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QCD at Hadron Colliders Thomas J. LeCompte Argonne National Laboratory

QCD at Hadron Colliders Thomas J. LeCompte Argonne National Laboratory

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Page 1: QCD at Hadron Colliders Thomas J. LeCompte Argonne National Laboratory

QCD at Hadron Colliders

Thomas J. LeCompteArgonne National Laboratory

Page 2: QCD at Hadron Colliders Thomas J. LeCompte Argonne National Laboratory

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Why Is This Important?

At the LHC, we get events like this.QCD is either your signal or your background; either way, it must be understood.

Page 3: QCD at Hadron Colliders Thomas J. LeCompte Argonne National Laboratory

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Portrait of a Simple QCD Calculation

One part: the calculation of the “hard scatter”

PERTURBATIVE

Page 4: QCD at Hadron Colliders Thomas J. LeCompte Argonne National Laboratory

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Portrait of a Simple QCD Calculation

One part: the calculation of the “hard scatter”

PERTURBATIVE

NON-PERTURBATIVE

Another part: connecting the calculation (which involves gluons) to protons (which contain gluons)

Page 5: QCD at Hadron Colliders Thomas J. LeCompte Argonne National Laboratory

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Portrait of a Simple QCD Calculation

One part: the calculation of the “hard scatter”

PERTURBATIVE

NON-PERTURBATIVE NON-PERTURBATIVE

Another part: connecting the calculation (which involves gluons) to protons (which contain gluons)

Last part: the fragmentation of final-state gluons into jets of particles

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Comparison with Experiment

Our experience has been that progress is made when we already know 2 of the 3 parts.

– Experiment then constrains the third.

It is possible to gain information when this is not true, but the situation is much more confusing.

Parton densities

Fragmentation

Hard Scatter

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Outline

I will show a few examples from each category– Initial state: direct photons, jets– Hard scatter: W/Z + jets– Fragmentation: the b-quark cross-section saga

I hope to set the stage for the new and exciting results that we will hear about over the course of the week.

I apologize for not including results from RHIC in this talk.

Page 8: QCD at Hadron Colliders Thomas J. LeCompte Argonne National Laboratory

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Parton Density Functions Today

One fit from CTEQ and one from MRS is shown

– These are global fits from all the data

Despite differences in procedure, the conclusions are remarkably similar

– Lends confidence to the process

The gluon distribution is enormous:

– The proton is mostly glue, not mostly quarks

Want to know the uncertainties? Use the Durham pdf plotter: http://durpdg.dur.ac.uk/hepdata/pdf3.html

Page 9: QCD at Hadron Colliders Thomas J. LeCompte Argonne National Laboratory

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HERA: Before and After

HERA revolutionized our knowledge of parton densities– If you don’t believe me, look at papers pre-HERA and post-HERA– It’s even more dramatic than it looks, as the shapes in the left plots are still informed by

the HERA data. Otherwise, the shapes would be more a function of imagination than of physics.

There is still a need to explore for the LHC, where higher Q2 matters.

Page 10: QCD at Hadron Colliders Thomas J. LeCompte Argonne National Laboratory

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Kinematic Reach of a 7 TeV LHC

LHC @ 7 TeV Reach with Jets & Photons

LHC @ 7 TeV Reach with W’s

From CTEQ: these are the inputs to CTEQ5

In the 2010-11 Run, the LHC has substantially increased the kinematic range available for study.

In particular, W production allows probing low x, high Q2 quarks and antiquarks.

The 7 TeV data “fills the gap” between the Tevatron and a 14 TeV LHC.

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Direct Photons and the Gluon PDF

DIS and Drell-Yan are sensitive to the quark PDFs.

Gluon sensitivity is indirect– The fraction of momentum not carried by the

quarks must be carried by the gluon.

It would be useful to have a direct measurement of the gluon PDFs

– Even if it were less sensitive than the indirect measurements, it would lend confidence to the picture that is developing

– It also has the potential to probe higher Q2 than the indirect methods.

– This process depends on the (largely known) quark distributions and the (less known) gluon distribution

q

qg

Direct photon “Compton” process.

If this is such a good idea, how come this process is unpopular with the global fits?

Page 12: QCD at Hadron Colliders Thomas J. LeCompte Argonne National Laboratory

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Tevatron Data

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Tevatron Data

There is a discrepancy at low pT, seen by both experiments. There are theoretical ideas on how to resolve this, but the cross-section

calculation and the PDF measurements have become intertwined.– We are attempting to constrain 2 of the 3 parts simultaneously.

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Photons at the LHC

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Photons at the LHC

There is still something not understood going on below 50 GeV– But we know now that this is a function of ET, not of xT. We can separate PDF effects from the

calculational issues. The additional kinematic reach of the LHC is apparent

– For the same xT, the LHC goes out 3.5x farther in ET.– With only 1% of the data, the kinematic reach is the same as the Tevatron’s– This represents 1-10% of the data the LHC has already collected– The troublesome region below 50 GeV is a tiny piece of what will be studied

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Jets at the LHC

Cross-section measured over 10 orders of magnitude.– In 6 or 7 bins of rapidity– With jets with ET’s above 1 TeV.

How does this agree with QCD predictions?– You can’t tell from a log plot

Both experiments already understand their jet energy scales to a few %.

Reminder: this is a mix of qq, qg and gg states.

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ATLAS data, so you can see it.

The agreement with NLO QCD is quite good (over 8 orders of magnitude!). Possibly something is going on in the far forward region at high pT.

This is a tough region theoretically (low x, high Q2) as well as experimentally (starved for statistics to check the JES).

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CMS data, so you can see it.

Again, impressive agreement, with the possible exception of energetic forward jets.

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W/Z+Jets: Why You Care

This is the sort of event that shows up in SUSY searches.

– This particular event has no leptons, 3 jets and 420 GeV of missing ET.

The dominant background in these searches is W/Z+jets

– Real missing energy from real neutrinos.

History repeats itself. 16 years ago the discovery of another particle depended on understandingthe W+jets background.

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Some Tevatron Results on Z+jets

With fb-1 sized datasets, comparisons with theory possible up to the ~200 GeV range for Z’s; a bit more for W’s.

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Things are a little different at the LHC

At the LHC, jet multiplicities are higher, and with 3% of the data collected, the range of pT’s accessible is about the same – maybe already a little larger.

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I don’t want to forget W+jets

At the LHC, the top quark is a significant background to W+jets. (At the Tevatron, it’s the other way around.

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Z+b jets

Since this probes the b-quark content of the proton, this is perhaps a better example of the 1st part of a QCD calculation than the 2nd.

CMS has a cute result where they start with a Z+jets analysis and b-tag a jet.

With the large number of W/Z+jets events, expect to see more examples of this kind of closer look at the data.

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And an Interesting Result from CDF

This is the dijet mass in W+2 jet events

Obviously, a bump is an exciting thing.

However “I see bump” ≠ “there is a particle”

– It will be interesting to hear what D0 says when they are ready

– The LHC does not report seeing this, although it’s not clear that it would be expected to.

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Can This Be Explained by the JES?

From Tommaso Tabarelli de Fatis

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Lessons I Learned from this Bump

I do not believe CDF’s jet energy scale is off by 4%. This would show up in too many other places to go unnoticed.

I have no trouble believing ALPGEN’s predictions are good to only ~4% today.

– This may just be a statement of my experimenter’s bias– We are asking a very difficult thing of our generators –

predict QCD with enough accuracy that we can spot an EWK-sized effect.

– I think this underscores the need to make as many measurements as we can to compare with generators

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The b-quark cross-section saga

At DPF92, CDF reported bottom quark cross-sections a factor of at least two greater than theory.

This was at a center of mass energy of 1800 GeV.

UA1 measurements at 630 GeV agreed better with theory

– However, both theoretical and experimental uncertainties were substantially larger.

Community reaction: someone (i.e. CDF) probably mismeasured something. Wait a while and this will go away.

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But, it didn’t go away.

More recent CDF measurements showed the same difficulty – the theory underpredicts the data by the same factor

This problem was not going away

Note that CDF (and also D0) measures only the high pT tail of the cross-section

– Most b’s were invisible.

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Commentary on measuring the top 10% of something

Just how important could the other 90%

be anyway?

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The Answer:

Since the total cross-section agreed, but the high-pT portion did not, we had a shape problem, not a size problem.

– The spectrum was stiffer than previously thought – causing us to mistake one for the other.

Understanding fragmentation was the key – getting from the (b-quark) calculation to the (b-hadron) measurement.

– Once that was understood, the other parts (PDFs and detailed calculation) followed.– All three contributed at some level.

b 1.49.34.04.29

NLO QCD predicts 20-40 b

Allowing unfoldingto the b x-sec

CDF measured J/from b decays

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Summary

There are three parts to a QCD calculation: the initial state (PDF’s), the hard scatter, and the final state (fragmentation). We make progress fastest when twoare well understood, and comparison with experimentdirectly probes the third.

HERA revolutionized PDF’s.– The Tevatron and the LHC are exploring regions in the (x,Q2) plane inaccessible to HERA.

Hard scattering calculations have been steadily improving – but so have the demands we are placing on them.

– We are asking our W+2jets calculation good enough to see new EWK-sized physics. Fragmentation usually doesn’t limit our understanding, but still has the capability

of surprising us.

At the LHC, whatever physics you intend to do, QCD is going to be part of you life.

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Thanks!

Thanks to the organizers for inviting me…

…and the ATLAS, CDF, CMS H1, D0 and Zeus collaborations, without whom I would have had a very short talk.