QuantumGISVersion1.7.0Wroclawi QuantumGIS. , .QuantumGIS GNUGeneralPublicLicense .QuantumGIS http://www.qgis.org . , . . ,.,,, ..PDFhttp://qgis.osgeo.org/documentation/manuals.html .QGIC . http://www.qgis.org/wiki/. iiPDFhttp://qgis.osgeo.org/documentation/manuals.html .QGIC . http://www.qgis.org/wiki/ . TaraAthan RadimBlazek GodofredoContrerasOttoDassau MartinDobias PeterErstsAnneGhisla StephanHoll N.HorningMagnusHomann K.Koy LarsLuthmanWernerMacho CarsonJ.Q.Farmer TylerMitchellClaudiaA.Engel BrendanMorely DavidWillisJrgenE.Fischer MarcoHugentobler GavinMacaulayGaryE.Sherman TimSutton BertrandMasson,msys(MSWindows) TishamDhar,MACOCX TomElwertowskiWilliamKyngesburye,Carlos Dvila,PaoloCavallini,ChristianGunning. . . .iiiCopyright2004-2011QuantumGISDevelopmentTeamInternet:http://www.qgis.org Permissionisgrantedtocopy,distributeand/ormodifythis documentunderthetermsoftheGNUFreeDocumentationLicense, Version1.3oranylaterversionpublishedbytheFreeSoftware Foundation;withnoInvariantSections,noFront-CoverTextsandno Back-CoverTexts.AcopyofthelicenseisincludedinsectionB1) entitled"GNUFreeDocumentationLicense".1)373B.GNUFreeDocumentationLicensev 1 3 1.GIS 17 1.1.? 181.1.1. 19 1.1.2. 19 2. 21 2.1. 21 2.2. 22 2.3. 24 3. 27 3.1.QGIS 27 3.1.1. 28 3.2.QGIS 31 3.2.1. 32 3.2.2. 42 3.2.3. 42 3.2.4. 45 3.2.5. 46 3.2.6. 47 3.2.7. 48 3.2.8. 48 3.3. 49 3.3.1. 50 3.3.2. 50 3.4. 52 3.4.1.,, 52vi 3.4.2. 54 3.5. 54 3.6. 563.7.GUIOption 57 3.8.(Annotationtools) 63 3.8.1. 64 3.9.(SpatialBookmarks) 65 3.9.1. 65 3.9.2. 66 3.9.3. 66 3.9.4. 66 3.10.GPS 67 3.10.1. 68 3.10.2.GPS 68 3.10.3.GPS 69 3.10.4.GPS 69 4. 714.1.ESRIShapefiles 72 4.1.1.Shapefile 73 4.1.2. 76 4.1.3.MapInfo 76 4.1.4.ArcInfoBinaryCoverage 764.2.PostGISLayers 77 4.2.1. 77 4.2.2.PostGIS 79 4.2.3.PostgreSQL 80 4.2.4.PostgreSQL 81 4.2.5. 83 4.2.6.180 854.3.SpatiaLiteLayers 86 4.4. 87 4.4.1. 88 4.4.2. 914.4.3.StyleManager 97 4.4.4. 97vii 4.4.5.(LabelsTab) 100 4.4.6. 105 4.4.7.(AttributeTab) 109 4.4.8.(GeneralTab) 112[}[ 4.4.9.(MetadataTab) 113 4.4.10.(ActionTab) 113 4.4.11.(JoinsTab) 118 4.4.12.(DiagramTab) 119 4.5. 122 4.5.1. 122 4.5.2./ 124 4.5.3. 125 4.5.4. 132 4.5.5.ShapefileSpatiaLite 137 4.5.6. 139 4.6. 144 4.7. 146 5. 151 5.1.? 151 5.2.QGIS 152 5.3. 153 5.3.1.(StyleTab) 154 5.3.2.(TransparencyTab) 155 5.3.3.(ColormapTab) 156 5.3.4.(GeneralTab) 157 5.3.5.(MetadataTap) 158 5.3.6.(PyramidTab) 158 5.3.7.(HistogramTab) 159 5.4. 159 5.5. 160 6.OGC 1636.1.OGC 163 6.2.WMS 164 6.2.1.WMS 164 6.2.2.WMS 165viii 6.2.3.WMSLayer 167 6.2.4.(Server-Search) 170 6.2.5.(LayerOrder) 1716.2.6.Tilesets 171 6.2.7. 172 6.2.8.WMSClient 173 6.3.WFSWFS-T 174 6.3.1.WFS 1747.QGISServer 179 7.1.DebianSqueeze 180 7.2.QGISproject WMS 181 8. 185 8.1. 185 8.2. 186 8.3.(OTF) 188 8.4. 190 9.GRASSGIS 193 9.1.GRASS 194 9.2.GRASS 1949.3.GRASSLOCATIONMAPSET 196 9.3.1.GRASSLOCATION 196 9.3.2.MAPSET 199 9.4.GRASSLOCATION 200 9.5.GRASS 2029.6.GRASS 203 9.7.GRASS 204 9.8.GRASS 207 9.9.GRASS 209 9.9.1.GRASS 210 9.9.2.GRASS 210 9.9.3.GRASS 213 9.9.4.GRASSLOCATION 222 9.9.5.GRASS 223 10. 225 10.1. 226ix 10.2. 227 10.3.QGIS 228 10.3.1.- 230 10.3.2.- 231 10.4. 232 10.4.1.- 232 10.4.2.- 235 10.4.3.- , 237 10.4.4.- 239 10.5. 241 10.6. 241 10.7. 242 10.8. 243 10.9.,, 244 10.10. 245 10.11. 246 11.QGIS(QGISPlugins) 249 11.1. 249 11.1.1.QGIS 250 11.1.2.QGIS 251 11.1.3.QGISPythonPluginInstaller 252 11.2.(DataProvider) 257 12.QGIS 259 12.1. 261 12.2. 262 12.2.1. 262 12.2.2. 263 12.2.3. 264 12.3. 265 12.4.Dxf2Shp 267 12.5.eVis 269 12.5.1. 269 12.5.2. 276 12.5.3. 276 12.6.fTools 285x 12.7.GDAL 293 12.7.1.GDALTools ? 293 12.7.2.GDAL 293 12.7.3. 297 12.8.Georeference[ ] 300 12.9.GPS 307 12.9.1.GPS ? 307 12.9.2.GPS 30712.9.3.GPSBabel 309 12.9.4.GPS 309 12.9.5.GPS 309 12.9.6.GPS 310 12.9.7.GPS 311 12.10. 312 12.11.MapServer 315 12.11.1. 315 12.11.2. 316 12.11.3. 319 12.12. 320 12.13.GeoRaster 321 12.13.1. 322 12.13.2.GeoRaster 323 12.13.3.GeoRaster 325 12.14.OpenStreetMap 326 12.14.1. 330 12.14.2. 330 12.14.3.OSM 332 12.14.4.OSM 333 12.14.5.OSM 334 12.14.6. 338 12.14.7.OSM 340 12.14.8.OSM 342 12.14.9.OSM 343 12.14.10.OSM 345 12.15. 345xi 12.16. 348 12.17. 350 12.18.SQLAnywhere 352 13. 355 13.1. 35513.2.IRC 35713.3.BugTracker 35813.4.Blog 35913.5.Wiki 359 : 361AGNUGeneralPublicLicense 363A.1QuantumGISQtexceptionforGPL 371BGNUFreeDocumentationLicense 373LiteratureandWebReferences 3871 . , . . . ,. , . ,, , ., . ., . . GIS , .EU, 2 QGIS1.7.0 ,,GIS ,GIS .GIS . GIS (OSGeo) .(OSGeo,OpenSource GeoSpatialFoundation) ,GIS .OSGeo ,.OSGeo http://www.osgeo.org ,OSI .QuantumGIS(QGIS) OSGeo. GISOSGeo(OSGeo KoreanChapter,www.osgeo.kr) 2008 . OSGeoGIS ,Quantum GIS(QGIS). . QGIS .QGIS .QGIS ., OSGeo 3 GIS(GeographicalInformationSystem) !QuantumGIS(QGIS) (GIS: GeographicInformationSystem) .2002 5 ,6 SourceForge. ( )GIS, .QGIS Unix,Windows,OSX. QGIS Qt(http://qt.nokia.com) C++ . QGIS , GUI . QGIS ,GIS .QGIS GIS(dataviewer) ., GIS.QGIS , .QGIS GNUGeneral PublicLicense(GPL).QGIS , .,GIS QGISTip1 QGISTip1 QGISTip1 QGISTip1 http://download.osgeo.org/qgis/doc/manual/ ,QGIS http://www.qgis.org/en/documentation.4 QGIS1.7.0 . QGIS,AppendixA2). QGIS GIS .6. QGIS / / . . PostGISSpatialLite ,ESRIshape ,MapInfo,SDTS,GML,OGR GeoTiff,ERDASImg.,ArcInfoAsciiGrid,JPEG,PNG, GDAL(GeospatialDataAbstractionLibrary) SpatiaLite(4.3 ) GRASSGRASS. 9 OGC- WebMapService(WMS)WebFeatureService (WFS) .OGC- WebMap Service(WMS)WebFeatureService(WFS) 6. OpenStreetMap(12.14 ). 2) 363A.GNUGeneralPublicLicense5 QGIS ,GUI .GUI. (ontheflyprojection) (mapcomposer) (overviewpanel) (spatialbookmarks) / (identify/selectfeatures) / / (edit/view/searchattributes) (featurelabeling) / (changevectorandrastersymbology) (addagraticulelayer)fTools ,,(decorate yourmapwithanortharrowscalebarandcopyrightlabel) (saveandrestoreprojects) ,,, QGIS ,,, .GRASS .QGIS. OGR GRASS shapefileGRASS Georeferencer[ ] GPX/ GPS. GPSGPX GPS(Linux usb .GPS) / OpenstreetMap SPITshapefile PostGIS 6 QGIS1.7.0 PostGIS (4.5.6 )TableManager PostgreSQL/PostGIS,fTools PythonOGR .QGIS ,,, .GRASS ,400GRASS .(9 ) QGIS mapfile ,UMNMapServer .QGIS WMS WFSWMS. QGIS QGIS .QGIS .C++ Python .(CorePlugins)1. (x,y )2. ( )3. ( ,,)4. ( )5. ( )(7)6. DXF2Shp(DXFShape )7. GPS(GPS)8. GRASS(GRASSGIS)9. GDAL(GDALQGIS )10. Georeferencer[ ]GDAL(GDAL)11. ((interpolation))12. PostGISQGIS13. Mapserver(QGISprojectMapServermap )14. ( )15. OpenStreetMap(openstreetmap)16. OracleSpatial GeoRaster 17. (QGISpython)18. SpatiaLite(SpatiaLiteSpatiaLiteGUI)19. ( )20. ( )21. SPIT(Shapefile PostgreSQL/PostGIS )22. SQLAnywhere( SQLAnywhere )23. (SpatialQuery)()24. WFS(QGIScanvas WFS)25. eVIS( (Event))26. fTools( )27. Python(QGIS) Python QGIS python 8 QGIS1.7.0 .PyQGIS ,Python.(11) 1.7.0 . ,QGIS1.0.xQGIS1.6.0 . . 277 , .(Symbologylabelsanddiagrams) . . (symbology-ng). (Fontmarker) X,Y. : / : svg. ( ) :/ /9 : GDALDEMGUI $x,$y,$perimeter (voronoi) . . . 0 (CRS) ( ) ANDOR ProvidersandDataHandling SQLAnywhere 10 QGIS1.7.0 (Tablejoin) NULL valueNULL(comboboxes). valueid :expr_ , NULL ( / ,) undo/redo / OGR .( :DGN/DXF). API QgsFeatureAttribute. QgsVectorLayer::featureAdded C++ .. fTools ., ,. QgsGeometry.validateGeometry. QGIS 11 propertiesWMS (wms_metadata.xml) GetPrint-Request WMS quickprint-easyprint OGR-saveas Printing Undo/Redo 13 .. GUI GUIGUI ., GUI.: Layer AddaRasterLayer Setting Toolbar Digitizing : AddaRasterLayer: SaveasDefault: LayerProperties: General:nviz-Open3D-ViewinNVIZ :Render :PostgisEPSGID : Hue 60 :Outlinestyle SolidLine| : 14 QGIS1.7.0 : :Transparency10%020mm :DisplayName lakes.shp. ,, .:http://qgis.org : Ctrl+B CtrlB.:lakes.shp :NewLayer:classFactory :myhost.de: --help.PROJCS["NAD_1927_Albers",GEOGCS["GCS_North_American_1927", GUI :{ File QGIS} Quit QGIS . 15 Linux,Unix,WindowFile Quit ,OSX QGIS ,Quit . .... . . , . , . .171. GIS (GIS)([3]3) ) ,, .(Geospatialdata) . . Spatialdata ,(geographicdata),GIS ,,,, . . . .( ) , . , . .1. 2. 3. 4. 3) TylerMitchell(http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/wlg/7053) CreativeCommonsLicense.Tyler WebMapping Illustrated(OReilly,2005) .387 1.1?18 QGIS1.7.0 5. 6. , ., .1.1. ? . . . .(GPS:Globalpositioningsystem) ,20 . , . ,. GISCAD . PC ,,, . .. ? . . 1.1.1. 1.GIS191.1.1. (raster) . .(DEM:digitalelevation model) . ,. (cell)(pixel) .. ,( :30mx30m) . ( :/ / ) .(band) ., , . . ,. .1.1.2. . , ., .x,y . x,y . 1.1?20 QGIS1.7.0 , . .(mapprojection) , . 3 ., .1. (x,y).2. (x1y1,x2y2,x3y4,...xnyn) ,(x1y1)(x2y2) .(linesegment) ., ., (linestring) .3. 2 , .,, . .212. QGIS ,QGIS.2.1. QGIS .MSWindows MacOSX .GNU/Linux .QGIS .http://download.qgis.org QGIS , QGIS . http://www.qgis.org/en/documentation/manuals.html QGISQGIS. QGIS -configpath,( /.qgis) .QGIS 2.2. 22 QGIS1.7.0 .2.2. QGIS . WindowsQGIS .[ ] [GISDatabase]. . . GIS QGIS http://download.qgis.org QGIS GNU/LinuxMacOSXrpm,deb,dmg . ZIP TARqgis_sample_data.http://download.osgeo.org/qgis/dataAlaska .GRASS .AlaskaAlaskaAlbersEqualArea ,(ft) .EPSG2964. 2.23PROJCS["Albers Equal Area",GEOGCS["NAD27",DATUM["North_American_Datum_1927",SPHEROID["Clarke 1866",6378206.4,294.978698213898, AUTHORITY["EPSG","7008"]], TOWGS84[-3,142,183,0,0,0,0], AUTHORITY["EPSG","6267"]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0, AUTHORITY["EPSG","8901"]],UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433, AUTHORITY["EPSG","9108"]], AUTHORITY["EPSG","4267"]],PROJECTION["Albers_Conic_Equal_Area"],PARAMETER["standard_parallel_1",55],PARAMETER["standard_parallel_2",65],PARAMETER["latitude_of_center",50],PARAMETER["longitude_of_center",-154],PARAMETER["false_easting",0],PARAMETER["false_northing",0],UNIT["us_survey_feet",0.3048006096012192]]QGIS GRASS ,GRASSGIS (SpearfishSouthDakota) . http://grass.osgeo.org/download/data.php 2.3. 24 QGIS1.7.0 2.3. QGIS QGIS . QGIS . QGIS_sample_data/raster/landcover.img , QGIS_sample_data/gml/lakes.gml . QGIS Linux:QGIS QGIS .Windows:QGIS QGIS. MacOSX:QGIS .1. AddRasterLayer[ ].2. qgis_sample_data/raster/ ERDASIMG landcover.img Open[ ] .3. Filetype"ErdasImagineImages(*.img,*.IMG)". 4. AddVectorLayer[ ]. 2.255. AddVectorLayer[ ] SourceType[ ] File[ ] Browse[ ].6. qgis_sample/gml/ lakes.gml , Open[ ] .[AddVector] OK.lakes Properties[ ] Style[ ]Filloptions 10. DisplayLabels 2.1.QGIS 2.3. 26 QGIS1.7.0 Fieldcontaininglabel[ ] Name .BufferLabels Apply OK QGIS .QGIS , .273. 2 QGIS . .3.1. QGIS 2.3 QGIS . QGIS, . Linux:QGIS , qgisQGIS QGIS . QGIS . Windows: ,QGISQGIS.MacOSX: QGIS .,QGIS /path-toinstallation-executable/Contents/MacOS/Qgis . QGIS ,Linux,Windows { File 3.1.QGIS28 QGIS1.7.0 QGIS Quit[ ]. Ctrl+B.3.1.1. QGIS .,'qgis--help' .QGIS.qgis --helpQuantum GIS - 1.7.0-Wroclaw Wroclaw (exported)Quantum GIS (QGIS) is a viewer for spatial data sets, including raster and vector data.Usage: qgis [options] [FILES] Options: [--snapshotfilename]emitsnapshotofloaded datasets to given file [--width width] width of snapshot to emit [--height height] height of snapshot to emit [--lang language] use language for interface text [--projectprojectfile]loadthegivenQGIS project [--extentxmin,ymin,xmax,ymax]setinitialmap extent [--nologo] hide splash screen [--noplugins] dont restore plugins on startup [--optionspath path] use the given QSettings path [--configpathpath]usethegivenpathforall user configuration 3.1.1. 3.29 [--help] this textFILES:Filesspecifiedonthecommandlinecaninclude rasters, vectors, and QGIS project files (.qgs):1.Rasters-SupportedformatsincludeGeoTiff, DEM and others supported by GDAL2.Vectors-SupportedformatsincludeESRIand others supported by OGR and PostgreSQL layers using the PostGIS extension--snapshot QGIS PNG ., . 800x600PNG. --width--height .--snapshot . --lang QGIS locale (localization) .,. ,--lang=it QGIS . QGISTip2 QGISTip2 QGISTip2 QGISTip2 QGIS .qgis_sample_data ., QGIS .qgis ./raster/landcover.img ./gml/lakes.gml 3.1.QGIS30 QGIS1.7.0 . http://www.qgis.org/wiki/GUI_Translation_Progress--project QGIS QGIS. --project QGIS,QGIS. --extentQGIS.--extent xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax. --nologo QGIS QGIS. noplugins QGIS QGIS. QGIS PluginManager[ ]. --optionspath QGIS, . 3.7 . , . --configpath 3.31--optionspath ,QGIS (./qgis) QSettings . QGIS. 3.2. QGIS QGIS QGIS .( 1 6 QGIS . .) :( )3.1.AlaskaQGISGUI 3.2.QGIS 32 QGIS1.7.0 . QGIS GUI 6.1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. QGIS 6 . . 3.2.1. QGIS .. , 4) ., , . .3.2.2. . 4) . [Settings][ConfigureShortcuts] .

File[ ] NewProject[ ] Ctrl+N 3.5 File[ ] OpenProject[ ] Ctrl+O 3.5 File[ ] 3.2.1. 3.33OpenRecentProjects [ ] 3.5 SaveProject[ ] Ctrl+S 3.5 File[ ] SaveProjectAs [ ]Ctrl+ Shift+S 3.5 File[ ] SaveasImage [ ] 3.6NewPrintComposer [ ]Ctrl+P 10 File[ ] ComposerManager [ ] 10 File[ ] PrintComposers [ ] 10 Exit[ ] Ctrl+Q

Edit[ ] Undo[ ] Ctrl+F 4.5.4Advanced Digitizing Redo[ ]Ctrl+ Shift+Z 4.5.4Advanced DigitizingCutFeatures [ ]Ctrl+X 4.5.3 Digitizing CopyFeatures[ ] Ctrl+C 4.5.3 DigitizingPasteFeatures [ ]Ctrl+V 4.5.3 Digitizing 3.2.QGIS 34 QGIS1.7.0 MoveFeatures [ ] 4.5.3 DigitizingDeleteSelected [ ] 4.5.3 DigitizingSimplifyFeature [ ] 4.5.4Advanced Digitizing AddRing[ ] 4.5.4Advanced Digitizing AddPart[ ] 4.5.4Advanced Digitizing DeleteRing[ ] 4.5.4Advanced DigitizingDeletePart [ ] 4.5.4Advanced DigitizingReshapeFeatures [ ] 4.5.4Advanced DigitizingSplitFeatures [ ] 4.5.4Advanced DigitizingMergeselectedFeatures [ ] 4.5.4Advanced DigitizingMergeattributesof selectedFeatures [ ] 4.5.4Advanced Digitizing NodeTool[ ] 4.5.3 DigitizingRotatePointSymbols [ ] 4.5.4Advanced Digitizing 3.2.1. 3.35 ToggleEditing[ ] , ( ,,) Edit[ ](Feature Capture). CapturePoint[ ] 4.5.3 Digitizing CaptureLine[ ] 4.5.3 Digitizing CapturePolygon[ ] 4.5.3 Digitizing

View[ ] PanMap[ ]Map Navigation ZoomIn[ ] Ctrl++Map Navigation ZoomOut[ ] Ctrl+-Map Navigation Select[ ] 3.4.2 AttributesIdentifyFeatures [ ]Ctrl+ Shift+IAttributes Measure[ ] 3.4 Attributes ZoomFull[ ]Ctrl+ Shift+FMap NavigationZoomToLayer [ ]Map NavigationZoomToSelection [ ]Ctrl+JMap Navigation 3.2.QGIS 36 QGIS1.7.0 ZoomLast[ ]Map Navigation ZoomNext[ ]Map NavigationZoomActualSize [ ] MapTips[ ] Attributes NewBookmark[ ] Ctrl+B 3.9 AttributesShowBookmarks [ ]Ctrl+ Shift+B 3.9 Attributes Refresh[ ] Ctrl+RMap NavigationTileScaleSlider [ ] 6.2.6 TileScaleLiveGPSTracking [ GPS] 3.10GPS Information Panels[ ] Toolbars[ ]ToggleFullScreenMode [ ]Ctrl+F

Layer[ ] New[ ] 4.5.5Manage LayersAddVectorLayer [ ]Ctrl+ Shift+V 4Manage Layers 3.2.1. 3.37AddRasterLayer [ ]Ctrl+ Shift+R 5Manage LayersAddPostGISLayer [PostGIS]Ctrl+ Shift+S 4.2Manage LayersAddSpatiaLiteLayer [SpatiaLite]Ctrl+ Shift+L 4.3Manage LayersAddWMSLayer [WMS]Ctrl+ Shift+W 6.2Manage LayersAddDelimitedTextLayer []Manage LayersAddOracleGeoRasterLayer [OracleGeoRaster]Manage LayersAddSQLAnywhereLayer [SQLAnywhere]Manage LayersAddWFSLayer [WFS]Map NavigationOpenAttributeTable [ ]Attributes SaveEdits[ ] DigitizingToggleEditing [ ]DigitizingSaveAs [ ] 3.2.QGIS 38 QGIS1.7.0 SaveSelectionasVectorFile [ ]RemoveLayer [ ( )]Ctrl+D 4.5.6SetCRSofLayer(s) [ ]Ctrl+ Shift+CSetProjectCRSfromLayer [ ] Properties[ ] Query [ ] Labeling[ ]AddToOverview [ ]Ctrl+ Shift+OManage LayersAddAllToOverview [ ]RemoveAllFromOverview [ ]ShowAllLayers [ ]Ctrl+ Shift+UManage LayersHideAllLayers [ ]Ctrl+ Shift+HManage Layers

Setting[ ] 3.2.1. 3.39ProjectProperties [ ]Ctrl+ Shift+P 3.5CustomCRS [ ] 8.4 StyleManager[ ]ConfigureShortcuts [ ] Options[ ] 3.7SnappingOptions [ ]

Plugin[ ]ManagePlugins [ ] 11.1 Plugin PythonConsole [Python]

Vector[ ]AnalysisTools [ ]ResearchTools [ ]GeoprocessingCalculator [ ] 3.2.QGIS 40 QGIS1.7.0 GeometryTools [ ]DataManagementTools [ ]

Database[ ]Spit

Raster[ ]RasterCalculator 5.4

Help[ ]HelpContents [QGIS]F1 5.4 HelpWhatsthis Shift+F1APIDocumentation [API]QGISHomepage [QGIS]Ctrl+NCheckQGISVersion [QGIS] About[QGIS] 3.2.1. 3.41:KDE .GNOME Settings[ ], . QGISSponsors [QGIS]ProjectProperties [ ]Filemenu Options[ ] Edit ConfigureShortcuts [ ]Edit StyleManager [ ]Edit CustomCRS[ CRS]Edit Panels[ ]View Toolbars[ ]View ToggleFullScreenMode [ ]View TileScaleSlider [ ]View 3.2.QGIS 42 QGIS1.7.0 3.2.2. , .. . . . 3.2.3. . . (Z-ordering) . . . LiveGPSTracking [ GPS]View QGISTip3 QGISTip3 QGISTip3 QGISTip3 , Setting[ ] Toolbars[ ] . 3.2.3. 3.43 AddGroup[ ] , Enter . . , . , Maketotoplevelitem[ ] . . . . GRASS ToggleEditing[ ] .GRASS 9.7 . Zoomtolayerextent[ ] Zoomtobestscale(100%)[ (100%)] Showinoverview[ ] Remove[ ]S etlayerCRS[ ] SetprojectCRSfromlayer[ ] 3.2.QGIS 44 QGIS1.7.0 Properties[ ] Rename[ ] AddGroup[ ] Expandall[ ] Collapseall[ ] Zoomtolayerextent[ ] Showinoverview[ ] Remove[ ]S etlayerCRS[ ] SetprojectCRSfromlayer[ ] Openattributetable[ ] Toggleediting(notavailableforGRASSlayers)[ ] Saveas[ ] Saveselectionas[ ] Query[ ] Properties[ ] Rename[ ] 3.2.4. 3.45 AddGroup[ ] Expandall[ ] Collapseall[ ] Zoomtogroup[ ] Remove[ ]S etgroupCRS[ CRS] Rename[ ] AddGroup[ ] Expandall[ ] Collapseall[ ] Ctrl . . Ctrl Ctrl+D . . 3.2.4. QGIS 3.2.QGIS 46 QGIS1.7.0 .. ( .),, . . . .3.2.5. . View[ ] Panels[ ] . . ., QGISTip4 QGISTip4 QGISTip4 QGISTip4 .,( ) ,( ) . . Setting[ ] Option[ ] Maptools[ ].QGISTip5 QGISTip5 QGISTip5 QGISTip5 . , ,. . . 3.2.6. 3.47 . , Showinoverview[] .Overview . , 3.2.6. ( :) . ,( ,,) . . ,. QGISTip6 QGISTip6 QGISTip6 QGISTip6 QGIS (degree) ., . Settings[ ]

ProjectProperties[ ] General[ ] (meter) , CRSstatus[ ] (CoordinateReferenceSystem) .,( : +units=m). 3.2.QGIS 48 QGIS1.7.0 . . .(3.3 ) . EPSG. .3.2.7. QGIS. 3.2.1 . Settings[ ] ConfigureShortcuts[ ]. . Change[ ], Setnone[ ] Setdefault[ ] . XML .QGIS .3.2.8. , . ,. 3.2.8. 3.493.3. QGIS . . / / GIS 3.2.(KDE) 3.3. 50 QGIS1.7.0 on/off QGIS.3.3.1. , . Properties[ ] . General[ ]/ Usescaledependent rendering[ ]. ,/ ,QGIS. 3.3.2. . a) / Render [ ] . Render[ ] QGIS 3.3 ., . 3.3.2. 3.51 Render[ ] , . b) . , . , . Settings[ ] Option[ ] Rendering[ ].By defaultnewlayersaddedtothemapshouldbedisplayed[.] , . c) .QGIS . Settings[ ] Option[ ] Rendering[ ] . .0 (0 ). 3.4. 52 QGIS1.7.0 ,.500. d) . Settings[ ] Option[ ] Rendering[ ].Makelinesappearlessjaggedattheexpenseofsomedrawing performance[ ( .)] Fixproblemswithincorrectlyfilledpolygons[]3.4. ( :UTM) ., ( ) ,/ . (8 ). . . .3.4.1. ,, QGIS , . Settings[ ] Option[ ] Maptools[ ] 3.4.1.,, 3.53 .rubberband (meter,feet),( ,,gon) . . . . . . (4.5.1 ). , . . (a) (c) (b) 3.3. 3.5. 54 QGIS1.7.0 . . , .3.4.2. QGIS . .3.5. QGIS.QGIS . , (3.7 ).QGIS File[ ] SaveProject[ ] File[ ] SaveProjectAs[ ] .QGIS File[ ] OpenProject[ ] 3.55 . File[ ] NewProject[ ] . , .. XML . QGIS . QGIS . QGIS . Settings[ ] Option[ ] General[ ]. Promttosaveprojectchangeswhenrequired[]Warnwhenopeningaprojectfilesavedwithanolderversion ofQGIS[ QGIS] File[ ] ProjectProperties[ ] Settings[ ] ProjectProperties[ ] , .

General[ ] ,,, 3.6. 56 QGIS1.7.0 ,,( / ) .( ).

CRS[ ] ./.

Identifiablelayers[ ] (identifytool) (3.7). WMSServer[WMS]QGIS ,.AddWKTgeometry tofeatureinforesponse[ WKT] WMS .3.6. QGIS . 3.5 . . SaveasImage[ ] (PNG,JPG),,. , (worldfile,PNGW JPGW) .

NewPrintComposer[ ] (10 ). 3.573.7. GUIOption Option[ ]QGIS . Setting Option[ ] . . General[ ] Prompttosaveprojectchangeswhenrequired[] Warnwhenopeningaprojectfilesavedwithanolder versionofQGIS[ QGIS] (Default[ ],Classic[ ],gis) .12,24,32 openlayerproperties[ ] openattributetable[ ] Capitaliselayernamesinlegend[] Displayclassificationattributenamesinlegend[] Createrastericonsinlegend[] Hidesplashscreenatstartup[ ] Openidentifyresultsinadockwindow(QGISrestart required)[ .(QGIS )] Opensnappingoptionsinadockwindow(QGISrestart 3.7.GUIOption58 QGIS1.7.0 required)[ (QGIS)] Openattributetableinadockwindow[ (QGIS)] AddPostGISlayerswithdoubleclickandselectinextended mode[ PostGIS ] Addnewlayerstoselectedgroup[] ( ( ), ,) NULL C++ Rendering[ ] Bydefaultnewlayersaddedtothemapshouldbedisplayed [.(y)] Userendercachingwherepossibletospeedupredraws[] Makelinesappearlessjaggedattheexpenseofsome drawingperformance[ ()] Fixproblemswithincorrectlyfilledpolygons[] Usenewgenerationsymbologyforrendering[] SVG/ SVG , 3.59 Settings[ ] ProjectProperties[ ] General[ ]. Maptools[ ] (identifytool) .Currentlayer[ ]Top down[ ] Topdown,stopatfirst[ , ] , (3.5 ) . Openfeatureform,ifasinglefeatureisidentified[] (%). . . . Keepbaseunit[ ] Definepreferredmeasurementunits(metersorfeet)[](meter,feet] Definepreferredangleunits(Degrees,RadiansorGon)[](Degree,Radian,Gon)] (Zoom[ ],Zoomandrecenter[ ],Zoomtocursor[ ], None[ ]) . Overlay[ ] (centralpoint(standard)[ [ ],chain[ ( ),popmusictabuchain[3.7.GUIOption60 QGIS1.7.0 ( )],popmusictabu[ ( )],popmusicchain [ ( )]) Digitizing[ ] . (tovertex[ ],to segment[ ],tovertexandsegment[]) . . Showmarkersonlyforselectedfeatures[.] (Cross[ ( )],Semitransparentcircle [ ],none[ ]) . Reuselastenteredattributevalues[ ] Suppressattributespop-upwindowsaftereachcreatefeature [.] CRS[ ] . . . Enableontheflyreprojectionbydefault[(f)] . PromptforcoordinateReferenceSystem(CRS)[(c)] 3.61 ProjectwidedefaultCoordinateReferenceSystem(CRS)will beused[ (p) GlobaldefaultCoordinateReferenceSystem(CRS)displayed belowwillbeused[ (y)] Locale[ ] Overwritesystemlocaleandusedefinedlocaleinstead[] (locale) Network[ ] Useproxyforwebaccess[Web] , ,, Proxytype.DefaultProxy: Proxy .Socks5Proxy:Generic proxy.TCP,UDP,bindingtoaport(incomingconnections), .HttpProxy :CONNECT .TCP ..HttpCachingProxy :HTTP.HTTP FtpCachingProxy :FTP.FTP .( ) WMS ..http://geopole.org/wms/search?search=%1&type=rss3.7.GUIOption62 QGIS1.7.0 ( ms)-60000URL Add[ ] ( 3.4 ).URL , URL . Remove[ ] . http://doc.trolltech.com/4.5/qnetworkproxy.html#ProxyType-enum QT-library-documentation.3.4.QGIS Proxy-setting 3.63 . QGIS . : $HOME/.config/QuantumGIS/qgis.conf : $HOME/Library/Preferences/org.qgis.qgis.plist : \\HKEY\CURRENT_USER\Software\QuantumGIS\qgis3.8. (Annotationtools) QGIS . . .. , . , .GIS , . .QGISTip7 QGISTip7 QGISTip7 QGISTip7 . . 3.8.(Annotationtools)64 QGIS1.7.0 3.8.1. . qt( 3.6 ).qt .QGIS http://blog.qgis.org/node/143 . :( ,,) Ctrl+T. 3.5. 3.653.9. (SpatialBookmarks)( ). 3.9.1. :1. .2. View[ ] NewBookmark[ ] Ctrl+B.3. ( 255 ).3.6.qt 3.9.(SpatialBookmarks)66 QGIS1.7.0 4.OK, Cancel ..3.9.2. View[ ] ShowBookmark[ ] . GeospatialBookmarks[ ] , (Zoomto) . .3.9.3. GeospatialBookmarks[ ] ZoomTo[ ]. .3.9.4. GeospatialBookmarks[ ] , Delete[ ] . OK. 3.673.10. GPS GPS View[ ] LiveGPSTracking[ GPS] . GPS. GPS 4 .( 3.7 3.8)(a) GPS. .(b) GPS (c) GPS..(d) GPS( 3.8.)GPS( ) Connect[ ] QGIS GPS . ( Disconnect[ ] ) GPS . GNU/ ,GPS .GPS gpsd. [ ] :GPS . 3.10.GPS 68 QGIS1.7.0 (a) (b)GPS (c)GPS 3.7.GPS 3.10.1. GPS 3.7(a).3.10.2. GPS GPS ( 3.7(b)) 3.10.4.GPS 3.693.10.3. GPS 3.7(c) . ID .3.10.4. GPS GPS Autodetect[ ] Usepath/portbelow[ / ] ,GPS / . Connect[ ] GPS. GPSCursorSize[GPS]10%.Auto-add vertices[ ]GPS ( ) . GPSmaprecenter[GPS]GPS GPS, , , . Track[ ] . PositionCoordinates[ ] , Addfeature[ ]. 3.10.GPS 70 QGIS1.7.0 3.8.GPS714. QGIS ESRIShape,MapinfoMIF TAB OGR 5). OGR[5]6) 60. http://www.gdal.org/ogr/ogr_formats.html . :QGIS ., ,,OS GDAL/OGR .QGIS . *.* . GRASS9 . .(ESRIshapefiles,PostGISlayers,SpatialLitelayers)QGIS .QGIS , (identify),(select),(labeling) (attribute) . GRASS PostgreSQL QGIS5) GRASS PostgreSQL QGIS.6) 387 4.1ESRIShapefiles72 QGIS1.7.0 .4.1. ESRIShapefiles QGIS ESRI Shapefile .OGRSimpleFeatureLibrary(http://www.gdal.org/ogr/ ) .Shapefile , 3 . .shp .dbf dBase .shxShapefile.prj .,. Shapefile. ESRI.http://www.esri.com/library/whitepapers/pdfs/shapefile.pdf Shape.prj .prj shape,QGIS , LayerProperties[ ] General[ ] ..prj QGIS , CRS[ ]. QGIS Shapefile .,ESRI 4.1.1.Shapefile 4.73 ,.prj ,QGIS ,.qpj .QGIS .qpj .prj.qpj .4.1.1. Shapefile Shapefile ,QGIS AddVectorLayer[ ]Ctrl+Shift+V . .( 4.1). File[ ] Browse[ ] .( 4.2 )ShapeFile. 4.1. 4.1ESRIShapefiles74 QGIS1.7.0 |OGR .Shapefile . Open[ ] QGIS .4.3 alaska.shp./ . . Properties[ ] QGISTip8 QGISTip8 QGISTip8 QGISTip8 . .4.2.OGC 4.1.1.Shapefile 4.75 LayerProperties[ ] . 4.4.1.QGISTip9 QGISTip9 QGISTip9 QGISTip9 OSXOSX File[ ]

OpenProject[ ] .OSX / ./Volumes .4.3.QGIS AlaskaShapeFile 4.1ESRIShapefiles76 QGIS1.7.0 4.1.2. Shapefile , .. QGIS .qix .. Shapefile

LayerProperties[ ] ( Shapefile Properties[ ])

General[ ] CreateSpatialIndex[ ].4.1.3. MapInfo MapInfo AddVectorLayer Ctrl+Shift+V. [OGR]MapInfo(*.mif*.tab*.MIF*.TAB| .TAB.tab .4.1.4. ArcInfoBinaryCoverage ArcInfoBinaryCoverage AddVectorLayer Ctrl+Shift+V AddVectorLayer.Directory 4.77 Arc/InfoBinaryCoverage| . . UKNationalTransferFormat TIGERFormat .4.2. PostGISLayers PostGISPostgreSQL. PostGIS , .PostGIS , QGIS OGR.4.2.1. PostGIS PostgreSQL . AddPostGISLayer Layer[ ] Ctrl+Shift+D AddPostGIS . AddVectorLayerDatabase . AddPostGISTable(s) . New CreateaNewPostGISConnection . 4.1 .. 4.2.PostGISLayers78 QGIS1.7.0 SaveUsername[ ] SavePassword[ ] Onlylookinthegeometry_columnstable[geometry_columns ] Onlylookinthepublicschema['public' ] Alsolisttableswithnogeometry[geometry ] Useestimatedtablemetadata[] TestConnect.Name . .Service / .( )pg_service.conf.Host .Ping.Port PostgreSQL. 5432 .Database Database SSL Mode SSL . . -disable:SSL -allow:Non-SSL,SSL -prefer( ):SSL ,non-SSL -require:SSL 4.1.PostGIS 4.2.2.PostGIS 4.794.2.2. PostGIS PostgreSQL .PostgreSQL Data . 4.2.4 . PostGIS .

AddPostGISTable(s) AddPostGISLayer. Connect. Alsolisttableswithnogeometry[geometry ]. SearchOptions[ ] BuildQuery Buildquery . PostGIS SSL .User namePasswordQGISTip10 QGISTip10 QGISTip10 QGISTip10 QGIS .:.QGIS : QGIS .4.2.PostGISLayers80 QGIS1.7.0 . . Shift . PostgreSQLQueryBulider 4.6 . Add.4.2.3. PostgreSQLQGIS PostgreSQL .QGIS , .QGIS PostgreSQL, QGIS,QGIS PostgreSQL . QGIS PostgreSQL. . QGIS int4 ( 4byte) .ctid . ,oid. QGISTip11 QGISTip11 QGISTip11 QGISTip11 PostGIS PostGISgeometry_columnstable. 1.6.0 QGIS geometry_columnstable .. . PostgreSQL. 4.2.4.PostgreSQL 4.81 .(PostgreSQL) PostgreSQL, .QGIS .SQL .QGIS SQL .SQL . ,QGIS . .(int4 , )4.2.4. PostgreSQLShp2pgsql PostgreSQL . PostGIS PostGISshapefiles shp2pgsql ., gis_dataPostgreSQLlakes.shp shapefile ,:shp2pgsql-s2964lakes.shplakes_new|psql gis_dataQGISTip12 QGISTip12 QGISTip12 QGISTip12 PostGIS pgsql2shp PostGIS-shapefile shp2pgsql . PostGIS .4.2.PostGISLayers82 QGIS1.7.0 gis_data lakes_new .2964 (SRID) .8.SPITPlugin QGIS SPIT(PostGIS Shapefile).SPIT shapefiles. Plugin[ ] Pluginmanager ,SPITplugin OK .PluginSPIT . Shapefile , SPIT SPIT-ShapefiletoPostGISImportTool . PostGISConnect.. Add . OK .shapefile/. QGISTip13 QGISTip13 QGISTip13 QGISTip13 PostSQLSHAPEFILES Shapefile PostgreSQL . .( ) shapefile. 4.2.5. 4.83ogr2ogrPostGIS shp2pgsqSPIT :ogr2ogr GDAL .PostGIS shapefile .ogr2ogr -f "PostgreSQL" PG:"dbname=postgis host=myhost.de user=postgres \password=topsecret" alaska.shpalaska.shpshapefile PostGIS postgis .( myhost.de ,topsecret, postgres) OGR PostGIS PostgreSQL . ogrinfo --formats | grep -i post PostgreSQL COPY- INSERTINTO - ()export PG_USE_COPY=YESogr2ogrshp2pgsl .SQL CREATEINDEX .( 4.2.5) 4.2.5. PostgreSQL 4.2.PostGISLayers84 QGIS1.7.0 . postgreSQL .PostGIS GiST( ).GiST27). CREATE INDEX [indexname] ON [tablename]USINGGIST([geometryfield] GIST_GEOMETRY_OPS ); .,VACUUMANALYZE . PostGIS[8]8). GiST.gsherman@madison:~/current$ psql gis_dataWelcome to psql 8.3.0, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal.Type: \copyright for distribution terms\h for help with SQL commands\? for help with psql commands\gorterminatewithsemicolontoexecute query\q to quitgis_data=#CREATEINDEXsidx_alaska_lakesON alaska_lakesgis_data-#USINGGIST(the_geom GIST_GEOMETRY_OPS);7) GiSThttp://postgis.refractions.netPostGIS .8) 387 4.2.6.180 4.85CREATE INDEXgis_data=# VACUUM ANALYZE alaska_lakes;VACUUMgis_data=# \qgsherman@madison:~/current$4.2.6. 180GIS( ) 180 .QGIS , .4.4 (Chatham).PostGIS ST_Shift_Longitude9) . / ,0 360. PostGISSPIT PostGIS .(4.2.4 )9)http://postgis.refractions.net/documentation/manual-1.4/ST_Shift_Longitude.html4.4.1804.3.SpatiaLiteLayers86 QGIS1.7.0 PostGIS .( TABLE PostGIS)gis_data=# update TABLE set the_geom=ST_shift_longitude(the_geom); , ,( 4.5).4.3. SpatiaLiteLayers SpatiaLite, AddSpatiaLiteLayer Layer[ ] L AddSpatiaLiteLayer[SpatiaLite].4.5.ST_Shift_Longtitude180 4.87QGIS SpatiaLite , . , New SpatiaLite ,.sqlite . SpatiaLite, . Saveas[ ] ,,sqlite CRS[ ] ,OGR SPATIALITR=YES .SpatiaLite OGR .http://www.gdal.org/ogr/drv_sqlite.html. SpatiaLite SpatiaLite,4.5.5 .4.4. LayerProperties[ ] ,, . PostgreSQL/PostgGIS , General[ ] QGISTip14 QGISTip14 QGISTip14 QGISTip14 SpatiaLite SpatiaLite'QGISContributedRepository PythonPlugin., PythonPluginQGISSQL(QGIS, ViewSpatialTables,QGIS Queries) , SQLQueryBuilder . 4.4. 88 QGIS1.7.0 QueryBuilderSQL. LayerProperties[ ] Properties[ ].4.4.1. QGIS1.4.0 .QGIS1.7.0. 4.4.4 . :( ), ( ),( ). . , .. . . Fontmarker : Simplemarker : SVGmarker :SVG 4.4.1. 4.89Linedecoration :,: Markerline : Simpleline :( , ) Centroidfill : SVGfill :SVG Simplefill :( , ,)Outline :Linedecoration:,: 4.6. 4.4. 90 QGIS1.7.0 Outline :Markerline:AreaOutline :Simpleline:Area ,, Colorramps .. 3 . Gradient Random : ColorBrewer : StyleManager Colorramp Add .(4.4.3)Syles . .( ) .QGIS.Renderers Renderer . Renderer 4 .(singlesymbol,categorized( unique ),graduatedandrule-based) Renderer Renderer , Renderer . 4.4.2. 4.91 Categorized GraduatedRenderer . .4.4.2. Style[ ] 4 Renderer :singlesymbol,categorized,graduatedandrule-based. Renerer . .Style ManagerStyleManager .(4.4.3 ) StyleManager , .SingleSymbolRenderer SingleSymbolRenderer . Style[ ]. . . . SimbolProperties[ ] Change Color. Style[ ] .(Saveasstyle 4.4. 92 QGIS1.7.0 Advanced). Symbollevels (). (Saveasstyle ),.CategorizedRenderer CategorizedRenderer , . Style[ ]. (Columnlistbox) (Symboldialog) (ColorRamplistbox) Advanced . .4.8 QGIScategory rendering. Newcolorramp .ramp(Gradient,Random, ColorBrewer) . . 4.9 . 4.4.2. 4.93(a)Singsymbolpointproperties (b)Singsymbollineproperties(c)Singsymbolareaproperties4.7.:SingleSymbolizingoptions GraduatedRenderer GraduatedRenderer .CategorizedRenderer . thecategorized, Style[ ] . (Columnlistbox) (SymbolPropertiesbutton) (ColorRamplist) 4.4. 94 QGIS1.7.0 (Modelist ). . EqualInterval Quantile NaturalBreaks(Jenks) StandardDeviation PrettyBreaks Style[ ] , .4.8.CategorizedSymbolizingoptions 4.4.2. 4.954.10 QGIS.Rule-basedrendering Rule-basedrendering Rule-based .SQL . QueryBuilder . , .4.11 QGIS Rule-basedrendering.4.9. 4.4. 96 QGIS1.7.0 Pointdisplacement QGIS . . .SymbolProperties . . ., LayerProperties Style[ ] Properties[ ]. , ,. . SymbolLayerType . (Point,Line,Polygon). SimpleMarker:,,,,Offset X,Y SvgMarker:,,OffsetX,Y,SVGImage LineDecoration: MarkerLine:Marker,Marker,Marker,Lineoffset SimpleLine:,,,Offset,Joinstyleand Capstyle 4.4.4. 4.97 SimpleFill:,,,, 4.4.3. StyleManager StyleManager , . .StyleManager Setting[ ] StyleManager. 4.4.4. :QGIS1.7 , .(4.4.1 ) LayerProperties Style[ ] Oldsymbology. , Setting[ ]Option RenderingUsenewgeneration symbologyforrendering[ ]. QGISrenderer . Singlesymbol Graduatedsymbol 4.4. 98 QGIS1.7.0 Continuouscolor Uniquevalue , LayerProperties. (StyleOptions) . (mapfeature) . renderer4.10. 4.4.4. 4.99. FilloptionsFillstyle . Fillstyle ?Texture| . *.jpeg, *.xpm, *.png.Fillcolor OutlineoptionsOutlinestyle . nopen .OutlinecolorOutlinewidth , (*.qml). SaveStyle... , LoadStyle.... SaveAsDefault ., RestoreDefaultStyle. Vectortransparency( ) QGIS . Style[ ]Transparency10% .( 4.11) . 4.4. 100 QGIS1.7.0 4.4.5. (LabelsTab) QGIS1.7.0 old/newlabeling . Labels[ ] oldlabeling .newlabeling oldlabel. newlabeling , 4.4.6 . Labels[ ]oldlabeling labeling ,,,, .QGIS_example_dataset shapefile labeling :4.11.Ruled-basedSymbologyoptions 4.4.5.(LabelsTab) 4.1011. Shapefile(Alaska.shp) GML lakes.gml QGIS .2. .3. lakes.4.LayerProperties.5. Labels[ ].6. Displaylabels[ ].7. NAMES|. 8. .QGIS NAMES . 9. Multilinelabels?[?] .QGIS labelfield ,. \n ( . / n ). .()10.Apply. label .? markersymbol . Font[ ] Font[ ] Color[ ] . .: 4.4. 102 QGIS1.7.0 1. Font[ ]2. Placement[ ] . Right[ ] 3. 4.Apply ,label marker . Position .X,Y offset( ) .X4.12. 4.4.5.(LabelsTab) 4.103 offset5 label marker .markersymbol.labelBuffer .Buffer. label :1. Bufferlabels?[ ?] .2. .3. Color[ ] ,.4.Apply. , Apply. 1(point) . mapunit . Labels[ ]. Datadefined label . Labels[ ]. 4.4. 104 QGIS1.7.0 (a) (b) (c)4.13. 4.4.6. 4.1054.4.6. Labeling[ ] , . 4.4.5 QGISlabeling ,(on-the-fly) . 1.QGIS ,, .4.14.StyleManager 4.4. 106 QGIS1.7.0 2.QGIS Labeling[ ].4.15. Labelthislayer[ ] ,. labelplacement,textstyle,labelingpriority,scale-based visibility .( 4.16). (a) (b) (c)(d)UniqueValue 4.4.6. 4.107 Labelthislayer[ ] ,. labelplacement,orientation,distancetofeature,text style,labelingpriority,scale-basedvisibility .(4.17). Labelthislayer[ ] ,. labelplacement,distanceandtextstyle,labeling priority,scale-basedvisibility .( 4.18). Enginesettings labelplacement .Chain,PopmusicTabu, 4.16.Smartlabeling 4.4. 108 QGIS1.7.0 PopmusicChain,PopmusicTabuChainandFALP .candidate ,, label(collidinglabel) candidate. 4.17.Smartlabeling4.18.Smartlabeling 4.4.6. 4.109 . :left,center,right :bottom,base,half,top Colorscanbespecifiedinsvgnotation,:#ff0000 forbold,underlined,strikeoutanditalic:0=false1=true .:baserightorbottom left4.4.7. (AttributeTab) Attribute[ ]/ 4.19. 4.4. 110 QGIS1.7.0 . ToggleEditing[ ] NewColumn[ ] DeleteColumn[ ] . PostGISColumn .GDAL version>=1.6 OGRLibrary column . GDAL/OGRtracpatch ticket . (http://trac.osgeo.org/gdal/ticket/2671 )QGIS( GDAL/OGR SW ) shapefilecolumn 2. QGIS 2 TableManager. Editwidget Attribute[ ]edit widgetColumn .Column attributetablecolumn. Editwidget ,widgets .widgets. LineEdit :() Classification: Style[ ] uniquevalue (Classification). Range :.edit widget spinbox. Uniquevalues : 4.4.7.(AttributeTab) 4.111 . Autocompletion lineedit combobox . Filename :dialog . Valuemap :.(Value) attribute combobox . CSV. Enumeration :ColumnsType combobox .POSTGRES . Immutable :Theimmutableattributecolumn. . Hidden :attributecolumn . . Checkbox :( ) . attribute column. Textedit : . Calendar :widget .Column type . 4.4. 112 QGIS1.7.0 4.4.8. (GeneralTab) General[ ] .Displayname spatialindex (PostGIS OGR )projection .QtCreaterIED http://qt.nokia.com/products/developer-tool EditUserInterface. QueryBuilder Subset . attributetable AdvancedSearch 4.20. 4.4.10.(ActionTab) 4.113. 4.4.9. (MetadataTab) Metadata[ ] ,,,, . Extentsextent LayerSpatial ReferenceSystem CRS. . 4.4.10. (ActionTab) QGIS action .argument action .Action . .. actionLayerProperties. ActionLayerProperties Action[ ] .Action Action . . Action % 4.4. 114 QGIS1.7.0 .%% identifyresults .( UsingActions).Doublequotemark , command .Doublequote . name substrings name ( :col1 andcol10)name [] . ( :[%col10]) %col10 name %col1name .QGIS . [[%col10]]. IdentifyResult (Derived) .derived name (Derived) .x y %(Derived).Xand%(Derived).Y Action . Derived IdentifyResult AttributeTable. 2 . konqueror http://www.google.com/search?q=%namkonqueror http://www.google.com/search?q=%% Konqueror URL . .Action. . /opt/kde3/bin/konqueror 4.4.10.(ActionTab) 4.115http://www.google.com/search?q=%nam actions konqueror . %% .Action %%. ActionIdentifyResult AttributeTable ( IdentifyFeatures[ ] OpenAttributeTable[ ]).Action .Action action .Action .%% Action IdentifyResult AttributeTable. bash echocommand( ) .,Taxon_name , latlong . (localities) record export .(QGIS). Action . bash -c "echo \"%taxon_name %lat %long\" >> /tmp/species_localities.txt" 4.4. 116 QGIS1.7.0 Action output.Acacia mearnsii -34.0800000000 150.0800000000Acacia mearnsii -34.9000000000 150.1200000000Acacia mearnsii -35.2200000000 149.9300000000Acacia mearnsii -32.2700000000 150.4100000000. URL . URL .QGISURL http://google.com/search?q+qgis . .1. 2. LegendProperties LayerProperties.3. Action[ ]4. Google Search Action . 5. Action .Firefox . . 6. URL .. http://google.com/search?q= 7. ActionText . firefox http://google.com/search?q= 8. lakes 4.4.10.(ActionTab) 4.117. InsertField[ ].9. NAMES| InsertField[ ].10. ActionText . firefox http://google.com/search?q=%NAMES11. InsertAction[ ]. Action . :firefox http://google.com/search?q=%NAMES Action . LayerProperties.lakes .Result action . 4.21. 4.4. 118 QGIS1.7.0 Action Firefox URL http://www.google.com/search?q=Tustumena . Action . Action+ InsertField[ ] . . IdentifyResult . Action . viewer Action . Action .4.4.11. (JoinsTab) Joins[ ] .joinlayer,joinfield targetfield keycolumn .QGIS OGR nonspatialtableformats,,PostgreSQLProvider join .( 4.22 ). Addvectorjoin[ ] . Cachejoinlayerinvirtualmemory[] Createattributeindexonthejoinfield[] 4.4.11.(JoinsTab) 4.1194.4.12. (DiagramTab) Diagram[ ] Graphic .( 4.23 ). , . labeling . climatevector Barchart.2 4.22. 4.4. 120 QGIS1.7.0 QGIS .(2.2 )1. AddVectorLayer[ ]. QGISAlaska.shp climate.shp.2. climate LayerProperties .3. Diagram[ ] Piechart[ ].4. 3 T_F_JAN,T_F_JUL T_F_MEAN .T_F_JAN4.23. 4.4.12.(DiagramTab) 4.121 +.T_F_JUL T_F_MEAN.5. Linearscaling T_F_JUL .6. Findmaximumvalue[ ] 10Apply.7. .4.24 .8. OK.4.24. 4.5. 122 QGIS1.7.0 4.5. QGIS OGR,PostGIS .: GRASS. 9.7 .4.5.1. . . . .1. Setting[ ] Option[ ] ( : QGIS,:Edit Option[ ]) Digitizing[ ] , QGISTip15 QGISTip15 QGISTip15 QGISTip15 QGIS1.7.0 tracking . . 4.5.1. 4.123 . . . / . ( ) feet . 1:10,000300ft. 2. Setting[ ]( File[ ]) Snappingoption[ ] .( 4.25 ) . . . . . 4.25. 4.5. 124 QGIS1.7.0 QGIS . , .QGIS . . Setting[ ] Option[ ] Digitizing[ ] .4.5.2. / ,/ .. Pan[ ] Zoom-in/Zoom-out . / ,./ ,. . Setting[ ] Option[ ] Maptools[ ]. . 4.5.3. 4.125 ,, ,. .PgUp PgDn / . Setting[ ]( File[ ]) Snappingoption[ ] .Enabletopologicalediting[]Avoid Int[ ] . Enabletopologicalediting[ ] . QGIS. AvoidInt[] . . 4.5.3. QGIS . . 4.5. 126 QGIS1.7.0 ,( ),. PostgreSQL/PostGIS . 4.5.4 , . View[ ] Toolbars[ ]/ .. ToggleEditing[ ] . . ToggleEditing[ ] . , . / : : : 4.2. QGISTip16 QGISTip16 QGISTip16 QGISTip16 SaveEdits[ ] . . 4.5.3. 4.127 Capturepoints[ ] Captureline[ ] Capturepolygon[ ] QGIS . . . . . . 4.26 rivers . Setting[ ] Option[ ] Digitizing[ ] 4.26. 4.5. 128 QGIS1.7.0 . Reuselastenteredattributevalues[ ] Suppressattributespop-upwindowsaftereachcreatedfeature[.] MoveFeature[ ] .Shape-file PostgreSQL/PostGIS NodeTool[ ]CAD . ,. , .QGIS, . . Setting[ ] Option[ ] Digitizing[ ] SearchRadius[ ] 10 0 . .QGISTip17 QGISTip17 QGISTip17 QGISTip17 shapefile . EnterAttributeValue[ ] . AttributeTable[ ]. 4.5.3. 4.129 NodeTool[ ] . . . . . :, . . . Ctrl. Ctrl Shift .( , , .) : . , . : Delete . NodeTool[ ] .QGIS. QGISTip18 QGISTip18 QGISTip18 QGISTip18 QGIS,, 3 . Setting[ ]

Option[ ] Digitizing[ ]. 4.5. 130 QGIS1.7.0 DeleteSelected[ ] :. ,. . undo. . ,. ,, ToggleEditing[ ] ,QGIS ,,. .CSV,OGC WKT(Well-KnownText) . QGIS1.7.xQGIS .? / .?5,000 , . ,/ ..1. ( ) 2. ( ).3. .4. . 4.5.3. 4.1315. Select[ ].6. CopyFeature[ ].7. .8. PasteFeature[ ].9. . ?( )QGIS . .( ). Select[ ] . . DeleteSelected[ ]. CutFeature[ ] . . PasteFeature[ ] .,undo ., QGISTip19 QGISTip19 QGISTip19 QGISTip19 . . . 4.5. 132 QGIS1.7.0 ,. . QGIS .,. SaveEdits[ ] ,. ToggleEditing[ ] ( QGIS ) .( )QGIS ..4.5.4. Undo[ ] Redo[ ] . ,/ .( 4.27) QGISTip20 QGISTip20 QGISTip20 QGISTip20 ESRIshapefile ,QGIS GDAL1.3.2 . OSXQGIS GDAL1.3.2 .QGISTip21 QGISTip21 QGISTip21 QGISTip21 .QGIS ,. 4.5.4. 4.133 . / . /. Undo[ ] , .( : ), . / . , . SimplifyFeature[ ] . . 4.27.Redo Undo 4.5. 134 QGIS1.7.0 . OK .( MultiPolygon[ ]). AddRing[ ] ., . , . AddPart[ ] ( ) ., . DeleteRing[ ] .. 4.3. 4.5.4. 4.135 . . . DeletePart[ ] . ,., . ,,,. . ReshapeFeature[ ] . . . ,. . . . . .. .. , . :reshape. 4.5. 136 QGIS1.7.0 , . SplitFeatures[ ] . . MergeselectedFeatures[ ] MergeattributesofselectedFeatures[ ] . RotatePointSymbols[ ] . LayerProperties Style[ ] , . . ,. ( 4.28). .: Ctrl 15 . 4.5.5.ShapefileSpatiaLite 4.1374.5.5. ShapefileSpatiaLite QGIS shapefile spatilite .GRASS GRASS .GRASS 9.6. . Shapefile Shape Layer[ ] New[ ] NewShapefileLayer[ Shapefile] .4.29 NewVectorLayer[ ] . ( ,,) . QGIS 2.5D(measurefeature) .shapefile. 4.28. 4.5. 138 QGIS1.7.0 OGR PostgreSQL . shapefile, , Add[ ] ..id . Type Real[ ]|,Type Integer[ ]|,Type String[ ]| . . OK shapefile..shp. ,4.5.3. SpatiaLite Layer[ ] New[ ] NewSpatialiteLayer[ Spatialite] spatialite.4.30NewSpatialiteLayer[ Spatialite ]. Spatialitespatialite . . .Createan autoincrementingprimarykey[ ] .spatialite , Addtoattributelist[ ] . 4.5.6. 4.139 OK . ,4.5.3.Spatialite OK Apply.4.5.6. . 4.29.shapefile 4.5. 140 QGIS1.7.0 , .,,. , . Layer[ ] OpenAttributeTable[ ] . , OpenAttributeTable[ ]4.30.SpatiaLite 4.5.6. 4.141. .( 4.31 ) . . . .. Ctrl, Shift . . 4.31. 4.5. 142 QGIS1.7.0 . ,. . .( , ) Lookfor[ ] .() Search[ ] . . .4.6 .Showselectedonly[] . Searchselectedonly[ ]. Casesensitive[ ] . . Unselectedall[ ] Ctrl+U Moveselectedtotop[ ] Ctrl+T Invertselection[ ] Ctrl+S Copyselectedrowstoclipboard[ ] Ctrl+C Zoommaptotheselectedtorows[ ] Ctrl+J Toggleediting[ ]: Ctrl+E 4.5.6. 4.143 DeleteSelectedfeature[ ] Ctrl+D NewColumn[ ] GDAL1.6PostGIS OGR: Ctrl+W DeleteColumn[ ] PostGIS: Ctrl+L Openfieldcalculator[ ] Ctrl+IOGR . Saveselectionas[ ] ,(3.2.3 ) . OGR. QGIS . OGR ,,PostgresSQL . , . . OpenAttributeTable[ ], . QGISTip22 QGISTip22 QGISTip22 QGISTip22 PostGIS .QGIS .GDAL/OGR1.6.0 . 4.6. 144 QGIS1.7.0 . 4.4.7 .4.6. Advancedsearch...[ ] QueryBuilder[ ] ,SQL ,shapefile .,population towns ,SQL population >100000 10 .4.32 PostgresSQL PostGIS . SQL . Fields[ ] .SQL . ,,SQLwhere . Values[ ] . ,, All[ ]. Sample ,. SQLwhere . Operators[ ] .SQLwhere .(=,>, ), (LIKE),(AND,OR, ). 4.145Test ,. Clear SQL. Save Load SQL. OK.QGIS 4.6 .4.6 . SelectbyQuery[ ] . . , OpenAttributeTable[ ] . Advancedsearch...[ ] . 4.6.QGISTip23 QGISTip23 QGISTip23 QGISTip23 ,SQL . LayerProperties[ ] General[ ] QueryBuilderSQL .4.4 . 4.6. 146 QGIS1.7.0 OGR ,. Saveselectionas[ ] ,(3.2.3 ) .OGR.4.7. Openfieldcalculator[ ] ( ) . 4.32. 4.147 . PostGIS GDAL1.6.0 OGR . ( 4.33 ) . , ,, . ,( ,, ),,. 10 3 6 ,3 . Fields[ ]4.33. 4.7. 148 QGIS1.7.0 . . ,. Values[ ] . All[ ] .. . Operators[ ]. . (+,-,*, ),(sin,cos,tan, ),( , ),(||) . !.QGIS _example_dataset railroads .1. railroad.shp QGISAttributeTable.2. Toggleediting[ ] Openfieldcalculator[ ]. 3. Updateexistingfield[].4. length , real,10 3 .5. length$length OK. , 4.149 . 4.7. 150 QGIS1.7.0 String NULL Null sqrt(a) sin(a) a cos(a) a tan(a) a asin(a) a acos(a) a atan(a) a toint(a) atoreal(a) atostring(a) alower(a) a upper(a) a length(a) a atan2(y,x) y/x (arctan)replace(a,replacethis, withthat)areplacethiswiththat substr(a,from,len) afromlen ( 1)a||b ab $rownum $area $perimeter $length $id featureid$x x $y y a^b ab a*b aba/b aba+b abab ab+a a-a a4.4. 1515. .QGIS GDAL,Arc/InfoBinary Grid,Arc/InfoASCIIGrid,GeoTIFF,ErdasImagine . ,GDAL100 . http://www.gdal.org/foramts_list.html . :QGIS .,, OSGDAL .QGIS , .*.* . GRASS9.5.1. ? GIS , . (QGIS ). . 5.2.QGIS152 QGIS1.7.0 , . X/Y.QGIS. QGIS ( GeoTiff), world.5.2. QGIS AddRasterLayer[ ] Layer[ ] AddaRasterLayer[ ] . OpenaGDALSupportedRasterDataSources [GDAL ] Ctrl Shift. , . Zoomtolayerextent[ ] Zoomtobestscale(100%)[ (100%)] Showinoverview[ ] Remove[ ] 5.153S etlayerCRS[ ] SetprojectCRSfromlayer[ ] Properties[ ] Rename[ ] AddGroup[ ] Expandall[ ] Collapseall[ ]5.3. , Properties[ ] . 5.1 RasterLayerProperties[ ]. Style[ ] Transparency[ ] Colormap[ ] General[ ] Metadata[ ] Pyramidsl[ ] Histogram[ ] 5.3. 154 QGIS1.7.0 5.3.1. (StyleTab)QGIS. , 33 Red, Green,Blue Invertcolormap[ ] . Singlebandrendering[ ] . .( ) . colormap[ ] colormap| Colormap[ ] . 5.3.3 . 33 .RGB . QGISTip24 QGISTip24 QGISTip24 QGISTip24 ( ,Red) ,Green Blue NOTSET[ ] ,.Red grayscale ,Gray Red. 5.3.2.(TransparencyTab) 5.1555.3.2. (TransparencyTab)QGIS . . . 3. Addvaluedisplay[ ] NODATA . Customtransparenyoption[ ]5.1. 5.3. 156 QGIS1.7.0 . .landcover.tif 20% ..1. landcover .2. , Properties[ ] Properties[ ].3. Transparency[ ].4. Addvaluemanually[ ].5. ( 0 )20%.6. Apply[ ]. 4,5 ., . Exporttofile[ ] . Importtofile[ ].5.3.3. (ColormapTab) Colormap[ ] .(5.3.1 ) 3 . Discrete[ ] 5.157 Linear[ ] Exact[ ] AddEntry[ ]. DeleteEntry[ ]. Sort[ ] . . Selectcolor , . identifyfeaturetool[ ]. LoadcolormapforBand[ ] ( ). GenerateNewColormap[ ]. Numberofclasses[ ] 15 Classify[ ] . Classificationmode[ ] EqualInterval[ ]| . 5.3.4. (GeneralTab) General[ ] . 5.3. 158 QGIS1.7.0 ,. scale-dependentvisibility[ ] . (CRS)PROJ.4. Specify[ ]. 5.3.5. (MetadataTap) Metadata[ ] . , . , . Histogram[ ] Refresh[ ] .5.3.7. 5.3.6. (PyramidTab) QGIS . ( ,pyramids) ,/ QGIS ... Average[ ] NearestNeighbor[ ] 5.159 Buildpyramidsinternallyifpossible[] QGIS ., . .5.3.7. (HistogramTab) Histogram[ ] . Histogram[ ] . .5.4. Raster[ ] RasterCalculator[ . GDAL . Rasterbands[ ] .rastercalculater expression[ ] . . Resultlayer[ ] QGISTip25 QGISTip25 QGISTip25 QGISTip25 pseudocolor[ ] Apply ., QGIS .. 5.4. 160 QGIS1.7.0 . ,X,Y, . ,nearestneighbor[ ] . Operationsection[ ] . .(+,-,* ),(sin,cos,tan,) . ! Addresulttoproject[ ] .5.5. ,QGIS1.7 GDALTools . 12.7 . 5.1615.2. 1636. OGC QGIS WMS WFS .WMS WFSWFS-T . 6.1. OGC OpenGeospatialConsortium(OGC) 300 ,, .OGC ,GIS ., GIS (Specification) .http://www.opengeospatial.org . OGC.WMS-WebMapServiceWFS-WebFeatureServiceWCS-WebCoverageServiceCAT-WebCatalogServiceSFS-SimpleFeaturesforSQLGML-GeographyMarkupLanguage 6.2.WMS 164 QGIS1.7.0 OGC .QGIS SFS,WFS,WMS3 .SFSPostgreSQL/PostGIS(4.2 )WFS,WMS. 6.2. WMS 6.2.1. WMS QGIS WMS1.1 1.1.1,1.3WMS .DEMIS JPLOnEarth. WMS(QGIS) ,, ,WMS .WMS .QGIS JPEG PNG.WMS REST(RepresentationalStateTransfer). QGIS URL , QGIS .WMS, WMS . URL , ,HTTP ,WMS . 6.2.2.WMS 6.OGC1656.2.2. WMS WMS, . AddWMSlayer[WMS] Layer[ ] AddWMSLayer[WMS] . AddLayer(s)fromaServer[ ] ,. Adddefaultservers[ ] .NASA(JPL)WMS 3 WMS. New[ ] Layer[ ]WMS .6.1 WMS. WMS ,. Settings[ ] Option[ ] Network, Useproxyforwebaccess[Web]. Proxytype[ ] .WMFS QGIS. 6.2.WMS 166 QGIS1.7.0 Name .ServerConnections WMS .URL URL. Ping .User name WMS. .Password WMS. .Ignore GetMap URIIgnoreGetMapURIreportedincapabilities [GetCapabilites GetMapURI ] GetCapabilitiesGetMapURI URL .Ignore GetFeatureInfoURIIgnoreGetFeatureInfoURIreportedin capabilities[GetCapabilities GetFeatureInfoURI] GetCapabilities GetFeatureInfoURI URL. 6.1.WMS QGISTip26 QGISTip26 QGISTip26 QGISTip26 WMSURLs WMSURL URL . URLrequest=GetCapabilities version=1.0.0 WMS. 6.2.3.WMSLayer 6.OGC1676.2.3. WMSLayer (WMSURL) Connect[ ] . ,, . ,WMS .WMS ,WMS . 6.1(NADA JPLOnEarthWMS).(ImageEncoding) Imageencoding[ ] . .(Options) Options[ ]WMS/ . . WMS . Change... WMS.QGISTip27 QGISTip27 QGISTip27 QGISTip27 WMSJPEGPNG. WMS JPEG.JPEG PNG 6.2.WMS 168 QGIS1.7.0 (LayerOrder) LayerOrder[ ] WMS . . . ., WMSQGIS .6.1.WMS 5 . PNG..QGISTip28 QGISTip28 QGISTip28 QGISTip28 WMS WMSLayers 6.2.3.WMSLayer 6.OGC169(Transparency) QGIS.(CoordinateReferenceSystem)CoordinateReferenceSystem(CRS) QGISOGC .WMSWMS . Layer[ ] CoordinateReferenceSystem(xavailable) [ (x)]x . Change....8.3 8.2 .WMS 8.2 WMS WMS . . LayerOrder[ ].QGISTip29 QGISTip29 QGISTip29 QGISTip29 WMS WMS. PNG GIFJPEG .QGISTip30 QGISTip30 QGISTip30 QGISTip30 WMS ,WMS .WMS . (8.2 ) .WMS WMSWMS . 6.2.WMS 170 QGIS1.7.0 6.2.4. (Server-Search) QGIS WMS. AddLayer(s)fromaServer[ ] Search[ ] .( 6.2) Search[ ]. 6.2.WMS 6.2.5.(LayerOrder) 6.OGC171 AddselectedrowtoWMSlist[ WMS] . Layer[ ].QGIS WMS. Connect[ ]. .http://geopole.org API .6.2.5. (LayerOrder) LayerOrder[ ] .WMS ..6.2.6. Tilesetshttp://labs.metacarta.com/wms-c/Basic.py WMS-C(CachedWMS), Tilesets[ ] .,, . View[ ] Tilescaleslider , . 6.2.WMS 172 QGIS1.7.0 6.2.7. WMS,WMS IdentifyFeatures[ ] . WMS. ,WMS . WMS, Properties[ ].(MetadataTab) Metadata[ ]WMS (GetCapabilities) .WMS[6]10),[7]11) , . ServerProperties WMSVersion[WMS] WMS. ImageFormats[ ] - MIME-type.QGIS image/png image/jpegQt IdentityFormats[ ] - MIME-type.QGIS text-plain.10) 387 11) 387 6.3.1.WFS 6.OGC173 LayerProperties Selected[ ] . Visible[ ] -Visible . CanIdentify[ ] [Identify] . CanbeTransparent[ ] , QGIS . CanZoomIn[ ] , QGIS WMS ,. CascadeCount[ ] -WMS WMS . FixedWidth[ ] ,FixedHeight[ ]- .QGIS . WGS84BoundingBox[WGS84] -WGS84 AvailableinCRS[ ] WMS . Availableinstyle[ ] WMS .6.2.8. WMSClient QGIS WMS 6.3.WFSWFS-T 174 QGIS1.7.0 .. WMS AddWMSlayer[WMS]WMS . WMS. WMS WMS. WMS .WMS 6.2.2 .6.3. WFSWFS-T 6.3.1. WFS QGIS ,WFS . .QGIS1.6WFS-T( ) ,.QGISTip31 QGISTip31 QGISTip31 QGISTip31 OGC (basicauthentication)WMS ,InteProxy.http://inteproxy.wald.intevation.org InteProxy.QGISTip32 QGISTip32 QGISTip32 QGISTip32 QGISWMSMAPSERVER 1.7.0 QGIS WMS1.3.0 (MapServer) .7 . 6.3.1.WFS 6.OGC175WFS Plugin[ ] ManagePlugins[ ]WFS plugin[WFS] OK.WMS AddWFSlayer[WFS] ..WFS WMS . . WFS DMSolutions WFS . URL .http://www2.dmsolutions.ca/cgi-bin/mswfs_gmap1. WFS, Plugin[ ] ManagePlugins[ ].2. AddWFSlayer[WFS].3. New[ ].4. Name[ ] DMSolutions .5. [URL]http://www2.dmsolutions.ca/cgi-bin/mswfs_gmap .6.OK. 6.3.WFSWFS-T 176 QGIS1.7.0 7. ServerConnections[ ] DMSolutions| .8. Connect[ ].9. .10.Parks.11.OK.12. . ,WFS .Onlyrequestfeaturesoverlappingthecurrentviewextent[]QGIS WFS. ,, 6.3.WFS 6.3.1.WFS 6.OGC177 WFS, BBOXWFS .WFS . QGIS ., .MapServerWFS . . . WFSWFS1.0.0. WFS , .13 .QGISTip33 QGISTip33 QGISTip33 QGISTip33 WFS WFS(Google) .WFSURL.1797. QGISServer QGISServer WMS1.3 , .QGIS Server C++ FastCGI/CGI(CommonGatewayInterface) ,( :Apache,Lighttpd) . EU ,Sany,Uster. QGISGISQGIS .C++ Qt .WMS QGIS SLD/SE . QGIS PublishtoWebp[ ] .QGIS QGIS.QGIS SLD . QGIS ,GIS . , .SLD ,, . QGIS . URL. 7.1.DebianSqueeze180 QGIS1.7.0 http://karlinapp.ethz.ch/qgis_wms/ http://www.qgis.org/wiki/QGIS_mapserver_tutorial http://linfiniti.com/2010/08/qgis-mapserver-a-wms-server-for-the-masses/7.1. DebianSqueezeDebianSqueezeQGIC .OSQGIS .URL.QGIS QGIS-map Apache2 .Aptitude ,apt get. QGIS ./etc/init.d/apache2start Apache .http://localhost .Apache ,Itworks! . QGIS . /usr/lib/cgibin/qgis_mapserv.fcgi qgis_mapserv.fcgi , WMS . 6.2.2 WMS http://localhost/cgi-bin/qgis_mapserv.fcgi WMS.7.QGISServer1817.2. QGISproject WMS QGISWMS QGIS .qgis_sample_dataset regions airport . ,shp .QGIS ,. Setting[ ] ProjectProperties[ ] WMSServer[WMS ] ServiceCapabilities[ ],CoordinateSystemRestrictions[ ],Advertised Extend[ ] .AddWKTgeometry toFeatureintoresponse[ WKT] ( 7.2 7.1.USA QGIS WMS 7.2.QGISproject WMS 182 QGIS1.7.0 ). alaska_airports.qgs.WMS/usr/lib/cgi-bin/project alaska_airports.qgs qgis_mapserv.fcgi. . WMS ,6.2.2 WMS URLhttp://loacalhost/cgi-bin/project/qgis_mapserv.fcgi WMS .( 7.3).7.2.QGIS WMS 7.QGISServer1837.3.QGIS QGISWMS 1858. QGIS , (CoordinateReferenceSystem=) . (OTF:OnTheFly).QGIS .8.1. QGIS 2700 . QGIS SQLite .. , .. 8.4 . QGIS EPSG(EuropeanPetroleumGroup)IGNF(InstitutGeographiqueNationalofFrance) ,GDAL .EPSGQGIS. (OTF), ,, 8.2. 186 QGIS1.7.0 .PostGIS ID .OGR ,QGIS .Shape ,WKT(WellKnownText) .Shape .prj .,shape alaska.shpalaska.prj. , . Edit[ ](Gnome,OSX) Setting[ ] (KDE,) ProjectProperties[ ] General[ ]. 8.2. QGIS (global defaultprojection) .EPSG:4326 WGS84(proj=longlat+ellps=WGS84+datum=WGS84 +no_defs ) QGIS . ,QGIS . Edit[ ] Options[ ](Gnome,OSX) Setting[ ] Options[ ] (KDE, ) CRS[ ] .8.1 . PromptforCRS[ ] ProjectwidedefaultCRSwillbeused[] 8.187 GlobaldefaultCRSdisplayedbelowwillbeused[] ,(5.3.4 ) (4.4.8 ) General[ ] . ,4.6 . 8.1.QGIS QGISTip34 QGISTip34 QGISTip34 QGISTip34 (3.2.3 ).

SetLayerCRS[ CRS] . General[ ] Select[CRS] .

Set projectCRSfrom Layer[ CRS CRS]. 8.3.(OTF) 188 QGIS1.7.0 8.3. (OTF) OGIS .,. , ProjectProperties[ ] Enableontheflyprojection[]. .1. Edit[ ](Gnome,OSX) Setting[ ] (KDE,) ProjectProperties[ ]2. CRSstatus[ ]3. Option[ ] CRS[ ]Enable ontheflyprojectionbydefault[] OTF , ProjectProperties[ ] CRS[ ] , ,Enableonthefly projection[ ] . CRSstatus[ ] , . ProjectProperties[ ] CRS[ ] 8.2 5 . 8.1891. EnableontheflyCRStransformation[ ]- / ., ., .2. -,, QGIS . . .3. Proj4text -Proj4 8.2.Projection 8.4. 190 QGIS1.7.0 . .4. Search[ ] -EPSG , . Find[ ].HidedeprecatedCRSs[].5. Recentlyusedcoordinatereferencessystems[ ] GIS, . .8.4. QGIS , . Edit[ ](Gnome,OSX) Setting[ ] (KDE,) CustomCRS[ ] . QGIS. , .QGISTip35 QGISTip35 QGISTip35 QGISTip35 ProjectProperties Edit[ ](Gnome,OSX) (KDE,) ProjectProperties[ ], CRS[ ]. CRSstatus[ ] CRS[ ]. 8.191QGIS Proj.4 ., CartographicProjectionProceduresforthe UNIXEnvironment-AUser'sManual(GeraldI.Evenden,US GeologicalSurveyOpen-FileReport90-284,1990 http://download.osgeo.org/proj/OF90-284.pdf)8.3.Custom 8.4. 192 QGIS1.7.0 .proj.4 .proj.4 ,QGIS . CustomCoordinateReferenceSystemDefinition[ ].1. 2. PROJ.4 New . Save[ ] . +proj= .test[ ] Calculate[ ] .Parameters[ ] ,WGS84North East . Calculate[ ]. 1939. GRASSGIS GRASSGRASSGIS .GRASS, ,,, 300 GRASS2/3 GRASS .GRASS .9.1 GRASS . Openmapset[MAPSET]Newmapset[ MAPSET] Closemapset[MAPSET] AddGRASSvectorlayer[GRASS] AddGRASSrasterlayer[GRASS] CreatenewGRASSvector[ GRASS] EditGRASSvectorlayer[GRASS] OpenGRASStools[GRASS] DisplaycurrentGRASSregion[ GRASS] EditcurrentGRASSregion[ GRASS] 9.1.GRASS 194 QGIS1.7.0 9.1. GRASS GRASS,GRASS/ QGIS GRASS . Plugins[ ] ManagePlugins[ ], GRASS, OK.GRASSLOCATION(9.2 ) .GRASSLOCATION (9.3.1 ) (9.4 )GRASS(9.9 ). 9.2. GRASS GRASS .QGIS (2.2 ). GRASSLOCATION . 1. Grassdata http://download.osgeo.org/qgis/data/ QGIS qgis_sample_data.zip. 2. QGIS . 3. GRASS Plugins[ ] ManagePlugins[ ] GRASS 9.GRASSGIS195 GRASS.GRASS .4. GRASS Openmapset[MAPSET] . 5. Gisdbasegrassdata. 6. LOCATIONalaskaMAPSET demo. 7.OK .GRASS . 8. AddGRASSrasterlayer[GRASS] ,gtopo30 [OK] . . 9. AddGRASSvectorlayer[GRASS] ,alaska OK . gtopo30. 4.4 , .10. riversairports. GRASS .GRASSLOCATION. http://grass.osgeo.org/download/data.phpGRASSLOCATION.QGISTip36 QGISTip36 QGISTip36 QGISTip36 GRASS QGIS ,GRASS. (9.1 )9.3.GRASSLOCATIONMAPSET196 QGIS1.7.0 9.3. GRASSLOCATIONMAPSET GRASSGISDBASE . grassdata,QGIS GRASS .GRASS GIS, LOCATION . LOCATION ,, .LOCATION , (Neteler&Mitasova2008[4]12) ) MAPSET (LOCATION ) .GRASS GRASSLOCATION.13)9.3.1. GRASSLOCATION AlbersEqualAreaGRASS LOCATIONalaska QGIS .GRASSGISGRASSLOCATIONalaska . .(2.2). 1. QGIS GRASS.12) 387 13) .r.externalv.external GRASS GDAL/OGR . GRASS 9.3.1.GRASSLOCAITION 9.GRASSGIS1972. QGIS(2.2 ) alaska.shp Shape (4.1.1 ) . 3. GRASS Newmapset[ MAPSET] MAPSET 4. GRASS(GISDBASE)grassdata LOCATION . Next. 5. LOCATION (9.3.2 )MAPSET LOCATION. Createnewlocation[ ] ( 9.2). 6. LOCATION .alaska Next.7. Projection[ ].9.1alaskaLOCATION GRASS (Neteler&Mitasova2008[4])9.3.GRASSLOCATIONMAPSET198 QGIS1.7.0 8. AlaskaAlbersEqualArea( ) .EPSGID2964 .( :LOCATION EPSGID , CRSstatus[ ] (8.3)9. Find[ ] AlbersEqualArea( ) . 10.Next.11. ,,, LOCATION . SetCurrentQGISExtent[ QGIS ] alaska.shp GRASS. 12.Next.13. LOCATION MAPSET . .demo.14)14. Finish.15. LOCATIONalaskademo PERMANENT MAPSET .MAPSETdemo. LOCATION14) LOCATION ,GRASS PERMANENT MAPSET (Neteler& Mitasova2008). 9.3.2.MAPSET 9.GRASSGIS199 .alaska LOCATION (9.4 ).QGISalaska (2.2 )GRASS LOCATIONalaska 9.5 . 9.3.2. MAPSET GRASSMAPSET .MAPSET ,MAPSET .MAPSET WIND .WINDMAPSET.(Neteler&Mitasova2008 9.2.:QGIS GRASSLOCATION MAPSET 9.4.GRASSLOCATION200 QGIS1.7.0 [4]15) ,9.8 ).1. QGIS GRASS.2. GRASS Newmapset[ MAPSET] MAPSET . 3. GRASS(GISDBASE)grassdata alaskaLOCATION .MAPSETtest. 4.Next. 5. LOCATION MAPSET ,LOCATION.[Selectlocation] ( 9.2 ) Next. 6. MAPSET test . MAPSET. 7.Next , Finish.9.4. GRASSLOCATIONQGISalaskaGRASSLOCATION alaska . QGISalaskalandcover.img lakes.gmlGML(2.2 ). 1. QGIS GRASS. 2. GRASS Openmapset[MAPSET] 15) 387 9.GRASSGIS201 MAPSET. 3. GRASS grassdata ,LOCATION alaska , MAPSET demoOK. 4. OpenGRASStools[GRASS] .GRASS(9.9 ) . 5. landcover.img ModuleTree[ ] r.in.gdal.GRASSGDAL GRASSLOCATION . r.in.gdal. 6. QGISalaskaraster landcover.img . 7. landcover_grass Run[ ]. Output[ ] GRASSr.in. gdal-oinput=/path/to/landcover.imgoutput=landcover_grass. 8. Succesfullyfinished[ ] Viewoutput[ ] .landcover_grass GRASS QGIS. 9. GMLlakes.gml ModuleTree[ ] v.in.ogr. GRASSOGR GRASSLOCATION .v.in.ogr. 10. QGISalaskagmllakes.gml . 11. lakes_grass Run[ ] .. Output[ ]GRASSv.in.ogr-o 9.5.GRASS 202 QGIS1.7.0 dsn=/path/to/lakes.gmloutput=lakes_grass . 12. Succesfullyfinished Viewoutput[ ] .lakes_grass GRASS QGIS. 9.5. GRASS GRASS .GRASS . , . ,. . ( ). . , ' ' .GRASS , ..16)GRASS ' ' .,,, ., . .,, . ' ' GRASS' '16) GRASS . . 9.GRASSGIS203 . ,. ,GRASS. GRASS GRASS LOCATION DBaseSQLITE3 ,PostgreSQL,MySQL,Oracle . ' (Category)' .' '(Key,ID) , . 9.6. GRASS GRASSGRASS CreatenewGRASSvector[ GRASS] .9.7 ,,. GRASS ( ,, ) .GRASS .GRASS .Shapefiles SimpleFeature (4.5.5 ) , .QGISTip38 QGISTip38 QGISTip38 QGISTip38 GRASS , .( 9.7). 9.7.GRASS 204 QGIS1.7.0 9.7. GRASS EditGRASSvectorlayer[GRASS] GRASS .,GRASS, .9.4 GRASS . . 9.3 GRASSGRASS .9.1 . QGISTip39 QGISTip39 QGISTip39 QGISTip39 GRASS GRASS ( ) ,Nocategory[ ] . Nextnotused[ ] (label). . 9.3.GRASS ( ) () 9.GRASSGIS205 ( label) (vertex) () ,, ,,() ( : .) ()9.4.GRASS 9.7.GRASS 206 QGIS1.7.0 Category[ ]. Mode[ ] : Nextnotused[ ]- , Manualentry[ ]-'Category' Nocategory[ ]- ., Category[ ] :(id) . . Field(layer)[ ] :GRASS . 1 . Setting[ ] (snapping) . . (dangles) . 10. Symbology[ ] ,( :/ ). 9.9.1.GRASS 9.GRASSGIS207 Table[ ]' ' . GRASS .(9.6 )9.8. GRASS GRASS ( ) . . QGISTip40 QGISTip40 QGISTip40 QGISTip40 QGIS GRASS ' ( )' . . 9.5.GRASS 9.8.GRASS 208 QGIS1.7.0 ,GRASS .GRASS $LOCATION/$MAPSET/WIND,,, ,, 9.6.GRASS 9.7.GRASS 9.GRASSGIS209. DisplaycurrentGRASSregion[ GRASS] QGISGRASS . EditcurrentGRASSregion[ GRASS] QGISGRASS . OK .QGIS . QGIS OK. GRASSg.region . 9.9 GRASS . 9.9. GRASS OpenGRASStools[GRASS]GRASS LOCATION MAPSET. GRASS(MAPSET ) LOCATION MAPSET .GRASS ,LOCATION MAPSET . GRASSGRASS GRASS(330 ) ., 9.8.GRASS 210 QGIS1.7.0 200 GRASS .9.9.1. GRASS QGISGRASS GRASS: http://grass.osgeo.org/wiki/GRASS-QGIS_relevant_module_list9.9.2. GRASS GRASSGRASS GRASS(330 ) ., 200 GRASS . . QGIS1.7.0 GRASSGRASS (http://grass.osgeo.org/wiki/GRASS-QGIS_relevant_module_lis t) . GRASS .9.9.5. 9.8 ,GRASS ModuleTree[ ] ModuleTree[ ]. Option[ ], Output[ ], Manual[ ] 9.9.2.GRASS 9.GRASSGIS211 .9.9 GRASSv.buffer . Option[ ]QGIS . . ,GRASS . QGIS1.7.0 Option[ ] showadvancedoptions[ ]>> .,.9.8.GRASS QGISTip41 QGISTip41 QGISTip41 QGISTip41 GRASS GRASSGRASSMAPSET . ,MAPSET. (a) (b) 9.9.GRASS 212 QGIS1.7.0 Output[ ]. Run Output[ ] , ., . Manual[ ] GRASSHTML . . , .. g.manual . QGISTip42 QGISTip42 QGISTip42 QGISTip42 , ' (ViewOutput)' 9.9.3.GRASS 9.GRASSGIS213 (a) (b) (c) 9.9.GRASS 9.9.3. GRASS GRASS . 9.9.GRASS 214 QGIS1.7.0 (DEM) .9.4 AlaskaLOCATION. Openmapset[MAPSET]LOCATION Alaska . AddGRASSrasterlayer[GRASS]demo gtopo30 . OpenGRASStools[GRASS] . Raster[ ]SurfaceManagement [ ]Generatevectorcontourlines[ ] . r.contour 9.9.2 .Nameofinputrastermap gtopo30. IncrementbetweenContourlevels 100 .( 100.) Nameforoutputvectormap ctour_100.

Run[ ] . . ViewOutput[ ] Close[ ]. 9.9.3.GRASS 9.GRASSGIS215 (a)r.contour (b)r.contour 9.10.GRASSr.contour . ,4.4 . . .GRASS v. generalize . .( :DouglasPeukerandVertex reduction) . . ,, . 9.9.GRASS 216 QGIS1.7.0 ,.r.contour .v.generalize Chaikens( Hermitesplines) . , . GRASSVector[ ]Developmap[ ]Generalization[ ] v.generalize. Nameforinputvectormap ctour_100. Chaikens. Nameforoutputvector map ctour_100_smooth Run[ ]. . ViewOutput[ ] Close[ ]. . .QGISTip43 QGISTip43 QGISTip43 QGISTip43 QGISfToolsGRASSv.generalize Douglas-Peuker , Simplifygeometries[ ]. 9.9.3.GRASS 9.GRASSGIS217 Hillshade3D 3 . .3 hillshading.hillshade , . .( ) . 9.11.GRASSv,generalize QGISTip44 QGISTip44 QGISTip44 QGISTip44 r.contour . , ( ). 9.9.GRASS 218 QGIS1.7.0 gtopo30 .GRASS Raster[ ]Shapeanalysis[ ] Terrainanalysis[ ] . r.shade.relief. azimuthangle 270 315 .Output Shadedreliefmapname gtopo30_shade Run[ ]. ,hillshade. . Hillshading gtopo30hillshadegtopo30,gtopo30 Properties[ ] Transparency[ ] 25%. hillshade gtopo30.gtopo30_shade hillshading . GRASS QGIS GRASS ,GRASS ., , .GRASS( ) GRASS , . r.shaded.relief . 9.9.3.GRASS 9.GRASSGIS219r.shaded.reliefX-Y hillshadezmult . gtopo30 GRASS GRASS. Enter: r.shaded.reliefmap=gtopo30 shade=gtopo30_shade2 azimuth=315 zmult=3 Browse[ ] 9.12.GRASS,r,shaded.relief 9.9.GRASS 220 QGIS1.7.0 gtopo30_shade2 QGIS.gtopo30_shade2. , gtopo30_shade2gtopo30, gtopo30. 3D .. ,GRASS shapefiles treesshapefile .(9.4 ) :GRASS trees(centroids). Vector[ ]Developmap[ ] Managefetures[ ] v.centroids . outputvectormap forest_areas. forest_areas,, . Properties[ ] Symbology,LegendType Uniquevalue| .Classificationfield VEGDESC .(4.4.1) ,GRASSVector[ ]Vector 9.9.3.GRASS 9.GRASSGIS221 updatebyothermap[ ] . v.rast.stats ,gtopo30 forest_areas. :column prefix elev Run[ ] . ( 2) . forest_areas , .elev_min, elev_max, elev_mean .9.13. r. shaded. relief GRASS 9.9.GRASS 222 QGIS1.7.0 9.9.4. GRASSLOCATION GRASSGRASSLOCATION .9.14 , LOCATION MAPSET . Browser[ ]LOCATION MAPSET . ,,, . 9.14.GRASSLOCATION 9.9.5.GRASS 9.GRASSGIS223 Browser[ ] LOCATION . . MAPSET. MAPSET. 9.9.5. GRASS GRASSGRASS .XML .v.buffer(v.buffer.qgm) XML.

9.9.GRASS 224 QGIS1.7.0 ,XML . QGIS . http://wiki.qgis.org/qgiswiki/Adding_New_Tools_to_the_GRASS_Toolbox22510. . QGIS,,,,,, . ,,, . ,,,PDF,SVG17) . .10.1 .17) SVG QT4 .. PDF SVG QGIS 10.1. 10.1. 226 QGIS1.7.0 , . .10.1. QGIS , ., NewPrintComposer[ ] File[ ] NewPrintComposer[ ]. 10.22710.2. ,QGIS ,,,,,, .10.1 Snaptogrid[ ] .3 .

General[ ] ,,(dpi) , . Snaptogrid[ ] 0. Printasraster[10.1. 10.3.QGIS 228 QGIS1.7.0 ] , .

Item[ ]. Select/Moveitem[ / ] ( ,,) Item[ ] , .

Commandhistory[ ] . . , ,,. ,. , Delete Backspace . 10.3. QGIS AddnewmapfromQGISmapcanvas[ ], QGIS. Item[ ] 3: Rectangle[ ]| , . 10.229 Cache[ ]| . ,/ . Render[ ]| . . . Select/Moveitem[ / ] , . Item[ ] ,. Moveitemcontent[ ] . . . Item[ ]Locklayersformapitem [ ] . :QGIS1.7.0 (new labelingplugin) , . . 10.3.QGIS 230 QGIS1.7.0 10.3.1. - 10.2. Map[ ] ( 10.2a): Preview[ ] -Rectangle[ ],Cache[ ],Render[ ]- . Updatepreview[ ]. Map[ ] . 0| .) 0 .Locklayersformapitems [ ] Drawmapcanvasitems[]. (a) (b) 10.3.1. 10.231 ,,,,QGIS Updatepreview[ ]. ( 10.2b): MapextentX Y Settomapcanvasextent[ ]. QGIS ,,, , Item[ ] Updatepreview[ ] ( 10.2a)10.3.2. - ( 10.3). Showgrid[ ?] . .X Y ,X Y , . Drawannotation[ ] . .,, 10.4. 232 QGIS1.7.0 .,, . ( 10.3b ): , . Position[ ] Setitemsposition[ ] , . Showframe[ ].10.4. QGIS, ,,,, .10.4.1. - Addlabel[ ] , . .10.4.1. 10.233 (a) (b) 10.3.- ( 10.4a): ., ,mm . 10.4. 234 QGIS1.7.0 ( 10.4b): , . Position[ ] Setitemsposition[ ] , . Showframe[ ] .

10.4. (a) (b) 10.4.2. 10.23510.4.2. - Addimage[ ] . . ( 10.5a): Searchdirectories[ ] SVG . Preview[ ] . Options[ ] , ,. SVG. Syncfrommap[] ,QGIS ( ) . ( 10.5b) , . Position[ ] Setitemsposition[ ] , . Showframe[ ] 10.4. 236 QGIS1.7.0 . (a) (b) 10.5. 10.4.3. 10.23710.4.3. -, (a) (b) (c) 10.6. , 10.4. 238 QGIS1.7.0 Addnewlegend[ ] . . / .( 10.6a) ., , .,, .( 10.6b) . ,, .QGIS Update . Up Down .( 10.6c) 10.4.4. 10.239. Position[ ] Setitemsposition[ ] , . Showframe[ ].10.4.4. - Addnewscalebar[ ] . . / . ( 10.7a): , . . . ,/ / , . ,,, ., . 10.4. 240 QGIS1.7.0 (a) (b) 10.7. .( 10.7b) . Position[ ] Setitemsposition[ ] , . Showframe[ ]. 10.24110.5. 4. Zoomin[ ] Zoomout[ ] Zoomtofullextend[ ] Refreshtheview[ ] , ..10.6. .. Revertlastchanges[ ] Restorelastchanges[ ] Commandhistory[ ] .( 10.8). 10.5 242 QGIS1.7.0 10.8. 10.7. (b) (a) 10.9.: 10.243 ( ,,). Shape ,, .,,, . Arrow .,, ,,,SVG .SVG SVG.10.8. (a) (b) 10.10.: . 10.8. 244 QGIS1.7.0 ( 10.10a): , . . . . ( 10.10b): , . Position[ ] Setitemsposition[ ] , . Showframe[ ].10.9. ,, Raiseselecteditems[ ] . 10.245 .( 10.1). Alignselecteditems[ ] ( 10.1). ..10.10. 10.11. , ( ) : Print[ ]. ExportasImage[ ]PNG, BPM,TIF,JPG. ExportasPDF[PDF ]] canvas PDF. ExportasSVG[SVG ] SVG(ScalableVectorGraphic).: SVG. QGIS ,QT. . 10.10. 246 QGIS1.7.0 10.11. Saveastemplate[ ] *.qpt, Loadfromtemplate[ ]. ComposerManager[ ] File[ ] ComposerManager[ ]. 10.11.,,, 10.24710.12. 24911. QGIS(QGISPlugins) QGIS (pluginarchitecture) . .QGIS. (CorePlugins) QGIS, QGIS.C++ Python .12. (ExternalPlugins) Python . .PythonPlugin Installer QGIS . 11.1.2 .11.1. PythonPluginManager .Python PluginInstaller ,. Plugin Manager . 11.1. 250 QGIS1.7.0 11.1.1. QGIS QGIS Plugins[ ] ManagePlugins[ ].Plugin Manager [QGIS] ( ) . Python Plugin Installer (11.1.3 ). . 11.1 PluginManager[QGIS] . OK . ,QGIS11.1.PluginManager 11.1.2.QGIS 11.QGIS(QGISPlugin)251.11.1.2. QGIS QGISPython . QGISQGIS . FetchPythonPlugins [Python] Python Plugin Installer. ,QGIS ,,, .18)19) (QGIS1.7)13 ,120 . ( OpenStreetMap 18) (externaloverlays).19) fTools,MapserverExport,PluginInstaller Python. QGIS,QGISPlugin Manager(11.1.2 ).QGISTip45 QGISTip45 QGISTip45 QGISTip45 QGIS ,. ,( 3.7 ) . false . Delimitedtextplugin Linux $HOME/.config/QuantumGIS/qgis.conf ,Add Delimited Text Layer = false .[Plugins] .QGIS Plugin Manager 1. 11.1. 252 QGIS1.7.0 ,GoogleMaplayers ) ,( ) . . (namedrepository) , ( ) ( 11.2). QGIS : Python Plugin Installer (11.1.3 ). PluginManager[ ].11.1.3. QGISPythonPluginInstaller Python Plugins[ ] FetchPythonPlugins [Python].QGISTip46 QGISTip46 QGISTip46 QGISTip46 (ADDMOREREPOSITORIES) Plugins[ ]

FetchPythonPlugins [Python]Plugin Installer , Repositories[ ] Add3rdpartyrepositories[ ] . Edit [ ] disabled[ ] Delete[ ] . 11.1.3.QGISPythonPluginInstaller 11.QGIS(QGISPlugin)253 Plugins[ ] ManagePlugins[ ] PluginManager[ ]Plugin Installer .11.2 Plugin Installer. P lugins[ ]PythonPython .. (notinstalled) - . InstallPlugin[ / ]. (new) -. (installed) - . DowngradePlugin[ ] 11.2.Python 11.1. 254 QGIS1.7.0 . (upgradeable) - . UpgradePlugin[ ], Upgradeall[ ]. (invalid) - . .(Pluginstab) InstallPlugin[ ] . .OS . Linux unix: ./share/qgis/python/plugins /home/$USERNAME/.qgis/python/plugins MacOSX: ./Contents/MacOS/share/qgis/python/plugins /Users/$USERNAME/.qgis/python/plugins Windows: C:\ProgramFiles\QGIS\python\pluginsC:\DocumentsandSettings\$USERNAME\.qgis\python\plugins. . Python(missing) . . 11.1.3.QGISPythonPluginInstaller 11.QGIS(QGISPlugin)255 OS. Linux. Windows . Gnome,OSX Edit[ ] Options[ ]KDE,Windows Settings[ ] Options[ ] Proxy. UninstallPlugin[ ] . , UninstallPlugin[ ] QuntumGIS . .(Repositoriestab) Repositories[ ]Plugin Installer .QGIS . Add3rdpartyrepositories[ ] QGIS(thecentralQGISContributedRepository) .QGIS . . 11.1. 256 QGIS1.7.0 Edit [ ] .(Optiontab) Options[ ] Plugin Installer[ ] . Checkforupdatesonstartup[] QGIS . Repositories[ ] . 1 1 . . PluginInstaller[ ]. (plugininstaller)80 , .QGISalookingfornewplugins ... ,. .PythonPluginInstaller . : (experimental) (experimental) 11.QGIS(QGISPlugin)25711.2. (DataProvider) " " .QGIS PostGISGDAL/OGR . QGIS. QGIS. PluginManager QGIS .QGISTip47 QGISTip47 QGISTip47 QGISTip47( .' '' ' .QGIS 25912. QGIS X,Y 12.3 12.1 12.2.1 4.4.12( ) 4.4.2DXF2Shape DXF SHP 12.4eVis 12.5fTools ,,geoprocessing, 12.6 GPS GPS 12.9GRASS GRASS 9 GDAL : 12.7Georeferencer [ ] GDALGDAL 12.8 12.10MapServer QGIS MapServer 12.11 12.1.26 QGIS260 QGIS1.7.0 12.2.2 12.12OpenStreetMapOpenStreetMap 12.14Spatial GeoRaster GeoRasters 12.13 Pythonplugin 11.1.3 ,,DEM 12.15 12.16SPITShapefile Postgres/PostGIS 4.2.4SQL anywhere SQLanywhere 12.18 12.2.3 12.17 WFS QGISWFS 6.3 12.QGIS26112.1. (CRS:CoordinateReferenceSystems). 1. QGIS Setting[ ] (KDE,) File[ ](Gnome,OSX) ProjectProperties[ ] CRS[ ] . CRSstatus[ ]. 2. Enableontheflyprojection[ ] (8 ). 3. CoordinateCapturePlugin[ ] (11.1.1 ) View[ ] Panels[ ] CoordinateCapture[ ] .12.1. 12.1. 12.2. 262 QGIS1.7.0 4. CRSstatus[ ] . 5. Startcapture[ ] . . 6. Mousetracking[ ]. 7. . 12.2. , . . 12.2.1. . 1. . 2. Plugins[ ] Decorations[ ] CopyrightLabel[ ] CopyrightLabel[ ]. 3. . HTML .4. Placement[ ] BottomRight[ ]|. 12.2.2. 12.QGIS2635. EnableCopyrightLabel[ ]. 6.OK.( ).12.2.2. .. QGIS .QGIS . . 12.3. 12.2. 264 QGIS1.7.0 12.2.3. . .QGIS . ., . :1. Plugins[ ] Decorations[ ]S caleBar[ ] ScaleBar[ ]. 2. Placement[ ] TopRight[ ]|.3. Scalebarstyle TickDown[ ]|. 4. Colorofbar[ ]. 5. Sizeofbar[ ] 30degrees . 6. Enablescalebar[ ] .7. Automaticallysnaptoroundnumberonresize[] . 8.OK.QGISTip48 QGISTip48 QGISTip48 QGISTip48 .qgs,, , . 12.QGIS26512.3. DelimitedTextPlugin[ ] QGIS. , .1. ( ) . . 2. X Y. .3. x y. . elevp.csv. 12.4. 12.3. 266 QGIS1.7.0 QGIS(2.2 ) . X; Y; ELEV-300120; 7;689;960; 13-654360; 7;562;040; 521640; 7512840; 3[. . . ]. 1. ;. . 2. .X,YELEV . 3. (") . 4. xX . 5. yY . 11.1. AddDelimitedTextLayer[ ] 12.5 . Browse[ ] ( : qgis_sample_data/CSV/elevp.csv ). ,( (;)) . .\t( +t) . ,X Y ,WKT. 12.5 ( :elevp) 12.QGIS267OK . QGIS. 12.4. Dxf2Shp dxf2shapeDXF Shapefile . . DXF :DXF. SHP :Shapefile . :Shapefile . ,,. :, 12.5. 12.4.Dxf2Shp 268 QGIS1.7.0 (point)Shapefile,DBF DXFTEXT . 1. QGIS ,Dxf2Shape (11.1.1 ),QGIS Dxf2ShapeConverter .Dxf2Shape 12.6 .2. DXF,,. 3. Exporttextlabels[]. 4.OK.12.6.Dxf2Shape 12.QGIS26912.5. eVis eVis(AMNH) (CBC)20). . ( ,X,Y) QGIS .eVis QGIS , (11.1 ).eVis , ., , . 12.5.1. QGIS . ,QGIS ., , . QGIS .20) Horning,N.,K.Koy,P.Ersts.2009.eVis(v1.1.0)Users Guide.AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory,CenterforBiodiversityand Conservation.http://biodiversityinformatics.amnh.org/ GNUFDL. 12.5.eVis 270 QGIS1.7.0 EventBrowser[eVis] Plugins[ ] eVis eVisEventBrowser[eVis] GenericEventBrowser[ ] .. Display[ ]. Options[ ]eVis .,ConfigureExternal Application[ ] 12.7.eVis 12.5.1. 12.QGIS271. Display . . (A) : (B) :. , . (C) :. (D) :. (E) : . , . . (F) :, . (G) : . (A) : URL . Pathisrelative[ ] . . 12.5.1 . 12.5.eVis 272 QGIS1.7.0 CompassBearing[ ](B) : . ,Display CompassBearing[ ]. CompassOffset[ ](C) : . Mannual[ ] ,, FromAttribute[ ]. +,. 12.8.eVis 12.5.1. 12.QGIS273 (D) :12.8(A) Pathisrelative[ .], A . (E) :,A .(A.) (F) :, ,, . , . :, . : :. . :. (A) :eVis . 12.9.eVis 12.5.eVis 274 QGIS1.7.0 . , . (B) : . (C) :. ,URL .12.2 . ,eVis .EventBrowser[ ][ ] . URL . ,URL . : URL. . X Y 780,596 1,784,017C:\Workshop\eVis_Data\groundphotos\DSC_0168.JPG275780,596 1,784,017 /groundphotos/DSC_0169. 80 12.2.,URL 12.5.1. 12.QGIS275 , . . ( eVis ) , , . . ,[ ] . ,eVis. CompassBearing[ ] , ., . . JPG780,819 1,784,015http://biodiversityinformatics.amnh.org/evis_test_data/DSC_0170.JPG10780,596 1,784,017pdf:http://www.testsite.com/attachments.php?attachment_id-1276 12.5.eVis 276 QGIS1.7.0 12.5.2. ,QGIS ,. ,, . QGIS. EventID[eVis] Plugins[ ] eVis EventIDToo[eVis] ."i" . ,QGIS .,Generic EventBrowser[ ] . ,/ . 12.5.1.12.5.3. ODDBC. eVis MicrosoftAccess,PostgreSQL,MySQL,SQLite4 .ODBC( :Excel 12.5.3. 12.QGIS277 ) .ODBC ,ODBC . eVisConnection[eVis] Plugins[ ] eVisDatabaseConnection[eVis] . DatabaseConnection[ ]. PredefinedQueries[ ], DatabaseConnection[ ] SQLQuery[SQL ] .OutputConsole[ ] . DatabaseConnection[ ] . DatabaseType[ ] . ,. .MSAccess . localhost . .ODBC ,. Connect[ ]. . 12.5.eVis 278 QGIS1.7.0 . : : :MYSQL PostgreSQL : : : : : :" " :" " SQL :"SQL" : OK :" " SQL SQLODBC .eVis , QGIS . SQLQuery[SQL ] ,SQL .SQL http://www.w3schools.com/sql/ ., Excel,select*from [sheet1$] ."sheet1" . 12.5.3. 12.QGIS279 RunQuery[ ]. ," " . . NameofNewLayer[ ] . SQL :SQL SQL : 12.10.eVis 12.5.eVis 280 QGIS1.7.0 : : OK :" "XCoordinate YCoordinate . QGISSQL . QGIS " ..." 12.11.eVis SQL 12.5.3. 12.QGIS281 "shapefile " . PredefindedQuery[ ] XML .SQL . PredefinedQueries[ ] . OpenFile[ ] .SQL . OpenFile[ ] XML , . ,SQL . . SQLQuery[SQL ] RunQuery[ ] . . . OpenQueryFile[ ] :" " XML . PredefinedQueries[ ] :XML . Querydescription[ ] :. . ConsoleWindow[ ] :. 12.5.eVis 282 QGIS1.7.0 :. OK :" ".QGISTip49 QGISTip49 QGISTip49 QGISTip49 MicrosoftExcel, 0 .'backspace' .Excel( QGIS .)Edit[ ]-Delete[ ] . .12.12.eVis 12.5.3. 12.QGIS283 eVis XML XML.:

query . shortdescriptioneVis . description . databasetype. databaseport . databaseName. databaseusernamedatabasepasswordsqlstatement SQL. autoconnect("true""false"). 12.3.eVis XML 12.5.eVis 284 QGIS1.7.0 Import all photograph points This command will import all of the data in the SQLite database to QGIS

SQLITE C:\textbackslash Workshop/textbackslasheVis\_Data\textbackslash PhotoPoints. db SELECT Attributes. *, Points. x, Points. y FROM Attributes LEFT JOINPoints ON Points. rec_id=Attributes. point_ID false

Import photograph points "looking across Valley" This command will import only points that have photographs "looking acrossa valley" to QGIS SQLITE C:\Workshop\eVis_Data\PhotoPoints. db 12.QGIS285 SELECT Attributes. *, Points. x, Points. y FROM Attributes LEFT JOINPoints ON Points. rec_id=Attributes. point_ID where COMMENTS=Looking acrossvalley false Import photograph points that mention "limestone" This command will import only points that have photographs that mention"limestone" to QGIS SQLITE C:\Workshop\eVis_Data\PhotoPoints. db SELECT Attributes. *, Points. x, Points. y FROM Attributes LEFT JOINPoints ON Points. rec_id=Attributes. point_ID where COMMENTS like %limestone% false

12.6. fTools fTools 12.6.fTools 286 QGIS1.7.0 ,GIS .fTools .QGIS fTools , ,(11.1 ) .fTools ,QGIS Vector[ ] fToolsInformation. 12.QGIS287 fTools Distance Matrixa) ,b),c) .K. SumLine Length . Pointsin Polygon. ListUnique values. BasicStatistics ( ,,N, ,CV) . Nearest Neighbor Analysis. Mean Coodinates ID . Line Intersectionshapefile . ,>0 . 12.4.fTools 12.6.fTools 288 QGIS1.7.0 fTools Random Selection n n% . Random Selection withinsubsets ID . Random Points (pseudo-randompoints) . RegularPoints shapefile . VectorGrid. Selectby location , . Polygonfrom layerextent . 12.5.fTools 12.QGIS289 fToolsGeoprocessing ConvexHulls ID ( ). Buffers . Intersects . Union. Symmetrical Differnce. Clip. Difference.Dissolve . . 12.6.fTools Geoprocessing 12.6.fTools 290 QGIS1.7.0 fTools Check Geometry ,, . Export/Add geometry columns / (XCOORD,YCOORD),( ), ( ,). Poligon centroid . Delaunay triangulatione ( ). Voronoi Polygon voronoi . Simplify geometry Douglas-Peucker . Multipartto singleparts (multipart) (singlepart) . . 12.7.fTools 12.QGIS291Singleparts tomultipart ID (multipart) . Polygonto lines , (singlepart) . Lineto polygon , singlepart. Extract nodes . 12.6.fTools 292 QGIS1.7.0 fTools Exportto projection shapefile . Define projection shapefiles. Join attributesby location . shapefile . Splitvector layer . Merge shapefilesshape ( ,,)shapefile shapefile . 12.8.fTools 12.7.2.GDAL 12.QGIS29312.7. GDAL 12.7.1. GDALTools ? GDAL(Geospatial DataAbstractionLibrary),http://gdal.osgeo.org GUI .GDAL ,,(warp),. DEM( ) , vrt(XML) .GDAL . 12.7.2. GDAL GDAL, . .GDAL ,.Build virtual raster ( ) gdalVRT( ) . Contour (DEM) 12.9.GDAL 12.7.GDAL 294 QGIS1.7.0 . Rasterize () ( ,) . OGR., (flyreporjection). Polygonize () .. , ESRI shapefile. Merge . . . . Seive gdal_sieve.py( ) . , . Proximity () gdal_proximity.py . . NearBlack ( ) ( ) . , . 12.7.2.GDAL 12.QGIS295Warp gdalwarp, . , GCP . Grid ( )OGR ( ) . , . Translate ( ) gdal_translate . ,, . Information gdalinfoGDAL . Assign Projection ----.( wrap)Build Overview ( ) gdaladdodownsampling . Clipper ---.( Merge) RGBto PCTRGBPCTdownsamplingRGBmedican cutRGB (pseudocolortable) . (pseudocolorimage) . 12.7.GDAL 296 QGIS1.7.0 Floyd-Steinbergdithering( ). PCTto RGBPCTRGB (pseudocolorband) RGB. TileIndex , , shapefile . DEM terrain modelsDEM (DEM) . GDAL ,,,, , . 12.7.3. 12.QGIS29712.7.3. GDAL. SRTM. GDALwarp . Albers(QGIS) WGS84 (4326EPSG).12.13.GDALTools 12.7.GDAL 298 QGIS1.7.0 12.14. 12.15. 12.7.3. 12.QGIS29912.16. 12.17.GCAL 12.8.Georeference[ ] 300 QGIS1.7.0 12.8. Georeference[ ] world ., GeoTiff world . . GDAL GCP GCP GCP QGISQGIS 12.16. 12.QGIS301X Y(DMS(DDmmss. ss),DD(dd.dd)(mmmm.mm)) , : ( :) .. , , , .QGIS ,. ,, .world . . QGIS , (11.1.1 ),QGIS Georeferencer[ ] .12.18 georeferencer[ ]. ,SDGS topo .GRASSspearfish60LOCATION . . http://grass.osgeo.org/sampledata/spearfish_toposheet.tar.gz 12.8.Georeference[ ] 302 QGIS1.7.0 (GroundControlPoints:GCPs) 1. (georeferencing) , . ,. 2. AddPoint[ ] ( 12.19). . A. XY . B. frommapcanvas[ ] . QGIS, . 12.18.georeferencer[ ] 12.QGIS303C. GCP . 3. GCP .4 , .GCP ,/ /. ([ ].points) . . mapX,mapY,pixelX,pixelY.oad GCPPoints[GCP] SaveGCPPoints[GCP ] .GCP .GCP . GCP , . 12.19. 12.8.Georeference[ ] 304 QGIS1.7.0 . . . LinearAlgorithm[ ]world ,. , . Helmerttransformation[ ,] (scale). Polynominalalgorithm[ ] 1-3 , 12.20. georeferencer[ ] 12.QGIS305 .polynomial2 ( ) .1 (affine) ,. Thinplatespline(TPS)[ ] . . Projectivetransformation[ ] . . (Nearestneighbor) ,, . 5. 1. (Nearestneighbour)2. (Linear)3. (Cubic)4. (CubicSpline)5. Lanczos. Createworldfile[ ]linear transformation[ ] . .world,Output[ ]. OutputRaster[ 12.8.Georeference[ ] 306 QGIS1.7.0 ] . ([ ]_modified) . (8). PDF PDF. , ,GCP RMS. SetTargetResolution[ ] . 1. U se0fortransparencywhenneeded[ 0] 0 ., . LoadinQGISwhendone[ QGIS ], QGIS . Settings[ ] RasterProperties[ ] . Georeferencer[ ] GCPID . (mapunit). PDF, PDF . 12.QGIS307 showgeoreferencerwindowdocked[]. GCPs , Startgeoreferencing[ ] , .12.9. GPS 12.9.1. GPS ?GPS( ) GPS .GPS , . GPS,,( ) .( ), ( , ) ., GPS.QGIS GPS (linestring) . 12.9.2. GPS GPS.QGISGPX(GPSeXchangeformat,GPS) ,, . 12.9.GPS 308 QGIS1.7.0 GPX. Plugins[ ] ManagePlugins[ ]GPS Tools[GPS] . GPS.GPX QGIS. /qgis_sample_data/gps/national_monuments.gpx . 2.2 . 1. GPSTools[GPS] LoadGPXfile[GPX ].2. Browse[ ]qgis_sample_data/gps/ GPXnational_monuments.gpx Open[ ]. GPX. OK .national_monuments.gpx . 12.21.GPS 12.9.5.GPS 12.QGIS30912.9.3. GPSBabel QGIS GPX,GPS GPX .GPShttp://www.gpsbabel.org GPSBabel .GPS GPS.QGIS GPSBabel GPSBabel .,GPX .GPSBabel1.2.3 QGIS , . 12.9.4. GPS GPXGPS,GPS Importotherfile[ ] ., ,GPX , .GPS , . 12.9.5. GPS QGIS GPSBabel GPS .GPS DownloadfromGPS[GPS ] ( 12.22).GPS, 12.9.GPS 310 QGIS1.7.0 ( USB),,GPX ,. GPSGPS, GPSBabel GPS.GPS (12.9.7). ,GPS .USB GPS USB ./dev/ttyS0/dev/ttyS1 COM1 COM2 . OK. 12.9.6. GPS GPS UploadtoGPS[GPS ]12.22. 12.9.6.GPS 12.QGIS311 QGIS GPS .(GPX ),GPS,( USB) . .QGIS . GPS . 12.9.7. GPS GPS.QGIS . DownloadfromGPS[GPS ] UploadtoGPS[GPS ] . Editdevices[ ] GPS . Newdevice[ ] ,/ Updatedevice[ ] . . .GPX .GPSBabel,GPX .QGIS %type, %in, and %out . %type "-w" , 12.10. 312 QGIS1.7.0 "-r","-t" . GPSBabel .%in,%out GPX .gpsbabel %type-igarmin-ogpx%in%out (GPSdevice: Garminserial| ),/dev/ttyS0 output.gpx ,QGIS gpsbabel-w-i garmin -o gpx /dev/ttyS0 output. gpx . GPS .%in%out. GPSBabel http://www.gpsbabel.org .12.10. (interpolation)TIN IDW. , ( 12.23). . :QGIS . .: Type structurelinesbreaklines . 12.QGIS313 :(attributecolumn) . UseZ-Coordinate[ z] Z . :.TriangulatedIrregularNetwork (TIN)[ (TIN)] ...|InverseDistance Weighted(IDW)[ (IDW)]...|. / :( ). :. 1. QGIS .( : elevp.csv). 2. (11.1.1 ) QGIS Interpolation[ ] .12.23 . 3. ( :elevp ...| ) ( :ELEV ). 4. ( TriangulatedIrregularNetwork(TIN)[12.23. 12.10. 314 QGIS1.7.0 (TIN)] ...| ) ,5000 , ( :elevation_tin ) . 5.OK ., .6. ( :elevation_tin) " ". Style[ ] Colormap[ ] .Pseudocolor[ ]| .5.3.12.24 elevp.csv TIN 998 X812 (5 ) ., . 12.24.TINelevp 12.11.1.. 12.QGIS31512.11. MapServer QGIS , MapServer. 12.11.1. MapServerExport[MapServer] ,QGIS .. MapServer, MapServer , QGIS. MapServer .QGIS (2.2 ) . 1. AddRasterLayer[ ]landcover. tif. 2. AddVectorLayer[ ] Shapefile lakes. shp, majrivers. shp, airports. shp. 3. .( 12.25 )4. File[ ] SaveProject[ ] mapserverproject.qgs. 12.11.MapServer 316 QGIS1.7.0 12.11.2. QGISMapServer msexport ,QGISQGIS .QGIS ,MapServer (11.1.1 ). . . 12.25.QGIS 12.11.2.. 12.QGIS317 QGIS QGIS(.qgs) . . .mapserver. .( ) .( ) 12.26.MapServer 12.11.MapServer 318 QGIS1.7.0 MapServer MapServer MapServer MapServer. QGIS., , .QGIS ,. mapserverproject.qgs ( 12.26) . 1. MapServerExport MapServer( 12.26). 2. ( :qgisproject.map). 3. QGIS( : mapserverproject.qgs ) .4. ( :MyMap ). 5. ( :600,400) . 6. (m) 12.11.3.. 12.QGIS319. 7. "PNG" . 8. OK qgisproject.map. . ,MapServerWMS.12.11.3. . shp2img . shp2img MapServer FWTools . . shp2img-mqgisproject.map-omapserver_test.png . QGIS PNG.,PNG .12.27 , . WMS, ., ,. ChristopherSchmidt 5,QGIS . QGIS( 0.8) , .21) 12.12. 320 QGIS1.7.0 12.12. , . ,PostGIS . , ,. OfflineEditing[ ] ,spatialite ( PostGISWFS-T) , ,., . 21)http://openlayers.org/presentations/mappingyourdata/ 12.27.MapServershp2img PNG 12.13.1. 12.QGIS321 PostGISWFS-T. . ' ' .spatialite. . ,' ' . 12.13. GeoRaster (SpatialExtension) Oracle SDO_GEORASTER 12.28.PostGISWFS 12.13.GeoRaster 322 QGIS1.7.0 .QGIS OracleGeoRasterPlugin[OracleGeoRaster] GDAL , . .GeoRaster. $gdal_translate-ofgeorasterinput_file.tif geor:scott/tiger@orclGDAL_IMPORTRASTER. 12.13.1. GeoRaster (11.1.1 ).QGIS GeoRaster ,Oracle . OracleGeoRasterPlugin[OracleGeoRaster]" SpatialGeoRaster". New[ ] , ( 12.29). :. : . : . : 12.13.2.GeoRaster 12.QGIS323. OK," GeoRaster"( 12.30). Connect[ ] . Edit[ ], Delete[ ].12.13.2. GeoRaster GeoRaster . ,GDAL . 12.29. 12.13.GeoRaster 324 QGIS1.7.0 Select . GeoRaster . ,GeoRaster, . , Select / .GeoRaster ., ID . GeoRaster , . 12.30.GeoRaster 12.13.3.GeoRaster 12.QGIS325 Selection[ ] geor:scott/tiger@orcl,gdal_import,raster,geoid= Where. http://www.gdal.org/frmt_georaster.html . 12.13.3. GeoRaster ,ID GeoRaster ,,QGIS . " SpatialGeoRaster". , , . :GeoRaster , .QGISPL/SQL gdaladdo . gdaladdo :gdaladdo georaster:scott/tiger@orcl,georaster\_table,georaster,georid=6 -rnearest 2 4 6 8 16 32__[{( PL/SQL. $ sqlplus scott/tigerSQL> DECLAREgr sdo_georaster;BEGIN 12.14.OpenStreetMap 326 QGIS1.7.0 SELECT image INTO gr FROM cities WHERE id = 1 FOR UPDATE;sdo_geor. generatePyramid(gr, rLevel=5, resampling=NN);UPDATE cities SET image = gr WHERE id = 1;COMMIT;END;/12.14. OpenStreetMap OpenStreetMap. .OSMGPS, . QGIS ,OSM . OSM .,,,, OpenStreetMap .OSM,OSM .OSM . OSM.OSM .OpenStreetMap http://www.openstreetmap.org. 12.QGIS327 OpenStreetMap OpenStreetMap .OpenStreetMapGPS,, . ,, . .OSM ,CreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlike2.0 . OpenStreetMap . ( 12.31) E dit[ ] ,. GPS, . OSMAPI12.31.OpenStreetMap 12.14.OpenStreetMap 328 QGIS1.7.0 .(Node),(Way), (Relation). / . (PointofInterest[ ]) . , . . : ., . (' ',' ,' ',' ') .OSM ,(key) (value) .OSM XML.XMLOSM . QGIS-OSM OSMQGIS .,OSM ,,.QGIS ,,., . .,(way). (way) .,. 12.QGIS329 (way). OpenStreetMap (relation) . . .,, . OSMQGIS .QGIS ,. OSMQGIS ,( ), . QGIS OSM .OSM. QGIS , OSMOSM. QGISOSM( ) . ,OSM . ID . . OSMOSM .,OSM .OSM,,, ,. :OSMQGIS QuantumGIS. 12.14.OpenStreetMap 330 QGIS1.7.0 12.14.1. OpenStreetMapQGIS .Python 11.1.1 , OpenStreetMapPlugin . 12.14.2. OSMQGIS ,12.32. OSM OSMOSM. .OSM 12.32.OSM 12.14.2. 12.QGIS331 . . .OSM . OSM / / .,, . OSM / .OSM . LoadOSMfromfile [ OSM]:OpenStreetMap XML. Show/HideOSMFeature [OSM/ ] OSM.OSM OSM. DownloadOSMdata [ OSM]OpenStreetMap . UploadOSM [ OSM] ( ) . Importdatafromalayer [ ] . OSM . SaveOSMtofile [OSM] OSM XML. 12.14.OpenStreetMap 332 QGIS1.7.0 , ( ,). 12.14.3. OSM OSMOSM .OSMshapefile OpenStreetMap. . LoadOSMfromfile .,QGIS OpenStreetMap . View[ ] Toolbars[ ] OpenStreetMap. . OpenStreetMapfiletoload( OSM) : OSM. Addcolumnsfortags( ) :OSM12.33.OSM 12.14.4.OSM 12.QGIS333 QGIS.OSM ( ) . QGIS( ) . QGIS OSM . Replacecurrentdata( ) : . .OSM . Usecustomrenderer( ) : .OSM . OSM, , Smallscale . Mediumscale Largescale .QGIS1.7.0. OK.OSM , ., . 12.14.4. OSM OSM,OSM IdentifyFeatures[ ] . 12.14.OpenStreetMap 334 QGIS1.7.0 .,OSM ., . Properties[ ]. Relation[ ]. . . . . .. . . . 12.14.5. OSM OSM OSM . .OSM. ,. . / , OpenStreetMap. OSM/ 12.14.5.OSM 12.QGIS335 .OSM ..Value . , Removeselectedtags[ ]. '' ., . , . OSM Createpoint[ ] . 12.34.OSM 12.14.OpenStreetMap 336 QGIS1.7.0 ,. , / ., . . . (snapping) . Ctrl . Createline[ ] . . . . :2 . . ( ) (snapping) . Ctrl. 12.35.OSM 12.14.5.OSM 12.QGIS337 Createpolygon[ ] . . . . .. .( ) (snapping) .Ctrl . ( ) Movefeature[ ] . ( .) . . . . . . , . .(snapping). ( / ) . /. 12.14.OpenStreetMap 338 QGIS1.7.0 / snapping .,OSM/ 3 . .Ctrl . ,. OSM Removethisfeature[ ] ./ ,/ .,/ ./ , / ( ) . . 2 ., . , . ,. 12.14.6. OSMOSM ., ( ),, . .QGISOSM. 12.14.6. 12.QGIS339 ,,,. , .OSM Relation[ ] . . .RelationTag[ ] .RelationMembers[ ] . . :1. OSM Movefeature[ ]2. OSM Relation[ ] Addrelation ., , ., . . ., Generatetags . .. , 12.14.OpenStreetMap 340 QGIS1.7.0 IdentifyFeatures[ ] . ,OK . . ( ).OSM Editrelation[ ] .' ' . .,, .OK.12.14.7. OSM OSMOpenStreetMap DownloadOSMdata .QGIS OSM. Settings[ ] Toolbars[ ] OpenStreetMap . . (Extent) : .OpenStreetMap . help. 12.14.7.OSM 12.QGIS341(Downloadto) : . Browse[ ]. (Opendataautomaticallyafter download) :QGIS ., LoadOSMfromfile. (Replacecurrentdata) :Opendata automaticallyafterdownload[ ] . .QGIS OSM, . (Usecustomrenderer) : Opendataautomaticallyafterdownload[] . .OSM12.36.OSM 12.14.OpenStreetMap 342 QGIS1.7.0 .OSM ,, Smallscale . Mediumscale Largescale .QGIS1.7.0. Download. , . . . 12.14.8. OSM OSM., OSM,OSM .OSM UploadOSM .QGIS OSM. View[ ] Toolbars[ ] OpenStreetMap. Upload. .. . . 12.14.9.OSM 12.QGIS343 ' (Commentonyourchanges)', . , .'OSM' .OSM,http://www.openstreetmap.org . Upload . 12.14.9. OSM XML 12.37.OSM 12.14.OpenStreetMap 344 QGIS1.7.0 SaveOSMtofile .QGIS OSM. View[ ] Toolbars[ ] OpenStreetMap .. . OK .OSM XML.OSM 0.6 .OSM( ,, ) (changesets) uids ..OSM XML0.6 DTD . OSM. . ./. 12.38.OSM 12.QGIS34512.14.10. OSM OSM OSM .OSM . Importdatafromalayer . :12.39.OSM .OSM . . OKOSM. . 12.15. ,,(ruggedness) (DEM) ., ( 12. 12.15. 346 QGIS1.7.0 41). . (Analysis) :,,ruggedness, (Inputlayer) : . (Outputlayer) : . (Outputformat) : ( GeoTiff). (Slope) :( (degrees) ).1 (Aspect) :( 0 ,) (Ruggedness) : (Totalcurvature) :, 12.40.OSM 12.QGIS3471. QGIS DEM. 2. (11.1.1 ) ,QGIS RasterTerrainModelling[ ] .12.41. 3. ( : Slope[ ] ) . 4. . 5.OK.12