¿Qué política industrial y tecnológica precisan las pequeñas y medianas empresas?(Es)/ Which industrial and technological policy require SMES´?(Spanish)/ Zein politika industrial

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • 8/2/2019 Qu poltica industrial y tecnolgica precisan las pequeas y medianas empresas?(Es)/ Which industrial and techno

    1/12

    U@JWFDKT GH KU@V@ HN XN D@NWHQW@ IJ@CKJF]KNWH

    [X U@JWFDK FNGXTWSFKJ V

    WHDN@JIFDK USHDFTKN JKTUH[XHKT V LHGFKNKTHLUSHTKT0 !-&

    LKSK DKJJHMN

    Dkwhgswfdk gh Hd`n`lk KujfdkgkXnfrhstfgkg gh Cksdhj`nk

    Hj cmhwfr` gh jk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj ht kdhjhsks hj us`dht` gh dklcf` htwsxdwxskj akdfk kdwfrfgkght

    gh lkv`s us`gxdwfrfgkg. Jkt hd`n`lkt v hj us`uf tftwhlk hd`nlfd` lxngfkj iknkn hn t`bft,wfdkdfn v d`lujhmfgkg* v dshdh jk d`ndfhndfk {xh j t lhdknftl`t gh lhsdkg` t`n dkgk gklt wfjht* uhs` wklcfn dkgk gk lt fntxbfdfhnwht uksk d`nbfksjht jk wkshk gh gfsfifs hj dklcf`.

    Jk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj* fndjxvhng` jk u`jwfdk gh fnn`,rkdfn* ghch us`u`sdf`nks fndhnwfr`t v d``sgfnk,dfn k j`t kihnwht hd`nlfd`t uksk krkn}ks d`nwf,nxklhnwh hn t`bftwfdkdfn.

    Jk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj ak tfg` shdxuhskgk t`csh nxhrktcktht* wskwkng` gh xtksjk uksk i`chsnks hj krkndhwhdn`jifd` v d`luhwfwfr`* v wskwkng` gh hrfwks {xh

    ihnhsh d`lu`swklfhnw`t cxtdkg`sht gh shnwk* fnhbf,dfhndfk v cxs`dskdfk. Hj ghtkss`jj` gh jk dkukdfgkgfnn`rkg`sk ht j` {xh lt ush`dxuk k w`g`t v hj usfn,dfukj d`lu`nhnwh gh jk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj. Jk u`jwfdkfngxtwsfkj flujfdk jk kg`udfn gh xnk htwskwhifk klhgf` ujk}`* d`n usf`sf}kdfn gh thdw`sht v kdwfrfgk,ght* v lhgfgkt {xh jjhixhn kj ghwkjjh thdw`sfkj.

    Jkt uh{xhkt v lhgfknkt hlushtkt d`ntwfwxvhn hjisxht` gh jk us`gxddfn* wknw` hn Htukk d`l` hn`ws`t uktht* v u`s wknw` t`n wklcfn jkt us`wki`nft,wkt gh dxkj{xfhs u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj. Jkt hlushtkt

    d`ntwfwxvhn xn d`jhdwfr` ahwhs`inh` hn bxndfn ghtx wklk` v wfu` gh kdwfrfgkg. Hn bxndfn ghj wklk,` jkt hlushtkt uxhghn ths isknght* lhgfknkt* uh,{xhkt v lfds`hlushtkt* n`slkjlhnwh d`n nhdhtf,gkght gfbhshnwht* v jkt lhgfgkt gh u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkjghchn cxtdks hj flukdw` ghthkg` hn dkgk isxu`ghbfnfg` u`s wklk`,thdw`s.

    Hn Htukk hqftwhn* wknw` k nfrhj htwkwkj d`l` k nfrhjkxw`nlfd`* xn cxhn nlhs` gh us`isklkt gh ku`,v` k jkt uvlht hn jkt shkt gh bfnkndfkdfn* fnn`rk,dfn* fnwhsnkdf`nkjf}kdfn v dshkdfn. Hj ukt` tfixfhn,wh ghchsk ths jk htwsxdwxskdfn gh jk fnwhsrhndfnucjfdk ghnws` gh xn l`ghj` gh u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj klhgf` ujk}`* d`n `cmhwfr`t ghbfnfg`t* {xh hndxkgshjk kdwxkdfn ucjfdk v `sfhnwh jkt ghdftf`nht gh jkthlushtkt.

    J`t fngfdkg`sht d`lukskwfr`t fnwhsnkdf`nkjht ltush`dxuknwht uksk jkt hlushtkt htuk`jkt kwkhn

    >Hf ;46498 >Hf

  • 8/2/2019 Qu poltica industrial y tecnolgica precisan las pequeas y medianas empresas?(Es)/ Which industrial and techno

    2/12

    L. DKJJHMN

    k jk dkukdfgkg fnn`rkg`sk v jk dkukdfgkg hqu`s,wkg`sk. T`n us`cjhlkt kt`dfkg`t hn cxhnk ukswh kjwklk` v jkt dkukdfgkght gh ihtwfn hlushtksfkj.Jk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj ghchsk ku`vks hj dshdflfhnw`hlushtksfkj* v ths lt thjhdwfrk hn hj ku`v` k jk dshk,

    dfn gh hlushtkt. Jk dxkjfbfdkdfn gh shdxst`t ax,lkn`t* hn ukswfdxjks jk b`slkdfn us`bhtf`nkj* ht jkiskn wkshk uhngfhnwh h flushtdfngfcjh.

    Htukk ak d`nwkg` d`n xn iskn htbxhs}` ucjfd` hnF/G gxsknwh j`t jwfl`t k`t {xh ak lhm`skg` n`wk,cjhlhnwh jkt cktht ghj ghtkss`jj` dfhnwbfd` v whdn`,jifd`. Jk wkshk uhngfhnwh ht hj krkndh gh jk dkuk,dfgkg fnn`rkg`sk gh jkt hlushtkt. Mxnw` d`n jktlhgfgkt gh `bhswk gh d`n`dflfhnw`t vk ujhnklhn,wh kthnwkgkt* d`nrhngsk kg`uwks u`jwfdkt gh fnn`,rkdfn cktkgkt hn jk ghlkngk.

    XN D@NWHQW@ HD@NLFD@ KLUJFKG@Jk hquhsfhndfk gh huft`gf`t uktkg`t v jkt whnghndfkt{xh th rfhnhn `cthsrkng` fngfdkn {xh hj l`ghj` ghhd`n`lk nkdf`nkj* v t`cshw`g` gh hd`n`lk fnwhs,nkdf`nkj* {xh th d`nbfixsk wskt jk dsftft bfnkndfhsk gh3551 rk k ushthnwks skti`t lxv gfbhshnwht k jk hwkukknwhsf`s. Uksk us`tuhsks* jkt hlushtkt uh{xhkt `isknght wfhnhn {xh hnwhnghs v lknhmks hj hnw`sn`hd`nlfd` v tx gfnlfdk. Hj us`dht` gh ij`ckjf}k,dfn v dshdflfhnw` gh jk d`luhwhndfk fnwhsnkdf`nkjn` ht nxhr` v ksskndk d`n cktwknwh knwhsf`sfgkg k jkdsftft uhs`* hn `ufnfn gh usdwfdklhnwh w`g`t j`t

    hquhsw`t* th fnwhntfbfdks hn j`t usqfl`t wfhlu`t.Jk lkv`sk gh i`cfhsn`t gh j`t uktht krkn}kg`t`ddfghnwkjht htwn ushukskng` txt htwskwhifkt ghu`jwfdk hd`nlfdk uksk xnk hwkuk g`ngh hj lknwh,nflfhnw` gh j`t nfrhjht gh cfhnhtwks rk k ghuhnghslxda` lt {xh knwht gh jk dkukdfgkg fnn`rkg`,sk ghj tftwhlk us`gxdwfr`* v gh tx dkukdfgkg gh hquj ,wks `u`swxnfgkght hn j`t lhsdkg`t fnwhsnkdf`nkjht.W`g` hjj` d`n wskvhdw`sfkt whdn`jifdkt h fnn`rkdf`,nht ka`sskg`skt gh shdxst`t nkwxskjht* {xh th uhsdf,chn lxv jflfwkg`t d`n shjkdfn k jk u`cjkdfn lxn,gfkj !Kiaf`n hw kj. 3556&.

    Mxnw` d`n jk hrfghndfk gh {xh jk d`luhwhndfkfnwhsnkdf`nkj v {xf}t jkt shijkt gh mxhi` ak dkl,cfkg`* wklcfn th ak ahda` ukwhnwh {xh j`t usfndf,uf`t gh jk u`jwfdk hd`nlfdk akn gh ths gfbhshnwht.Jk d`nbfkn}k hn jk hbfdfhndfk ghj lhsdkg` th akshgxdfg` d`ntfghskcjhlhnwh. Uktht d`l` Htwkg`tXnfg`t ` Shfn` Xnfg`* {xh akn ghbhngfg` gxsknwhgdkgkt jkt shijkt gh jfcsh mxhi` gh lhsdkg`*uskdwfdkn v us`uxinkn ka`sk hj kdwfrftl` ghji`cfhsn` uksk hnbshnwksth k xnk tfwxkdfn hd`nlf,dk lxngfkj {xh th rftxkjf}k lxv d`lujhmk. G`nghknwht th ghtdkjfbfdkck jk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj d`l`

    uhsnfdf`tk* ka`sk th us`djklk tx nhdhtfgkg !XO I`,rhsnlhnw* 3556&.

    Wskt rksf`t tfij`t g`lfnkg`t txdhtfrklhnwh u`s IsknCshwkk v u`s Htwkg`t Xnfg`t !Ukq Csfwknnfdk v Ukq Klh,

    sfdknk&* kdwxkjlhnwh shtxsihn kdw`sht u`ghs`t`t* knwf,ix`t v nxhr`t* hn Ktfk* Hxs`uk v Klsfdk. Th wskwk ghu`whndfkt hd`nlfdkt aftwsfdkt ` hlhsihnwht {xh*hn lxda`t dkt`t* u`nhn u`s ghjknwh tx us`uf` ght,kss`jj` knwht {xh hj kdkwklfhnw` k shijkt fnwhsnkdf`,nkjht !d`lhsdf`* us`ufhgkg fnwhjhdwxkj* lhgf` kl,cfhnwh& {xh akn tfg` htwkcjhdfgkt kdxhsg` d`n j`t fn,whshtht gh u`ghsht ahihlnfd`t knwhsf sht.

    Jkt htwskwhifkt gh fnn`rkdfn ghj bxwxs` u`d` rkn kwhnhs {xh rhs d`n jkt ghj uktkg` v jk u`jwfdk fngxt,wsfkj gh a`v ghch hndksks j`t us`cjhlkt v bskdkt`tgh lhsdkg` gh a`v* d`l` th rhs lt kghjknwh.

    [XFNHT T@N JKT UVLHT0

    Jkt hlushtkt t`n j`t kihnwht {xh ghwhslfnkn jkd`luhwfwfrfgkg gh xnk hd`n`lk v u`s wknw` thd`ntwfwxvhn hn xn` gh j`t `cmhwfr`t usflksf`t gh jku`jwfdk hd`nlfdk. Jkt hlushtkt n` d`ntwfwxvhn xnd`jhdwfr` a`l`inh` v jk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj fndjx,vhng` jk u`jwfdk gh fnn`rkdfn wklu`d` uxhghths xn us`isklk tflujh. Uksk lhm`sks tx hbfdkdfk jku`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj ghj bxwxs` ghchs gfrhstfbfdks tx ks,thnkj gh `cmhwfr`t h fntwsxlhnw`t* kt d`l` txt ckthtknkjwfdkt !Kxgshwtda v Dkjjhmn* 3559&.

    Wskgfdf`nkjlhnwh j`t us`isklkt ucjfd`t akn gftwfn,ixfg` hnwsh uh{xhkt v lhgfknkt hlushtkt !uvlht&v isknght hlushtkt. Jk Xnfn Hxs`uhk !XH& ak bfmkg`jk jnhk gh thukskdfn hn j`t 385 hlujhkg`t d`n hjdsfwhsf` usfndfukj gh {xh u`s ghckm` gh hth wklk`ht gfbdfj {xh jkt hlushtkt `twhnwhn u`ghs gh lhs,dkg` v klhnkdhn jk jfcsh d`luhwhndfk ghnws` ghjk XH. J`t uktht lfhlcs`t gh jk XH n` t`jklhnwhdxhnwkn d`n lksihn uksk htwkcjhdhs us`isklktgh ku`v` k jkt uvlht* tfn` {xh jk D`lftfn Hxs`uhkus`lxhrh kdwfrklhnwh lhgfgkt hn ku`v` gh jktuvlh !HD* 3551k&.

    Hj dsfwhsf` ghj wklk` {xf}t ak d`j`dkg` hn xnthixng` ujkn` jk iskn ahwhs`ihnhfgkg ghj d`jhdwfr`hlushtksfkj. Hj wslfn` uvlh kcksdk lt ghj 61 u`sdfhnw` gh jkt hlushtkt* v hth gkw` hn t lftl` thk,jk {xh uksk ihnhsks knjftft shjhrknwht uksk jk u`jwfdkhd`nlfdk h fngxtwsfkj* akv {xh ghtkishiks hj d`n,mxnw . D`nrfhnh whnhs hn dxhnwk g`t ktuhdw`t? hn usf,lhs jxiks {xh hj iskn nlhs` uvlht ht xnk dkskdwh,stwfdk n`slkj* n` tfnixjks ` htuhdbfdk gh ghwhslfnk,g`t uktht ` shif`nht? hn thixng` jxiks {xh ghnws`ghj d`jhdwfr` gh uvlht hj ahda` g`lfnknwh ht jkahwhs`ihnhfgkg k w`g`t j t nfrhjht.

    ;75 498 >Hf

  • 8/2/2019 Qu poltica industrial y tecnolgica precisan las pequeas y medianas empresas?(Es)/ Which industrial and techno

    3/12

    [X U@JFWFDK FNGXTWSFKJ V WHDN@JIFDK USHDFTKN0

    Htwkcfjfgkg gh jk gftwsfcxdfn u`s wklk`t

    Jk gftwsfcxdfn u`s wklk`t gh jkt hlushtkt th akghl`twskg` lxv htwkcjh k j` jksi` ghj wfhlu` v hjhtukdf`* d`l` th `cthsrk hn j`t kcxngknwht knjf,

    tft shkjf}kg`t ghtgh {xh Ifcskw !;64;& jjkl jk kwhn,dfn t`csh hj ahda`. J`t wklk`t gh jkt hlushtkttfixhn xnk gftwsfcxdfn gh Ukshw`* v hj dshdflfhnw`gh jkt hlushtkt thin wklk` wklcfn tfixh ukx,wkt kishikgkt kjwklhnwh htwkcjht !Whfwhjckxl vKqwhjj* 3558&. Hn ghbfnfwfrk* j` n`slkj hn j`t uktht ghjhnw`sn` fntwfwxdf`nkj hxs`uh`,`ddfghnwkj ht {xh hju`sdhnwkmh gh uvlht thk lxv hjhrkg` v gh rkj`sukshdfg`. K uhtks gh hjj` d`n bshdxhndfk th ghtwk,dk hj ahda` d`l` tf bxhsk ukswfdxjks v tfinfbfdkwfr`gh xn` x `ws` ukt ` shifn.

    Jk ahwhs`ihnhfgkg hlushtksfkj ht shjhrknwh hn dkwh,i`skt d`l` hj wklk`* hj thdw`s v jk fnwhntfgkg ghd`n`dflfhnw`t. Jkt hlushtkt d`n 8 hlujhkg`t `lhn`t u`d` wfhnhn {xh rhs d`n jkt hlushtkt ghlt gh 85 hlujhkg`t hn dkukdfgkg gh ihtwfn hflukdw` hn tx lhsdkg`. Hj wfu` gh kdwfrfgkg ht ktf,lftl` ghwhslfnknwh hn hj l`ghj` gh fnn`rkdfn vhn hj l`ghj` gh nhi`df`. V j`t thdw`sht gfbfhshn hn jkfnwhntfgkg gh d`n`dflfhnw`t v hlujh` dxkjfbfdkg`{xh nhdhtfwkn. W`gkt jkt hlushtkt uxhghn chnhbf,dfksth gh us`isklkt v n`slkwfrkt ucjfdkt uhs` n`nhdhtfwkn nf xwfjf}kn j`t lftl`t.

    Dknwfgkg ` dkjfgkg

    Gxsknwh k`t j`t i`cfhsn`t hxs`uh`t v jk D`lftfnHxs`uhk th akn d`ndhnwskg` hn bkdfjfwks jk dshkdfngh hlushtkt dxkng` hn lxda`t uktht hj us`cjhlkusfndfukj ht jk fntxbfdfhndfk gh wklk` v hj dshdflfhn,w` gh jkt hlushtkt dshkgkt. J`t us`isklkt gh dshk,dfn fngftdsflfnkgk gh hlushtkt ghchskn ths txtwf,wxfg`t u`s fntwsxlhnw`t gh ku`v` k jkt nxhrkt hl,ushtkt fnn`rkg`skt. Jk fnn`rkdfn hn l`ghj` gh nh,i`df`* hn siknf}kdfn v hn ihtwfn ghwhslfnk hj qfw`hlushtksfkj. D`nrhngsk* u`s wknw`* gfthks us`isk,lkt gh ku`v` k jk ihtwfn fnn`rkg`sk.

    N` th wskwk gh gfthks xnk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj uksk

    uvlht v xnk u`jwfdk gh fnn`rkdfn uksk uvlht. N`hqftwh xn d`jhdwfr` a`l`inh` gh uh{xhkt v lh,gfknkt hlushtkt* tfn` xnk iskn gfrhstfgkg gh hl,ushtkt d`n nhdhtfgkght gfbhshnwht thin hj lhsdk,g` g`ngh `uhskn. Akv {xh fntftwfs {xh jk u`jwfdkfngxtwsfkj v whdn`jifdk l`ghsnk ghch ths d`lujh,mk d`n fntwsxlhnw`t `sfhnwkg`t k d`jhdwfr`t htuhdbf,d`t. Hn w`g` dkt` t`n jkt isknght hlushtkt jkt {xhshushthnwkn hj dkt` htuhdfkj* u`s tx htdkt` nlh,s`* tx dkukdfgkg gh ihtwfn h fnbjxhndfk* v tx ukswf,dxjks fnwhst hd`nlfd` d`l` uxnwkt gh jkn}kuksk hj shtw` ghj d`jhdwfr` !Dkjjhmn v @swn* 3556&.

    WH@SK V USKQFT

    Xnk dkskdwhstwfdk us`ufk gh jk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj ht jkn`wkcjh gftwkndfk hqftwhnwh hnwsh jk fghnwfbfdkdfn gh`cmhwfr`t v hj knjftft gh ukxwkt ghthkcjht gh ghtkss`,

    jj` t`dfkj v hlushtksfkj* u`s xnk ukswh* v jkt lhgfgkt{xh shkjlhnwh th uxhghn w`lks* u`s jk `wsk ukswh. Jktkdwxkdf`nht hn u`jwfdk hd`nlfdk txhjhn shtxjwksghdhudf`nknwhlhnwh fnhbfdkdht d`n shjkdfn k j`t`cmhwfr`t fghnwfbfdkg`t. Jk usfndfukj sk}n gh hth ght,kmxtwh ht {xh jkt ghdftf`nht gh us`gxddfn th w`lknghtdhnwskjf}kgklhnwh u`s lxdatflkt hlushtkt* vj`t i`cfhsn`t n` uxhghn* nf tkchn* d``sgfnks lfjj`nhtgh ghdftf`nht tflxjwnhkt d`n fntwsxlhnw`t lxvihnhskjht. J`t i`cfhsn`t t`jklhnwh uxhghn wskwks ghfnbjxfs hn jk d``sgfnkdfn ghj lhsdkg` d`ssfifhng` bsk,dkt`t* fnws`gxdfhng` fndhnwfr`t uksk j`t kihnwht* `fnwhsrfnfhng` gfshdwklhnwh hn jk us`gxddfn hj d`n,txl`. Hj whlk ht dl` gfthks jk fnwhsrhndfn ucjf,dk d`ngfdf`nkgk k jkt jflfwkdf`nht hqftwhnwht hn xnkhd`n`lk gh lhsdkg`. Jk nhdhtfgkg gh xnk kdwxk,dfn ucjfdk sfhnwkg`sk v d``sgfnkg`sk th shd`n`dh*uhs` akdh bkjwk hnd`nwsks jk bslxjk kghdxkgk.

    Dl` th kc`sgk hn Htukk jk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj* `gh d`luhwfwfrfgkg* uksk jkt uh{xhkt v lhgfknkthlushtkt0 Akv lksihn uksk lhm`sks jk kdwxkdfnucjfdk0 Hj kjw` iskg` gh ghtdhnwskjf}kdfn u`jwfd`,kglfnftwskwfrk hn Htukk flujfdk {xh lxda`t us`,isklkt gh ku`v` k jk d`luhwfwfrfgkg gh jkt uvlhthkn gfthkg`t v ihtwf`nkg`t u`s jkt D`lxnfgkghtKxwn`lkt. Kb`swxnkgklhnwh* hn ihnhskj th `cths,

    rk cktwknwh d`nwkif` hnwsh jkt lhgfgkt gh j`t i`,cfhsn`t shif`nkjht v j`dkjht* j` {xh kd`wk jk gfrhstf,gkg v uhslfwh ku`swks knjftft v shd`lhngkdf`nhtrjfg`t uksk w`g`t.

    K htdkjk txusknkdf`nkj* gh jk Xnfn Hxs`uhk* wkl,cfn ht n`wkcjh hj ukshdfg` v jk d`nrhsihndfk ghlhgfgkt kujfdkgkt k uh{xhkt v lhgfknkt hlush,tkt hnwsh uktht lfhlcs`t. Hn xn` v `ws` dkt` jkd`nrhsihndfk `cthsrkgk th hqujfdk d`l` shtuxht,wk k jkt gfshdwsfdht hxs`uhkt {xh th d`ndshwkn hnhtwlxj`t !b`ng`t htwsxdwxskjht& v jflfwkdf`nht !u`jwf,dk gh d`luhwhndfk&. Jkt gfbhshndfkt hnwsh ukthttxhjhn shtfgfs hn jk fnwhntfgkg gh jkt lhgfgkt v jk hbf,

    dfhndfk hn tx ihtwfn v kujfdkdfn.

    Jk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj* hnwhngfgk d`l` hj ndjh` ghjk u`jwfdk gh d`luhwfwfrfgkg* fnbjxvh tflxjwnhk,lhnwh hn g`t shkt gh nkwxskjh}k gfbhshnwh= jkthlushtkt v jk htwsxdwxsk us`gxdwfrk. Hn jkt hlushtktj` flu`swknwh ht jk dkukdfgkg gh fnn`rkdfn v iht,wfn !Dkjjhmn v Dktwknv* 3551&. Jk htwsxdwxsk us`gxd,wfrk d`nrfhnh {xh thk j` lt bjhqfcjh v krkn}kgku`tfcjh. Lfhnwskt jkt fnwhsrhndf`nht ucjfdkt {xhkbhdwkn usfl`sgfkjlhnwh k jkt dkukdfgkght hlush,tksfkjht sh{xfhshn kgkuwkdfn v us`qflfgkg k jkt

    498 >Hf ;7;

  • 8/2/2019 Qu poltica industrial y tecnolgica precisan las pequeas y medianas empresas?(Es)/ Which industrial and techno

    4/12

    L. DKJJHMN

    d`ngfdf`nht htuhdbfdkt j`dkjht? jkt lhgfgkt htwsxd,wxskjht th gfthkn v kujfdkn d`n rhnwkmk k xn nfrhjtxuhsf`s.

    Dxj ht hj lksihn gh lhm`sk ghj gfth` v kujfdkdfn

    hn u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj0 Uktht lfhlcs`t gh jk XnfnHxs`uhk d`l` hj Shfn` Xnfg`* knwht shkdf`t k jk fnwhs,rhndfn ucjfdk* v jk us`ufk D`lftfn Hxs`uhk* rhnkdwxkjlhnwh cktwknwh lkv`s lksihn k fnwhsrhndf`,nht wskgfdf`nkjlhnwh hnij`ckgkt hn u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj.G`ngh knwhsf`slhnwh th kg`uwkckn lhgfgkt fngfrf,gxkjht ` fluhsbhdwklhnwh kswfdxjkgkt* kdwxkjlhnwhth d`nbfixskn htwskwhifkt klcfdf`tkt {xh d`lcfnknfnn`rkdfn* b`slkdfn* `bhswk gh thsrfdf`t* bfnkndfk,dfn gh us`vhdw`t h fnwhsnkdf`nkjf}kdfn !XO I`rhs,nlhnw* 35;5&.

    NKWXSKJH]K GH JK U@JWFDK FNGXTWSFKJ

    Kxn{xh hj d`ndhuw` gh u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj tfhlush akwhnfg` xn thnwfg` klujf` {xh ak w`jhskg` jk klcf,ihgkg v jk d`hqftwhndfk gh d`ndhudf`nht gfbhshn,wht* hqftwh vk dfhsw` kdxhsg` hn {xh tx `cmhwfr` ctf,d` ht fluxjtks jk d`luhwfwfrfgkg gh jk htwsxdwxskus`gxdwfrk v ghj d`nmxnw` gh jkt hlushtkt. V* ltd`ndshwklhnwh* hj cmhwfr` gh jk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj htkdhjhsks hj us`dht` gh dklcf` htwsxdwxskj akdfkkdwfrfgkght gh lkv`s us`gxdwfrfgkg !Akxtlknn*S`gsfo v Tkchj* 3551&.

    D`nrfhnh kdjksks {xh k{x hnwhnghl`t hj wslfn`

    fngxtwsfkj hn thnwfg` knij tkmn* d`l` kdwfrfgkg us`,gxdwfrk `cmhw` gh fnwhsdklcf !wskghkcjh&* v n` d`l`thdw`s thdxngksf htwsfdw`. Tkchl`t {xh lxdakt kdwf,rfgkght us`gxdwfrkt* hn ukswfdxjks gh thsrfdf`t* th hn,dxhnwskn htwshdaklhnwh rfndxjkgkt kj thdw`s lknx,bkdwxshs`* v u`s wknw` t`n thntfcjht k j t lftl`t bkdw`,sht h fndhnwfr`t {xh fluxjtkn hj htbxhs}` d`luhwfwfr` vjk fnn`rkdfn. Kghlt* dkgk gk ht lt c`ss`tk jkgfrft`sfk hnwsh fngxtwsfk v thsrfdf t* cfhn u`s sk}`nht whd,n`jifdkt !WFDt&* cfhn u`s sk}`nht gh l`ghj` ghnhi`df * {xh fnwhisk us`gxddfn v gftwsfcxdfn !cfhnhtgh d`ntxl`* FOHK* ]KSK&.

    U`s hmhluj`* hn Htukk hj thdw`s lknxbkdwxshs`

    shushthnwk hj 33*8 u`s dfhnw` ghj UFC !gkw`t gh 3558&*uhs` kj kkgfs j`t thsrfdf`t ghtwfnkg`t k jk us`gxd,dfn hj u`sdhnwkmh th hjhrk kj 86 u`s dfhnw` !Cks*3556&. Fndjxt` kdwfrfgkght d`l` jk d`ntwsxddfn v hjwxsftl` {xh th djktfbfdkn `bfdfkjlhnwh bxhsk gh jkfngxtwsfk d`lufwhn k htdkjk fnwhsnkdf`nkj v sh{xfh,shn ` rkn k sh{xhsfs htwskwhifkt t`bftwfdkgkt* u`s j`{xh shtxjwksk gfbdfj mxtwfbfdks {xh jk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkjthk kmhnk k hjjkt.

    Jk htwhsfjfgkg gh jkt gftdxtf`nht* {xh th akn us`j`n,ikg` gxsknwh k`t* t`csh jk nkwxskjh}k v kghdxk,

    dfn gh jk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj uxhgh ths ghcfgk k g`tsk}`nht. Hn usflhs jxiks kj shdak}` gh jk hd`n`lkwskgfdf`nkj k jk fnwhsrhndfn ucjfdk hn jk ktfink,dfn gh j`t shdxst`t? v hn thixng` jxiks k {xh jktcktht skdf`nkjht v hj d`nwhnfg` gh jk u`jwfdk fngxt,

    wsfkj dklcfk v hr`jxdf`nk hn shtuxhtwk k jkt d`ngf,df`nht hd`nlfdkt. Hj dkt` ht {xh n` tfhlush thakcjk gh j` lftl`. Hn dkgk uhs`g` hd`nlfd` jku`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj ak ghcfg` kg`uwks j`t usfndfuf`tshdw`sht v hj wfu` gh fntwsxlhnw`t fghnwfbfdkg`t d`l`nhdhtksf`t hn bxndfn gh j`t bkjj`t gh lhsdkg``cthsrkg`t !Kxgshwtda* 3559&.

    Tf k lhgfkg`t ghj tfij` QFQ kjixn`t uktht shdxssknkj us`whddf`nftl` gh txt fngxtwsfkt nkdfhnwht* kusfndfuf`t ghj tfij` QQ j`t i`cfhsn`t hxs`uh`t ku`vk,ckn fnrhstf`nht k iskn htdkjk hn jk fngxtwsfk uhtkgktxsifgk gh jk thixngk shr`jxdfn fngxtwsfkj. Ghtghakdh rksfkt gdkgkt jk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj th ak r`j,

    dkg` hn jk F/G* v kdwxkjlhnwh th uhstfixh jk fnn`,rkdfn hn w`g`t j`t bshnwht? nhdhtksfk uksk ihtwf`nkski`wklfhnw` gh j`t shdxst`t nkwxskjht v u`tfdf`nks,th hn jk hd`n`lk rhsgh !Kiaf`n hw kj. 3556&. Jkfnd`su`skdfn kj lxng` krkn}kg` gh j`t CSFD* v`ws`t {xh jht tfixhn gh dhsdk* htw tfinfbfdkng` jkshhjkc`skdfn v u`whndfkdfn gh u`jwfdkt fngxtwsfk,jht wknw` hn j`t uktht krkn}kg`t* {xh aktwk a`v n`jkt nhdhtfwkckn* d`l` hn j`t ghlt uktht {xh n`htwn gftuxhtw`t k thixfs tfhng` ghuhngfhnwht fngh,bfnfgklhnwh.

    Bskdkt`t gh lhsdkg` hn u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkjJk wh`sk l`ghsnk gh jk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj th ghtkss`,jjk hn Mkun* hn jk thixngk lfwkg ghj tfij` QQ* v shjk,wfrklhnwh kj lksihn ghj dxhsu` whsfd` `ddfghnwkj*u`s{xh ht hn gfda` ukt g`ngh lkv`s htwsxdwxskdfnh flukdw` kg{xfhsh jk usdwfdk gh jk u`jwfdk fngxt,wsfkj. Hn shkjfgkg jk wh`sk tfixh k jk uskqft. N` t`sushn,gh* u`s wknw`* {xh ghtgh Mkun jjhixh fnfdfkjlhnwh hjdxhsu` gh knjftft hd`nlfd` lt d`lujhw` hn u`j,wfdk fngxtwsfkj. J`t bkjj`t gh lhsdkg` lt shjhrknwhtuksk jk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj t`n !@n`* 3553? Fw`a* hw kj*;66;&=

    Hd`n`lkt gh htdkjk hn jk us`gxddfn.

    Fnrhstfn hn F/G.

    Hd`n`lkt hqwhsnkt hnwsh hlushtkt.

    Htwsxdwxsk us`gxdwfrk !htuhdfkjf}kdfn& fnkghdxk,gk.

    Lfhnwskt txhjh hqftwfs kdxhsg` shtuhdw` gh j`t wsht usf,lhs`t hj dxksw` bkjj` ihnhsk us`bxngk gfrftfn gh`ufnf`nht. Aktwk akdh lxv u`d` wfhlu` w`gkrk ush,

    ;73 498 >Hf

  • 8/2/2019 Qu poltica industrial y tecnolgica precisan las pequeas y medianas empresas?(Es)/ Which industrial and techno

    5/12

    [X U@JFWFDK FNGXTWSFKJ V WHDN@JIFDK USHDFTKN0

    g`lfnkck jk fghk gh {xh jk gfrftfn ghj wskckm`* jkhtwsxdwxsk us`gxdwfrk gh dkgk ukt* ghck ths ghwhs,lfnkgk u`s tx rhnwkmk d`lukskwfrk.

    Hn kdwfrfgkght d`n isknght hd`n`lkt gh htdkjk*

    uxhghn gksth g`t tfwxkdf`nht hqwshlkt= {xh jk fn,rhstfn usfrkgk htu`nwnhk thk fntxbfdfhnwh* ` {xhhj lhsdkg` kjdkndh hjhrkgk d`ndhnwskdfn v kjw`u`ghs gh lhsdkg` hn u`dkt hlushtkt. Hj usflhsdkt` uxhgh gksth a`v hn ghwhslfnkgkt fnbskhtwsxd,wxskt ` us`vhdw`t {xh hqfihn d`ndxst` gh lxda`tfnrhst`sht d`l` hj us`vhdw` 33E hn Cksdhj`nk ghus`l`dfn gh kdwfrfgkght krkn}kgkt v sh{xfhshfndhnwfr`t v d``sgfnkdfn. Hj thixng` dkt` th d`ssf,ih d`n shixjkdf`nht uksk jk ghbhntk gh jk d`luh,whndfk. Jk bxhs}k gh jk ij`ckjf}kdfn v jk d`ntfixfhn,wh klujfkdfn gh j`t lhsdkg`t htw shgxdfhng` jknhdhtfgkg gh u`jwfdkt gh ghbhntk gh jk d`luhwhn,dfk. Xnk lknfbhtwkdfn ghj hbhdw` us`,d`luhwfwfr`

    gh jk ij`ckjf}kdfn ht hj d`ntfghskcjh kxlhnw` ghjk s`wkdfn hnwsh jkt hlushtkt fnwhisknwht gh jk jftwkB`swxnh 855v tflfjksht.

    Hj bskdkt` gh lhsdkg` hn jk fnrhstfn hn F/G v jk us`,gxddfn gh d`n`dflfhnw`t uksk shkjf}ks fnn`rkdf`nhtd`ntwfwxvh ghtgh Kss`y !;623& jk mxtwfbfdkdfn ltkdhuwkgk gh jk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj.

    Jkt hqwhsnkjfgkght fnwhshlushtksfkjht t`n jk sk}n ghjk u`jwfdk gh us`l`dfn gh djxtwhst !Dkjjhmn v D`twk*;662? Wsxjjn* 3552& wklcfn gh klujfk kdhuwkdfn*ukswfdxjkslhnwh hn jk XH !HD* 3551c&.

    Jk sk}n ctfdk gh jk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj ht* tfn hlcks,i`* `dxuksth gh jk htwsxdwxsk us`gxdwfrk. Hn ushthn,dfk gh us`isht` whdn`jifd` v gh `u`swxnfgkght ght,fixkjht gh krkndht gh jk us`gxdwfrfgkg hnwsh thdw`,sht* xn`t uktht th chnhbfdfkn v `ws`t hluh`skn shjk,wfrklhnwh d`n hj jfcsh d`lhsdf` hn bxndfn gh txhtuhdfkjf}kdfn. Jk rfhmk wh`sk gh jk rhnwkmk d`luk,skwfrk htwwfdk n` whnk hn dxhnwk {xh kjixn`t gh j`tuktht {xh fnwhsdklcfkn th {xhgkn d`n jk htuhdfkjf,}kdfn cxhnk !whqwfjht hn Fnijkwhssk& lfhnwskt `ws`tuhslknhdhn hn jk htuhdfkjf}kdfn lkjk !rfn` hnU`swxikj& !I`l`sv v Ckxl`j* 3556&.

    Krkndh jk gh jk htwsxdwxsk us`gxdwfrk. Hj l`ghj` ghus`gxddfn

    Jk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj gh Mkun* d`l` jk gh D`shk vDafnk* {xf}t Fsn kdwxkjlhnwh* th ak cktkg` hnkckng`nks kdwfrfgkght gh ckmk fnwhntfgkg hn d`n`,dflfhnw`t uksk kcsk}ks kdwfrfgkght fnn`rkg`skt. Vshtxjwk kjwklhnwh flus`ckcjh {xh hj lhdknftl`kxw`lwfd` hj lhsdkg`* dxv` tftwhlk gh ushdf`t vgh ktfinkdfn gh shdxst`t `uhsk hn hj lksihn*uxhgk `uhsks j`t wskntrktht hn jk ktfinkdfn gh

    shdxst`t {xh flujfdk jk wskntb`slkdfn htwsxdwxskj.Jk wskntb`slkdfn ghj tftwhlk us`gxdwfr`* sh{xfhshus`utfw`* ghdftfn v d``sgfnkdfn k iskn htdkjk. Hnshkjfgkg j` {xh ghlxhtwsk hj l`ghj` gh h{xfjfcsf`ihnhskj ht {xh hj lhsdkg` ht d`lukwfcjh d`n fnbf,

    nfw`t uwfl`t gh Ukshw` gfbhshnwht hn bxndfn ghdkgk ktfinkdfn fnfdfkj gh shdxst`t u`tfcjh. Tf jkt`dfhgkg hjfih xn uxnw` d`ndshw` hn jk bs`nwhsk ghu`tfcfjfgkght gh us`gxddfn !` xnk ghwhslfnkgkhtwsxdwxsk gh us`gxddfn&* ghch `uhsks ushrfklhn,wh jkt wskntbhshndfkt ij`ckjht gh shdxst`t {xh uhslf,wkn kj lhsdkg` `uhsks hn hth uxnw`.

    Ghtgh Jftw !;17;& ak hqftwfg` xnk jnhk gh uhntklfhn,w` {xh fntftwh hn jk d`nrhnfhndfk gh gfthks xnk u`j,wfdk fngxtwsfkj `sfhnwkgk k j`isks hj krkndh gh jk ht,wsxdwxsk us`gxdwfrk ghj ukt aktwk jk bs`nwhsk whdn`j,ifdk* d`n hj us`utfw` tfwxks k jk hd`n`lk kj bshnwhghj tftwhlk fnwhsnkdf`nkj v d`n hjhrkgk shnwk uhs dk,

    ufwk. Kdwxkjlhnwh `wsk u`whnwh jnhk gh fnrhtwfikdfnhd`nlfdk t`twfhnh {xh hj wfu` gh htwsxdwxsk us`gxd,wfrk* ht ghdfs* jk htuhdfkjf}kdfn us`gxdwfrk gh xn ukt*ghwhslfnk tx u`whndfkj whdn`jifd` v tx dshdflfhnw`.V {xh xn ukt ht j` {xh hqu`swk !Akxtlknn* Aykni* vS`gsfo* 3559? @n`* 3553&. Hn xnk hd`n`lk ij`ckj hjwfu` v t`bftwfdkdfn gh hqu`swkdf`nht fghnwfbfdk jkdkukdfgkg whdn`jifdk v d`luhwfwfrk gh jkt hd`n`,lkt. D`ntwfwxvhn hj usfndfukj fngfdkg`s gh d`luhwfwf,rfgkg.

    Jk b`slk jifdk gh krkn}ks hd`nlfdklhnwh htukswfs gh jkt d`luhwhndfkt hqftwhnwht* gh j` {xh th

    tkch us`gxdfs* uksk krkn}ks hn dkgk kdwfrfgkg akdfkjk fnd`su`skdfn gh lkv`sht d`n`dflfhnw`t v t`bftwf,dkdfn. Jkt `u`swxnfgkght gh lhsdkg` thkjksn{x kdwfrfgkght th ghtkss`jjksn d`n lkv`s fnwhntf,gkg.

    Jk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj n` uxhgh shtxlfsth hn xn us`,isklk klujf` v ihnhskj. Ghch thjhddf`nks hj isxu`gh kdwfrfgkght {xh xn ukt ht dkuk} gh ghtkss`jjksv kthixsks {xh hqftwhn j`t fnuxwt nhdhtksf`t ukskghtkss`jjks jkt kdwfrfgkght usf`sfwksfkt* fndjxfg`t j`td`n`dflfhnw`t* uhs` wklcfn jkt dkukdfgkghtaxlknkt v j`t shdxst`t h fnbskhtwsxdwxskt btfdkt. Jku`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj ghch ths htuhdbfdk v thdw`sfkj.

    Hj usfndfukj us`cjhlk gh jk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj* d`l`gh dxkj{xfhs `wsk u`jwfdk hd`nlfdk* ht jk hjhrkgku`tfcfjfgkg gh ihnhsks djfhnwhjftl`* v jk dkuwxsk u`sisxu`t gh fnwhst gh {xfhnht ihtwf`nkn j`t shdxst`tucjfd`t. Th wskwk djksklhnwh gh xn us`cjhlk thsf`uksk jk hbfdkdfk gh jk u`jwfdk hd`nlfdk* v nkgkbdfj gh hrfwks. D`nrfhnh u`s wknw` htwkcjhdhs v sht,uhwks xnk thsfh gh usfndfuf`t ihnhskjht uksk kl`swf,ixks j`t fndhnwfr`t k j`t d`lu`swklfhnw`t gh ct,{xhgk gh shnwkt ucjfdkt !Akxtlknn* S`gsfo v Tk,chj* 3551&=

    498 >Hf ;74

  • 8/2/2019 Qu poltica industrial y tecnolgica precisan las pequeas y medianas empresas?(Es)/ Which industrial and techno

    6/12

    L. DKJJHMN

    ;z Gfj`i` htwsxdwxskj kcfhsw` hnwsh kihnwht ukswfdf,uknwht? hj thdw`s usfrkg` ghch kxw`,`siknf}ksth.

    3zFlu`nhs wskntukshndfk htwsfdwk uksk hrfwks j`td`lu`swklfhnw`t gh ct{xhgk gh shnwkt.

    4zUsf`sf}ks j`t cfhnhtfnuxwt ucjfd`t? kt th mxtwfbfdk vjhifwflk jk fnwhsrhndfn ucjfdk.

    7zJkt fnwhsrhndf`nht ghchn d`ndhnwsksth t`jklhn,wh hn kxlhnwks jk us`gxdwfrfgkg? nxndk ghch d`l,uhntksth k thdw`sht u`s tx ckmk us`gxdwfrfgkg* nftxctfgfks d`lxnfgkght j`dkjht u`s lhgf` gh jk u`j,wfdk fngxtwsfkj v hj t`twhnflfhnw` gh kdwfrfgkght hnghdjfrh. @ws`t us`isklkt htuhdbfd`t v djks`t uxh,ghn `dxuksth gh lfwfiks j`t d`twht t`dfkjht hn wkjhtdkt`t dxkng` thk nhdhtksf`.

    8

    zD`nrfhnh htwkcjhdhs dsfwhsf`t uksk ghwhslfnks tf

    xnk kdwxkdfn ak whnfg` qfw` n`. Nxndk thixfs d`nkdwxkdf`nht dxvk xwfjfgkg n` th ghlxhtwsk.

    Hn jk lkv`sk gh j`t dkt`t j`t us`uf`t i`cfhsn`t gh,cfhskn shb`slks tx bxndf`nklfhnw` fnwhsn` uksk kth,ixsks hj dxlujflfhnw` gh j`t usfndfuf`t lnfl`t kn,whsf`sht.

    U@JWFDK GH FNN@RKDFN FLUXJTKGK U@S JKGHLKNGK

    Akdh wfhlu` {xh hn hd`n`lk v hn u`jwfdk hd`n,

    lfdk th wxr` jk hrfghndfk gh {xh jk dkukdfgkgfnn`rkg`sk gh xn ukt v gh txt hlushtkt d`ntwfwxvhhj hjhlhnw` nxdjhks gh jk d`luhwfwfrfgkg* ghj lkn,whnflfhnw` gh xn nfrhj hjhrkg` gh shnwk v cfhnhtwksuksk txt dfxgkgkn`t. Jk u`jwfdk gh F/G ak tfg` jkukswh dhnwskj gh jk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj gxsknwh k`t?fndjxt` jk nfdk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj kdhuwkgk. U`shmhluj`* hn jk XH jkt kvxgkt k jk F/G akn uhslknh,dfg` txctwkndfkjlhnwh bxhsk gh jkt us`afcfdf`nht kjkt kvxgkt gh htwkg` {xh kbhdwkn k `wskt kvxgktucjfdkt. Ghcfg` k htkt shtwsfddf`nht hn `wskt shkt*j`t i`cfhsn`t th akn d`ndhnwskg` hn ku`vks jk F/G.T`jklhnwh hn wfhlu`t shdfhnwht th `cthsrk xn ght,ujk}klfhnw` ghj fnwhst akdfk jk fnn`rkdfn v jk u`j,

    wfdk gh fnn`rkdfn.

    Hnwsh j`t l`wfr`t gh wkj ghtujk}klfhnw` wklcfn dkchshtkjwks {xh cktwknwht htwxgf`t hndxhnwskn {xh jkd`sshjkdfn hnwsh iktw` hlushtksfkj hn F/G h fnn`,rkdfn* tfhng` ihnhskjlhnwh u`tfwfrk* n` ht wkn hjh,rkgk d`l` dkcsk htuhsks !@HDG* 3551&. Hj ahda`ht {xh jk kwhndfn th ak r`jdkg` hn `ws`t bkdw`sht*gftwfnw`t gh jk `bhswk gh F/G* {xh htwflxjkn jk fnn`,rkdfn hlushtksfkj. Hj fnb`slh gh C``},Kjjhn,Ak,lfjw`n !3552& ghtwkdk j`t bkdw`sht `siknf}kwfr`t {xhghchn kd`lukks jk d`lhsdfkjf}kdfn gh fnn`rk,

    df`nht u`s jk hlushtk? v wklcfn jk `sfhnwkdfn kjdjfhnwh.

    L`ghj` jfnhkj gh fnn`rkdfn

    Gfh} k`t ghtuxt gh jk kg`udfn gh jk Kihngk ghJftc`k* v htuhdfkjlhnwh wskt jk kg`udfn ghj `cmhwf,r` ghj 4 u`s dfhnw` hn F/G hn Cksdhj`nk hn 3553* thak `cthsrkg` {xh hj us`isht` shkjf}kg` ht ghtfixkjv {xh jk htwskwhifk gh fnn`rkdfn ghchsk lhm`sks,th. Jk gftdxtfn lt fnwhshtknwh th shbfhsh kj ukuhjgh jk fnn`rkdfn htwflxjkgk u`s jk ghlkngk hn jktu`jwfdkt gh fnn`rkdfn !Hgjhs* 3559&.

    Gxsknwh k`t th ak akcjkg` gh jk ukskg`mk hxs`,uhk uksk shbjhmks jk jhnwfwxg h fntxbfdfhndfk gh jkwskntbhshndfk ghj d`n`dflfhnw` dfhnwbfd` v whdn`j,ifd` aktwk hj lhsdkg`* aktwk jk fnn`rkdfn. Th ak

    shuhwfg` lxdakt rhdht {xh lfhnwskt Hxs`uk `twhn,wk xn shd`n`dfg` jfghsk}i` hn jk dfhndfk v hn hj fl,uxjt` kj ghtkss`jj` gh jk dfhndfk v jk whdn`j`ik*ukshdh lhn`t hbfdfhnwh hn d`nrhswfs j`t ghtdxcsf,lfhnw`t dfhnwbfd`t hn fnn`rkdf`nht t`dfkj v d`lhs,dfkjlhnwh rkj`skgkt. Thin Jxngrkjj !3559& cxhnkukswh gh j`t htwxgf`t t`csh hj tftwhlk gh fnn`rkdfnfnd`su`skn shtfgx`t ghj l`ghj` jfnhkj* v ghcfg` k htkuhstuhdwfrk knkjwfdk gftw`stf`nkgk kukshdhn wslf,n`t d`l` jk ukskg`mkt gh jk fnn`rkdfn* tflujh,lhnwh u`s{xh n` wfhnhn hn dxhnwk hjhlhnw`t hqujf,dkwfr`t lxv tfinfbfdkwfr`t gh jk shjkdfn hnwsh qfw`hd`nlfd` h fnn`rkdfn. Hnwsh ht`t hjhlhnw`t

    hqujfdkwfr`t kukshdh hn usflhs jxiks jk ghlkngkgh fnn`rkdf`nht u`s ukswh gh j`t lhsdkg`t.

    Gxsknwh k`t jkt u`jwfdkt th akn d`ndhnwskg` hnlhm`sks jk bhswk gh d`n`dflfhnw` dktf hqdjxtfrklhn,wh. Th akn knkjf}kg` v th akn kujfdkg` gfrhst`tht{xhlkt hn gftwfnw`t uktht uksk kdhjhsks jk wskntbh,shndfk ghtgh xnfrhstfgkght aktwk hlushtkt? uhs` jktlhm`skt akn tfg` ghdhudf`nknwhlhnwh hqfixkt hn`ufnfn gh kjixn`t* v n` th ak d`nthixfg` kjdkn}kshj rfcsknwh sfwl` fnn`rkg`s {xh th cthsrk hn kjixnktxnfrhstfgkght v lxdakt hlushtkt gh Htwkg`t Xnfg`t*hj ukt w`lkg` d`l` hmhluj`.

    Th ak d`nbfkg` {xf}t ghlktfkg` {xh hj d`n`df,lfhnw` ihnhskg` hn hj tftwhlk dfhnwbfd`* jk `bhswkgh d`n`dflfhnw`t* uxhgk ths wskntbhsfg` v xwfjf}kg`bdfjlhnwh* k ckm` d`twh* u`s jkt hlushtkt ukskihnhsks fnn`rkdf`nht d`lhsdfkjht. Htk rftfn akg`lfnkg` aktwk a`v hn jkt u`jwfdkt gh fnn`rkdfn*v n` ak tfg` nfdklhnwh hn Htukk !Ujkn Nkdf`nkjgh F/G/f* 3551,35;;&* tfn` hn jk lkv`sk gh ukthtgh jk XH. Jk d`ndfhndfk gh {xh hj usfndfukj fndhnwf,r` gh jk fnn`rkdfn hlushtksfkj* {xh ht jk ghlkn,gk* ak whnfg` xn ukuhj fntxbfdfhnwh hn j`t ht{xhlktgh u`jwfdk gh fnn`rkdfn* th htw kcsfhng` ukt`.

    ;77 498 >Hf

  • 8/2/2019 Qu poltica industrial y tecnolgica precisan las pequeas y medianas empresas?(Es)/ Which industrial and techno

    7/12

    [X U@JFWFDK FNGXTWSFKJ V WHDN@JIFDK USHDFTKN0

    U`jwfdkt gh fluxjt` k jk ghlkngk ghfnn`rkdf`nht

    Jkt u`jwfdkt gh fnn`rkdfn cktkgkt hn jk ghlkngkghcfhskn `uhsks mxnw` d`n* v n` hn jxiks gh* jkt u`jwf,

    dkt wskgfdf nkjht gh `bhswk. Gh kdxhsg` d`n Hgjhs!3556& jk jifdk gh jkt u`jwfdkt gh fluxjt` k jk gh,lkngk gh fnn`rkdf nht ghtdkntk hn dxkws` ufjksht=

    ;. U`jwfdk gh fnn`rkdfn= txuhskdfn gh bskdkt`t ghlhsdkg`.

    3. @cmhwfr`t v nhdhtfgkg gh u`jwfdkt gh kjdkndht`dfhwksf`.

    4. U`jwfdk fngxtwsfkjhd`nlfdk= l`ghsnf}kdfn.

    7. U`jwfdk fngxtwsfkjhd`nlfdk= b`lhnwks jk us`gxd,dfn fnn`rkg`sk j`dkj v jk dshkdfn gh u`whndfkj gh

    lhsdkg`t jghsht !jhkg lksohwt&.

    Uksk {xh jkt hlushtkt whnikn fndhnwfr`t hn iktwks ltshdxst`t hn fnn`rkdfn ghchn d`nwks d`n uhstuhdwf,rkt gh ghlkngk bkr`skcjht. Jkt fnn`rkdf`nht akn ghshd`swks tx wfhlu` gh jjhikgk kj lhsdkg` v wklcfnakdh bkjwk {xh jkt kdwfrfgkght hlhsihnwht uxhgkndshdhs sufgklhnwh. Jk lhm`sk gh jkt d`ngfdf`nht ghjlhsdkg` d`ntwfwxvh hj `cmhwfr` gh jkt u`jwfdkt ghfnn`rkdfn cktkgkt hn jk ghlkngk. Jk fnn`rkdfnd`n u`tfcfjfgkg gh qfw` ht k{xhjjk {xh sfhnwk tx gfth,` d`ndhuwxkj v wdnfdklhnwh k dxcsfs jkt nhdhtf,gkght gh k{xhjj`t djfhnwht whluskn`t {xh* k d`nwf,

    nxkdfn* rkn k htwkcjhdhs jkt whnghndfkt gh jk gh,lkngk.

    Jk D`lftfn Hxs`uhk htw fnwhnwkng` d`luhntks hjthti` akdfk jk u`jwfdk gh fnn`rkdfn cktkgk hn jk`bhswk gh d`n`dflfhnw`t d`n xnk thsfh gh us`isk,lkt v us`uxhtwkt `sfhnwkgkt k jk ghlkngk. Hjhmhluj` lt djks` ht hj us`isklk Jhkg LksohwtFnfwfkwfrh !JLF& kus`ckg` hn 3559 !HD 3559k& gfsfif,g` k u`whndfks jk ghlkngk hn lhsdkg`t dkskdwh,sf}kg`t u`s ushthnwks isknght hqwhsnkjfgkght d`lcf,nkgkt d`n xn flu`swknwh u`whndfkj gh dshdflfhnw`k htdkjk ij`ckj.

    Lhsdkg`t jghsht. Xn lhsdkg` jghs ` jhkg lksohwth ghbfnh hn hj Fnb`slh gh D`luhwfwfrfgkg 3552 ghjk DH d`l` xn lhsdkg` g`ngh th xtk fnwhntfrk,lhnwh u`s usflhsk rh} xnk fnn`rkdfn {xh u`twh,sf`slhnwh d`thdak qfw` fnwhsnkdf`nkj fnghuhngfhn,whlhnwh gh gngh bxhsk fnfdfkjlhnwh fnrhnwkgk. Hjus`isklk JLF thjhddf`nk kdwfrfgkght us`gxdwfrkt{xh shtxjwhn gh htuhdfkj fnwhst ghcfg` k w`g`t `ukswh gh j`t tfixfhnwht bkdw`sht= htdkjk ghj lhsdk,g`* `u`swxnfgkght gh fnn`rkdfn htuhskgkt* v jk u`,tfcfjfgkg gh {xh hlushtkt hxs`uhkt kg{xfhskn j fgh,sk}i` fnwhsnkdf`nkj,ij`ckj hn gfdakt kdwfrfgkght.

    Hj us`isklk JLF ak fghnwfbfdkg` thft kdwfrfgkght us`,gxdwfrkt d`l` `cmhwfr`= thsrfdf`t gh tkjxg !hAhkjwa&*whqwfjht gh us`whddfn* d`ntwsxddfn t`twhnfcjh* shdf,djkmh* us`gxdw`t cf`whdn`jifd`t v hnhsikt shn`rk,cjht. Hj knjftft dxknwfwkwfr` v dxkjfwkwfr` xwfjf}kg` hn

    jk hjhddfn gh j`t thft jhkg lksohwt fnd`su`sk jkttfixfhnwht d`ntfghskdf`nht=

    [xh jk fnwhsrhndfn ucjfdk nhdhtksfk uksk kxlhn,wks jk fnn`rkdfn hn ht`t lhsdkg`t th ckth hn jkwskddfn gh jk ghlkngk hn lkv`s iskg` {xh hn hjhluxmh whdn`jifd`.

    Klujfwxg ghj lhsdkg` uksk lkqflf}ks hj flukd,w` ghcfg` k jk fnwhsd`nhqfn gh us`gxdw`t v thsrfdf`t.

    J`t fnwhshtht htwskwifd`t t`dfhwksf`t v hd`nlf,d`t gh jk XH.

    Jk flu`swkndfk ghj flukdw` gh jk d``sgfnkdfngh j`t fntwsxlhnw`t gh u`jwfdk gh fnn`rkdfn ukskkdhjhsks hj dshdflfhnw` ghj lhsdkg`.

    Hrfwks jkt usdwfdkt gh thjhddfn gh iknkg`sht!ufdofni yfnnhst&.

    J`t djdxj`t shkjf}kg`t u`s j`t thsrfdf`t gh jk DH n`ghmkn gh ths kjwklhnwh `uwflftwkt vk {xh th htwflk{xh hj r`jxlhn gh dkgk xn` gh j`t lhsdkg`t jgh,sht uxhgh gxujfdksth ` wsfujfdksth hnwsh 3552,3535*kjdkn}kng` xn rkj`s txuhsf`s k j`t 455 lfj lfjj`nhtgh hxs`t* v xn hlujh` gh 4 lfjj`nht gh uhst`nkt hn

    3535. Hnwsh hj ;5 v hj 85 u`s dfhnw` gh hth dshdf,lfhnw` th htwflk kwsfcxfcjh kj htwkcjhdflfhnw` ghjus`isklk JLF.

    Hn hj d`nmxnw` gh lhgfgkt thjhddf`nkgkt ukskku`vks hj ghtkss`jj` gh j`t JLF th hndxhnwsk hn usf,lhs jxiks jkt d`luskt ucjfdkt* thixfgkt gh jktlhgfgkt gh htwkngksf}kdfn v shixjkdfn* kt d`l`jk bfnkndfkdfn gh us`vhdw`t* jk ihtwfn gh ukwhnwhtv hj ku`v` k djxtwhst.

    D`luskt ucjfdkt.Hj fnwhst u`s jkt u`jwfdkt ghfnn`rkdfn fluxjtkgk u`s jk ghlkngk ak hnb`dk,g` jk kwhndfn akdfk jkt d`luskt ucjfdkt. Hn jk XH

    jkt d`luskt ucjfdkt txu`nhn hn w`sn` kj ;2 u`sdfhnw` ghj UFC v d`ntwfwxvhn jk nfdk bxhnwh gh ghlkn,gk gfshdwklhnwh d`nws`jkcjh u`s hj i`cfhsn`. Wskgf,df`nkjlhnwh jkt d`luskt ucjfdkt akn htwkg` kt`,dfkgkt k jk us`rftfn gh cfhnht ucjfd`t gh gfrhstkng`jh !wskntu`swh* ihtwfn gh shtfgx`t* thsrfdf`t ghtkjxg v hgxdkdfn v `ws`t lxda`t& v n` th akn kt`,dfkg` kj htwlxj` gh jk fnn`rkdfn* uhs` htw djks`{xh wklcfn uxhghn xtksth d`n htk fnwhndfn.

    Gxsknwh k`t j`t hquhsw`t hxs`uh`t akn kjxgfg` d`nfnwhst kj hmhluj` gh Htwkg`t Xnfg`t v k j`t flu`s,

    498 >Hf ;78

  • 8/2/2019 Qu poltica industrial y tecnolgica precisan las pequeas y medianas empresas?(Es)/ Which industrial and techno

    8/12

    L. DKJJHMN

    wknwht tufjj`rhst {xh t`csh jk fnn`rkdfn dfrfj akn whnf,g` jkt d`luskt ucjfdkt gh fnn`rkdf`nht lfjfwksht. JkDH vk uxcjfd hn 3559 rksf`t g`dxlhnw` gh htwlxj`v cxhnkt usdwfdkt gh jkt d`luskt ucjfdkt ushd`l,uhwfwfrkt d`l` b`slk gh u`jwfdk gh fnn`rkdfn ghtgh

    jk ghlkngk !Yfjofnt`n Shu`sw* 3558? DH* 3559c&? v d`nhj us`isklk JLF jkt d`luskt ucjfdkt kukshdhnd`l` hj fntwsxlhnw` usfrfjhifkg`.

    Jkt dfbskt hn d`luskt ucjfdkt gh j`t usfndfukjht uk,tht t`n hbhdwfrklhnwh tfinfbfdkwfrkt !dxkgs` ;&. Hn3553 uksk jk @DGH hn tx d`nmxnw` jk ukswh ghtwfnkgkk d`luskt ucjfdkt th htwflkck hn xn rkj`s dhsdkn`kj 35 u`s dfhnw` ghj UFC* v bxhsk gh jk @DGH jk ukswhhtwflkgk hsk ghj ;7*8 u`s dfhnw` ghj UFC !@DGH* 3553&.

    Hn Hxs`uk jkt d`luskt ucjfdkt txu`nhn hj ;2 u`sdfhnw` ghj UFC* j` {xh flujfdk xnk hjhrkgk dkukdf,gkg gh fnbjxhndfk hn jk ghlkngk gh dfhsw`t lhsdk,

    g`t. Hn hj shk gh jkt WFD hj iktw` ucjfd` hxs`uh`txu`nh hj 35 u`s dfhnw` ghj lhsdkg`. Hj Shfn` Xnfg`ht hj ukt d`n lkv`sht d`luskt ucjfdkt hn WFDthixfg` gh Bskndfk v Kjhlknfk !DH* 3559d&.

    Hj lhsdkg` bhghskj gh d`luskt ucjfdkt hn Htwkg`tXnfg`t fndjxvhng` ghbhntk wfhnh xn wklk` tflf,jks kj gh jk XH. Uhs` jk ukswh ghtwfnkgk k d`luskt ghF/G ht lhn`s hn Hxs`uk. Hn 3557 xn ;8 u`s dfhnw`gh jkt d`luskt ucjfdkt bhghskjht htwkg`xnfghnthtth ghtwfnkckn k d`lusks F/G. Jk gftwsfcxdfn kus`qf,lkgk tfhng`= 65 u`s dfhnw` k ghbhntk v htukdf` v;5 u`s dfhnw` k fnrhtwfikdfn dfrfj. Hn dklcf` hn jk

    XH jk ukswh ghj ushtxuxhtw` d`luskt ucjfdkt ghtwf,nkg` k F/G hsk fnbhsf`s kj ; u`s dfhnw`* tfhng` hj 8;u`s dfhnw` dfrfj v hj 76 u`s dfhnw` ghtwfnkg` k ghbhn,tk v htukdf` hn us`vhdw`t d`jkc`skwfr`t.

    Hj gfbhshndfkj hqftwhnwh hnwsh Hxs`uk v Htwkg`t Xnfg`thn jk ukswh gh d`luskt ucjfdkt ghgfdkg` k F/Guxhgh ths v ht fnwhsushwkg` d`l` xnk `u`swxnfgkggh iskn dkjkg` w`gkrk n` hquj`wkgk hn jk XnfnHxs`uhk.

    Uhth k jk n`w`sfk gfbhshndfk hnwsh Htwkg`t Xnfg`t v jkXH hn jk xwfjf}kdfn gh jkt d`luskt ucjfdkt ukskbfnkndfks jk F/G* kjixn`t hquhsw`t ghtd`nbkn gh {xh

    htwk ukjkndk gh u`jwfdk gh fnn`rkdfn uxhgk ths wknu`whnwh v sufgk d`l` ukshdh htuhsksth gh hjjk. Wkjd`l` thkjkn Xvkssk v Bjhlfni !3556& jkt d`lusktucjfdkt t`jklhnwh txhjhn ths hbfdkdht hn xnk uh,{xhk ukswh gh j`t dkt`t !ghbhntk htuhdfkjlhnwh& vhn dklcf` th ushtwkn bdfjlhnwh k ths lkj xwfjf}kgkt?ukswfdxjkslhnwh u`s ihtwfn ghbfdfhnwh* u`s us`whddf`,nftl` lf`uh* u`s tx xwfjf}kdfn hn ku`v` gh txuxht,w`t dkluh`nht nkdf`nkjht.

    J`t thdw`sht us`gxdwfr`t t`n lxv gftwfnw`t v jkt d`l,uskt ucjfdkt flukdwkn gh b`slk lxv gfbhshnwh hn

    dkgk xn` gh hjj`t. J`t lftl`t kxw`sht kgrfhswhn{xh jk xwfjf}kdfn gh htwngksht d`ssh hj sfhti` ghshb`s}ks ukxwkt hqftwhnwht* gfbfdxjwks bxwxs`t dklcf`t*v jk jjhikgk gh nxhr`t kihnwht. Htwk ht xnk u`tfcfjf,gkg fnghthkcjh {xh ak ujknhkg` tfhlush t`csh hjhtwkcjhdflfhnw` gh htwngksht v shixjkdf`nht ghus`gxdw`* kxn{xh hn ihnhskj jkt hlushtkt* t`cshw`,g` usflhs`t hnwsknwht* ukshdhn l`twsksth bkr`skcjhtk tx kg`udfn.

    Fntwsxlhnw`t gh jk u`jwfdk gh fnn`rkdfn cktkgkhn jk ghlkngk. Hj dxkgs` 3 lxhtwsk dl` `uhskng`t fntwsxlhnw`t ghj jkg` gh jk ghlkngk* v `ws`tg`t fntwsxlhnw`t ghj jkg` gh jk `bhswk* d`n shtuhdw`k gftwfnwkt rksfkcjht. W`gkrk t`n htdkt`t j`t wskckm`t{xh th `dxukn gh jk hbhdwfrfgkg gh jkt u`jwfdkt ghfnn`rkdfn u`s wskddfn gh jk ghlkngk. Hj wskckm`gh Ktdaa`bb v T`bok !3556& ht xn` gh hjj`t. Txt shtxj,wkg`t , jflfwkg`t k gkw`t gh Kjhlknfk , n` kuxnwknk xnk rhnwkmk kct`jxwk gh jkt d`luskt ucjfdkt sht,uhdw` k j`t fntwsxlhnw`t gh `bhswk gh d`n`dflfhnw`t

    ;72 498 >Hf

    DXKGS@ ;D@LUSKT UCJFDKT HN U@SDHNWKMH GHJ UFC

    BXHNWH= Tahuuksg !3556&.

    TJ@ ;8.47 6.72 3.96 3.61

    ICS ;4.51 6.55 4.36 5.;5AXN ;1.4; 1.82 9.41 3.58

    U@J ;5.26 2.88 7.4; 5.55

    TYH ;7.25 2.38 6.55 5.57

    N@S ;;.77 8.2; 2.52 5.55

    WXS 9.79 8.81 ;.;4 5.55

    U@S 9.37 7.14 3.86 5.;4

    FTJ ;3.63 7.1; 8.59 3.;;

    D]H ;9.54 7.78 2.84 8.;1

    ISH 9.36 7.43 5.17 ;.45

    BFN 6.27 7.33 9.77 ;.33

    O@S 6.;4 4.67 8.;5 5.65

    XTK 1.15 4.9; 8.;; 5.55

    NJG 1.62 4.21 7.65 5.49N]J 9.31 4.22 4.15 5.55

    GNO ;5.24 4.47 9.35 5.56

    BSK 6.58 4.37 7.33 ;.25

    KXW ;3.;2 3.98 8.95 4.95

    FSH ;5.51 3.94 9.;; 5.;3

    FWK 9.66 3.93 7.65 5.74

    HTU 1.97 3.24 7.77 ;.27

    CHJ 8.49 3.71 ;.68 5.45

    TYF 1.25 3.51 2.37 5.;3

    KXT 1.18 3.59 8.1; 5.55

    MKU 6.48 ;.18 9.86 5.51

    DKN ;;.79 ;.26 1.15 5.35

    IHS 9.43 ;.83 8.46 5.75

    Ukt Ihnhskj Dhnwskj J`dkj T`dfkj

  • 8/2/2019 Qu poltica industrial y tecnolgica precisan las pequeas y medianas empresas?(Es)/ Which industrial and techno

    9/12

    [X U@JFWFDK FNGXTWSFKJ V WHDN@JIFDK USHDFTKN0

    hn hj htwlxj` gh jk fnn`rkdfn hlushtksfkj* hqdhu,w` uksk hj dkt` gh j`t d`jhdwfr`t gh uh{xhkt hl,ushtkt hn shif`nht thdw`sht shjkwfrklhnwh ghusflf,g`t. N` `ctwknwh akdhn bkjwk lt htwxgf`t knwht ghkjdkn}ks d`ndjxtf`nht lt kbfnkgkt.

    Jk hndxhtwk hnwsh hlushtkt ghj Fnn`cks`lhwhs 3556hndxhnwsk* hn dklcf * lkv`sht hbhdw`t t`csh jk fnn`,rkdfn gh jkt u`jwfdkt gh ghlkngk !htwngksht vshixjkdf`nht& {xh gh jkt u`jwfdkt gh `bhswk !isbfd` ;*hn uifnk tfixfhnwh&. J` dfhsw` ht {xh jk fnn`rkdfn htxn us`dht` tftwlfd` d`lujhm {xh xwfjf}k dknkjht lxv

    gfrhst`t v uxhgh thixfs lxdakt ukxwkt gfbhshnwht*w`gkt hjjkt d`n hjhrkgk fndhswfgxlcsh. K htwk gfrhs,tfgkg th ghch us`ckcjhlhnwh {xh j`t htwxgf`t hl,usfd`t hndxhnwshn gfbfdxjwkght hn fghnwfbfdks shtxjwkg`tdjks`t t`csh jk flu`swkndfk shjkwfrk gh j`t bkdw`sht {xhfnbjxvhn hn hj qfw` gh jkt fnn`rkdf`nht.

    Uxhtw` {xh jkt hlushtkt uxhghn hnd`nwsks txtdknkjht h fndhnwfr`t k fnws`gxdfs fnn`rkdf`nht hn hjlhsdkg` k wskrt gh dfsdxntwkndfkt gfrhstkt v gfbdfj,lhnwh ushghdfcjht* j` skdf`nkj ht xwfjf}ks wknw`t fntwsx,lhnw`t gh htwlxj` d`l` thk u`tfcjh ghnws` gh j`tjlfwht sk}`nkcjht hn jk xwfjf}kdfn gh shdxst`t. U`s

    hmhluj`* ghtgh {xh hj Shfn` Xnfg` ak hlushngfg`jk rk gh jk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj kdwfrk th cxtdk hj htw,lxj` k jk fnn`rkdfn d`n xn nxhr` ksthnkj ghlhgfgkt tflxjwnhkt Hrknt !3556&=

    D`luskt ucjfdkt fnn`rkg`skt

    Ujknht gh d`luskt u`s ghukswklhnw t

    Gfthlfnkdfn gh cxhnkt usdwfdkt

    Ku`v` k jk fnrhtwfikdfn hn nxhr t us`gxdw`t vthsrfdf`t

    Shixjkdfn

    Tflujfbfdkdfn shixjkw`sfk

    Fnwhsdklcf` gh cxhnkt usdwfdkt d`n shixjkg`shtfnghuhngfhnwht !whjhd`lxnfdkdf nht* kixk* hwd.&

    Lkv`s ukuhj gh `siknftl`t whdn`jifd`t d`nrftfn htwskwifdk !Whdan`j`iv Twskwhiv C`ksg&

    Ujkwkb`slkt gh fnn`rkdfn v `ws`t us`isklkt`sfhnwkg`t k shw`t us`gxdwfr`t.

    Fndhnwfr`t bfnkndfhs`t uks jkt xnfrhstfgkght

    Rkjht gh kg{xftfdfn gh us`vhdw`t uksk jktuh{xhkt v lhgfknkt hlushtkt

    @sfhnwkdfn d`nwfnxkgk hn jk wskntbhshndfk v hq,uj`wkdfn gh whdn`j`ik

    Dxkjfbfdkdfn us`bhtf`nkj

    Lkv s bfnkndfkdfn us dhghnwh v `sfhnwkgk u`sjkt hlushtkt

    Ku`v` k jk b`slkdfn us`bhtf`nkj

    Fnn`rkdfn hn hj thdw`s ucjfd`

    Kwhndfn k j`t d`ntxlfg`sht v djfhnwht d`l`bxhnwht gh fnn`rkdfn

    Fnn`rkdfn shif`nkj

    Rkjht gh fnn`rkdfn

    Kjfnhklfhnw` gh jk bfnkndfkdfn d`n j`t us`isk,lkt nkdf`nkjht cktkg`t hn jk ghlkngk gh fnn`,rkdf`nht.

    498 >Hf ;79

    DXKGS@ 3DKSKDWHSTWFDKT GH DXKWS@ FNTWSXLHNW@T GH U@JWFDK GH FNN@RKDFN

    BXHNWH= Ktdaa`bb v T`bok !3556&.

    D`lusktucjfdkt

    ShixjkdfnFntwfwxdf`nht ghfnrhtwfikdfn vxnfrhstfgkght

    Txctfgf`t k jkF/G usfrkgk

    Thjhddfn u`s Htwkg` Nkgfh Hlushtk Htwkg`

    Usfndfukj `cmhwfr` ghj i`cfhsn`

    Cfhnht ucjfd`t v bfnhtu`jwfd`t u`s hjhtwlxj` k jkghlkngk

    Fnbjxfs hnd`lu`swklfhnw`gh kihnwht usfrkg`t

    Ihnhskdfn vus`rftfngh d`n`dflfhnw`t

    Htwlxj` gh jk F/Ghlushtksfkj

    Fnuxwt uksk jkt hlushtkt Gfnhs` Nkgk D`n`dflfhnw` Gfnhs`

    Usfndfukj fndhnwfr` uksk jk hlushtk Rhnwkt @cjfikw`sfhgkg D`n`dflfhnw`tShgxddfn ghjd`twhsfhti`

    Flukdw` t`csh hj qfw` hlushtksfkjGftlfnxdfn ghj sfhti`d`lhsdfkj

    Gftlfnxdfn ghj sfhti`d`lhsdfkj

    @u`swxnfgkgwhdn`jifdk

    Shgxddfn ghj d`twh

    A`sf}`nwh whlu`skj Gfshdw`* d`sw` ujk}` Gfshdw`* d`sw` ujk}` D`nwfnx`* jksi` ujk}` Lhgf` ujk}`

    Sfhti` kt`dfkg`Ghlkngkfgf`tfndswfdk

    Fixkjfwksftl`D`n`dflfhnw`fgf`tfndswfd`

    Hquxjtfn gh jk fnrhs,tfn usfrkgk hn F/G

  • 8/2/2019 Qu poltica industrial y tecnolgica precisan las pequeas y medianas empresas?(Es)/ Which industrial and techno

    10/12

    L. DKJJHMN

    Xnk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj d`lujhmk d`n ghdjfnkdfnthdw`sfkj v gh `ws`t wfu`t ujknwhk flu`swknwht dxht,wf`nht gh hd`n`lk u`jwfdk. J`t i`cfhsn`t wklcfnghchn g`wksth gh jk t`bftwfdkdfn `siknf}kwfrk v ghj`t fndhnwfr`t fnwhsn`t kghdxkg`t uksk gfthks vihtwf`nks jkt lhgfgkt.

    D@NDJXTF@NHT

    Xnk nxhrk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj lt thjhdwfrk* v xnku`jwfdk gh b`lhnw` gh jk fnn`rkdfn htwflxjkgk u`sjk ghlkngk t`n jkt g`t nxhrkt b`slkt gh fnwhsrhn,

    dfn u`s jkt {xh th kuxhtwk hnwsh j`t uktht gh jk XH.Th hnwfhngh {xh j`t ku`v`t ucjfd`t ghchn thjhd,df`nks k{xhjjkt kdwfrfgkght {xh akvkn l`twskg`lkv`s dkukdfgkg gh dshdflfhnw` v gh d`luhwfs hnlhsdkg`t kcfhsw`t d`n u`whndfkj !Lkt,D`jhjj* 35;5&.

    Ghnws` ghj d`nmxnw` gh hd`n`lkt hxs`uhkt hj tftwh,lk us`gxdwfr` htuk`j th hndxhnwsk hn xn nfrhj fnwhs,lhgf`. Nf lxv dhsdk nf lxv jhm`t gh jk bs`nwhsk whd,n`jifdk v gh jk d`luhwfwfrfgkg. Hj sfhti` gh {xh jkhtwsxdwxsk us`gxdwfrk htuk`jk n` krkndh txbfdfhnwh,lhnwh ghusftk uksk lknwhnhs v lhm`sks tx u`tfdfnht hjhrkg`. Rksf`t uktht gh jk XH ghj Htwh gh Hxs`ukushthnwkn nfrhjht gh hgxdkdfn gh jk u`cjkdfn d`n,

    tfghskcjhlhnwh lt kjw`t {xh Htukk !@HDG* 3556&*d`n jk rhnwkmk jkwhnwh d`ntfixfhnwh.

    D`nrfhnh u`s j` wknw` kg`uwks htwskwhifkt dxfgkg`,tklhnwh gfthkgkt gh u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj v whdn`jif,dk ghtgh ka`sk. @ws`t uktht hxs`uh`t gh wskgfdfnu`d` fnwhsrhndf`nftwk vk j` akn ahda` !Shfn` Xnfg`&*v jk D`lftfn Hxs`uhk uhsgf jk ushrhndfn akdfk kjk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj vk hn 3557* v shdfhnwhlhnwh akkg`uwkg` us`isklkt ghdfgfgklhnwh `sfhnwkg`t kt`twhnhs hj ghtkss`jj` v dshdflfhnw` gh ghwhslfnk,gkt kdwfrfgkght !Jhkg Lksohwt Fnfwfkwfrh&.

    Xnk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj {xh shkjlhnwh fndfgk hn hjkrkndh gh jk htwsxdwxsk us`gxdwfrk ak gh ths fnhrf,wkcjhlhnwh thjhdwfrk v ghch d`nwks d`n us`isklktthdw`sfkjht ghwkjjkg`t. Hj sfhti` gh b`lhnwks d`l,u`swklfhnw`t gh ct{xhgk gh shnwkt tfhlush hqftwf,s. U`s wknw` wkn flu`swknwh ht whnhs hn dxhnwk j`tbskdkt`t gh lhsdkg` d`l` j`t us`cjhlkt gh hd`,n`lk u`jwfdk. N` ghchsk hlushnghsth xn us`isk,lk klcfdf`t` gh u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj tfn htwkcjhdhsushrfklhnwh hj lksd` siknf}kwfr` gh tx ihtwfn u`sj`t `siknftl`t ucjfd`t v usfrkg`t v g`wksjh ghkct`jxwk wskntukshndfk.

    Hj dklcf` shjhrknwh hn jkt us`uxhtwkt kdwxkjht ghu`jwfdk gh fnn`rkdfn ht jk u`whndfkdfn gh jkt u`j,wfdkt cktkgkt hn jk wskddfn gh jk ghlkngk. Ghtghakdh u`d`t k`t hj lcfw` gh jk fnrhtwfikdfn akd`ntwkwkg` {xh shtxjwk gfbdfj fghnwfbfdks ukxwkt ghwskntlftfn gh j`t d`n`dflfhnw`t ghtgh j`t `siknft,l`t dfhnwbfd`t aktwk jkt fnn`rkdf`nht hlushtksfk,jht. Hn nfnin dkt` th fnwhsushwk {xh jk fnrhtwfikdfndfhnwbfdk n` thk kct`jxwklhnwh bxngklhnwkj ukskhj us`isht` hd`nlfd` v axlkn`. Th wskwk gh hrf,ghndfks {xh j`t dklfn`t akdfk jk fnn`rkdfn uxh,ghn ths jksi`t* w`swx`t`t v ujkikg`t gh sfhti` hfndhswfgxlcsh. J`t fndhnwfr`t gh jkt hlushtkt ukskfnws`gxdfs fnn`rkdf`nht t`n wknw` lkv`sht dxknw`

    lkv`s ht jk ghlkngk {xh uhsdfchn v knwfdfuknuksk txt fnn`rkdf`nht.

    Jk hquj`skdfn gh jkt u`jwfdkt gh fnn`rkdfn cktkgkthn jk wskddfn gh jk ghlkngk d`ntwfwxvh xnk jnhk ghfnrhtwfikdfn shdfhnwh. Jk lhgfgk lt fnlhgfkwk ht jkxwfjf}kdfn gh jk d`luskt ucjfdkt hn w`sn` kj ;2 u`sdfhnw` ghj UFC hn jk XH uksk htwflxjks jk fnrhstfn hnfnn`rkdfn u`s ukswh gh jkt hlushtkt. Jkt d`lusktucjfdkt ushthnwkn jflfwkdf`nht xwfjf}kgkt d`l` u`j,wfdk gh fnn`rkdfn. Hj knjftft th `sfhnwk wklcfn kfghnwfbfdks jkt bxhnwht v us`dht`t gh b`slkdfn gh

    ;71 498 >Hf

    ISBFD@ ;

    U@JWFDKT D@N XN FLUKDW@U@TFWFR@ HN JK FNN@RKDFN

    BXHNWH=Fnn`cks`lhwhs 3556.

    ;1

    33

    ;5

    45

    48

    Dklcf`t hn jk n`slkwfrk bftdkj=ghtiskrkdf`nht k jk F/g ` jk fnn`rkdfn

    Dklcf`t hn jkt kvxgkt ucjfdkt= txcrhndf`nht*ustwkl`t* d`nwskwkdfn gh uhst`nkj

    Thsrfdf`t gh fnwhslhgfksf`t= kihndfkt ghwskntbhshndfk gh d`n`dflfhnw`t* bfdfnkt gh ukwhnwht

    Nxhrkt cjfikdf`nht gh wskt shixjkdf`nht htwngksht wdnfd`t h fngxtwsfkjht

    Nxhrkt cjfikdf`nht gh shixjkdf`nht htwngksht lhgf`klcfhnwkjht

  • 8/2/2019 Qu poltica industrial y tecnolgica precisan las pequeas y medianas empresas?(Es)/ Which industrial and techno

    11/12

    [X U@JFWFDK FNGXTWSFKJ V WHDN@JIFDK USHDFTKN0

    ghlkngk whlusknk hn hj lhsdkg` !r`n Afuuhj;661&.

    !-& Htwh wskckm` th hndxkgsk hn hj us`vhdw` HD@3556,51948* ghj Lfnftwhsf` gh Dfhndfk h fnn`rkdfn.

    CFCJF@ISKBK

    KIAF@N* U.* GKRFG* U. v B@SKV* G. !3556&= Tdfhndh* whdan`j`ivkng fnn`rkwf`n b`s hd`n`lfd is`ywa= Jfnofni u`jfdv shthksda knguskdwfdh fn TWFI Tvtwhlt*Shthksda u`jfdv* 41= 21;,264 .

    KIAF@N* U.* AHL@XT* G. v RHXIHJHST* S. !3556&? N` ishhn

    is`ywa yfwa`xw fnn`rkwf`n* Csxhihj U`jfdv Csfhb* fttxh 3556/59.yyy.csxhihj.`si

    KSS@Y* O. !;623&= Hd`n`lfd Yhjbksh kng wah Kjj`dkwf`n `bSht`xsdht b`s Fnrhnwf`n* fn S. Nhjt`n !hg.&* Wah Skwh kng Gfshdwf`n`b Fnrhnwfrh Kdwfrfwv* Usfndhw`n Xnfrhstfwv Ushtt* 256,238.

    KTDAA@BB* C. v T@BOK* Y. !3556&= Fnn`rkwf n `n ghlkngDknuxcjfd us`dxshlhnw gsfrh lksohw txddhtt `b fnn`rkwf`nt0

    Shthksda U`jfdv* 41= ;348,;379KXGSHTWDA* G. v DKJJHMN* L. !3559&= Jk u`jwfdk fngxtwsfkj

    kdwxkj= d`n`dflfhnw` h fnn`rkdfn hlushtksfkj* Hd`n`lkFngxtwsfkj* 424= 44,72.

    KXGSHWTDA* G. !3559&= Hnwshushnhxstafu Dkufwkj kng Hd`n`,lfd is`ywa* @qb`sg Shrfhy `b Hd`n`lfd U`jfdv* 34 !;&= 24,91.

    CKS* H. !3556&=Jk n`rk fngtwsfk= hj thdw`s dhnwskj gh jhd`,n`lfk dkwkjknk. Ukuhst ghd`n`lfk fngxtwsfkj? 32. Ihnhskjfwkw ghDkwkjxnvk

    C@@],KJJHN,AKLFJW@N !3552&= Tlksw Tuhnghst. Ij`ckj Fnn`,rkwf`n. Tuhdfkj Shu`sw.

    DKJJHMN* L. v DKTWKNV* J. !3551&= Fnfdfkwfrk hlushnghg`sk*fnn`rkdfn v d`luhwfwfrfgkg* Fnb`slkdfn D`lhsdfkj Htuk`jk*17;= 9,31.

    DKJJHMN* L. v IKSDK [XHRHG@* M. !3558&= Uxcjfd txctfgfhtw` cxtfnhtt S"G= g` wahv twflxjkwh usfrkwh hquhngfwxsht0*

    Hnrfs`nlhnw kng Ujknnfni D= I`rhsnlhnw kng U`jfdv* 34=396,364.

    DKJJHMN* L. v @swn* R. !3556&= Jk Dkmk Nhisk gh jk Gfn,lfdk Hlushtksfkj*Fnrhtwfikdf`nht Shif nkjht* ;8= ;29,;63. awwu=//ttsn.d`l/kctwskdwHf ;76

    ISBFD@ 3

    BKDW@SHT D@N XN FLUKDW@U@TFWFR@ HN JK FNN@RKDFN

    BXHNWH=Fnn`cks`lhwhs 3556.

    45

    ;2

    76

    76

    84

    Nxhrkt whdn`j`ikt uksk ths hquj`wkgkt

    Nxhrkt ghlkngkt ghj i`cfhsn`=

    d`luskt ucjfdkt

    Nxhrkt u`swxnfgkght uksk hnwsks hn nxhr`t

    lhsdkg`t kxlhnwks jkt rhnwkt hn lhsdkg`t

    hqftwhnwht

    Nxhrkt ghlkngkt gh djfhnwht

    Kxlhnw` gh jk ushtfn d`luhwfwfrk

  • 8/2/2019 Qu poltica industrial y tecnolgica precisan las pequeas y medianas empresas?(Es)/ Which industrial and techno

    12/12

    L. DKJJHMN

    AKXTLKNN* S. v S@GSFO* G. !3552&= G``lhg w` da``th= fngxt,wsfkj u`jfdv kt ushgfdklhnw* Aksrksg Xnfrhstfwv* Y`sofni Ukuhs.

    AKXTLKNN* S.* MKT@N AYKNI v GKNF S@GSFO= Yakw V x Hq,u`sw Lkwwhst* M`xsnkj `b Hd`n`lfd Is`ywa* R`jxlh ;3* Fttxh ;*3559* ;,38

    AKXTLKNN* S.* S@GSFO* G. v TKCHJ* D. !3551&= Shd`nbfixsfni

    Fngxtwsfkj U`jfdv= K Bsklhy`so yfwa kn Kuujfdkwf`n w` T`xwa Kbsfdk*DFG y`sofni Ukuhst. awwu=//yyy.dfg.aksrksg.hgx/dfgyu/ugb/;21.ugb

    FW@A* L. OFV@N@* O.* @OXN@* L. v . TX]XLXSK* O. !;66;&=Hd`n`lfd Knkjvtft `b Fngxtwsfkj U`jfdv* Kdkghlfd Ushtt.

    JFTW* B. !;17;&= Gkt Nkwf`nkjh Tvtwhl ghs U`jfwftdahn o`n`,lfh* Ckthj= Ovoj`t !wskntjkwhg kng uxcjftahg xnghs wah wfwjh= Wah

    Nkwf`nkj Tvtwhl `b U`jfwfdkj Hd`n`lvcv J`nilknt* Ishhn kngD`.* J`ng`n ;17;&. Xnk wskgxddfn fnijhtk gftu`nfcjh hn yhc=awwu=//t`dthsr3.t`dtdf.ldlktwhs.dk/~hd`n/xidl/4jj4/jftw/jftw;

    JXNGRKJJ* C. !3559&= Nkwf`nkj Fnn`rkwf`n Tvtwhlt ,KnkjvwfdkjD`ndhuw kng Ghrhj`ulhnw W``j*Fngxtwsv kng Fnn`rkwf`n* ;7 !;&=68,;;6.

    LKT,D@JHJJ* K !35;5&= Dfn{ u`jwf{xht fngxtwsfkjt*Hj Whlut* 32hnhs` 35;5* u.;8

    @HDG !3553&= I`rhsnlhnw Us`dxshlhnw= k Shu`sw* @HDGM`xsnkj `n Cxgihwfni* 3 !4&= ;82 ,354

    @HDG !3551&= TWF @xwj``o. Uksft.@HDG !3556&=Hgxdkwf`n kw k ijkndh. Uksft.@N@* T. !3553&= K [xktf,Lksohw Hd n`lv kng wah Ij`ckj

    D`luhwfwf`n= Fngxtwsfkj U`jfdv fn N`swahktw Ktfkn D`xnwsfht* Y`sofniUkuhs ushthnwhg kw HXNFU D`nbhshndh* Wxsox.

    TAHUUKSG* M. !3556&= Uxcjfd Us`dxshlhnw b`s Fnn`rkwf`n fn@HDG D`xnwsfht= Fttxht kng Sftot* @HDG Y`sota`u n Ghlkng,jhgFnn`rkwf`n U`jfdfht* ;7,;8 Thuwhlchs? Uksft.

    WHFWHJCKXL* G. v KQHJJ* S. !3558&= Bfsl Tf}h Gvnklfdt `b

    Fngxtwsfht= Tw`daktwfd Is`ywa Us`dhttht* Jksih Bjxdwxkwf`nt* KngWah U`uxjkwf`n @b Bfslt Kt K D`lujhq Tvtwhl* TCK @bbfdh `bKgr`dkdv* shu`sw TCKA[,54,[,55;8.

    WSXJJN* M. !3552&= Gftwsfw`t fngxtwsfkjht lkstakjjfkn`t v tftwh,lkt j`dkjht gh iskn hlushtk hn hj gfth` gh xnk nxhrk htwsk,whifk whssfw`sfkj uksk hj dshdflfhnw` gh jk us`gxdwfrfgkg hn jk hd`,n`lk htuk`jk*Hd`n`lk Fngxtwsfkj* n`. 486.

    XO I@RHSNLHNW !3556&= Nhy Fngxtwsv. Nhy M`ct. yyy.chss.i`r.xo/bfjht/bfjh8;534.ugb

    XO I@RHSNLHNW !35;5&= I`fni b`s Is`ywa= `xs BxwxshUs`tuhsfwv* yyy.cft.i`r.xo/is`ywa

    XVKSSK* H. v Bjknkikn* O. !35;5&= Xnghstwkngfni wah Fnn`,rkwf`n Flukdwt `b Uxcjfd Us`dxshlhnw*Hxs`uhkn Ujknnfni Twxgfht*;1 !;&= ;34,;74.

    R@N AFUUHJ* H. !;611&= Wah T`xsdht `b Fnn`rkwf`n. @qb`sg Xnf,rhstfwv Ushtt.

    YFJOFNT@N SHU@SW !3558&= Uxcjfd Us`dxshlhnw b`s shthksdakng fnn`rkwf`n= Ghrhj`ufni us`dxshlhnw uskdwftht bkr`xskcjh w`

    shthksda kng fnn`rkwf`n* Shu`sw `b wah Fnghuhnghnw Hquhsw Is`xub`s GI SWG.

    ;85 498 >Hf