ì PZz_© êwkó¨ n‡jv evwn¨KZv| m¤•` n‡Z n‡j Zvi evwn¨KZv _vK‡Z n‡e| iwng wgTvi wUwfwUi evwn¨K Ae¯’vb Av‡Q| cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, †Kv‡bv `ª‡e¨ Dc‡hvM, AcÖvPzh©Zv, n¯�vš�i‡hvM¨Zv I evwn¨KZv G PviwU ¸Y we`¨gvb _vK‡j A_©bxwZ‡Z †mme `ªe¨‡K m¤•` e‡j| iwng wgTvi µqK…Z wUwfwU †h‡nZz DcwiD³ PviwU êwk‡óï AwaKvix, †m‡nZz A_©bxwZ‡Z m¤•` e‡j we‡ewPZ|

cÖkœ 7-Gi DËi

K. AIDS Gi c �Y©iƒc nj Ñ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.

L. evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ AÂ‡j KzwUi wkí ¯’vcb, nvum-gyiwM cvjb, cïcvjb, grm¨ Pvl, †cvkvK wkí, ê`y wZK hš �cvwZ ms‡hvRb wkí BZ¨vw` M‡o Zz‡j Kg©ms¯’vb e„w× Ki‡Z cvi‡jI we‡kl K‡i gwnjv‡ì Kg©ms¯’vb e„w× Ki‡Z cvi‡j RxebhvÎvi gvb DbœZ n‡e Ges RbmsL¨vi Pvc jvNe n‡e|

M. DÏxcKwU cvV K‡i ivbyi cwiev‡i RbmsL¨v e„w×i †¶‡Î Avwg wZbwU KviY D‡j−L‡hvM¨ g‡b Kwi| wb‡P KviY¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t 1. bvixi ¶gZvq‡bi Afve t Avgv‡ì †`‡ki mvaviY cwiev‡i KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ †g‡qiv †mev`bKvix Ges ci“‡liv DcvR©bKvix| hwÌ ev¯�e‡¶‡Î eZ©gvb Kv‡j bvixcyi“‡liv G wPwýZ f�wgKvi iè`j n‡q‡Q| ZeyI bvixi f �wgKv‡K ‡QvU K‡i †`Lvi mbvZb gvbwmKZv ` �i nq wb| hvi ev¯�e cÖwZdjb Avgiv ivbyi cwiev‡ii †¶‡Î †`L‡Z cvB, DÏxc‡K ivbyi ¯vgx e‡jb, Ôevwo KZ©v wn‡m‡e Avgvi wm×vš�B P�ovš�Õ| G Dw³wUi gva¨‡g welqwU cwiùzwUZ n‡q I‡V| Avi KviYwU ivbyi cwiev‡i RbmsL¨v e„w×i Ab¨Zg KviY wn‡m‡e Avwg g‡b Kwi| 2. K…wl cÖavb A_©bxwZ‡Z evsjv‡`k cÖavb DcRxweKv K…wl| K…lK mgvR K…wlKv‡Ri myweavi Rb¨ AwaK mš�vb mš�wZi cÖ‡qvRb Abyfe K‡i| GwU D”P Rb¥nv‡ii Ab¨Zg KviY| ivbyi cwievi GiB GKwU D¾¡j `„óvš�| KviY DÏxcKwU‡Z ivbyi ¯vgx GKRb K…lK Ges †m g‡b K‡i AwaK mš�vb n‡j Zvi myweav| 3. Rxeb hvÎvi wbgœgvb t evsjv‡`‡k RbM‡bi RxebhvÎvi gvb AZ¨š� wbgœ ch©v‡qi| G‡`‡ki gvby‡li D”PvKv�Lv I RxebhvÎv m¤•‡K© Dcjwä Kg| cwiev‡i Kg mš�vb mš�wZ fwel¨r I Zv‡ì jvjb cvjb m¤•‡K© D`vmxb| d‡j Zviv AwaK mš�v‡bi wcZvgvZv n‡Z wØav‡eva K‡i bv| ivbyi ¯vgxi †¶‡Î GgbwUB N‡U‡Q e‡j Avwg g‡b Kwi|

N. DÏxc‡Ki Ab¨Zg PwiÎ ivbyi ¯vgxi AvPiYwU bvixi ¶gZvq‡bi Aš�ivq| Ôevwoi KZ©v wn‡m‡e Avgvi wm×vš�B Pzovš�Õ Dw³wUi gva¨‡g

mZ¨Zv †g‡j| Avgv‡ì ‡`‡ki mvaviY cwievi KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ †g‡qiv †mev`vbKvix Ges cyi“‡liv DcvR©bKvix hwÌ ev¯�e‡¶‡Î eZ©gvbKv‡j bvixcyi“‡li G wPwýZ f �wgKvi iè`j n‡q‡Q| ZeyI bvixi f�wgKv‡K †QvU K‡i †`Lvi mbvZb gvbwmKZv ` �i nqwb| cyi“‡li cvkvcvwk bvixiv AvRKvj e¨vcKfv‡e Avq-‡ivRMv‡i AskMÖnY Ki‡Q, Zv‡Z msmv‡i mvkªq n‡”Q| cyi“‡li Kuv‡ai †evSv A‡bK nvjKv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ cyi“liv M„n¯’wj Kv‡R bvixi mnvqK f �wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q bv, mš�vb cÖwZcvjb, †mev`vb Ges Ab¨vb¨ N‡ivqv KvR Zv‡ì IciB b¨¯� _vK‡Q| d‡j bvix‡ì‡K gvÎvwZwZ³ `vwqZ¡fvi cvjb Ki‡Z n‡”Q| Gici I cyi“‡li KZ©vmyjf

`„wó fw½i Kvi‡Y bvixiv Zv‡ì Kv‡Q wbh©vwZZ I wbcxwoZ n‡”Q| cvwievwiK wm×vš� MÖn‡Y bvixi gZvgZ‡K g�j¨ †Ìqv nqbv| Kg©‡¶‡Î Zv‡ì cvwikªwgK I gh©v`v wbgœ¯�‡ii| Gfv‡e bvixi kw³ I m¤¢vebv me©‡¶‡Î D‡cw¶Z nq| Avgv‡ì g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h Avgv‡ì †`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi A‡a©K bvix| myZivs †`‡ki G weivU RbmsL¨vi A‡a©K‡K evB‡i †i‡L KL‡bvB † ‡ki Dbœqb m¤¢e bq| ZvB bvix wk¶vi cÖmvi I Kg©ms¯’v‡bi h_vh_ my‡hvM e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e| m‡ev©cwi wb‡Ri Ges †`‡ki ¯v‡_© bvixi ¶gZvqb AZxe Ri“wi|

cÖkœ 8-Gi DËi

K. c„w_ex wbR A‡¶ ev †gi“ †iLvi cwðg †_‡K c �e© w`‡K AveZ©b Ki‡Q| Gfv‡e GKevi AveZ©b Ki‡Z c„w_exi cÖvq 24 N›Uv ev GKw`b mgq jv‡M| mwVK wnmv‡e Gmgq nq 23 N›Uv 56 wgwbU 4 †m‡KÛ c„w_exi G MwZ‡K AvwýK MwZ ev ˆ`wbK MwZ Ges G mgq‡K †mŠiw`b ejv nq|

L. c„w_ex wbR A‡¶ Aweivg Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z GKwU wbw`©ó Dce„ËvKvi ¶c‡_, wbw ©ó w`‡K Ges wbw ©ó mg‡q m�‡h©i Pviw`‡K cwiµgY Ki‡Q| cwðg †_‡K c �e©w`‡K c„w_exi G cwiµgbK evwl©K MwZ e‡j| evwl©K MwZ‡Z c„w_ex †h c_ AwZµg K‡i Zv‡Z mgq jv‡M 365 w`b 5 N›Uv 48 wgwbU 47 †m‡KÛ| cÖwZ 4 eQi GKw`b evwo‡q 365 w ‡b eQi MYbv Kiv nq| †m eQi †deª“qvwi gvm 28 w`‡bi cwie‡Z© 29 w`b aiv nq| Giƒc eQi‡K Awael© e‡j|

M. AvwýK MwZi Kvi‡Y Aby‡”Q‡ì †`k `y‡Uvi mg‡qi cv_©K¨ N‡U| Avgiv Rvwb, c„w_ex, wbR A‡¶ ev †gi“ †iLvi cwðg ‡_‡K c �e©w`‡K AveZ©b Ki‡Q| Gfv‡e GKevi AveZ©b Ki‡Z c„w_exi cÖvq 24 N›Uv ev GKw`b mgq jv‡M| c„w_exi G MwZ‡K AvwýK MwZ e‡j| AvwýK MwZi d‡j f �c„‡ô ch©vqµ‡g w`b I ivwÎ msNwUZ n‡”Q| m�‡h©i Av‡jv‡Z c„w_ex Av‡jvwKZ nq| c„w_ex †MvjvKvi e‡j m�‡h©i Av‡jvKGKB mg‡q f �c„‡ôi mKj As‡ki Dci c‡o bv, AveZ©‡bi mgq †h Ask m�‡h©i w`‡K _v‡K †m Ask m�‡h©i Av‡jv‡Z Av‡jvwKZ nq Ges wecixZ As‡k m�‡h©i Av‡jv c‡o bv e‡j Zv AÜKviv”Qbœ _v‡K| c„w_exi †h As‡k m�‡h©i Av‡jv c‡o, †m As‡k ZLb w`b nq Ges Zvi wecixZ w`‡K ZLb ivwÎ nq|

N. Aby‡”Q‡ì †`k y‡Uvi weivRgvb FZzMZ cv_©‡Kï KviY¸‡jv cvV¨ eB‡qi Av‡jv‡K wb‡P Av‡jPbv Kiv n‡jv : 1. f�c„‡ô m�h©iwk¥i cZb †Kv‡Yi cv_©K¨ t c„w_exi AvK…wZ †MvjvKvi e‡j f �c„‡ôi m�h©iwk¥i cZb †Kv‡Yi cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq| †hLv‡b m �h©iwk¥ j¤^fv‡e cwZZ nq †hLv‡b MÖx‡®§i fve Abyf�Z nq Avi †hLv‡b m�h©iwk¥ wZh©Kfv‡e c‡o †mLv‡b MÖx‡®§i fve Kg Abyf �Z nq| d‡j FZzi cwieZ©b N‡U| 2. evwl©K MwZ t evwl©K MwZi d‡j wèv-ivwÎ n«vm-e„w× N‡U, d‡j wèvivwÎi w¯’wZKv‡ji cÖfve w`‡bi ZvcgvÎv cwiewZ©Z nq Ges FZzb cwieZ©b N‡U| 3. Acm�j I Abym�i t c„w_ex cwieZ©‡bi mgq m�h© †_‡K Gi �iZ¡ memgq Kv‡Q _v‡K, c„w_ex m�‡h©i wbK‡U Ae¯’vb Ki‡j Zv‡K c„w_exi Abym�i e‡j Ges c„w_ex m�‡h©i �‡i Ae¯’vb Ki‡j Zv‡K c„w_exi Acm�i e‡j| myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q, Acm�‡ii Rb¨ ZvcgvÎvq ZviZg¨ N‡U Ges FZz cwiewZ©Z nq| 4. 66.50 †Kv‡Y Aew¯’Z c„w_ex Zvi K¶c‡_i mv‡_ me© v 66.50 †Kv‡Y †n‡j †Nv‡i| G ai‡bi AveZ©‡bi Rb¨ ¯’vb‡f‡` m�h©iwk¥i cZb †Kv‡Yi cv_©K¨ N‡U Ges FZzi cwieZ©b nq| c„w_exi MwZ t c„w_exi MwZkxj gva¨vKl©Y kw³i Øviv wbqwš �Z n‡q c„w_ex wbw ©ó c‡Z GKB mg‡q m�‡h©i Pviw ‡K Nyi‡Q| GQvov c„w_ex wbR A‡¶ me© v N�Y©vqgvb Ae¯’vq Av‡Q| wbR A‡¶ Ni“‡Z Nyi‡ZB m�‡h©i Pviw ‡K Nyi‡Q| GwUB c„w_exi MwZ | c„w_fxi me©Î mKj mgq wèvivwÎi ˆ`N ©


GK iKg _v‡K bv| c„w_exi evwl©K MwZi A_©vr Avgiv Rvwb f �c„‡ôi w`b I ivwÎi mg‡qi n«vm e„w× N‡U Ges Zvi d‡j wewfbœ FZz ci ci AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i|

cÖkœi 9-Gi DËi

K. mswk−ó †Rjvi †Rjv cÖkvmK †Rjv `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv KwgwUi mfvcwZ|

L. y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbvi Dcv`vb 6wU| mvov`vb Zb¥‡a¨ GKwU | mvov`vb‡KB m¤•�Y© `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv e‡j a‡i †bIqv n‡Zv| wKš‘ mvov`vb `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbvi GKwU AskgvÎ| `y‡h©v‡Mi ci ciB Dchy³ mvov`v‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq, mvov`vb ej‡Z wbivc` ¯’v‡b Acmvib, Zj−vwk I D×vi, ¶q¶wZi cwigvb wbiƒcY Ges ÎvY I cyb©evmb Kvh©µg‡K †evSvq|

M. AeKvVv‡gvMZ `y‡h©vM cÖwZ‡iva ej‡Z cÖwk¶Y, MY-m‡PZbZv e„w× c �e©cÖ ‘wZ BZ¨vw` Kvh©µg ¯í e¨‡q ev¯�evqb Kiv‡K †evSvq, DÏxcKwU cvV K‡i Avgiv Dwj−wLZ NUbvi g‡a¨ `ywU AeKvVv‡gvMZ cÖ ‘wZ Kvh©µ‡gi ev¯�evqb j¶ Kwi| Zvnj cÖwk¶Y I MY-m‡PZbZv e„w× Kvh©µg| Aby‡”Q`wU cvV K‡i Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvwi †h, wmWi AvNvZ nvbvi c �‡e© GKwU kw³kvjx N�wY©So I R‡jv”Q¡v‡mi c �e©fvm †iwWI I GjvKvq gvBwKs

†_‡K Rvbv‡bv nq, hv MY-m‡PZbZv Kvh©µg wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e| GQvov wiwgi evev wUDeI‡q‡ji gyL Ly‡j cwjw_b Øviv eÜ K‡iwQ‡jb, hv †KejgvÎ GKRb cÖwk¶YcÖvß e¨w³i ØvivB Kiv m¤¢e| Z‡e G welqwU weZwK©Z| KviY wiwgi evev e¨w³MZ Rxe‡bi ev¯�e aviYv †_‡K wKsev mvaviYfv‡e †Kv‡bv e¨w³i KvQ †_‡K ï‡b GwU K‡i _vK‡Z cv‡ib|

N. 14 b‡f¤i 2007 N�wY©So wmWi evsjv‡`‡ki `w¶Yvs‡k AvNvZ nv‡b| DÏxc‡K wmW‡i ¶wZM¯� ei¸bv †Rjvi ¶wZMÖ � GKwU cwiev‡ii K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| cwieviwU wiwg‡ì h_vh_ cwiKíbvi AfvB cwieviwUi wech©‡qi Rb¨ `vqx| Aby‡”Q`wU cvV K‡i Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvwi †h wmWi AvNvZ nvbvi c �‡e© GKwU kw³kvjx N�wY©So I R‡jv”Qv‡mi c �e©vfvm †iwWI I GjvKvq gvBwKs †_‡K Rvbv‡bv nq| wKš‘ wiwg‡ì cwievi y‡h©vM †gvKvwejvq c�e©cÖ ‘wZ wb‡Z ev h_vh_ cwiKíbv MÖn‡Y e¨_© nq A_©vr wiwg‡ì cwievi y‡h©v‡Mi c�‡e© wbivc` ¯’v‡b †h‡Z e¨_© nIqvq ¶wZMÖ � nq| hwÌ DÏxc‡K D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q †h KvQvKvwQ †Kv‡bv wbivc` ¯’vb bv _vKvq Zviv evwo‡Z _vK‡Z eva¨ nq| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì K_v n‡jv, wiwg‡ì cwiev‡ii DwPZ wQj `ƒ‡i n‡jI †Kv‡bv wbivc` ¯’v‡b hvIqv| hw` ZvB n‡Zv Zvn‡j nq‡Zv wiwgi gv I †evb‡K cvwbi †Zv‡o nvwi‡q †h‡Z n‡Zv bv| AZGe G K_v wèv‡jv‡Ki b¨vq mZ¨ †h Ôh_vh_ cwiKíbvi Afv‡eB wiwg‡ì cwiev‡ii wech©‡qi Rb¨ `vqx|Õ Dw³wU h_v_©|

g‡Wj †U÷-3 .

w`bvRcyi †evW© mvgvwRK weÁvb

cÖkœ 1-Gi DËi K. mvaviYZ 7Ñ16 eQi eq‡mi wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡ì KZ…©K msNwUZ AvBb I mgvRwe‡ivax Kvh©vewj‡K wK‡kvi Aciva e‡j| L. evsjv‡`‡k w`b w`b wK‡kvi Aciva cÖeYZv e„w× cv‡”Q| wK‡kvi Aciva e„w×i ywU KviY n‡jv⎯ 1. wcZvgvZvi AmsMwZc �Y© AvPiY : wcZvgvZvi g‡a¨ `v¤•Z¨ Kjn

cvwievwiK wek„�Ljv, e¨w³‡Z¡i msNvZ cÖf„wZi cÖfv‡e wkï-wK‡kviiiv Aciva cÖeY n‡q I‡V| ZvQvov wcZvgvZvi Avì †mœn †_‡K ewÂZ n‡qI A‡bK wkï Acivax n‡q _v‡K|

2. `vwi ª¨ : `vwi‡ ªï Kvi‡Y Afvex wkï-wK‡kviiv Zv‡ì †gŠwjK Pvwn`v c�iY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Gme ewÂZ wkïiv Zv‡ì Pvwn`v c�iY Ki‡Z wb‡R‡ì‡K bvbv Aciv‡ai mv‡_ Rwo‡q †d‡j|

wkï-wK‡kviiv mvaviYZ Pzwi, wQbZvB, c‡_ Nv‡U gviwcU Kiv, Akvjxb eënvi Gme Aciva K‡i _v‡K| M. evsjv‡`‡k w`b w`b wK‡kvi Aciva cÖeYZv e„w× cv‡”Q| eZ©gv‡b Aí eq‡mi Zi“Y-Zi“Yxiv mvC‡ì g‡Zv †hfv‡e Acivax n‡”Q DV‡Q Zv n‡jv : 1. wcZvgvZvi AmsMwZc �Y© AvPiY : wK‡kvi Aciv‡ai Ab¨Zg KviY

wcZvgvZvi Am½wZc �Y© AvPiY| evsjv‡`‡k †hme cwiev‡ii wcZvgvZvi g‡a¨ weevn we‡”Q` N‡U _v‡K, †mme cwiev‡ii mš�vbiv mvaviYZ Acivax n‡q I‡V| Avevi gv-evev Df‡qB hw` Kg©Rxex nb Ges mš�vbiv hw` †ewkifvM mgq GKvKx _v‡K ev Kv‡Ri gvby‡li (maid servant) ms¯•‡k© _v‡K Z‡e Zviv Acivag�iK AvPi‡Y Af¨¯� n‡q I‡V|

2. AbyKiY : wkï-wK‡kvi AbyKi‡Yi gva¨‡g Acivax n‡q I‡V| †KŠZ�nj, DÏxcbv, A¨vW‡fÂv‡ii †bkv BZ¨vw` Zv‡ì‡K Acivax

K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡i| Amr m½ jv‡fi gva¨‡gI Zviv A‡bK A‰bwZK Kv‡R Af¨¯� n‡q hvq|

3. `vwi ª¨ : evsjv‡`‡k wK‡kviiv `vwi‡ ªï Kvi‡YI Aciva K‡i| A‡b‡KB Pzwi|

4. wPËwe‡bv ‡bi Afve : evsjv‡`‡k wkï-wK‡kvi‡ i R‡b¨ wPËwe‡bv`‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ ch©vß cvK© ev †Ljvayjvi ¯’vb M‡o I‡Vwb| wPËwe‡bv`‡bi Afv‡e ZvB Zviv hÎZÎ †Nviv‡div K‡i I D”Q„�Lj AvPi‡Y Af¨¯� n‡q hvq|

5. Î“wUc �Y© gvbwmK weKvk : evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb Av_©-mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡k AwaKvsk wkïiB gvbwmK weKvk my›ìfv‡e nq bv weavq Zviv Acivax n‡q †e‡o I‡V|

6. knivqb I wkívqb : knivqb I wkívq‡bi cÖfv‡e mbvZb g�j¨‡eva, cÖ_v, wbqgbxwZ‡Z fv½b a‡i| d‡j wkï-wK‡kviiv cvwievwiK wbqš�Y gy³ n‡q AcivaK‡g© wjß nq|

Gme Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k wK‡kvi Acivaxi msL¨v w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q| G Ae¯’v Pj‡Z _vK‡j †`‡ki fwel¨Z cÖRb¥ mgv‡Ri Aw¯�‡Z¡i R‡b¨ ûgwK n‡q ùvov‡e| N. mvaviYZ wK‡kvi Aciva n‡jv mgvR KZ…©K Amgw_©Z A_P wK‡kvi KZ…©K msNwUZ †Kv‡bv KvR| A_©vr wK‡kvi eqmxiv †hme KvR Ki‡j mgvR I wK‡kvi Rxeb wec¾bK n‡q c‡o †mUvB wK‡kvi Aciva| mvB‡ì g‡Zv Zi“Yiv hv‡Z Acivax n‡q †e‡o bv I‡V G R‡b¨ †h c`‡¶c †bqv DwPZ Zv wbgœiƒct 1. cwievi‡K Rvbv‡bv : †Kv‡bv wK‡kvi Acivax‡K ms‡kva‡bi R‡b¨

cÖ_g Ges cÖavb KvR n‡jv Zvi cwievi‡K Zvi m¤•‡K© Z_¨ cÖ vb Kiv Ges eÜziv Lye mn‡RB G KvRwU Ki‡Z cv‡i| GKRb wK‡kvi Acivaxi eqm †h‡nZz Kg _v‡K ZvB Zv‡K Zvi Kg©Kv‡Êi †bwZevPK w`K¸‡jv †evSv‡j A‡bK mgq ms‡kvab Kiv m¤¢e nq|


2. fv‡jv eÜz‡ì civgk© : K_vq e‡j Ôcvc‡K N„Yv K‡iv cvcx‡K bq| G g‡š � D¾xweZ n‡q GK Rb wK‡kvi Acivaxi †hme fv‡jv eÜz Av‡Q Zviv hw` Zv‡K †evSvq, Zvi mv‡_ †ewk mgq KvUvq Ges fv‡jv Kv‡R DØy× K‡i Zvn‡j †m wb‡Ri Lvivc KvR¸‡jv m¤•‡K© m‡PZb n‡e Ges ms‡kvwaZ n‡e|

3. ms‡kvab †K‡›`ª †hvMv‡hvM : Dcwi-D³ c`‡¶ç‡jv †bqvi ciI hw` †m ms‡kvwaZ bv nq Zvn‡j Zv‡K eÜz‡ì mnvqZvq ms‡kvab †K‡›`ª wb‡q †h‡Z n‡e Ges †mLv‡b Wv³v‡ii civgk© g‡Zv wPwKrmvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

4. AvB‡bi Avkªq : Dcwi-D³ me ai‡bi †Póvi ciI hw GKRb wK‡kvi Acivax‡K ms‡kvab Kiv bv hvq ZLb eva¨ n‡qB AvB‡bi Avkªq wb‡Z n‡e|

GKRb wK‡kvi‡K Acivax‡Z cwiYZ Kivi †¶‡Î †hgb Lvivc eÜziv g�L¨ f �wgKv cvjb K‡i †ZgbB Zv‡K Av‡jvi c‡_ wdwi‡q Avb‡ZI fv‡jv eÜziv g�L¨ fywgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| †m †¶‡Î Aek¨B fv‡jv eÜz‡ì‡K mw`”Qv wb‡q GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| Avgvi †Kv‡bv eÜzi Ggb Lvivc cwiYwZ‡Z Avwg Aek¨B Avgvi mw`”Qv Ges mvg_© wb‡q GwM‡q hve Ges Zv‡K Av‡jvi c‡_ wdwi‡q Avbvi R‡b¨ me ai‡bi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kie|

cÖkœ 2-Gi DËi K. mvgvwRK cwieZ©b n‡jv mgvR KvVv‡gvi cwieZ©b Ges mgvR¯’ †jvK‡ì g�j¨‡eva, `„wófw½ I AvPvi-AvPi‡Yi cwieZ©b| L. wk¶v mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi Ab¨Zg GKwU Dcv`vb| wk¶v Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv hv e¨w³‡K mvgvwRK Ges e¨w³Z¡kxj K‡i M‡o †Zv‡j| wk¶vi m¤cÖmvi‡Yi d‡j mgvR KvVv‡gv‡Z Av‡m bvbv cwieZ©b| wk¶v gvby‡li `„wó fw½i cwieZ©b mvab K‡i| mgv‡R Rb¥nvi Ges g„Zz¨nvi n«vm †c‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| wk¶v `vwi ª¨ ` �ixKi‡Yi gva¨‡g mgv‡R ¸i“Z¡c �Y© cwieZ©b mvab K‡i _v‡K| M. DÏxc‡Ki wgRvb mv‡ne XvKvq _v‡Kb| A‡bK w`b ci MÖv‡g G‡m wZwb MÖv‡gi Avg�j cwieZ©b j¶ K‡ib| wZwb †`L‡jb MÖvgevmx we y rPvwjZ `ªe¨ mvgMÖx eënvi Ki‡Q| N‡i e‡m †gvevBj, B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g †`k we‡`‡ki LeivLei Rvb‡Z c�‡e© wgRvb mv‡n‡ei MÖv‡gi gvbyl we y rPvwjZ hš �cvwZi eënvi KíbvI K‡iwb| †`‡k Af¨š�‡i †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †Kv‡bv myeë¯’v wQj bv, we‡`‡ki K_v †Zv AwPš�bxq| MÖv‡gi wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b MZvbyMwZK c×wZ‡Z cov‡kvbv Kiv‡bv n‡Zv| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b Zvi MÖv‡gi gvbyl¸‡jv †Uwjwfkb, d¨vb, jvBU eënvi K‡i AvaywbK Rxe‡bi myL Dc‡fvM Ki‡Q| we‡`‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ †gvevBj, B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g Lye mn‡RB †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cvi‡Q| wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b eëüZ n‡”Q Av`ywbK cÖhyw³| Kw¤•DUv‡ii gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©iv cov‡kvbvi my‡hvM cv‡”Q| Rbve wgRvb mv‡n‡ei MÖv‡g cwieZ©‡bi †Quvqv †j‡M‡Q| G cwieZ©‡b cÖhyw³ we`¨v Dcv`vbwU Kvh©Ki f �wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| cÖhyw³we`¨vi cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j gvby‡li Rxe‡bi Ggb †Kv‡bv w`K †bB hv cÖfvweZ nqwb| GwU gvby‡li a¨vb-aviYv, wek¦vm, `„wófw½ mewKQz‡Z cwieZ©b wb‡q Av‡m| cÖhyw³ we`¨vi cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi gvb e„w× cvq|

cÖkœ 3-Gi DËi K. nvRx gynv¤§` gynmxb ûMwj †Rjvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| L. evsjvi `wi ª gymjgvb‡ì g‡a¨ wk¶v we¯�vi I Zv‡ì Kj¨vY mva‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ nvRx gynv¤§` gynmxb Zvi mKj m¤•wË gy³n‡¯� `vb K‡ib, Mwie †gavex gymjgvb QvÎiv hv‡Z AvaywbK wk¶vq wkw¶Z n‡Z cv‡i †m

R‡b¨ wZwb KjKvZvq ZrKvjxb GK j¶ Qvàvbœ nvRvi UvKv g�‡jï m¤•wË w`‡q Ôgynmxb Uªv÷Õ MVb K‡ib| 1806 mv‡j Ôgynmxb ÷ªv÷Õ MVb Kiv nq| M. DÏxc‡K gvwng evsjvi `vbexi nvRx gynv¤§` gynmx‡bi wk¶v we¯�v‡i AKvZ‡i `vb-GB fveavivq AbycÖvwYZ n‡q‡Qb| nvRx gynv¤§` gynmxb evsjvi `wi ª gymjgvb‡ì wk¶v we¯�vi I Zv‡ì Kj¨v‡Y DËivwaKvim�‡Î cÖvß mKj m¤•wË `vb K‡i‡Qb| wZwb bvbv RbwnZKi Kv‡R A_© e¨q K‡ib| cÖwm× ÔBgvgevovÕ Zvi RbwnZKi Kvh©vewji Ab¨Zg wb`k©b| wZwb Mwie I †gavex gymjgvb QvÎ‡ì wk¶v we¯�v‡ii R‡b¨ ZrKvjxb 1 j¶ 56 nvRvi UvKv w`‡q gynmxb Uªv÷ MVb K‡ib| gymjgvb‡ì wk¶v we¯�v‡i wZwb ûMwj K‡jR I ûMwj gvìvmv ¯’vcb K‡ib| mKj a‡g©i wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b Avw_©K mnvqZv Ki‡Zb| gvwng nvRx gyn¤§` gynmx‡bi Dcwi-D³ Kvh©vewji Øviv AbycÖvwYZ nb| wZwb ZvB ewÂZ wkï‡ì R‡b¨ wewfbœ wk¶v cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zv‡jb| GwZg wkï‡ì mvwe©K Kj¨v‡Y GwZgLvbv wbg©vY K‡ib| `wi ª wk¶v_x©‡ì e„wËi R‡b¨ wekvj dvÛ MVb K‡ib| `vbkxj I c‡ivcKvix nvRx gyn¤§ gynmxb GKRb Amv¤cÖ vwqK e¨w³ wQ‡jb| N. DÏxc‡K gvwng nvRx gyn¤§` gynmx‡bi wk¶v we¯�v‡i AKvZ‡i `vb I `wi ª wk¶v_x©‡ì Kj¨vY mva‡bi fveavivq AbycÖvwYZ n‡q ewÂZ wkï‡ì wk¶vi eë¯’v K‡ib| GwZg wkï‡ì Kj¨v‡Y GwZgLvbv wbg©vYmn `wi`ª wk¶v_x©‡ì R‡b¨ dvÛ MVb K‡i e„wËi eë¯’v K‡ib| gvwn‡gi DcwiD³ Kg©Kv‡Êi d‡j wKQz ewÂZ, Amnvq GwZg wkï‡ì wk¶vi eë¯’v n‡q‡Q| Zv‡ì my›ì fwel¨Z M‡o †Zvjv m¤¢e n‡e| ZvQvov Zvi cÖwZwôZ wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi myev‡` GjvKvq wk¶vi nvi †e‡o hv‡e hv RvZxq wk¶vi nvi e„w×‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e| cvkvcvwk wZwb †hgb nvRx gyn¤§‡ì fveavivq AbycÖvwYZ n‡q‡Q †Zgwb Zvi Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g A‡b‡K AbycÖvwYZ n‡q `wi ª I Amnvq gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Y KvR Ki‡Z GwM‡q Avm‡e| GQvovI Rbve gvwng †`‡k-we‡`‡k A‡bK cÖksmv AR©b K‡i‡Qb hv Zv‡K AviI fv‡jv Kv‡R D‡`¨vMx K‡i Zzj‡e| evsjvi `wi ª gymjgvb‡ì wk¶v we¯�v‡ii R‡b¨ nvRx gyn¤§` gynmxb Zvi mKj m¤•wË e¨q K‡iwQ‡jb| gymjgvb †gavex QvÎiv hv‡Z AvaywbK wk¶vq wkw¶Z n‡Z cv‡i †m R‡b¨ wZwb MVb K‡iwQ‡jb gynmxb Uªv÷| `vbkxjZvi R‡b¨ nvRx gyn¤§` gynmxb evsjvi nv‡Zg ZvB wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wQ‡jb|

cÖkœ 4-Gi DËi K. Dc‡ii wPÎwU evsjv‡`‡ki fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ| L. cvwK¯�vb m„wói ci †_‡KB bvbvfv‡e cwðgv kvmK‡Mvôx evOvwj‡ì Ici †kvlY, wbh©vZb Pvjvq| evOvwji RvZxqZv‡eva Ges ivR‰bwZK †PZbv‡K mg�‡j aŸs‡mi R‡b¨ Zviv hLb D`©y‡K evOvwji Ici Pvwc‡q †`qv ïi“ K‡i, ZLb G‡`‡ki QvÎ mgvR Zv‡ì fvlvi `vwe cÖwZôv Ki‡Z Av‡›`vj‡b Suvwc‡q c‡o| evsjv fvlv, mvwnZ¨ I wbR¯ ms¯‹…wZ‡K wUwK‡q ivL‡Z fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi WvK †`q evOvwj Rb‡Mvôx| 1952 mv‡ji 21-G †deª“qvwi fvlv Av‡›`vjb P�ovš� iƒc jvf K‡i| M. wP‡Î cÖ wk©Z QwewU fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ, 1952 mv‡ji 21- G †deª“qvwi evOvwji cÖv‡Yi `vwe evsjv‡K ivóª fvlvi gh©v`vq cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z cÖvY nvivq iwdK, kwdK, ReŸvimn bvg bv Rvbv AviI A‡b‡K| Zv‡ì AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi ¯xK…wZ w`‡Z ˆZwi Kiv nq knx` wgbvi| cÖwZ eQi fvlv knx`‡ì §iY Ki‡Z 21-G †deª“qvwi cvjb Kiv nq knx` wèm Ges Avš�R©vwZK gvZ…evlv wèm wn‡m‡e| knx` wèm Ges Avš�R©vwZK gvZ…fvlv wèm Dcj‡¶ †Kv‡bv we`¨vjq †h


me Kg©m�wP cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv n‡jv i¨vwj, †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mv‡bi Abyôvb, fvlv knx`‡ì ¯§i‡Y Zv‡ì Pwi‡Î Awfbq, gvZ…fvlvi Ici iPbv cÖwZ‡hvwMZv, Dcw¯’Z e³…Zv, 21-G †deª“qvwii Ici Av‡jvPbv, †hgb Lywk †Zgb mv‡Rv cÖf„wZ Abyôvb| Gme Abyôv‡bi gva¨‡g fvlv knx`‡ì §iY K‡i Zv‡ì cÖwZ kª×vÁvcb Kiv hvq| fvlvi AwaKvi wd‡i †c‡Z evOvwji g‡Zv Z¨vM ¯xKvi Avi †Kv‡bv RvwZ‡K Ki‡Z nqwb| i‡³i wewbg‡q AwR©Z n‡q‡Q evsjv fvlvq K_v ejvi AwaKvi| fvlv knx`‡ì cÖwZ kª×v †cvlY Ki‡Z RvwZms‡Ni BD‡b‡¯‹v 21-G †d«eª“qvwi‡K Avš�R©vwZK gvZ…fvlv wèm wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡i| N. wP‡Î cÖ wk©Z QwewU evOvwj RvwZi cÖ_g msNe× Av‡›`vjb fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ| 1952 mv‡ji 21-Gi †deª“qvwi evOvwji cÖv‡Yi fvlv evsjv‡K ivóªfvlvi gh©v`vq AwawôZ Ki‡Z XvKvi ivRc_ mvjvg, eiKZ, kwdK ReŸvi AviI A‡b‡Ki i‡³ iwÄZ nq| Gme fvlv knx`‡ì cÖwZ kª×v‡cvlY Ki‡Z ˆZwi Kiv nq knx` wgbvi| knx` wgbvi evOvwj RvwZi Rxe‡b RvZxqZv‡eva m„wó‡Z ¸i“Z¡c �Y© f�wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖavb AR©b n‡”Q- cvwK¯�v‡bi Ab¨Zg ivófvlv wn‡m‡e evsjv‡K miKvwifv‡e mycÖwZwôZ Kiv| G Av‡›`vj‡bi ga¨ w`‡qB evOvwj RvwZ wb‡R‡ i AwaKvi m¤•‡K© m‡PZb n‡q I‡V| Avi G m‡PZbZv cvwK¯�vwb kvmK‡ì Ab¨vq AvPi‡Yi wei“‡× evOvwj‡K msNe× K‡iwQj| knx` wgbvi evOvwj RvwZ‡K mKj ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vj‡bi Aby‡cÖiYv †RvMvq| G Aby‡cÖiYvB mKj ˆ¯ivPvi, Ab¨v‡qi wei“‡× msNe× K‡i‡Q evOvwj‡K fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi †PZbv evOvwj‡K w`‡q‡Q HK¨ I ¯vaxbZvi †PZbv hv Avgv‡ì AvZ¥cÖwZôvi msMÖv‡g DØy× K‡i ¯vaxbZv msMÖv‡g Acwi‡gq kw³ RywM‡q‡Q| fvlv Av‡›`vjb 1971 mv‡j cvwK¯�vwb‡ì wei“‡× msMÖvg Ki‡Z QvÎ, wk¶K, eyw×Rxex, K„lK, kªwgK mKj †kªwYi gvbyl‡K DØy× K‡i‡Q hvi cwiYwZ‡Z ¯vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`k we‡k¦i gvbwP‡Î ¯’vb cvq| 21-G †deªyqvwi evOvwj‡K §iY Kwi‡q †`q G RvwZ gv_v †bvqvevi bq| eis gv_v DuPy K‡i mKj Ab¨vq-AbvPv‡ii wei“‡× msMÖvg Ki‡Z e×cwiKi| ZvB GKz‡ki †PZbv evOvwji gyw³i †PZbv hv memgqB evOvwji g‡a¨ KvR Ki‡Q| fvlv knx` kwdDi ingv‡bi evev 1952 mv‡ji 23-G †deªyqvwi knx` wgbvi D‡Øvab K‡ib|

cÖkœ 5-Gi DËi K. wMÖK `vk©wbK Gwi÷Uj AwfRvZZš �‡K me©vwaK DËg Ges cwjwU‡K me©v‡c¶v ev¯�eag©x miKvi wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| L. †h kvmbeë¯’vq bvMwiKMY cÖZ¨¶ I mwµqfv‡e kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY K‡i Zv‡K cÖZ¨¶ ev weï× MYZš � e‡j| cÖvPxb wMÖ‡mi bMi iv‡óªi mKj bvMwiK †Kv‡bv we‡kl ¯’v‡b Rgv‡qZ n‡q AvBb cÖbqY, Ki avh©, Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM, wePviKvh© cwiPvjbv BZ¨vw` KvR KiZ| bMiiv‡óªi ¶z`ª Ges RbmsL¨v Kg wQj e‡j cÖZ¨¶fv‡e kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv m¤¢e wQj| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b Rbeûj e„nr iv‡ó« cÖZ¨¶ MYZš � Kvh©Kix Kiv m¤¢e bq| myBRvij¨v‡Ûi K‡qKwU K¨w›U‡b AvswkKfv‡e cÖZ¨¶ MYZš � Pvjy Av‡Q| M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z ÔKÕ iv‡óªi êwkó¨ we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q Ggb GKwU iv‡óªi cÖZ¨¶ D`vniY evsjv‡`k| KviY evsjv‡`‡k gwš �cwil` kvwmZ miKvi we`¨gvb| GLv‡b gwš�cwil` AvBbmfvi wbKU `vqx _v‡K Ges cÖavbgš �x AvBbmfvi m`m¨| evsjv‡`‡ki kvmb wefvM ivóªcÖavb †_‡K ïi“ K‡i MÖv‡gi †PŠwK`vi ch©š� mKj Kg©Pvix‡ì wb‡q MwVZ| GLvbKvi kvmb wefv‡Mi cÖavb KvR n‡”Q AvBb Kvh©Kix Kiv Ges †`‡ki cÖkvmb cwiPvjbv Kiv| Af¨š�ixY

AvBbk„�Ljv i¶v, miKvwi Kg©Pvix‡ì wb‡qvM, e`wj c‡`vbœwZ cÖ vb cªf„wZ KvRI kvmb wefvM cwiPvjbv K‡i| iv‡óªi wbivcËv cÖ vb Kiv kvmb wefv‡Mi `vwqZ¡| GR‡b¨ cª‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i kvmb wefvM| GQvov wKQz AvBb wefvMxq KvRI kvmb wefvM K‡i _v‡K| kvmb wefv‡Mi m`m¨ ivóªcwZ `wÛZ e¨w³‡ì ¶gv cÖ vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| N. DÏxc‡Ki ÔKÕ iv‡óªi êwkó¨ enb K‡i Ggb iv‡óª gwš �cwil` miKvi we`¨gvb Ges ÔLÕ iv‡óªi êwkó¨ enbKvix iv‡óª ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi we`¨gvb| gwš �cwil` kvwmZ iv‡óªi kvmbKvh© gwš �cwil` KZ©„K cwiPvwjZ nq| gš �xcwil‡ì m`m¨MY mw¤§wjZfv‡e AvBbmfvi wbKU Zv‡ì Kv‡Ri R‡b¨ `vqx _v‡Kb| AvBbmfvi AwaKvsk m`m¨ Abv¯’v Ávcb Ki‡j mš �xmfv‡K c`Z¨vM Ki‡Z nq| Ab¨w`‡K ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡i ivóªcwZB †`‡ki cÖK…Z kvmK| AvBbmfv Zvi wbKU Abv¯’v Ávcb Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| RbMY KZ©„K wbw`©ó Kv‡ji R‡b¨ wZwb wbe©vwPZ nb| Dcwi-D³ kvmbeë¯’vi g‡a¨ gwš �cwil` kvwmZ miKvi‡K Avwg DËg e‡j g‡b Kwi| KviYÑ 1. `vwqZ¡kxjZv gwš �cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡ii cÖavb ¸Y| Ab¨w`‡K

ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡i †¯”QvPvi ev `vwqZ¡nxbZvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| 2. RbM‡Yi wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡ì Øviv kvmbKvh© cwiPvwjZ nq e‡j

DrK„ó AvBb Ges DbœZ ai‡bi kvmb G eë¯’vq m¤¢e| Ab¨w`‡K ivóªcwZi AvBbmfvi Ici wbqš�b bv _vKvq wZwb cÖ‡qvRbxq AvBb cÖYqb Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|

3. gwš �cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡i AvBbmfv Rbg‡Zi we‡ivax n‡j ivóªcÖavb gwš �mfvi civg‡k© AvBbmfv †f‡½ w`‡Z cv‡ib|

4. G kvmb eë¯’v mn‡R cwieZ©bxq| gš �xmfv A‡hvM¨ n‡j AvBbmfv Zv‡ì ¶gZvPz¨Z Ki‡Z cv‡i|

Dcwi-D³ Kvi‡Y gwš �cwil` kvwmZ miKvi MYZvwš �K i‡óªi R‡b¨ Avgvi Kv‡Q DËg e‡j g‡b nq| gwš �cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡i fvimvg¨ eRvq _v‡K| ZvB †`‡ki mvwe©K Dbœqb Z¡ivwš^Z nq| gwš �cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡i cÖavbgš �x gwš �cwil‡ì kx‡l© _v‡Kb|

cÖkœ 6-Gi DËi K. †Kv‡bv wRwbm cvIqvi AvKv�¶v, mvg_©¨ Ges wRwbmwU µq Kivi R‡b A_© e¨‡qi B”Qv‡K A_©bxwZi fvlvq Pvwn`v e‡j| L. Dwj−wLZ m�wPwU `v‡gi mv‡_ Pvwn`vi Nwbô m¤•K© wb‡ ©k Ki‡Q| m�wP‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q `vg Kgvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Pvwn`vi cwigvY e„w× cv‡”Q| `vg hLb 12 UvKv wQj ZLb Pvwn`vi cwigvY wQj 15 GKK| `vg K‡g hLb 10 UvKv n‡jv ZLb Pvwn`vi cwigvY †e‡o ùvov‡jv 20 GK‡K| Avevi `vg hLb 8 UvKv n‡jv ZLb Pvwn`vi cwigvY AviI †e‡o 25 GKK n‡jv| myZivs ejv hvq †h, c‡Yï `vg n«vm †c‡j Pvwn`vi cwigvY †e‡o hvq| M. Pvwn`v m�wPi gvbmg�n QK KvM‡R Dc¯’vcb K‡i cÖvß we›`y ‡jv‡K gy³ n‡¯� †hvM Ki‡j †h †iLv cvIqv hvq ZvB Pvwn`v †iLv| cÖ Ë m�wPwU‡K wb‡P Pvwn`v †iLvq cÖKvk Kiv n‡jv- wP‡Î OX A‡¶ Pvwn`vi cwigvY Ges OY A‡¶ ª‡eï `vg †`Lv‡bv

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n‡q‡Q| A we›`y‡Z ª‡eï `vg hLb 12 UvKv Pvwn`vi cwigvY ZLb me©wbgœ 15 GKK B we›`y‡Z `ª‡eï `vg K‡g hLb 10 UvKv n‡jv ZLb Pvwn`vi cwigvY †e‡o 20 GKK n‡jv| C we›`y‡Z `ª‡eï `vg hLb AviI K‡g 5 UvKv n‡jv Pvwn`v †e‡o ZLb me©vwaK 20 GKK n‡jv| Gfv‡e †`Lv hv‡”Q `ª‡eï `vg Kgvi d‡j Pvwn`vi cwigvY e„w× †c‡q‡Q| wP‡Î A, B, C we› y DD′ Pvwn`v †iLv| G †iLv `vg I Pvwn`vi g‡a¨ wecixZgyLx m¤•K© cÖKvk Ki‡Q| A_©bxwZ‡Z Pvwn`v n‡Z n‡j wZbwU kZ© c �iY Ki‡Z nq| N. †µZvi †Kv‡bv wRwbm cvIqvi AvKv�¶v, mvg_© Ges B”Qv‡K A_©bxwZi fvlvq Pvwn`v e‡j| Pvwn`vi mv‡_ mgq I `v‡gi Nwbô m¤•K© i‡q‡Q| †hgb t Pvwn`v c �i‡Yi R‡b¨ h‡_ô UvKv _vKv Ri“wi| Ab¨_vq AvKv�¶v c �iY m¤¢e bq| Avq evo‡j m¤¢ve¨ †¶‡Î e¨‡qi cwigvY ev‡o| d‡j †Kv‡bv `ªe¨ ev †mev cvIqvi mvg_© ‡K †e‡o hvq| D`vniY¯iƒc ejv hvq, ivqnvb mv‡n‡ei Mvwo †Kbvi B”Qv A‡bK w`‡bi| †eZb e„w× cvIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zvi mvg_© nIqvq wZwb Mvwo wK‡b‡Qb| GLv‡b j¶Yxq cÖ_gZ A_©bxwZ‡Z ivqnvb mv‡n‡ei Mvwo †Kbvi B”Qv‡K Pvwn`v ejv nq bv| KviY Mvwo †Kbvi g‡Zv h‡_ó UvKv Zvi wQj bv| cieZx©Kv‡j Avh e„w× cvIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ †m Mvwo wKb‡Z mg_© nq| G †¶‡Î Pvwn`vi wZbwU êwkó¨B c�iY n‡q‡Q| ZvB ejv hvq Pvwn`v Av‡qi Ici wbf©ikxj| Avevi Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z a‡i ïay mg‡qi cwieZ©b we‡ePbv Kiv n‡j †`Lv hv‡e mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b N‡U| †hgb: MigKv‡j AvBmwµg, VvÛv cvbxq-Gi Pvwn`v _vK‡jI kxZKv‡j Zv _v‡K bv| Avevi kxZKv‡j Mig Kvc‡oi Pvwn`v _vK‡jI MigKv‡j Zv Avi _v‡K bv| Avevi wewfbœ Abyôv‡bi mgq †h me wRwb‡mi Pvwn`v _v‡K, Abyôvb †kl n‡q †M‡j Zv Avi _v‡K bv| mg‡qi cwieZ©‡b Pvwn`vi AwZwi³ Dc‡hv‡Mi m„wó nq| G AwZwi³ Dc‡hvM `ª‡eï Pvwn`v I `v‡gi Kg-‡ewk m„wó K‡i| ZvB ejv hvq, Avq I mg‡qi cwieZ©‡b Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b N‡U|

cÖkœ 7-Gi DËi K. 2001 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi wQj 1.48%| L. MÖvgxY mgv‡R bvix wcwQ‡q _vKvi Ab¨Zg GKwU KviY n‡jv wk¶vi Afve| wk¶vi Afv‡e bvixiv Zv‡ì AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ nq| Zviv wb‡R‡ì cÖwZfv weKv‡ki †Kv‡bv my‡hvM cvq bv| Awk¶v Avi Kzms¯‹vi bvix‡K N‡ii g‡a¨ AvU‡K iv‡L| MÖvgxY i¶Ykxj `„wófw½i Kvi‡Y Zviv †Kv‡bv Avq-‡ivRMv‡iI wb‡R‡ì m¤•„³ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Gfv‡e wk¶vi Kvi‡Y MÖvgxY bvix‡ì g‡a¨ †KvbI m‡PZbZv m„wó nq bv| d‡j me w`K w`‡q Zviv kû‡i gwnjv‡ì †_‡K wcwQ‡q _v‡K| M. RbmsL¨v mgm¨v evsjv‡`k Z_v eZ©gvb we‡k¦i GK b¤i mgm¨v| w`b w`b G mgm¨v Zxeª †_‡K ZxeªZi n‡”Q| DÏxc‡K Av‡qkv GKRb PvKwiRxex gwnjv| Zvi mš�vb `yBRb| GLv‡b †`Lv hv‡”Q Av‡qkv GKRb wkw¶Z Ges m‡PZb bvix| wk¶v Ges m‡PZbZvB Av‡qkvi Kg mš�vb nIqvi †cQ‡b KvR K‡i‡Q| Av‡qkv wkw¶Z nIqvi Kvi‡Y †m PvKwi Ki‡Q| RxebhvÎvi DuPz gvb m¤•‡K© †m m‡PZb| †h Kvi‡Y Av‡qkv `ywU mš�vb MÖnY K‡i‡Q k�ay ZvB bq| RbmsL¨v mgm¨v †h evsjv‡`‡ki GK b¤î mgm¨v Av‡qkv †m m¤•‡K©I Rv‡b| ZvB wb‡Ri cwievi †QvU ivLvi gva¨‡g RbmsL¨v e„w× †iv‡a †m f �wgKv ivL‡Q| Av‡qkv Rv‡b RbmsL¨v e„w× †c‡j mwVK Rxebeë¯’vi Ici †bwZevPK cÖfve co‡e| ZvB Av‡qkv Kg mš�vb MÖnY K‡i‡Q| wkw¶Z I Kg©e¨¯� bvixiv †QvU cwiev‡ii cÖwZ AvK…ó _v‡Kb| Zviv †QvU

cwievi MV‡bi myweav Lye mn‡RB eyS‡Z cv‡ib| ZvB Kg mš�vb MÖnY K‡i RbmsL¨v e„w× †iv‡a f �wgKv iv‡Lb| RbmsL¨vi w`K w`‡q we‡k¦ evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vb beg| N. evsjv‡`k we‡k¦i Ab¨Zg GKwU Rbûj †`k| G‡`‡k RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi AZ¨waK| wk¶vi Afve, `vwi`ª¨, mvgvwRK I ag©xq bvbv Kzms¯‹vi, evj¨ weevn, eû weevn cÖf„wZi Kvi‡Y †`kwU‡Z RbmsL¨v e„w× cv‡”Q| DÏxc‡K wgivi mš�vb †ewk nIqvi R‡b¨ Am‡PZbZv‡K `vqx Kiv n‡q‡Q| welqwUi mv‡_ Avwg GKgZ| KviY ⎯ 1. wgiv wkw¶Z I m‡PZb n‡j AwaK RbmsL¨vi Kzdj m¤•‡K© Zvi

aviYv _vKZ| Avi †KvbI m‡PZb bvix RbmsL¨vi e„w×i Kzdj m¤•‡K© †R‡bI AwaK mš�vb MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

2. RbmsL¨v e„w× evsjv‡`‡ki GK b¤î mgm¨v| wgivi hw` m‡PZbZv‡eva _vKZ Z‡e G †`‡ki RvZxq Dbœqb wewNœZ K‡i Ggb KvR †m KiZ bv|

3. m‡PZb I wkw¶Z bvixiv †QvU cwiev‡ii cÖwZ AvK…ó _v‡K| ZvB Zviv Kg mš�vb MÖnY K‡i| wKš‘ wgiv Awkw¶Z I A‡mPZb nIqvq †QvU cwiev‡ii ¸i“Z¡ Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡i wb| ZvB AwaK mš�vb MÖnY K‡i‡Q|

4. wgiv hw` Kg©e¨¯� _vKZ Z‡e Zvi c‡¶ AwaK mš�vb MÖnY Kiv m¤¢e nZ bv| KviY Kg©e¨¯� bvixiv N‡i †ewk mgq w`‡Z cv‡i bv|

5. wgiv m‡PZb n‡j cwievi cwiKíbv Kg©m�wP MÖnY K‡i Kg mš�vb Rb¥ w`‡Z cviZ| wKš‘ Am‡PZb e‡jB nqZ cwievi cwiKíbv m¤•‡K© Zvi †Kv‡bv aviYvB †bB|

ZvB ejv hvq, wgivi Am‡PZbZvB Zvi AwaK mš�vb nIhvi R‡b¨ `vqx| evsjv‡`‡ki A‡a©K Rb‡Mvôx bvix| Avi bvix wk¶vi Afv‡e G‡`‡k RbmsL¨v e„w× AZ¨vwaK n‡”Q| bvixiv wkw¶Z I m‡PZb n‡j RbmsL¨v e„w× wbqš�Y Kiv m¤¢e| KviY ZLb bvixiv wm×vš� MÖnY ¶gZvqI AskMÖnY Kivi my‡hvM cvq| wk¶vi cÖmvi RbmsL¨v mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

cÖkœ 8-Gi DËi K. LwbR m¤•`‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb t kw³ m¤•`, avZe I AavZe m¤•`| L. evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb LwbR m¤•` n‡”Q cÖvK…wZK M¨vm| KviY G‡`‡ki evwYwRªK R¡vjvwb eënv‡ii kZKiv 70 fvM c �iY K‡i _v‡K cÖvK…wZK M¨vm| eZ©gv‡b †`‡ki Avwe®‹„Z M¨vm‡¶‡Îi msL¨v 23wU| Gi g‡a¨ 17wU M¨vm‡¶‡Îi 79wU K�c †_‡K M¨vm D‡ËvwjZ n‡”Q| wkí KviLvbvi R¡vjvwb, we`y r Drcv`b, wk‡íi KuvPvgvj, M„n¯’vwj Kv‡R cÖvK…wZK M¨vm eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k D‡Ëvjb‡hvM¨ M¨vm gRy‡ì cwigvY 1322 wUªwjqb NbdzU| M. †h †Kv‡bv †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi R‡b¨ LwbR m¤•‡ì eënvi Acwinvh©, Avgv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b LwbR m¤•` bvbv Kv‡R eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| †hgb- kw³ m¤•`, kw³ m¤•‡ì g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q- Kqjv, cÖvK…wZK M¨vm Ges LwbR †Zj| Kqjv kw³ Drcv`b, w¯•wiU I AvjKvZiv ˆZwii Kv‡R eëüZ nq| cÖvK…wZK M¨vm M„n¯’vwji bvbv Kv‡R eënvi Kiv nq| ZvQvov wk‡íi KuvPvgvj, R¡vjvwb I we`y r Drcv`‡b G M¨vm eënvi Kiv nq| LwbR †Zj †_‡K †c‡Uªvj, wW‡Rj, †K‡ivwmb, weUzwgb, wcw”Qj KviK †Zj Drcv`b Kiv nq| avZe Lwb‡Ri g‡a¨ Zvgv I †jvnv evmb, ê`y wZK hš �vw` cÖ ‘Z, gy ªv, bvbv hš �cvwZ I KjKâv ˆZwi‡Z eënvi Kiv nq|


AavZe Lwb‡Ri g‡a¨ Pzbvcv_i mvevb, KvMR, we −wPs cvDWvi, is ˆZwi Ges M„nwbg©vY Kv‡R eënvi Kiv nq| wmwjKv evjy PxbvgvwUi evmbcÎ, m¨vwbUvwi miÄvg, K…wÎg e � ˆZwi Ges M„nwbg©vY mvgMÖx ˆZwi‡Z eëüZ nq| LwbR m¤•` evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg cÖavb m¤•`, cÖvK…wZK G m¤•`‡K h_vh_fv‡e Kv‡R jvwM‡q evsjv‡`k A_©‰bwZK w`K w`‡q GwM‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| Lwb †_‡K cÖvß m¤•`‡K LwbR m¤•` e‡j| N. evsjv‡`k LwbR m¤•‡` †Zgb mg„× bh| Z‡e †hme LwbR m¤•` Avwe®‹„Z n‡q‡Q Zv h_vh_fv‡e eënvi K‡i †`kwU A_©‰bwZKfv‡e jvfevb n‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki LwbR m¤•‡ì g‡a¨ AavZe m¤•` Ab¨Zg| Gme AavZe m¤•‡ì g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q- Pzbv cv_i, wmwjKv evjy, PxbvgvwU, KwVb wkjv, bywo cv_i, LwbR evwj, jeY, MÜK cÖf„wZ| Pzbvcv_i : evsjv‡`‡k cÖPzi Pzbvcv_i gRy` i‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b mybvgMÄ †Rjvi †U‡KinvU Rvdjs, RwKMÄ, PiM, fvOvi NvU, RqcyinvU †Rjvi Rvgvjcyi I RvgvjMÄ, PÆMÖvg †Rjvi mxZvKzÛ, K·evRvi †Rjvi †m›UgvwU©b Øxc Ges PuvcvBbeveM‡Ä Pzbvcv_i cvIqv hvq| Pzbvcv_‡ii eënvi : wm‡g›U, M−vm, B¯•vZ, mvevb, KvMR, we −wPs cvDWvi, is ˆZwi‡Z Ges M„nwbg©vY Kv‡R Pzbvcv_i eëüZ nq| wmwjKv evjy : Kzwgj−v †Rjvi †PŠÏMÖvg, PÆMÖv‡gi †`vnvRvwi, wm‡j‡Ui bqvcvov QvwZqvwb, kvnwRevRvi, KzjvDov I Rvgvjcy‡ii evwjSzwi‡Z wmwjKv evjy cvIqv hvq| wmwjKv evjyi eënvi : KvP, ivmvqwbK ªe¨ is, AwMœ‡ivaK BU ˆZwi‡Z wmwjKv evjy eëüZ nq| PxbvgvwU : evsjv‡`‡ki gqgbwmsn, bIMuv I w`bvRcyi †Rjvq PxbvgvwU cvIqv hvq| PxbvgvwUi eënvi : wm‡g›U, B¯•vZ, evmb cÎ, ê y wZK Bbmy‡jUi, m¨vwbUvwi miÄvg, KvMR, K…wÎg e � BZ¨vw` ˆZwi‡Z Ges M„nwbg©vY I ivmvqwbK wk‡í Pxbv gvwU eëüZ nq| GQvov iscyi I w`bvRcyi †Rjvq KwVb wkjv, mybvgMÄ, cÂMo, jvjgwbinvU I wm‡jU †Rjvq bywocv_i cvIqv †M‡Q| KzZzew`qv †_‡K †UKbvd ch©š� DcK�jxq AÂ‡j cvigvYweK LwbR c`v_© Ges KzZzew`qvq mvgvb¨ MÜ‡Ki mÜvb cvIqv †M‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k cÖvß LwbR m¤•`‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|

cÖkœ 9-Gi DËi K. `y‡h©vM n‡”Q Giƒc NUbv, hv mgv‡Ri ¯vfvweK KvRK‡g© cÖPÊfv‡e weNœ NUvq Ges Rxeb, m¤•` I cwi‡e‡ki e¨vcK ¶wZmvab K‡i| L. y‡h©v‡Mi SzuwK n«vm Ges `y‡h©vM RwbZ mKj cÖKvi ¶q¶wZ Kgv‡bvi D‡Ï‡k¨ KvR KivB `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbvi g�j j¶¨| `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbvi cÖavb D‡Ï‡kï g‡a¨ GKwU n‡jv `y‡h©v‡Mi mgq Rxeb, m¤•` Ges cwi‡e‡ki †h ¶wZ n‡q _v‡K Zv Gov‡bv ev ¶wZi cwigvY n«vm Kiv|

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cÖkœ 2-Gi DËi K. cwievi n‡jv mgv‡Ri ¶z ªZg Ggb GKwU mvgvwRK msMVb †hLv‡b wcZv-gvZv I Zv‡ì mš�vb mš�wZ GK‡Î emevm K‡i| L. bqvevm cwievi eZ©gvb AvaywbK mgv‡R cÖPwjZ GKwU cwievi| G cwiev‡ii †¶‡Î weevwnZ be`¤•wZ Zv‡ì wcZv ev gvZvi M„‡n evm bv K‡i m¤•�Y©fv‡e Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì evwo‡Z evm K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki knivÂ‡j bqvevm cwievi †`Lv hvq| M. DÏxc‡K Avgvb †h cwiev‡i evm K‡i Zv n‡jv Aby ev GKK cwievi Ges wgRvb †h cwiev‡i evm K‡i Zv n‡jv †hŠ_ cwievi| Aby cwievi MwVZ nq mvaviYZ ¯vgx- �x Ges AweevwnZ GK ev GKvwaK mš�vb-mš�wb wb‡q| G cwievi yB cyi“‡l Ave×| G `yB cyi“l n‡jv wcZv Ges AcÖvß eq¯‹ mš�vb-mš�wZ| †hŠ_ cwievi n‡jv K‡qKwU GKK cwiev‡ii mgwó| †hŠ_ cwiev‡i weevwnZ cyÎ I Zvi mš�vbvw`mn wcZvgvZvi KZ…©Z¡vaxb GK msmv‡i evm K‡i| mevB‡K cwiev‡ii wbqg Kvbyb †g‡b Pj‡Z nq| Avgvb Ges wgRv‡bi cwiev‡ii g‡a¨ †h cv_©K¨ j¶ Kiv hvq Zv n‡jvÑ 1. Avgv‡bi cwievi GKK cwievi| wgRv‡bi cwievi †hŠ_ cwievi| 2. Avgv‡bi cwiev‡ii m`m¨ msL¨v Kg| wgRv‡bi cwiev‡ii m`m¨ msL¨v †ewk| 3. Avgv‡bi cwievi yB cyi“‡l Ave×| 4. wgRv‡bi cwiev‡i GKvwaK cyi“l i‡q‡Q| 5. mvaviYZ knivÂ‡j Avgvb‡ì g‡Zv cwievi j¶ Kiv hvq| MÖvgxY K…wl mgv‡R wgRv‡bi g‡Zv cwievi j¶ Kiv hvq| †hŠ_ cwiev‡i †KD e¨w³MZfv‡e m¤•wËi gvwjK n‡Z cv‡i bv| N. DÏxc‡K Dwj−wLZ Avgv‡bi cwievi‡K GKK cwievi ev Aby cwievi ejv nq| KviY Avgv‡bi cwiev‡i Zvi evev-gv Ges fvB‡evb emevm K‡i| Avgv‡ì †`‡k eZ©gv‡b Aby cwievi ev GKK cwievi MV‡bi cÖeYZv j¶ Kiv hv‡”Q| Gi †cQ‡b Aek¨ GKvwaK KviYI i‡q‡Q| †hgb: 1. wk¶v I m‡PZb „wó©fw½ : eZ©gv‡b †ewki fvM gvbyl wkw¶Z n‡”Q| Zviv Zv‡ì mš�vb‡ì my›ì fwel¨r wb‡q wPš�v K‡i| A‡bK evev-gv g‡b K‡ib †hŠ_ cwiev‡i mš�v‡bi cov‡kvbvq e¨vNvZ NU‡Z cv‡i| †mR‡b¨ Zviv Aby cwievi MVb K‡ib| 2. AvaywbK I Sv‡gjvgy³ Rxeb hvc‡bi cÖZ¨vkv : †ewki fvM gvbyl †QvU cwievi‡K me ai‡bi my‡hvM meywav †fv‡Mi AbyK‚j g‡b K‡ib| wejvm eûj Rxeb hvcb Ges AvaywbK Rxe‡bi cÖZ¨vkvq A‡b‡K Aby cwievi MVb K‡ib| 3. Kg©ms¯’v‡bi R‡b¨ : A‡b‡K PvKwii R‡b¨ eva¨ n‡q Aby cwievi MVb K‡i| 4. bMivqY I wkívqb : bMivq‡Yi d‡j A‡bK †hŠ_ cwievi †f‡½ GKK cwiev‡ii m„wó n‡”Q| bMi Rxe‡bi bvbv myweav wKsev Kg©ms¯’v‡bi R‡b¨ A‡b‡K kn‡i Av‡m Ges †hŠ_ cwievi †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q Aby cwievi MVb K‡i| wkívq‡bi d‡j gvby‡li Rxeb hvcb I `„wófw½‡Z cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq| d‡j A‡bK †hŠ_ cwievi †f‡O hvq| m„wó nq AYy cwievi| 5. Ø›Ø-Kjn †_‡K gyw³ jvf : A‡bK †hŠ_ cwiev‡i ¯v_© msµvš� welq wb‡q Ø›Ø-Kjn †j‡MB _v‡K| Gme AivRK cwiw¯’wZ †_‡K gyw³ †c‡Z A‡b‡K †hŠ_ cwievi †_‡K wb‡R‡ì Avjv`v K‡i GKK cwievi MVb K‡ib| GK K_vq ej‡Z †M‡j AvaywbK Rxeb hvcb Ges bMi Rxe‡bi bvbv my‡hvM myweavB †hŠ_ cwievi †f‡O GKK cwievi MV‡b gvbyl‡K DØy× Ki‡Q|


cÖkœ 3-Gi DËi K. G wf Rb cÖ Ë wK‡kvi Aciv‡ai msÁvwU n‡jvÑ ÔwK‡kvi Acivax n‡jv wbw`©ó eqtmxgvi g‡a¨ †`‡ki cÖPwjZ AvBb f½Kvix I mvgvwRK wbqg j�NbKvix| L. wK‡kvi Aciv‡ai Ab¨Zg GKwU KviY n‡jvÑ wcZvgvZvi AmsMwZc�Y© AvPiY| wcZvgvZvi g‡a¨ `v¤•Z¨ Kjn, cvwievwiK wek„�Ljv, e¨w³‡Z¡i msNvZ BZ¨vwì cÖfv‡e wkï wK‡kviiv Acivax n‡q I‡V| ZvQvov †h cwiev‡ii wcZvgvZv `yRbB PvKwiRxex nb Zv‡ì mš�vb‡ì AcivacÖeY n‡q IVvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| KviY †ønewÂZ n‡q A‡bK †Q‡j †g‡qiv Aciva K‡i _v‡K| wK‡kvi Aciva cÖeYZv wbqš �Y Kiv m¤¢e bv n‡j G mgv‡Ri aŸsm Awbevh©| M. DÏxc‡K wngy GKRb wK‡kvi Acivax| †m 17 eQ‡ii hyeK n‡jI wK‡kvi eqm †_‡KB †m Aciv‡ai mv‡_ wb‡R‡K Rwo‡q †d‡j‡Q| wngy bvbv AmvgvwRK Kv‡Ri mv‡_ RwoZ| Gme Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Ryqv †Ljv, †bkv Kiv, ¯‹zjMvgx QvÎx‡ì wei³ Kiv cÖf…wZ| †m GKRb ¯‹zj QvÎ n‡qI Gme Aciv‡ai mv‡_ wb‡R‡K Rwo‡q †d‡j‡Q| KviY wngy cvovi eLv‡U †Q‡j‡ì mv‡_ wgk‡Q| cov‡kvbvi cÖwZ Zvi †Kv‡bvB AvMÖn †bB| ZvB wZbevi Gm Gm wm cix¶v w ‡qI †m K…ZKvh© n‡Z cv‡i wb| wngyi Acivax nIqvi R‡b¨ m½‡`vlB `vqx| AbyKiY I ev‡R †jvK‡ì mv‡_ †gjv‡gkvi Kvi‡Y wngy Acivax n‡q D‡V‡Q| K_vq Av‡Q Ômr m‡½ ¯M©evm, Amr m‡½ me©bvkÕ| fv‡jv eÜzi mv‡_ wgk‡j fv‡jv Ges D”Q„sLj I Lvivc eÜz‡ì mv‡_ wgk‡j GKRb wK‡kvi Acivax‡Z cwiYZ nq| wngyi †ejvqI m½‡`vl cÖfve †d‡j‡Q| wngy eLv‡U †Q‡j‡ì mv‡_ wg‡k bvbv Aciv‡ai mv‡_ wb‡R‡K Rwo‡q †d‡j‡Q| wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix KZ…©K msNwUZ AvBb I mgvRwe‡ivax Kvh©vewj‡K wK‡kvi Aciva ejv nq| N. mvaviYZ wK‡kvi Aciva n‡jv mgvR KZ…©K Amgw_©Z A_P wK‡kvi KZ…©K msNwUZ †Kv‡bv KvR| A_©vr wK‡kvi eqmxiv †h me KvR Ki‡j mgvR I wK‡kvi Rxeb wec¾bK n‡q c‡o †mUvB wK‡kvi Aciva| wngy‡K G ai‡bi Acivag�jK KvR †_‡K †div‡bvi R‡b¨ Avwg †h me c`‡¶c wb‡Z cvwi Zv wbæiƒc : 1. cwievi‡K Rvbv‡bv : †Kv‡bv wK‡kvi Acivax‡K ms‡kva‡bi R‡b¨ cÖ_g Ges cÖavb KvR n‡jv Zvi cwievi‡K Zvi m¤•‡K© Z_¨ cÖ vb Kiv Ges eÜzi G KvRwU Lye mn‡RB Ki‡Z cv‡i| GKRb wK‡kvi Acivaxi eqm †h‡nZz Kg _v‡K ZvB Zv‡K Zvi Kg©Kv‡Ûi †bwZevPK w`K¸‡jv †evSv‡j A‡bK mgq ms‡kvab Kiv m¤¢e nq| 2. fv‡jv eÜz‡ì civgk© : K_vq e‡j Ôcvc‡K N„Yv K‡iv cvcx‡K bqÕ| G g‡š � D¾xweZ n‡q GKRb wK‡kvi Acivaxi †h me fv‡jv eÜz Av‡Q Zviv hw` Zv‡K †evSvq, Zvi mv‡_ †ewk mgq KvUvq Ges fv‡jv Kv‡R DØy× K‡i Zvn‡j †m wb‡Ri Lvivc KvR¸‡jv m¤•‡K© m‡PZb n‡e Ges ms‡kvw©aZ n‡e| 3. ms‡kvab †K‡›`ª †hvMv‡hvM : Dcwi D³ c`‡¶c ¸‡jv †bqvi ciI hw` †m ms‡kvwaZ bv nq Zvn‡j Zv‡K eÜz‡ì mnvqZvq ms‡kvab †K‡›`ª wb‡q †h‡Z n‡e Ges †mLv‡b Wv³v‡ii civgk© g‡Zv wPwKrmvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| 4. AvB‡bi AvkÖq : Dcwi-D³ me ai‡bi †Póvi ciI hw GKRb wK‡kvi Acivax‡K ms‡kvab Kiv bv hvq ZLb eva¨ n‡qB AvB‡bi AvkÖq MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| GKRb wK‡kvi‡K Acivax‡Z cwiYZ Kivi †¶‡Î †hgb Lvivc eÜziv gyL¨ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i †ZgbB Zv‡K Av‡jvi c‡_ wdwi‡q Avb‡ZI fv‡jv eÜziv gyL¨ f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| †m‡¶‡Î Aek¨B fv‡jv eÜz‡ì‡K mw`”Qv wb‡q GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| Avgvi †Kv‡bv eÜzi Ggb Lvivc cwiYwZ‡Z Avwg Aek¨B Avgvi mw`”Qv Ges mvg_© wb‡q GwM‡q hve Ges Zv‡K Av‡jvi c‡_ wdwi‡q Avbvi R‡b¨ me ai‡bi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kie| wK‡kvi Aciva eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki R‡b¨ ûgwK¯iƒc| GwU wbqš �Y Kiv m¤¢e bv n‡j mgvR ax‡i ax‡i aŸs‡mi m¤§yLxb n‡e|

cÖkœ 4-Gi DËi K. 1856 mv‡j weaev weevn AvBb cvm Kiv nq| L. evsjvi be RvMi‡Yi AMÖ �Z ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq wQj D`vi I AvaywbK `„wóm¤•bœ gvbyl| wZwb wn›`y‡ì eû Ck¦iev‡ì †Nvi we‡ivax wQ‡jb| wZwb G‡Kk¦iev‡` wek¦vmx wQ‡jb| G‡Kk¦iev‡ì g�j K_v n‡jv gvbeKj¨vY, mZ¨vbymÜvb, mZ¨ I b¨vqwbô Rxeb hvcb Ges wek¦ mªóvi Dcvmbv| wZwb wn›`y, Bmjvg I wLªó a‡g©i g�j Av`‡k©i mgš^‡q bZzb ag©gZ cÖwZôv K‡ib| ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq mv¤•Ö vwqKZv gy³ G‡Kk¦iev` cÖwZôvi j‡¶¨ eªvþ mgvR cÖwZôv K‡ib| M. DÏxc‡K Rqv iv‡gi `v`vi ewY©Z Kzms¯‹vi¸‡jv n‡”Q- mZx`vn cÖ_vi cÖPjb Ges weaev weevn wbwl×| ZLbKvi mgv‡R bvbv Kzms¯‹vi we`¨gvb wQj| weaev weevn wbwl× : ZLbKvi mgv‡R wn› y bvixi ¯vgx gviv †M‡j Zv‡ì Avi wØZxq evi we‡qi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM wQj bv| mvaviY gvbyl G‡K ag©xq `„wó‡Z †`LZ| wKš‘ Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi G‡K AgvbweK g‡b Ki‡jb| ZvB wZwb wn› y mgv‡Ri G Kzms¯‹vi ` �ixKi‡Yi D‡`¨vM †bb| wZwb †KŠk‡ji AvkÖq †bb Ges Zvi hyw³i c‡¶ wewfbœ kv � Ges cÖvPxb MÖš’ †_‡K D`vniY G‡b mvaviY gvbyl‡K cÖfvweZ K‡ib| we`¨vmvM‡ii cÖfv‡e Bs‡iR miKvi GwM‡q Av‡mb Ges 1856 mv‡j wn› y weaev AvBb cv‡mi gva¨‡g weaevweevn êa K‡ib| mZx`vn cÖ_v : wn›`y mgv‡R weaev weevn †Zv wbwl×B wQj eis Gi †_‡KI RNb¨ cÖ_v mZx`vn cÖ_v Pvjy wQj| G cÖ_v Abyhvqx †Kv‡bv wn›`y bvixi ¯vgx gviv †M‡j ¯vgxi wPZvq �x‡K Suvc w`‡q �x‡K AvÍvn �wZ w`‡Z n‡Zv| ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq wn›`y mgvR †_‡K RNb¨ KzcÖ_v ` �ixKi‡Yi D‡`¨vM †bb| 1829 mv‡j Zvi cÖ‡Póvq Bs‡iR miKvi AvBb K‡i mZx`vn cÖ_v wbwl× K‡ib| ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq Ges Ck¦iP› ª we`¨vmvMi wn› y mgvR‡K bvbv Kzms¯‹vi gy³ K‡ib| N. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z Rqviv‡gi `v`v †h mgvR ms¯‹vi‡Ki K_v D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb wZwb n‡jb ivRv ivg‡gvnb| Zvi cÖ‡Póvq wn›`y bvix‡ì kZ kZ Rxeb i¶v †c‡q‡Q| KviY wZwb wn›`y mgv‡R cÖPwjZ RNb¨ KzcÖ_v mZx`vn cÖ_v‡K Bs‡iR miKv‡ii mnvqZvq mgvR †_‡K ` �i Ki‡Z m¶g nb| c �‡e© wn› y mgv‡Ri bvix‡ì †Kv‡bv gh©v`v wQj bv| ¯vgx gviv hvIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv‡ì‡K ¯vgxi wPZvq Suvc w`‡q AvÍvn �wZ wn‡Z n‡Zv| †Kv‡bv bvix hw` G KvR Ki‡Z bv PvB‡Zb Zv‡ì‡K `yðwiÎ e‡j Kj¼ w`‡q eva¨ Kiv n‡Zv wPZvq Suvc †`qvi R‡b¨| ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq G AgvbweK Ges RNb¨ cÖ_v‡K mgvR †_‡K ` �i Ki‡Z D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb mZx`vn cÖ_v cÖm‡½, cÖeZ©K I wbeZ©‡Ki m¤^v` bv‡g GKwU cy �K iPbv K‡ib| Zvi AK¬vš� †Póvi d‡j 1829 mv‡j jW© †ew›UsK AvBb cvm K‡i mZx`vn cÖ_v iwnZ K‡ib| Avi Gfv‡e i¶v cvq wn›`y bvix‡ì kZ kZ Rxeb| wn› y bvix‡K mywk¶v `vb, bvix‡ì mg AwaKvi cÖwZôv Ges weaevMY hv‡Z m¤•wËi AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ bv nq †m R‡b¨ ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq AK¬vš� cwikÖg K‡ib| mgvR ms¯‹v‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ 1829 mv‡j ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq eªvþ mgvR cÖwZôv K‡ib|

cÖkœ 5-Gi DËi K. †cŠimfvi Kvh©Kvj cuvP eQi| L. GKwU Av k© †cŠimfvi MVb wbæiƒc : cÖvß eq¯‹‡ì cÖZ¨¶ †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ GKRb †gqi, IqvW©wfwËK wbe©vwPZ K‡qK Rb Kwgkbvi wb‡q †cŠimfv MwVZ nq| mKj †cŠimfvi m`m¨ msL¨v mgvb bq| m`m¨ msL¨v kn‡ii AvqZb I †jvKmsL¨vi wfwË‡Z wbe©vwPZ nq| †cŠimfvi Kvh©Kvj cuvP eQi| Am`vPiY, †cŠimfvi m¤•wËi ¶wZmvab, ¶gZvi Aceënvi


BZ¨vw` Awf‡hv‡M Awfhy³ n‡j `yB Z…Zxqvsk m`‡mï †fv‡U †gqi ev Kwgkbvi‡ì AcmviY Kiv hvq| M. Rbve Lwei DÏxb †cŠimfvi GKRb †gqi| wZwb GjvKvi mvwe©K Kj¨v‡Y †h me Dbœqbg�jK KvR K‡i _v‡Kb Zv n‡jvÑ 1. cwiKíbvg�jK : kn‡ii mvwe©K Dbœq‡bi R‡b¨ wewfbœ cÖKí cÖYqb I ev¯�evqb K‡i _v‡Kb| 2. RbwbivcËvg�jK : AwMœ wbe©vcb, eb¨v, gnvgvix N�wY©So BZ¨vw` cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM n‡Z Rxeb i¶v, Kei¯’vb I k¥kvb wbg©vY, A‰ea I wec¾bK eëmv-evwYR¨ wbqš�Y BZ¨vw` KvR †cŠimfvi †gqi Zvi m`m¨‡ì wb‡q K‡i _v‡Kb| 3. Rb¯v¯’¨ welqK : Rbve Lwei DÏxb GjvKvi ¯v¯’¨ i¶vi R‡b¨ wPwKrmv †K›`ª gvZ…m`b, wkï m`b cÖwZôv, GjvKvi ¯v¯’¨Ki cwi‡ek i¶v Kiv I †Wªb wbg©vY cÖf…wZ KvR K‡i _v‡Kb| 4. iv¯�v NvU wbg©vY : †cŠimfvi Rbmvavi‡Yi myweavi R‡b¨ iv¯�v wbg©vY, iv¯�vNvU cwi¯‹vi- cwi”Qbœ ivLv, iv¯�vq Av‡jvi eë¯’v Kiv cÖf…wZ| 5. mgvR Kj¨vYg�jK KvR : `wi`ª I `y ’‡ì mvnvhv‡_© Kj¨vY‡K›`ª I GwZgLvbv ¯’vcb Kiv| †cŠimfvq hv‡Z Ryqv †Ljv, g`¨cvb cÖf…wZ AmvgvwRK KvR eÜ nq Zvi eë¯’v Kiv| 6. wk¶v msµvš� KvR : †cŠi GjvKvq wk¶vi DbœwZi R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv, wk¶v cÖwZôvb, †nv‡÷j wbg©vY, MYwk¶vi eë¯’vmn bvbv D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv| GQvov GjvKvq Dbœq‡bi R‡b¨ e„¶‡ivcb I msi¶Y, ms¯‹…wZwelqK bvbv KvR Rbve Lwei DÏxb K‡i _v‡Kb| Gme Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q cwiKíbvg�jK, RbwbivcËvg�jK, ¯v¯’¨welqK, iv¯�vNvU wbg©vY, wk¶v msµvš�, mgvRKj¨vY g�jK cÖf…wZ| †cŠimfvi †gq‡ii Kvh©Kvj cuvP eQi| N. Rbve Lwei DÏxb ÔPÕ †cŠimfvi †gqi| GjvKvi bvbv mgm¨vi mgvavb I Dbœq‡bi R‡b¨ wZwb bvbv KvR K‡i _v‡Kb| G Kv‡Ri R‡b¨ Zv‡K cÖPzi A_© e¨q Ki‡Z nq| GjvKvi RbKj¨vYg�jK Kv‡Ri R‡b¨ Rbve Lwei g�jZ Ki Ges miKvwi Aby v‡bi Ici wbf©i K‡ib| mvaviYZ †h me wel‡qi Ici Ki avh© Kiv n‡q _v‡K Zv n‡jvÑ 1. Nievwoi g�j¨ I Rwgi Av‡qi Ici| 2. Mi“i Mvwo, mvB‡Kj, wi·v BZ¨vw` hvbevn‡bi Ici| 3. nvUevRvi †LqvNvU BZ¨vwì Ici| 4. wm‡bgv, w_‡qUvi, hvÎv, †gjv, cÖ k©bx BZ¨vwì Ici| 5. we‡q, †fvR, Av‡jvKm¾v I †Ljvayjvi Ici| 6. Avg`vwb I ißvwbi Ici| 7. jvB‡mÝ cviwgU BZ¨vwì Ici | 8. Rjgnvj Ki| Gme Drm †_‡K †h Avq nq Zv w`‡q †cŠimfvi †gqi †cŠimfvi mvwe©K Dbœq‡b e¨q K‡ib _v‡Kb|

cÖkœ 6-Gi DËi K. mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv c‡Yï `vg evo‡j Pvwn`v K‡g Ges `vg Kg‡j Pvwn`v ev‡o| Pvwn`v I `v‡gi g‡a¨ †h GB wµqvMZ m¤•K© Zv‡K Pvwn`v wewa e‡j| L. mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv wRwbm cvIqvi AvKv�Lv‡K Pvwn`v e‡j| Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j c‡Yï `vg e„w× †c‡j Pvwn`v n«vm cvq Ges c‡Yï `vg n«vm †c‡j Pvwn`v e„w× cvq| G Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’vi g‡a¨ GKwU n‡”Q †µZvi Avq| †µZvi Avq Kg n‡j ZLb †Kv‡bv wRwbm cvIqvi B”Qv †cvlb Ki‡jI †Kbv m¤¢e nq bv| wKš‘ Avq †ewk n‡j ZLb B”Qv n‡jB †h †Kv‡bv wRwbm †Kbv m¤¢e nq| Pvwn`vi kZ© wZbwU| M. `vg I Pvwn`vi g‡aï m¤•K© †h †iLvi mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Kiv nq ZvB Pvwn`v †iLv| DÏxc‡K nxivi mwilvi cwigvb Ges µqK…Z UvKvi cwigvb n‡”QÑ

5 †KwR Ñ 200 UvKv 10 †KwR Ñ 15 UvKv 15 †KwR Ñ 10 UvKv wb‡P cÖ Ë Z_¨ Pvwn`v †iLvq †`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑ

wP‡Î OX A‡¶ Pvwn`vi cwigvY Ges OY A‡¶ UvKvi cwigvb †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b A we›`y‡Z `vg hLb m‡e©v”P 20 UvKv ZLb Pvwn`vi cwigvb ZLb me©wbæ GKK| Avevi B we›`y‡Z `vg hLb 15 UvKv ZLb Pvwn`v †e‡o ùvwo‡q‡Q 10 GK‡K| Avevi C we›`y‡Z `vg hLb me©wbæ 10 UvKv ZLb Pvwn`vi cwigvb m‡e©v”P 15 GKK| GLv‡b †`Lv hv‡”Q `vg Kg‡j Pvwn`v ev‡o Ges `vg evo‡j Pvwn`v K‡g| wP‡Î A,B,C we›`y †hvM K‡i DD' Pvwn`v †iLv cvIqv hvq| `vg I Pvwn`vi m¤•K© me mgq wecixZgyLx n‡q _v‡K| N. DÏxc‡K Pvwn`v I `v‡gi g‡a¨ GKwU wecixZgyLx m¤•K© cÖKvk Kiv n‡”Q| GLv‡b nxiv mwilv me©wbæ g�‡j¨ µq Ki‡Z PvB‡Q Ges we‡µZv m‡e©v”P g�‡j¨ mwilv wewµ Ki‡Z PvB‡Q| A_©vr Zv‡ì AvPi‡Y wecixZ m¤•K© cÖKvwkZ n‡”Q| DÏxc‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q nxiv cÖ_‡g 20 UvKv `‡i 15 †KwR mwilv µq Kij| wKš‘ `vg K‡g hLb 15 UvKv n‡jv ZLb †m 10 †KwR mwilv µq Kij| Avevi `vg hLb AviI K‡g 10 UvKv n‡jv ZLb †m 15 †KwR mwilv µq Kij| wecixZ c‡¶, we‡µZv‡K `vg hLb Kg wQj ZLb †ewk mwilv wewµ Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| Avevi `vg hLb †ewk n‡q‡Q ZLb Kg mwilv wewµ K‡i AwaK UvKv gybvdv K‡i‡Qb| †`Lv hv‡”Q, `vg e„w× †c‡j †µZv ¶wZMÖ � nb Ges we‡µZv jvfevb nb| Avevi `vg n«vm †c‡j we‡µZv ¶wZMÖ � nb, †µZv jvfevb nb| Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j `vg evo‡j Pvwn`v K‡g Ges `vg Kg‡j Pvwn`v ev‡o| Avi G‡¶‡Î KLbI †µZv jvfevb nb Avevi KLbI we‡µZv jvfevb nb|

cÖkœ 7-Gi DËi K. Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v n‡”Q †mB RbmsL¨v hv we`¨gvb _vK‡j GKwU † k DbœwZi w`‡K avweZ nq Ges AebwZi nvZ †_‡K i¶v cvq| L. RbmsL¨v e„w×i GKwU cÖavb KviY n‡jv wk¶vi Afve| G‡`‡k mv¶iZvi nvi GLbI A‡bK Kg| ZvB msL¨vMwiô RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ ` �i`wk©Zv I `vwqZ¡‡ev‡ai Afve i‡q‡Q| wk¶vi Afv‡e †`‡ki RbmvaviY RbmsL¨v wbqš �‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv mwVKfv‡e Abyfe Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †m R‡b¨ RbmsL¨v wbqš �Y Kg©m�wPi Avkvbyiƒc mvdj¨ AR©b Ki‡Z `xN© mgq jvM‡Q| RbmsL¨v mgm¨v evsjv‡`‡ki GK b¤î RvZxq mgm¨v| M. RbmsL¨v mgm¨v eZ©gvb we‡k¦i GKwU cÖavb mgm¨v| Dwj−wLZ mviwY‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q cÖ_g †`kwU evsjv‡`k †hLv‡b RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ 953 Ges e„w×i nvi 1.41%| wØZxq †`‡ki RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ 349 Ges e„w×i nvi 1.40| Z…Zxq †`k Rvcv‡bi RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ 337 Ges e„w×i nvi 0.55%| GLv‡b cÖ_g †`‡ki RbmsL¨v me©vwaK †`Lv hv‡”Q| cÖ_g †`kwUi RbmsL¨v †ewk nIqvi KviY †mLv‡b †h me mgm¨v †`Lv hvq Zv n‡jvÑ 1. RbmsL¨v e„w× †c‡jI G‡`‡k Rwgi cwigvb evo‡Q bv| ZvB ¯í Rwg‡Z GZ †jv‡Ki evm¯’vb nIqvq A‡bK‡K gvb‡eZi Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z n‡”Q| ZvQvov ˆcwÎK m¤•wË eÈb wb‡q Kj‡ni m �ÎcvZ nq, cvwievwiK m¤•ÖxwZ webó nq| †h m¤•wË GKwU cwiev‡ii R‡b¨ ch©vß

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wQj Zv AviI K‡qKwU cwiev‡ii g‡a¨ fvMvfvwM nIqvq cÖ‡Z¨K cwiev‡ii Kó †e‡o hv‡”Q| 2. RbmsL¨vi AwaK NbZ¡ mvgvwRK myweav cÖvwß‡Z evav m„wó Ki‡Q| Av‡M †h Rwg‡Z K…wl Pvl n‡Zv Zv GLb emZevwo‡Z cwiYZ n‡”Q| d‡ji evMvb cwiYZ n‡”Q Avev`x Rwg‡Z| cÖvK…wZK †kvfv wejxb n‡q hv‡”Q| cwi‡ek ` �lY evo‡Q| 3. cvwievwiK Rxe‡b Akvwš�, Afve-AbUb m„wó Ki‡Q RbmsL¨v mgm¨v| ¯‹zj K‡j‡R QvÎ-QvÎxi msL¨v e„w× cv‡”Q| wk¶vi cwi‡ek wewNœZ n‡”Q| cvi¯•wiK g�j¨‡eva I kÖ×vi Afve w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q| 4. mvgvwRK eÜb wkw_j n‡q hv‡”Q| gvbyl A‡bKUv AvÍ‡Kw›`ªK n‡q co‡Q| 5. bvbv mvgvwRK mgm¨v m„wó Ki‡Q RbmsL¨v mgm¨v| †hgbÑ `vwi`ª, †eKviZ¡, gv`Kvm³, ew¯� mgm¨v cÖf…wZ| Gme mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y †`‡ki mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb gvivÍK fv‡e wewNœZ n‡”Q| RbmsL¨vi e„w× wb‡R †hgb GKwU mgm¨v †Zgwb GwU bvbv mgm¨vi Rš§ `vZv| N. mviwY‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi Ges NbZ¡ me©vwaK †`Lv hv‡”Q| bvbv mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK Kvi‡Y G mgm¨v w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q| wKš‘ †hŠw³K c`‡¶c MÖnY Ki‡j mviwYi cÖ_g †`‡ki RbmsL¨v mviwbi Z…Zxq †`‡ki g‡Zv n‡Z cv‡i| Gme c`‡¶‡ci g‡a¨ i‡q‡QÑ 1. A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb : RbmsL¨v mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb Dcvq n‡jv A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb| †`‡ki cÖvK…wZK m¤•‡ì myôz eënvi, ª“Z wkívqb, †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi DbœwZ mvab K‡i A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi MwZ‡K Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡Z n‡e| DbœZ Rxe‡bi †Quvqv †c‡j mvaviY gvbyl RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi Kgv‡Z AvMÖnx n‡e| 2. RbmsL¨vi cybe©Èb : evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ GjvKvi RbemwZi Nb‡Z¡i g‡a¨ †ek cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| ZvB AwaK RbemwZi GjvKv †_‡K Kg RbemwZ GjvKvq †jvKemwZ ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g RbmsL¨v mgm¨vi wKQyUv mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e| 3. Avš�R©vwZK ¯’vbvš�i : c„w_exi †h me †`k NbemwZc �Y© †h me †`k †_‡K Kg NbemwZc �Y© †`‡k †jvK cvVv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| KviY Kg NbemwZc �Y© †`‡k Rwg I cÖvK…wZK m¤•` AeëüZ Ae¯’vq c‡o Av‡Q| †mLv‡b bZzb emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i m¤•‡ì cÖK…Z eënvi wbwðZ Kiv Ges RbmsL¨v mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e| 4. wk¶vi cÖmvi : wkw¶Z Rb‡Mvôx RxebhvÎvi gvb DuPz ivLvi R‡b cwiev‡ii †jvKmsL¨v mxwgZ iv‡L| ZvB RbmsL¨v wbqš�‡Y wk¶vi cÖmvi GKvš� Ri“ix| 5. AvBb cÖYqb Ges h_vh_ ev¯�evqb : evsjv‡`‡k RbmsL¨vi mgm¨v mgvav‡bi R‡b¨ miKvi †NvwlZ AvBb Kvh©Ki K‡i Ges bZzb AvBb cÖYqb K‡i RbmsL¨v mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv hvq| 6. cwiKwíZ cwievi Kg©m�wP ev¯�evqb : mycwiKwíZ Dcv‡q cwiev‡ii m`m¨ msL¨v wba©viY I wbqš �Y Kiv‡K cwievi cwiKíbv e‡j| Rbm‡PZbZv m„wó K‡i mgv‡Ri Kzms¯‹vi I †Muvovwg ` �i K‡i cwievi cwiKíbv c×wZ RbwcÖq Kivi gva¨‡g RbmsL¨v e„w× †iva Kiv hvq| RbmsL¨v evsjv‡`‡ki R‡b¨ ûgwK¯iƒc| Dcwi-D³ c`‡¶ç‡jv h_vh_ ev¯�evq‡bi gva¨‡g RbmsL¨v wbqš �Y K‡i evsjv‡`k‡K c„w_exi gvbwP‡Î my›ì Ges MÖnY‡hvM¨ iƒ‡c ¯’vb †`qv m¤¢e|

cÖkœ 8-Gi DËi K. f‚wgK‡¤•i †K‡›`ªi †mvRv Ic‡i f‚c„ô¯’ we›`yi bvg Dc‡K›`ª|

L. f‚c„‡ô `ye©j dvUj _vK‡j Dc‡ii Pvc K‡g †M‡j wKsev f‚M‡f©i Pvc †e‡o †M‡j Af¨š�‡ii DËß MwjZ c`v_© wbM©Z nIqv‡K AMœ~ rcvZ e‡j| AMœ~ rcv‡Zi A‡bK¸‡jv KviY i‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ GKwU n‡jvÑ f‚ Av‡›`vjb : A‡bK mgq f‚Af¨š�‡i f‚Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j f‚Z¡K msKzwPZ nq Ges wkjv¯�i ¯’vbPz¨Z n‡j f‚Z¦‡Ki Pvc K‡g hvq| d‡j dvUj I M‡Z©i m„wó nq Ges Af¨š�i¯’ Av‡Mœq c`v_© wbM©Z nq| AMœ~ rcv‡Zi d‡j Av‡MœqwMwii m„wó nq|

M. wgRv‡bi f‚‡Mvj wk¶K gvi“d mv‡ne DÏxc‡K eªþcyÎ b‡ì K_v D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb| wngvj‡qi ˆKjvm k„‡½i wbK‡U gvbm m‡ivei †_‡K Drcbœ n‡q cÖ_‡g wZeŸ‡Zi gvbcy bvgK ¯’v‡bi Dci w`‡q c�e© w`‡K I c‡i Avmv‡gi wWns Gi wfZi w`‡q cwðgw ‡K cÖevwnZ n‡q‡Q| c‡i KzwoMÖvg †Rjvi gvRwnqvjx bvgK ¯’vb w`‡q evsjv‡`‡k cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q| AZtci gqgbwmsn AÂ‡ji †Ìqvb M‡Äi Kv‡Q GwU `ywU kvLvq wef³ n‡q GKwU hgybv bv‡g cÖevwnZ n‡q †Mvqvj‡›ì Kv‡Q cÙvi m‡½ wgwjZ n‡q‡Q| Aci kvLv cyivZb eªþcyÎ bv‡g gqgbwmsn AÂ‡ji wfZi w`‡q cÖevwnZ n‡q ˆfi‡ei wbKU †gNbvq c‡o‡Q| cÖvq `yBkZ eQi Av‡M GwUB eªþcy‡Îi g�j MwZc_ wQj| 1787 mv‡j DËi e‡½i wZ¯�vq GK cÖej f‚wgK‡¤• c −veb n‡q b`xi MwZc_ †eu‡K eªþcyÎ b` w`‡q cÖevwnZ bv n‡q †RbvB‡qi Dci w`‡q †mvRv `w¶‡Y AMÖmi nq| d‡j ¶z`ª kvLvb`x †RbvB m¤•ÖmvwiZ n‡q e„nr AvKvi aviY K‡i| GwUB eZ©gvb hgybv b`x| Av‡MœqwMwii AMœ�rcvZ Ges f‚wgK‡¤•i d‡j b`xi MwZc_ cwiewZ©Z nq| N. DÏxc‡K gvi“d mv‡ne cÖvK…wZK cwieZ©‡bi R‡b¨ AMœ~ rcvZ, f‚wgK¤• cÖf…wZ cÖvK…wZK Kvi‡Yi K_v D‡j−L K‡i‡Qb| Gme cÖvK…wZK KviY¸‡jv RbRxe‡b bvbv †bwZevPK cÖfve m„wó K‡i| RbRxe‡b f‚wgK‡¤•i cÖfve : 1. f‚wgK‡¤•i d‡j ¶wZMÖ � GjvKvq `ywf©¶ I gnvgvwi †`Lv †`q| d‡j eû †jv‡Ki cÖvYnvwb N‡U| 2. f‚wg K‡¤•i d‡j †ijc_, moKc_, cvBc jvBb †f‡O hvq| d‡j hvZvqvZ eë¯’v APj n‡q c‡o| †Uwj‡dvb jvBb, we`y r jvBb cÖf…wZ †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vI wew”Qbœ n‡q hvq| 3. mgy‡`ªi Zj‡`‡k cÖej f‚wgK¤• msNwUZ n‡j f‚c„‡ôi eo euva, Kvj©fvU© †mZz cÖf…wZ ¶wZMÖ � nq| Gme ¶q¶wZ Rb Rxe‡bi ¯vfvweK KvR K‡g© e¨vNvZ m„wó K‡i| AMœ~ rcv‡Zi cÖfve : Av‡MœqwMwii AMœ~ rcv‡Zi d‡j Rb Rxe‡b bvbv `y‡f©v‡Mi cvkvcvwk A‡bK BwZevPK cÖfveI c‡o| †hgbÑ 1. AMœ~ rcv‡Zi mgq f‚-Mf© ’ LwbR m¤•` jvfvi mv‡_ wgw©kÖZ n‡q f‚-c„‡ô Drw¶ß nq| gvbyl Zv msMÖn K‡i Zv‡ì Kj¨v‡Y e¨q K‡i| 2. Av‡MœqwMwii AMœ~ rcv‡Zi d‡j f‚-Mf© ’ jvfv I Ab¨vb¨ LwbR m¤•` f‚-c„‡ô mwÂZ n‡q Rwgi De©iv kw³‡K evwo‡q †`q| †hgb: `w¶Yv‡Zï gvjf‚wg| 3. wewfbœ †`‡k wewfbœ g„Z Av‡MœqwMwi cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`h© e„w× K‡i| G¸‡jv †`wk we‡`wk ch©UK‡ì AvK…ó K‡i| Av‡MœqwMwii AMœ~¨rcvZ f‚c„‡ôi bvbv cwieZ©b mvab K‡i e¨vcK ¶q ¶wZmn †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b Gi Øviv mvgvb¨ mydjI cvIqv hvq|

cÖkœ 9-Gi DËi K. `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbvi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wZbwU|

L. †`‡ki mvwe©K `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbvi j‡¶¨ gvV ch©v‡q A_©vr †Rjv,Dc‡Rjv Ges BDwbqb ch©v‡q `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv KwgwU i‡q‡Q| †Rjv `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv KwgwUi MVb : mswk−ó †Rjvi †Rjv cÖkvmK KwgwUi mfvcwZ| †Rjv ch©v‡qi mswk−ó miKvwi `ß‡ii cÖavbMY, H †Rjvi Dc‡Rjv wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©ve„›`, †emiKvwi ms¯’vbmg�‡ni cÖwZwbwa, mk � evwnbxi cÖwZwbwa G KwgwUi m`m¨| †Rjv ÎvY I cyb©evmb Kg©KZ©v G KwgwUi m`m¨ mwPe| KwgwUi cÖavb KvR n‡”Q Dc‡Rjv `y‡h©vMeë¯’vcbv KwgwU MVb, `y‡h©vM wel‡q cÖwk¶Y I MYm‡PZbZv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv, †Rjv ch©v‡q `y‡h©vMcÖ ‘wZ cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi eë¯’v Ges y‡h©vMKv‡j Dchy³ mvov`vbmn ÎvY I cybe©vmb Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv| `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbvi †¶‡Î `y‡h©vM c�e©, `y‡h©vM Kvjxb Ges y‡h©vM cieZ©x mg‡qi Kvh©µg‡K †evSvq| M. bvKvZv Rvcv‡bi DËi c �e©vÂjxq kn‡ii evwm›`v| f‚wgK¤• Ges mybvwgi ZvÛe jxjvq Rvcvb hLb aŸsm ¯� ‚‡c cwiYZ n‡qwQj ZLb bvKvZv‡ì Rxe‡bI Gi cÖfve c‡owQj| f‚wgK¤• Ges Zvi mv‡_ R‡jv”Q¡vm A_©vr mybvwgi cÖfv‡e bvKvZv Zvi cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì nvivb|


f‚wgK‡¤•i av°vq mgy‡`ªi cvwb Zxi †e‡q Dc‡i D‡V Av‡m Ges ci¶‡YB Avevi MR©b mnKv‡i 15-20 wgUvi DuPz n‡q †XD‡qi AvKv‡i DcK‚‡j G‡m AvQ‡o c‡o| G ai‡bi R‡jv”Q¡vmB n‡”Q mybvwg| f‚wgK¤• Ges mybvwg `ywf©¶ Ges gnvgvwii m„wó K‡i| d‡j eû †jvK cÖvY nvivq| f‚wgK‡¤•i d‡j bvKvZv‡ì †ijc_, moKc_, cvBc jvBb cÖf…wZ †f‡O hvq| d‡j hvZvqvZ eë¯’v APj n‡q c‡o| †Uwj‡dvb jvBb, we`y r jvBb wQu‡o hvq| d‡j †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v wew”Qbœ n‡q c‡o| f‚wgK‡¤• bvbv ai‡bi dmj bó nq| m¤•wËi e¨vcK ¶wZ mvwaZ nq| Kvj©fvU©, †mZz, euva cÖf…wZ †f‡O c‡o| Gfv‡e bvKvZv‡ì Rxe‡b f‚wgK¤• Ges mybvwg †bwZevPK cÖfve m„wó K‡i| Rxeb I m¤•wËi ¶wZ K‡i Zv‡ì ¯vfvweK Rxeb hvc‡b weNœ NUvq| f‚c„‡ôi AvKw¯§K Ges ¶Y¯’vqx K¤•b‡K f‚wgK¤• e‡j|

N. G eQi gvP© gv‡m fqven f‚wgK¤• Ges mybvwg AvNvZ nv‡b Rvcv‡bi DcK‚jxq AÂ‡j| fqven G mybvwgi AvNv‡Z Rvcvb cÖvq aŸsm ¯� ‚‡c cwiYZ nq| DÏxc‡K bvKvZvi cwievi D³ f‚wgK¤• Ges mybvwgi wkKvi nq| bvKvZvi cwiev‡ii A‡bK m`m¨ cÖvY nvivb| DcK‚jxq Nievwo QvovI dmwj Rwgi e¨vcK ¶wZ nq D³ f‚wgK‡¤•| f‚wgK¤• c�e©eZ©x Ges cieZ©x wKQy D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡j D³ ¶q¶wZi wKQyUv Gov‡bv m¤¢e n‡Zv e‡j Avwg g‡b Kwi| cÖ_gZ, cwiKíbv g‡Zv evwoNi ˆZwi Kiv| A_©vr gvwU cix¶v K‡i gvwUi aviY ¶gZv Abyhvqx wcjvi ewm‡q wewìs ˆZwi Kiv| A_©vr wewìs ˆZwii hveZxq wbqg AbymiY Kiv| wØZxqZ, f‚wgK‡¤•i mgq KiYxq KvR¸‡jv mwVKfv‡e AbymiY Kiv| †hgbÑ bovPov bv Kiv, wmwo w`‡q bv bvgv, N‡ii g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv Ae¯’vb †bqv, †Uwej ev Lv‡Ui wb‡P e‡m _vKv cÖf…wZ| Z‡e f‚wgK‡¤•i mv‡_ R‡jv”Q¡vm n‡j wbivc` AvkÖ‡q P‡j hvIqv| Zv‡Z Abš� wb‡R‡ì cÖvYUv i¶v cv‡e|

g‡Wj †U÷-3 .

PÆMÖvg †evW© mvgvwRK weÁvb

cÖkœ 1-Gi DËi

K. Aby cwievi `yB cyi“‡l Ave×| L. mgv‡R cÖPwjZ †hme wek¦vm, Av`k© a¨vb avibv, j¶¨, D‡Ïk¨, msKí gvby‡li AvPvi-AvPiY Ges Kvh©vewj‡K c‡iv¶fv‡e wbqš �Y K‡i †m¸‡jvi mgwó n‡jv g�j¨‡eva| g‡bvweÁvbx Sherif Gi g‡Z, †h †Kv‡bv mgv‡Ri ixwZbxwZ, g‡bvfve Ges mgv‡Ri Ab¨vb¨ Aby‡gvw`Z eënv‡ii mgš^‡q mvgvwRK g�j¨‡ev‡ai m„wó nq| †hgb- †mœn, gvqvggZv, mZZv, eo‡ì cÖwZ kª×vkxj nIqv BZ¨vw` n‡jv mvgvwRK g�j¨‡ev‡ai D`vniY| mgvR KvVv‡gvi Awe‡”Q`¨ Dcv`vb n‡jv g�j¨‡eva| M. cwievi n‡jv ¶z`ªZg GKwU mvgvwRK msMVb| GKRb gvbyl cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡i, cwiev‡i eo nq Ges cwiev‡iB g„ZzëiY K‡i| ZvB gvby‡li Rxe‡b cwiev‡ii ¸i“Z¡ Acwimxg| Rvwg‡ji `v y GKRb wkw¶Z I m‡PZb gvbyl| ZvB cwiev‡ii mevB‡K wk¶v †`qvi R‡b¨ wZwb †`qv‡j eo K‡i wj‡L †i‡L‡Q Ôeo‡ì m¤§vb K‡ivÕ, cÖwZw`b Aš�Z GKwU fv‡jv KvR K‡iv| Rvwg‡ji `v`yi G KvR¸‡jv cwiev‡ii wk¶v msµvš� Kv‡Ri Aš�fy©³| M„n n‡”Q wkï‡ì wk¶vi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ GKwU †K›`ª| R‡b¥i ci wkï M„‡nB cÖv_wgK wk¶v jvf K‡i| cwiev‡ii e‡qv‡R¨ó e¨w³iv me mgqB wkï‡ì wKQz bv wKQz wk¶v w`‡q _v‡Kb| Zviv hw` fv‡jv wk¶v †`b Zvn‡j wkïiv fv‡jv wKQz †k‡L| KviY wkïiv n‡jv AbyKiY wcÖq| AvPvi-eënvi, ˆbwZKZv, wbqgvbyewZ©Zv, agx©q welq¸‡jv cwieviB wkï‡ì wk¶v w`‡q _v‡K| Avi Rvwg‡ji `v`y wVK G KvRwUB K‡i‡Qb| mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j wkï‡ì wk¶v †`qvi R‡b¨ bvbv wk¶v cÖwZôvb M‡o DV‡j wkïi cÖv_wgK wk¶vi R‡b¨ cwiev‡ii ¸i“Z¡‡K †KD A¯xKvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| N. cwievi GKwU mvgvwRK msMVb| GKwU wkï cwiev‡i Rb¥ †bq, eo nq Ges g„ZzëiY K‡i| ZvB e¨w³i Rxe‡b cwiev‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I ¸i“Z¡ me©vwaK| DÏxc‡K Rvwgj m”Pwi‡Îi AwaKvix Ges webqx ¯fv‡ei| Zvi AvPiY mevB‡K gy» K‡i‡Q| Zvi Pwi‡Îi wfwË n‡”Q Zvi cwievi, KviY cwiev‡iB wkïi Pwi‡Îi wfwË cÖ �i iwPZ nq, wkïKvj †_‡K GKwU wkï mgv‡Ri ixwZbxwZ, AvPvi-eënvi, wbqg-Kvbyb, cwievi †_‡KB wk¶v jvf K‡i| cwiev‡i my›ì cwi‡ek _vKv evÃbxq| Rvwg‡ji cwiev‡ii my›ì cwi‡ek Zv‡K f ª, webqx n‡Z mnvqZv K‡i‡Q| wkïi agx©q I ˆbwZK wk¶v cwieviB w`‡q _v‡K| ˆbwZKZv m¤•wK©Z cÖv_wgK

wk¶v Rvwgj cwievi †_‡KB jvf K‡i‡Q| cwiev‡ii my ’, my›ì cwi‡e‡k mevB GK‡Î Av‡gv`-cÖ‡gv`, myL- ytL fvMvfvwM K‡i wb‡j †m cwiev‡ii wkïiv webqx nq| A‡bï ytL-K‡ó Kó Abyfe K‡i| Rvwg‡ji cwievi Rvwgj‡K Dchy³ wk¶v w`‡q eo K‡i‡Q| cwiev‡ii mvgvwRKxKiY, wk¶v I we‡bv`bgyjK, agx©q wk¶v cÖf„wZ KvR¸‡jv Rvwg‡ji cwiev‡ii m`mïv mwVKfv‡eB m¤•bœ K‡i‡Qb| †m Kvi‡YB Rvwg‡ji c‡¶ f`ª I webqx nIqv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| ZvB ejv hvq cwiev‡iB Rvwg‡ji Pwi‡Îi wfwËcÖ �i iwPZ n‡q‡Q| cwiev‡i wcZvgvZv KvwiMi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

cÖkœ 2-Gi DËi K. ¶gZvi w`K w`‡q mgv‡Ri gvbyl `yB fv‡M wef³| kvmK I kvwmZ| L. me©e¨vwcZv mvgvwRK ¯�iweb¨v‡mi GKwU Ab¨Zg êwkó¨| cÖvPxb mgvR, AvaywbK mgvR, K…wl mgvR, cyuwRev`x wKsev mgvRZvwš �K mgvR me mgv‡RB mvgvwRK ¯�iweb¨vm j¶ Kiv hvq| Ggb †Kv‡bv mgvR Luy‡R cvIqv hv‡e bv †mLv‡b mvgvwRK ¯�iweb¨vm †bB| ZvB ejv hvq mvgvwRK ¯�iweb¨vm me©e¨vcx| M. mvgvwRK cwieZ©b GKwU RwUj cÖwµqv| wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi Kvh©KvwiZvq mgvR GK ¯�‡i †_‡K Ab¨ ¯�‡i avweZ nq| G cwieZ©b KLbI ¯’vqx Avevi KLbI A¯’vqxfv‡e n‡q _v‡K| DÏxc‡K Dwj−wLZ Picv_iNvUvq mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi †XD †j‡M‡Q| KY©dzjx b`xi Dci †mZz wbwg©Z nIqvq GjvKvq eëmv cÖwZôvb M‡o I‡V| GjvKvi gvbyl bvbv Kv‡R wb‡R‡ì wb‡qvwRZ K‡i wb‡R‡ i DbœwZi cvkvcvwk †`‡ki Dbœq‡b f �wgKv ivL‡Q| Picv_iNvUvi G cwieZ©‡b mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi †h Dcv`vbwU f�wgKv †i‡L‡Q Zv n‡jv †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v| †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb| G eë¯’vi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q iv¯�vNvU, †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM I Ab¨vb¨ B‡jKUªwb·| †mZz wbg©vY †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v‡K GK avc GwM‡q w`‡q‡Q †m Kvi‡Y Picv_iNvUvi RbMY wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ cwieZ©b wb‡q Avm‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q| †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vq †h mgvR hZ †ewk DbœZ †m mgvR ZZ †ewk AvaywbK| A_©vr Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRb DbœZ ai‡bi †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v| me mgvR GKBfv‡e cwiewZ©Z nq bv|


N. Avwg g‡b Kwi mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡b D³ Dcv`vb Z_v †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vB mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi GKgvÎ KviY bq| GwU Ab¨Zg GKwU KviY| mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi AviI A‡bK Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q| mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡jv-wkívqb, bMivqb, wk¶v, cÖhyw³ we`¨vi eënvi cÖf„wZ mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡b me¸‡jv Dcv`vbB Kvh©Kix f �wgKv cvjb K‡i| Z‡e GKB mg‡q me mgv‡R me¸‡jv Dcv`v‡bi Dcw¯’wZ bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| DÏxc‡K Picv_iNvUvi mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡b †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v cÖavb f �wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| wkívqb I knivq‡bi d‡j gvbyl KjKviLvbvq Drcv`b Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ nq| mgv‡R A_©‰bwZK AvZ¥wbf©ikxjZv e„w× cvq| wk¶v gvbyl‡K mvgvwRK I e¨w³Z¡kxj K‡i †Zv‡j| cÖhyw³ we`¨v I †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi DbœwZ mgv‡R ¯v”Q›`¨, myL I mg„w× G‡b †`q| ZvB ejv hvq †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vB mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi GKgvÎ KviY bq| mvgvwRK cwieZ©b mgv‡Ri AvswkK ev mvgwMÖK cwieZ©b‡K wb‡`©k K‡i hv gvby‡li me iKg †gŠwjK welq m¤•‡K© cwieZ©b wb‡q Av‡m|

cÖkœ 3-Gi DËi K. RvZxq msm‡ì ¶gZv I Kvh©vewj wZb cÖKvi| h_vt AvBb cÖYqb, A_© msµvš� Ges kvmb wefvM wbqš �Y| L. Awfksmb n‡”Q ivóªcwZ‡K ¶gZv †_‡K Acmvi‡Yi GKwU c×wZ| ivóªcwZi Ici Av`vj‡Zi †Kv‡bv GLwZqvi †bB| †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y ivóªcwZi AvPiY ev Kvh©vewj †`‡ki R‡b¨ ¶wZKi g‡b n‡j Zv‡K AcmviY Kiv hvq| G‡¶‡Î RvZxq msm` Awfksmb K‡i Zv‡K ¶gZv †_‡K miv‡Z cv‡ib| msm‡ì m`m¨ nIqvi †hvM¨Zv bv _vK‡j evsjv‡`‡ki †Kv‡bv bvMwiK ivóªcwZ nIqvi †hvM¨ nb bv| M. mvaviYfv‡e mgv‡Ri †hme wewaweavb gvbyl †g‡b P‡j Zv n‡jv mvgvwRK AvBb| AvBb n‡”Q ivóª KZ…©K M„nxZ I Aby‡gvw`Z KZ¸‡jv mywbw ©ó wbq‡gi mgwó| Rbve Avjg GKRb D”P c`¯’ Kg©KZ©v| wZwb mevB‡K AvB‡bi K_v †kvbvb Ges †g‡b Pjvi †Póv K‡ib| wKš‘ AvBb Rbve Avj‡gi evwn¨K AvPiY wbqš �Y Ki‡Z m¶g n‡jI Af¨š�ixY †jvf wbqš�‡Y m¶g nqwb| ZvB wZwb `ybx©wZi Awf‡hv‡M Awfhy³ n‡q‡Qb| G †¶‡Î AvB‡bi †h êwkó¨wU cwijw¶Z nq Zvn‡jv-AvBb mK‡ji †¶‡Î mgfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨| Rbve Avjg mr, †PŠKm †jvK wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv‡b cwiwPZ| wKš‘ ybx©wZi cÖgvY cvIqvq Zv‡K PvKwiPy Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zv‡K kvw¯� †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| D”Pc`¯’ Kg©KZ©v e‡j †KD Zv‡K fq K‡ib wb| AvBb f½Kvix‡K kvw¯� †c‡Z nq| ZvB mgv‡Ri cÖwZwU m‡PZb bvMwi‡Ki AvBb †g‡b Pjv KZ©e¨| N. AvB‡bi Abykvmb cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwiK‡K Zv‡ì ivóª cÖ Ë my‡hvM myweav Dc‡fv‡Mi my‡hvM K‡i †`q| iv‡óªi g‡a¨ AvB‡bi Abykvmb _vK‡j mej `ye©‡ji AwaKvi ¶zbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| mK‡jB AwaKvi †fv‡Mi †fZi w`‡q e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki my‡hvM cvq| AvB‡bi Abykvmb ej‡Z `ywU aviYv‡K †evSvq| 1. AvB‡bi cÖvavb¨ Ges 2. AvB‡bi „wó‡Z mvg¨| AvB‡bi cÖvavb¨ _vK‡j miKvi ¶gZvi Aceënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †KD AvBb Agvb¨ K‡i A‡bï AwaKv‡ii n¯�‡¶c Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Avi AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mvg¨ ej‡Z †evSvq abx, `wi ª wbwe©‡k‡l mevB AvB‡bi mgvb Avkªq jvf Ki‡e| mK‡ji R‡b¨ mgvb AvBb cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e| cÖfvekvjx, `wi ª mevB GKB AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡e| Rbve Avjg GKRb D”Pc`¯’ Kg©KZ©v| wZwb wb‡R †hgb AvBb gv‡bb, †Zgwb Ab¨‡ìI gvb‡Z DrmvwnZ K‡ib| wKš‘ wZwb `ybx©wZi Awf‡hv‡M PvKwiPy Z nb| G †¶‡Î wZwb A‡bï AwaKv‡i n¯�‡¶c K‡i wb‡R m¤•`

AvZ¥mv‡Zi †Póv K‡ib| hv AvBb we‡ivax| AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôvq wZwb GKw`‡K f�wgKv ivL‡Qb Ab¨w`‡K Avevi wb‡RB AvBb Agvb¨ K‡i‡Qb| ZvB Zvi kvw¯� nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| AvB‡bi kvmb RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK AwaKvi msi¶Y K‡i| G AwaKvi Le© n‡j Av`vj‡Zi gva¨‡g cÖwZKvi Kiv hvq| mf¨ mgv‡Ri cÖavb j¶¨ n‡jv AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôv Kiv| AvB‡bi Abykvmb ¯vaxbZv I mv‡gï msi¶K|

cÖkœ 4-Gi DËi K. gwš �wgk‡bi m`m¨ msL¨v wQj wZb Rb| L. e½f‡½i d‡j gymwjg Rb‡Mvôx †ewk DcK…Z n‡j eY©ev`x I Kv‡qgx wn› yiv Gi Zxeª we‡ivwaZv K‡i| Zviv ¯‡`wk Av‡›`vjb, mš �vmx Av‡›`vj‡bi WvK †`q| wn›`y‡ì Zxeª we‡ivwaZv, e½f‡½i wei“‡× RvZxq Ks‡MÖ‡mi mwµq AskMÖnY, ¯‡`wk Av‡›`vjb, DMÖ RvZxqZvev`x Ges mš�vmev‡ì Zxeª Av‡›`vj‡bi gy‡L wekvj mvgªvRëv`x weªwUk ivR wn› y‡ì Kv‡Q bwZ ¯xKvi K‡i e½f½ i‡ì wm×vš� †bb| 1911 mv‡ji 12B wW‡m¤î e½f½ i` Kiv nq| M. DÏxc‡K Dwj−wLZ `vwe-`vIqv †hgb cÖv‡`wkK ¶gZv jvf, `vwqZ¡kxj miKvi MVb, †K‡›`ªi ¶gZv n«vm Gme `vwe `vIqv-1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvB‡bi gva¨‡g ev¯�evqb ïi“ nq| 1919 mv‡ji AvB‡bi gva¨‡g fviZevmxi Avkv AvKv�¶vi ev¯�evqb nq wb| 1935 mv‡j fviZ kvmb AvBb cÖYqb Kiv nq| G AvB‡b hy³ivóªxq miKvi cÖeZ©b, cÖv‡`wkK ¯vqËkvmb, ¶gZv e›Ub, ˆØZkvmb, wØ-K¶ wewkó AvBbmfv MVb, hy³ivóªxq Av`vjZ MVb, c„_K wbe©vPb eë¯’v, Dc‡`óv †evW© MVb, bZzb cÖ‡`k m„wó, gvqvbgvi c„_KxKiY, msweavb ms‡kvab, kvmb wefvMxq cÖvavb¨ cÖf„wZ welq wbwðZ Kiv nq| Gi g‡a¨ fviZevmxi R‡b¨ me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c �Y© wQj cÖ‡`‡k `vwqZ¡kxj miKvi MVb K‡i cÖv‡`wkK ¯vqËkvmb cÖwZôv| Gi d‡j fvi‡Zi cÖ‡`k¸‡jv †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii wbqš�Ygy³ n‡q ¯vaxbfv‡e kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbvi my‡hvM cvq| wZbwU bxwZi Ici cÖv‡`wkK k¦vmËkvmb cÖwZwôZ wQj| 1. msweavb Abyhvqx cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii Ici b¨¯� wel‡qi Ici †K‡› ªi

†Kv‡bv n¯�‡¶c _vK‡e bv| 2. cÖ‡`k¸‡jv‡Z `vwqZ¡kxj miKvi cÖwZwôZ n‡e| 3. A_©‰bwZK ‡¶‡Î cÖ‡Z¨KwU cÖ‡`k AvÍwbf©ikxj n‡e| 1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvBb 1937 mv‡j Kvh©Ki nq| N. 1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvB‡bi Ab¨Zg êwkó¨ wQj cÖv‡`wkK ¯vqËkvmb cÖwZôv| wKš‘ ev¯�‡e cÖ‡`k¸‡jv‡Z c �Y©v½ ¯vqË kvmb cÖwZwôZ nq wb| Mfb©i †Rbv‡i‡ji Av‡`k-wb‡ ©k cvjbB wQj cÖv‡`wkK Mfb©‡ii cÖavb KvR| Mfb©iMY weªwUk iv‡Rï cÖwZwbwa e‡j cÖv‡`wkK AvBbmfvi Kv‡Q `vqx _v‡K bv| fviZ mwPe cÖv‡`wkK Mfb©i‡ì wbqš�Y Ki‡Zb| AvBbmfvi mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i e¨vcv‡i cÖv‡`wkK ¯vqËkvmb mxwgZ wQj| AvB, wm, Gm Ges Ab¨vb¨ D”P c`¯’ Kg©KZ©v wb‡qv‡Mi e¨vcv‡i cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii †Kv‡bv ¶gZv wQj bv| Mfb©iMY Mfb©i †Rbv‡i‡ji G‡R›U wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Zb| Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij cÖv‡`wkK e¨vcv‡i n¯�‡¶c Ki‡Zb Ges Ri“wi cwiw¯’wZ‡Z cÖ‡`‡k †K›`ªxq AvBb Rvwi Ki‡Zb| †h‡Kv‡bv ARynv‡Z cÖv‡`wkK gwš �mfv, AvBbmfv †f‡O w`‡Z cvi‡Zb| ev¯�e †¶‡Î Gme cwiw¯’wZi R‡b¨ 1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvB‡bi Aax‡b cÖewZ©Z ¯vqËkvmb eë¯’v GKwU cÖnm‡b cwiYZ n‡qwQj| 1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvBb cÖ‡`‡k h‡_ó ¶gZv n¯�vš�i K‡i|


cÖkœ 5-Gi DËi K. miKv‡ii A½ wZbwU| kvmb wefvM, AvBb wefvM I wePvi wefvM| L. AvB‡bi Abykvmb `ywU aviYv‡K Aš�f©y³ K‡i| AvB‡bi cÖvavb¨ Ges AvB‡bi „wó‡Z mvg¨| AvB‡bi cÖvavb¨ _vKvq miKvi ¶gZvi Aceënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| AvBb Agvb¨ K‡i †KD A‡bï AwaKv‡i n¯�‡¶c Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GgbKx miKviI KviI ¯vaxbZvq n¯�‡¶c Ki‡Z m¶g n‡e bv| AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mvg¨ gv‡b abx-`wi ª, ag©, m¤cÖ vq wbwe©‡k‡l AvB‡bi Avkªq jvf Ki‡e| mK‡ji R‡b¨ GKB AvBb cÖ‡hvR¨| M. DÏxc‡K bvwn` Ges †ZŠwn` `yB cÖwZ‡ekx| Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Rwg wb‡q we‡iva| Zv‡ì G we‡iv‡ai wb®•wËi R‡b¨ Zviv cÖ_‡g MÖvg R‡Ri Av`vj‡Z hv‡e| KviY Zv‡ì gvgjvwU †dŠR`vix msµvš�| wePvi wefvMxq KvVv‡gvi me©wb‡gœ BDwbqb ch©v‡q MÖvg Av`vjZ i‡q‡Q| BDwbqb cwil‡ì †Pqvig¨vb, I weev gvb yB c‡¶i yBRb K‡i g‡bvbxZ m`m¨ †gvU cuvP Rb wb‡q MÖvg Av`vjZ MwVZ nq| †hme gvgjv MÖvg Av`vj‡Z wb®•wËi †hvM¨ Zvi wePvi Ab¨ Av`vj‡Z nq bv| †Ìqvbx I †dŠR`vix `Û msµvš� †QvU Lv‡Uv gvgjvi wb®•wË MÖvg Av`vj‡Z nq| MÖvg Av`vj‡Z †ZŠwn` I bvwn‡ì mgm¨vi mgvavb bv n‡j Zv †Rjv R‡Ri Av`vj‡Z †h‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZ †Rjvq Aa¯�b ev wbgœ Av`vjZ i‡q‡Q| Gme Av`vj‡Z †Ìqvbx Ges †dŠR`vix gvgjvq wePviKvh© cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| †Rjv RR †Ìqvbx Ges †dŠR`vix gvgjvi cÖavb wePviK| †Rjv RR hLb †dŠR`vix gvgjvq wePvi K‡ib ZLb Zv‡K `vqiv RR e‡j| N. MYZvwš �K iv‡óª b¨vq wePvi cÖwZôv Ges wbi‡c¶ wePvi Abyôvb iv‡óªi Ab¨Zg ¸i“Z¡c �Y© `vwqZ¡| †`‡ki bvMwiK‡ì †gŠwjK AwaKvi, msi¶Y, AvB‡bi Abykvmb A¶zYœ ivLv cÖf„wZ Kv‡Ri R‡b¨ MYZvwš �K iv‡óª M‡o †Zvjv nq wbi‡c¶ wePvi wefvM| G wePvi eë¯’v ivóªxq cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki b¨vh¨ AwaKvi cÖwZôvq Kvh©Ki f �wgKv iv‡L| †`vlx‡K kvw¯� `vb Ges Acivax‡K gyw³ `v‡bi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡ki wePvi wefvM MYZš �‡K mwµq ivL‡Z ¸i“Z¡c �Y© f �wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| DÏxc‡K bvwn` Ges †ZŠwn` cÖwZ‡ekx n‡jI Rwg-Rgv msµvš� weev‡` Rwo‡q c‡o| Zv‡ì mxgvbv wb‡q Ø‡›Øi ïi“ nq Ges m¤•‡K©i AebwZ nq| Zv‡ì G msµvš� RwUjZv wbim‡b Zviv cÖ_‡g MÖvg Av`vj‡Z hv‡e| MÖvg Av`vj‡Zi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì mgm¨vi wb®•wË Kivi †Póv Ki‡e| MÖvg Av`vjZ wePvi wefvMxq KvVv‡gvi me©wb‡gœ BDwbqb ch©v‡q i‡q‡Q| G Av`vjZ MYZvwš �K kvmb‡K mgybœZ ivL‡Z ¸i“Z¡c �Y© f�wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk gvbyl MÖv‡g evm K‡i| Zv‡ì g‡a¨ RwgRgv msµvš� RwUjZvB †ewk nq| Avi MÖvg Av`vj‡Z †Ìqvbx I †dŠR`vix `Û msµvš� †QvU Lv‡Uv wePv‡ii wb®•wË Kiv nq| MÖvg Av`vj‡Zi gva¨‡g cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i AwaKvi i¶v Kivi †Póv Kiv nq| †m hZUzKz Aciva K‡i‡Q-Zv AvZ¥c¶ mg_©‡bi gva¨‡g fyj ¯xKv‡ii my‡hvM †`qv nq| Acivax‡K kvw¯�iI weavb i‡q‡Q MÖvg Av`vj‡Z| Gfv‡e MYZvwš�K g�j¨‡eva eRvq †i‡L MÖvg Av`vjZ wePviKvh© cwiPvjbv K‡i MYZvwš �K kvmb eë¯’v‡K Kvh©Ki †i‡L‡Q|

cÖkœ 6-Gi DËi K. g�jab MV‡b wZbwU wel‡qi Ici wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| L. AvaywbK we‡k¦ DbœZ Drcv`b eë¯’vi Ab¨Zg cÖavb êwkó¨ n‡jv-`¶Zv I ˆbcyY¨ e„w×, A_©vr Drcv`b †¶‡Î kªg wefvM cÖeZ©‡bi d‡j GKRb kªwgK †Kv‡bv GKwU KvR evi evi Ki‡Z _v‡K| d‡j H KvR †m µgvš^‡q `¶ I wbc �b n‡q I‡V| e„n`vqZb wk‡íi cÖavb êwkó¨B n‡jv kªg wefvM|

M. DÏxc‡K ivnv‡Zi Kg©KvÊ¸‡jv Drcv`‡bi kªg Dcv`v‡bi mv‡_ mv`„k¨c �Y©| KviY ivnvZ I Zvi eÜz kvixwiK I gvbwmK kªg w`‡q GKwU bvm©vwi M‡o Zzjj| Zv‡ì cÖ‡Póvq bvbv Rv‡Zi ebR, dj` Pviv Drcvw`Z n‡jv| Drcv`b cÖwµqvq wb‡qvwRZ mKj cÖKvi kvixwiK, gvbwmK KvR I †mev‡K A_©bxwZ‡Z kªg e‡j| K…lK, kªwgK, wk¶K ev Wv³vi mevi cÖ‡Póv‡KB A_©bxwZ‡Z kªg e‡j| kªg e¨ZxZ †Kv‡bv Drcv`b m¤¢e bq| kª‡gi gh©v`v mgMÖ we‡k¦ ¯xK…Z| ivnvZ I Zvi eÜziv wg‡j Zv‡ì kvixwiK cwikªg I eyw× w`‡q bvm©vwi M‡o Zz‡j wb‡R‡ì †eKviZ¡ ` �ixKi‡Yi cvkvcvwk Ab¨‡ì †eKviZ¡ ` �ixKi‡YI f �wgKv †i‡L‡Q| kªg Drcv`‡bi Avw` Ges †gŠwjK Dcv`vb| N. †eKviZ¡ ` �ixKi‡Y ivnvZ AbymiYxq `„óvš�| KviY ivnvZ wkw¶Z hyeK| covïbv K‡i †Kv‡bv PvKwii mÜvb Ki‡Z bv cvivq †m eëmvq D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i| ivnvZ Zvi eÜy‡ì mv‡_ wb‡q GKwU bvm©vwi M‡o Zzjj| Zviv Zv‡ì gvbwmK, kvixwiK kªg w`‡q GLv‡b bvbv Rv‡Zi ebR I dj` Pviv Drcv`b Kij | Gme Pviv wewµ K‡i Zviv A‡_©i ms¯’vb K‡i wb‡R‡ì Afve c�i‡Yi †Póv Kij| Zv‡ì eyw× I kªg‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q Zviv Zv‡ì †eKviZ¡ ` �i Kij| ivnv‡Zi g‡Zv A‡bK †eKvi hyeKB msNe× n‡q Zv‡ì kª‡gi mØënvi K‡i †h †Kv‡bv Kv‡Ri D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i †eKviZ¡ ` �i Ki‡Z cv‡i| mevB civgk© g‡Zv KvR K‡i Kv‡Ri MwÛ‡K e„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB ejv hvq †eKviZ¡ ` �ixKi‡Y ivnvZ AbymiYxq Av`k©| A_©bxwZ‡Z kªg ej‡Z mKj kvixwiK, gvbwmK KvR I †mev‡K †evSvq| GB kª‡gi mØënv‡ii gva¨‡g gvbyl Zv‡ì fvM¨ e`jv‡Z cv‡i| kª‡gi gh©v`v mgMÖ we‡k¦ ¯xK…Z|

cÖkœ 7-Gi DËi K. AIDS Gi c�Y©iƒc n‡”Q- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. L. †Kv‡bv GjvKvq wbw`©ó mg‡q †gvU wkïi Rb¥msL¨v Ges †gvU RbmsL¨vi AbycvZB H mg‡q H ¯’v‡bi A‡kvwNaZ Rb¥nvi ev ¯’yj Rb¥nvi| A_©vr cÖwZ nvRvi RbmsL¨vq †h msL¨K wkï Rb¥MÖnY K‡i ZvB n‡jv H GjvKvi ¯’ �j Rb¥nvi| †hgb-

CBR = BP K

GLv‡b, B = wbw ©ó eQ‡i †gvU RxweZ Rb¥ vb msL¨v P= H eQ‡ii gaëZx© mg‡qi RbmsL¨v Ges K = aª“e msL¨v (mvaviYZ=1000) M. DÏxc‡K K †`k ej‡Z evsjv‡`k‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| G †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb evavMÖ � nIqvi †cQ‡b RbmsL¨v mgm¨v `vqx| KviY G‡`‡k RbmsL¨v ïay wb‡RB GKwU mgm¨v bq eis GwU AviI A‡bK mgm¨vi Rb¥ vZv hv A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb‡K gvivZ¥Kfv‡e evavMÖ � K‡i| RbmsL¨v e„w× †hfv‡e A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb evavMÖ � K‡i Zv n‡jv- 1. Lv`¨ NvUwZ m„wó : AwaK RbmsL¨vi d‡j Avgv‡ì Lv`¨km¨ Avg`vwb

Ki‡Z nq| KviY AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vi Lv‡`ï cwigvY Drcv`b Kiv Avgv‡ì c‡¶ m¤¢e n‡”Q bv| d‡j cÖPzi A_© e¨q n‡”Q|

2. †eKvi mgm¨v : AciKwíZfv‡e ª“Z RbmsL¨v e„w×i Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki †eKvi mgm¨v Zxeª AvKvi aviY Ki‡Q| Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM mxwgZ n‡q co‡Q KviY A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi MwZ e„w× cv‡”Q bv|

3. Dbœqb Kvh©µg e¨vnZ : ª“Z RbmsL¨v e„w×i d‡j µgea©gvb Rb‡Mvôxi fiY †cvl‡Yi R‡b¨ e¨q e„w× cv‡”Q| †fvM¨cY¨ Avg`vwb Ki‡Z cÖPzi A_© e¨q n‡”Q|


4. g�jab MVb e¨vnZ : A_©‰bwZK Dbœqbg�jK KvR e„w×i R‡b¨ g�jab MVb GKvš� cÖ‡qvRb| cwiev‡ii †jvK msL¨v †h nv‡i e„w× cv‡”Q Avgv‡ì Avh e„w× Zvi Zzjbvq bMY¨| ZvB Af¨š�ixY mÂ‡qi nvi LyeB Kg|

5. A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi mydj mevi Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q bv; `ª“Z RbmsL¨v e„w×i d‡j A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb †hUzKz n‡”Q Zvi dj mevB †fvM Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv, Gfv‡e RbmsL¨v mgm¨v A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi MwZ‡K e„w× †c‡Z w`‡”Q bv|

N. RbmsL¨v mgm¨v evsjv‡`‡ki GK b¤î cÖavb mgm¨v| G mgm¨v evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœq‡bi MwZ‡K wbgœgyLx K‡i †i‡L‡Q| Z‡e wk¶v I m‡PZbZv RbmsL¨v mgm¨v‡K wKQzUv n‡jI mnbxq ch©v‡q wb‡q Avm‡Z cv‡i| G mgm¨v mgvav‡b wbgœwjwLZ c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

cÖkœ 8-Gi DËi K. c„w_exi Dc‡ii KwVb AveiY‡K f �-Z¡K e‡j| L. f�-c„‡ôi MVb me©Î GK iKg bq| ¯’jfv‡Mi †Kv_vI myD”P f �wg, †Kv_vI wekvj we¯� …Z mgf �wg Avevi †Kv_vI we¯� …Z D”P mgZjf �wg i‡q‡Q| f �-c„‡ôi GB DuPz-wbPz cÖvK…wZK iƒc‡K f �wgiƒc e‡j| evwn¨K I Af¨š�ixY cÖvK…wZK kw³i cÖfv‡e f �wgiƒ‡ci wfbœZv cwijw¶Z nq| ¯’ �jfv‡Mi f �wgiƒc‡K cÖavbZ wZbwU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| M. DÏxc‡K wPwýZ ÔAÕ ¯’v‡bi f �wg iƒc‡K mgf �wg ejv nq| KviY mgy ªc„‡ôi m‡½ cÖvq mgD”PZvq Aew¯’Z mywe¯� …Z ¯’jfvM‡K mgf �wg e‡j| mgf �wgi DcwifvM cÖvq mgvb ev Aí DuPz-wbPz _v‡K| mgf �wg wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| †hgbt DcK�jxq mgf �wg : f�Av‡jvo‡bi d‡j A‡bK mgq mgy‡`ª wbgw¾Z DcK�j msjMœ GjvKv Ic‡i D‡V hvq| Avevi KLbI Zjvwb R‡g mgy ª DcK�‡ji AMfxi GjvKv fivU n‡q hvq| Gfv‡e †h mgf�wgi m„wó nq Zv‡K DcK�jxq mgf �wg e‡j| †hgb- †gw·‡Kv DcmvM‡ii DcK�jxq mgf �wg| c −veb mgf �wg : b`xevwnZ cwj, KuvKi, evwj cÖf„wZ mwÂZ n‡q we¯�xY © GjvKv wb‡q †h mgf �wg MwVZ nq Zv‡K c −veb mgf �wg e‡j| D`vniY wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡ki c −veb mgfywgi K_v D‡j−L Kiv hvq| eØxc mgf �wg : b`xi †gvnbvq cwjgvwU mwÂZ n‡q gvÎvnxb ÔeÕ AvKv‡ii †h mgf �wgi m„wó K‡i‡Q Zv‡K eØxc mgf �wg e‡j| cÙv, bxj Gme b`xi eØxc mgf �wg i‡q‡Q| GQvovI n«`, wngevn, †jv‡qm, jvfv, ¶qRvZ cÖf„wZ mgf �wgi K_v D‡j−L Kiv hvq| mvaviYZ mgf �wg‡Z †Kv‡bv wekvj D”P ev wbgœf �wg _v‡K bv| N. DÏxc‡K Dwj−wLZ ÔBÕ ¯’vbwU ce©Z‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| ce©Z n‡”Q f �-c„‡ôi AwZ D”P, mywe¯� …Z Ges Lvov Xvjwewkó wkjv ¯� ~c| f �-c„‡ôi me‡P‡q DuPz f �wgB n‡”Q ce©Z| ce©‡Z ¶qwµqv msNwUZ n‡j Zvi cvk¦©eZx © f �wgiƒ‡c gvjf �wgi m„wó nq| cv`‡`kxq gvjf �wg Gfv‡eB m„wó n‡q‡Q| A_©vr e„wó, b`x, wngevn cÖf„wZ cÖvK…wZK kw³ Øviv ce©Z ¶qcÖvß nq| G ¶qcÖvß c`v_© ‡jv ce©‡Zi cv`‡`‡k mwÂZ n‡q GK ai‡bi gvjf �wgi m„wó K‡i| G RvZxq gvjf �wgi GK cÖv‡š� mvaviYZ mgZjf �wg ev mvMi _v‡K| DËi Av‡gwiKvi K‡jiv‡Wv I `w¶Y Av‡gwiKvi cvZv‡Mvwbqv gvjf �wg Gfv‡e m„wó n‡q‡Q| ZvQvov wewfbœ cÖK…wZK kw³ Øviv g�j ce©Z ¶qcÖvß n‡q ¶qRvZ ce©‡Zi m„wó K‡i| Avwd«Kvi Ks, Av‡gwiKvi K¨vUw¯‹U, fvi‡Zi weÜ¨v I Avivej−x Gfv‡e m„wó n‡q‡Q| evwn¨K I Af¨š�ixY bvbv cÖvK…wZK kw³i cÖfv‡e wewfbœ iKg f �wgiƒ‡ci

m„wó nq|

cÖkœ 9-Gi DËi K. evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK Aew¯’wZB G‡`‡k cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY| L. GBWm Avµvš� e¨w³ AwZ mn‡RB Ab¨‡K msµwgZ K‡i bv Ges Kg©¶gZvI mn‡R nvivq bv| ZvB Zv‡K hv‡Z mgvR wew”Qbœ Kiv bv nq †mw`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e| Gme e¨w³‡ì †hfv‡e †mev w`‡Z n‡e Zv n‡jv : 1. GBWm Avµvš� e¨w³‡ì mv‡_ Avš�wiK I †mŠnv`© c �Y© AvPiY Ki‡Z

n‡e| 2. GBWm Avµvš�‡ì gvbwmKfv‡e cÖdzj− ivL‡Z n‡e| 3. Gme e¨w³‡ì Ab¨ mevi g‡Zv my‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e| 4. Gme e¨w³‡ì wbZ¨-‰bgwËK KvR †_‡K weiZ ivLv hv‡e bv| 5. cwievi I mgv‡Ri Ab¨ m`m¨‡ì Øviv Zv‡ì wPwKrmvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| GBWm GKwU giY e¨vwa| DÏxc‡K D‡j−wLZ `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv Z`viwK, mgš^q mvab Kivi ¸i“ `vwqZ¡wU cvjb K‡ib miKv‡ii y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv welqK cÖwk¶Y I MYm‡PZbZv e„w× msµvš� Uv¯‹‡dvm© KwgwU| `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv ey ‡ivi gnvcwiPvjK Uv¯‹ †dv‡m©i mfvcwZ| `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv wel‡q †hme miKvwi Ges AmiKvwi ms¯’v cÖwk¶Y I MYm‡PZbZv e„w× msµvš� KvR K‡i Zviv H Uv¯‹‡dv‡m©i m`m¨| Uv¯‹‡dv‡m©i cÖavb `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q `y‡h©vM msµvš� cÖwk¶Y I MYm‡PbZv Kvh©µ‡gi mgš^q mvab cÖwk¶b I MYm‡PZbv welqK cvV¨m�wPi ch©v‡jvPbv, g�j¨vqb I MYm‡PZbv Kvh©µg †Rvi`vi Kiv| Gme Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g Uv¯‹‡dvm© GjvKvi `y‡h©vM cÖwZ‡iva wKsev `y‡h©vM cÖkg‡b ¸i“Z¡c �Y© f �wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv n‡”Q `y‡h©vM msµvš� bxwZgvjv cÖYqb I cÖkvmwbK wm×vš� mg�‡ni mgwó Ges G¸‡jvi cÖv‡qvwMK KvR, hv cÖkvmwbK mKj ¯�‡ii y‡h©vM c �e©, `y‡h©vMKvjxb Ges `y‡h©vM cieZx© Kvh©µg‡K †evSvq| N. DÏxc‡K K·evRv‡ii KZzew`qvq N�wY©S‡o e¨vcK ¶q¶wZi ci †mLv‡b miKvwi Ges †emiKvwi D‡`¨v‡M `y‡h©vM cÖwZ‡iv‡ai R‡b¨ cÖwk¶Y Kvh©µg nv‡Z †bqv nq| `y‡h©vM cÖkg‡b miKvwi Ges †emiKvwi D‡`¨v‡Mi mgš^q mvab Kiv n‡j `y‡h©v‡M ¶q¶wZi cwigvY Kwg‡q Avbv m¤¢eci nq| miKvwi Ges †emiKvwi D‡`¨v‡Mi gva¨‡g `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbvi Kvh©µg Dbœqb, cÖwZ‡iva, cÖkgb I cÖ ‘wZ ¯vfvweK mg‡q mdjfv‡e cwiPvwjZ Kiv m¤¢e| G †¶‡Î miKvwi, †emiKvwi Kv‡Ri mgš^q Kiv n‡j Kv‡Ri ˆØZZv cwinvi Ges cwiKwíZ Dcv‡q `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv m¤¢e| `y‡h©vM c�e© Ae¯’vq mdjfv‡e `y‡h©v‡Mi cÖ ‘wZ †bqv m¤¢e n‡j `y‡h©vMKvjxb Rxeb, m¤•` I cwi‡ek‡K eûjvs‡k i¶v Kiv m¤¢e| G †¶‡Î `y‡h©vM Kg© cwiKíbv Ges `y‡h©vM msµvš� cwiKíbv e¨w³, cwievi, MÖvg, BDwbqb ch©v‡q ˆZwi K‡i Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g Gm‡ei h_vh_ cÖ‡qvM wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| wewfbœ miKvwi ms¯’v Ges GbwRI¸‡jv mgš^‡qi gva¨‡g †h me KvR K‡i `y‡h©vM cÖwZ‡iv‡a f �wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i Zv n‡jv- N�wY©So ev eb¨vi ms‡KZ m¤•‡K© aviYv `vb, Avkªq †K‡›`ª wb‡q hvIqv, wKj−vmg�‡n Mevw` cï †cÖiY, cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv m¤•‡K© aviYv `vb, ïKbv Lvevi, cvbxq Rj msi¶Y cÖf„wZ| mZK© I cÖ ‘wZ _vK‡j †h †Kv‡bv wec‡ì †gvKvwejv Kiv m¤¢e G aviYv-mvaviY RbM‡Yi g‡b †Mu‡_ w`‡j Zv wb‡RivB `y‡h©vM †gvKvwejvq A‡bKUv GwM‡q Avm‡e|

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