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Inhomogeneous Cosmologies Alternative Gravities Questioning Λ: where can we go? Miguel Zumalac´ arregui Instut f¨ ur Theoretische Physik - University of Heidelberg Refs: JCAP 1210 (2012) 009, Phys.Rev. D87 (2013) 083010, 1308.4685 Miguel Zumalac´ arregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

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Page 1: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Miguel Zumalacarregui

Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University of Heidelberg

Refs: JCAP 1210 (2012) 009, Phys.Rev. D87 (2013) 083010, 1308.4685

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 2: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

New Physics from Cosmology

Cosmic microwave Background δT/T ∼ 10−6

⇒ Cosmic Inflation

Large scale structure ⇒ Dark Matter ρDM ≈ 5× ρSM

Acceleration ⇒ small Λ ∼ 10−120G−1

Probes complementary and consistent

3 exotic ingredients ⇒ revise basic assumptions

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 3: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

The Standard Cosmological Model

Initial Conditions

Inflation

Structure formation

Dark Matter

Acceleration

Λ

Metric Ansatz

−dt2 + a(t)2d~x2

Standard Matter

Theory of Gravity

√−g R

16πG

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 4: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

The Standard Cosmological Model

Initial Conditions

Inflation

Structure formation

Dark Matter

Acceleration

Λ

Metric Ansatz

−dt2 + a(t)2d~x2

Standard Matter

Theory of Gravity

√−g R

16πG

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 5: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

The Standard Cosmological Model

Initial Conditions

Inflation

Structure formation

Dark Matter

Acceleration

Λ

Metric Ansatz

−dt2 + a(t)2d~x2

Standard Matter Theory of Gravity

√−g R

16πG

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 6: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

The Standard Cosmological Model

Initial Conditions

Inflation

Structure formation

Dark Matter

Acceleration

Λ

Metric Ansatz

−dt2 + a(t)2d~x2

Standard Matter Theory of Gravity

√−g R

16πG

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 7: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

The Standard Cosmological Model

Initial Conditions

Inflation

Structure formation

Dark Matter

Acceleration

Λ

Metric Ansatz

−dt2 + a(t)2d~x2

Standard Matter Theory of Gravity

√−g R

16πG

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 8: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

The Standard Cosmological Model

Initial Conditions

Inflation

Structure formation

Dark Matter

Acceleration

Λ

Metric Ansatz

−dt2 + a(t)2d~x2

Standard Matter Theory of Gravity

√−g R

16πG

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 9: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Why and HowThe BAO scale in LTB universes

Why inhomogeneous cosmologies?

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 10: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Why and HowThe BAO scale in LTB universes

Precision Cosmology

Precission Goals:

? Search for surprises

? Gain confidence on the results

⇒ Model independence

The case for Λ:

- ΩΛ 6= 0 in flat-FRW

- w = −1 in flat-FRW

- w = −1 in curved-FRW

· · ·- ΩΛ 6= 0 for non-FRW?

No Big Bang

1 2 0 1 2 3

expands forever

-1

0

1

2

3

2

3

closedopen

recollapses eventually

flat

deceleratingaccelerating

HZSNS

SC P

Goobar & Leibundgut 1102.1431

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 11: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Why and HowThe BAO scale in LTB universes

Post Planck Cosmology

Precission Goals:

? Search for surprises

? Gain confidence on the results

⇒ Model independence

ESA and the Planck Collaboration

Great support for ΛCDM model, but

- Minor discrepancies: H0 → local void (Marra et al. PRL ’13)

- Anomalies (i.e. statistical anisotropy)

fluctuations? ⇒ include in the model

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 12: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Why and HowThe BAO scale in LTB universes

Spherical Symmetry ⇒ LTB

The Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi metric (p = 0)

ds2 = −dt2 +A′2(r, t)

1− k(r)dr2 +A2(r, t) dΩ2

Two expansion rates: HR = A′/A′ 6= A/A = HT

Matter/curvature profile k(r) ⇒ ΩM (r)

Expansion rate H0(r) ⇒ time to big-bang tBB(r)

tBB(r) = t0 ⇒ ¶¶ homogeneous state at early times

Observations on ds2 = 0 ⇒ mix time & space variations

time acceleration → spatial variation

CMB isotropy ⇒ Central location r ≈ 0± 10Mpc

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 13: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Why and HowThe BAO scale in LTB universes

Spherical Symmetry ⇒ LTB

The Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi metric (p = 0)

ds2 = −dt2 +A′2(r, t)

1− k(r)dr2 +A2(r, t) dΩ2

Two expansion rates: HR = A′/A′ 6= A/A = HT

Matter/curvature profile k(r) ⇒ ΩM (r)

Expansion rate H0(r) ⇒ time to big-bang tBB(r)

tBB(r) = t0 ⇒ ¶¶ homogeneous state at early times

Observations on ds2 = 0 ⇒ mix time & space variations

time acceleration → spatial variation

CMB isotropy ⇒ Central location r ≈ 0± 10Mpc

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 14: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Why and HowThe BAO scale in LTB universes

Spherical Symmetry ⇒ LTB

The Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi metric (p = 0)

ds2 = −dt2 +A′2(r, t)

1− k(r)dr2 +A2(r, t) dΩ2

Two expansion rates: HR = A′/A′ 6= A/A = HT

Matter/curvature profile k(r) ⇒ ΩM (r)

Expansion rate H0(r) ⇒ time to big-bang tBB(r)

tBB(r) = t0 ⇒ ¶¶ homogeneous state at early times

Observations on ds2 = 0 ⇒ mix time & space variations

time acceleration → spatial variation

CMB isotropy ⇒ Central location r ≈ 0± 10Mpc

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 15: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Why and HowThe BAO scale in LTB universes

A non-copernican void model

Can’t prove models right → we have to disprove alternatives

and find observational answers

⇒ Cosmological Justice: judge models by the facts

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 16: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Why and HowThe BAO scale in LTB universes

A non-copernican void model

Can’t prove models right → we have to disprove alternatives

and find observational answers

⇒ Cosmological Justice: judge models by the facts

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 17: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Why and HowThe BAO scale in LTB universes

Observations in LTB universes, constant t0

ìì-2 0 2 4 6 8 10

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

r @ GpcD

t@G

yrD

constant t H z =0L

t H z =1L

t H z =100 L

constant Ρ

CMB

z~1100

Homogeneous state at

early times, large r

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 18: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Why and HowThe BAO scale in LTB universes

Observations in LTB universes, constant t0

ìì

øøWe are here

-2 0 2 4 6 8 10

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

r @ GpcD

t@G

yrD

constant tH z =0L

tH z =1L

tH z =100L

constant Ρ

CMB

z~1100

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 19: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Why and HowThe BAO scale in LTB universes

Observations in LTB universes, constant t0

ìì

øøWe are here

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-2 0 2 4 6 8 10

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

r @ GpcD

t@G

yrD

constant tH z =0L

tH z =1L

tH z =100L

constant Ρ

CMB

z~1100

Ia SNe zd1.5

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 20: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Why and HowThe BAO scale in LTB universes

Observations in LTB universes, constant t0

ìì

øøWe are here

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-2 0 2 4 6 8 10

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

r @ GpcD

t@G

yrD

constant tH z =0L

tH z =1L

tH z =100L

constant Ρ

CMB

z~1100

Ia SNe zd1.5

BAO zd0.8

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 21: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Why and HowThe BAO scale in LTB universes

Observations in LTB universes, constant t0

ìì

øøWe are here

ç

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ôô

-2 0 2 4 6 8 10

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

r @ GpcD

t@G

yrD

constant tH z =0L

tH z =1L

tH z =100L

constant Ρ

CMB

z~1100

Ia SNe zd1.5

BAO zd0.8

Relate to early time

and asymptoticvalue

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 22: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Why and HowThe BAO scale in LTB universes

Baryon acoustic oscillations - Standard Rulers

-Sound waves in the baryon-photonplasma travel a finite distance

-Initial baryon clumps → more galaxies

-Statistical standard ruler

LTB: Do these clumps/galaxies move? → Geodesics

r +

[k′

2(1− k)+A′′

A′

]r2 + 2

A′

A′tr = 0

t r ⇒ Constant coordinate separation (zero order)

Supported by N-body simulations (Alonso et al. 1204.3532) andLinear PT (February et al. 1206.1602)

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 23: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Why and HowThe BAO scale in LTB universes

Baryon acoustic oscillations - Standard Rulers

-Sound waves in the baryon-photonplasma travel a finite distance

-Initial baryon clumps → more galaxies

-Statistical standard ruler

LTB: Do these clumps/galaxies move? → Geodesics

r +

[k′

2(1− k)+A′′

A′

]r2 + 2

A′

A′tr = 0

t r ⇒ Constant coordinate separation (zero order)

Supported by N-body simulations (Alonso et al. 1204.3532) andLinear PT (February et al. 1206.1602)

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 24: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Why and HowThe BAO scale in LTB universes

Physical BAO scale

Early → Coordinate BAO scale X

Coordinates → distances: grr = A′2(r,t)1−k(r)r2 , gθθ = A2(r, t)

Physical BAO scales

lR(r, t) =A′(r, t)

A′(r, te)learly

lA(r, t) =A(r, t)

A(r, te)learly

learly = early physical BAO scale at te

? LTB: evolving (t), inhomogeneous (r) and anisotropic lA 6= lR

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 25: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Why and HowThe BAO scale in LTB universes

Observed BAO scale

Early → Coordinate → Physical BAO scale X

? Geometric mean d ≡(δθ2δz

)1/3δθ =

lA(z)

DA(z), δz = (1 + z)HR(z) lR(z)

Compare with FRW:

dLTB(z) ≈ ξ(z) dFRW(z)

Rescaling: ξ(z) = (ξ2A ξR)1/3

→ Inhomogeneous, anisotropic 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

z

ΞHz

L

Geom. Average

H ΞT2

ΞR L1 3

Transverse

rescaling ΞT

Radial

rescaling ΞR

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 26: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Why and HowThe BAO scale in LTB universes

Data and models

ìì

øøWe are here

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õ

-2 0 2 4 6 8 10

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

r @ GpcD

t@G

yrD

constant tH z =0L

tH z =1L

tH z =100L

constant Ρ

CMB

z~1100

Ia SNe zd1.5

BAO zd0.8

- GBH model (6 param)

- WiggleZ + SDSS + 6dF

- Union 2 Compilation

- H0 → luminosity prior

- CMB peaks information(simplified analysis)

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 27: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Why and HowThe BAO scale in LTB universes

GBH + Homogeneous BB + asymptotically flat

Uncalibrated candles & rulers:

SNe → Ωin ≈ 0.1

BAO → Ωin ≈ 0.3

? ΩM (0) 3σ discrepant!

Adding calibration:

SNe+H0 → hin ≈ 0.74

BAO+CMB → hin ≈ 0.62

worse using full CMB!

Asymptotically open → not any better

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 28: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Why and HowThe BAO scale in LTB universes

Tension in the Void

- Bad fit to SNe and BAO

- LTB Strongly ruled out!

? SNe: measure distance

? BAO: distance + rescaling0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

z

ΞHz

L

Geom. Average

H ΞT2

ΞR L1 3

Transverse

rescaling ΞT

Radial

rescaling ΞR

Other problems of LTB models with Λ = 0:

H0: CMB vs Local - Moss et al ’10

kSZ bounds - Zhang & Stebbins ’10

Standard clocks - De Putter et al ’12

Geometrical result, whatever Luminosity & BAO scale⇒ Standard Rulers vs Standard Candles

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 29: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Why and HowThe BAO scale in LTB universes

Tension in the Void

- Bad fit to SNe and BAO

- LTB Strongly ruled out!

? SNe: measure distance

? BAO: distance + rescaling0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

z

ΞHz

L

Geom. Average

H ΞT2

ΞR L1 3

Transverse

rescaling ΞT

Radial

rescaling ΞR

Other problems of LTB models with Λ = 0:

H0: CMB vs Local - Moss et al ’10

kSZ bounds - Zhang & Stebbins ’10

Standard clocks - De Putter et al ’12

Geometrical result, whatever Luminosity & BAO scale⇒ Standard Rulers vs Standard Candles

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 30: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

The Standard Cosmological Model

Initial Conditions

Inflation

Structure formation

Dark Matter

Acceleration

Λ

Metric Ansatz

−dt2 + a(t)2d~x2 X

Standard Matter Theory of Gravity

√−g R

16πG

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 31: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Why alternative gravities?

Inflation again?

Einstein’s gravity not final: QG surprises at low energy?

Classical Λ tuning: EW phase transition

Test gravity on cosmological scales

Focus:

Most general theory?

Compatible with Local Gravity tests?

Other: Acceleration, make Λ small, cosmological signatures ...

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 32: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

What is the most general theory of gravity?

(that deserves our attention)

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 33: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Ostrogradski’s Theorem (1850)

Theories with L ⊃ ∂nq

∂tn, n ≥ 2 are unstable∗

L(q(t), q, q)→ ∂L

∂q− d

dt

∂L

∂q+

d2

dt2∂L

∂q= 0

q, q, q,...q → Q1, Q2, P1, P2

H = P1Q2 + terms independent of P1

∗ Assumes...q , q ↔ P2, Q2

loophole for Degenerate Theories:

2nd order equations

Implicit constraints / reduced phase space

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 34: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Ostrogradski’s Theorem (1850)

Theories with L ⊃ ∂nq

∂tn, n ≥ 2 are unstable∗

L(q(t), q, q)→ ∂L

∂q− d

dt

∂L

∂q+

d2

dt2∂L

∂q= 0

q, q, q,...q → Q1, Q2, P1, P2

H = P1Q2 + terms independent of P1

∗ Assumes...q , q ↔ P2, Q2

loophole for Degenerate Theories:

2nd order equations

Implicit constraints / reduced phase space

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 35: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Ostrogradski’s Theorem (1850)

Theories with L ⊃ ∂nq

∂tn, n ≥ 2 are unstable∗

L(q(t), q, q)→ ∂L

∂q− d

dt

∂L

∂q+

d2

dt2∂L

∂q= 0

q, q, q,...q → Q1, Q2, P1, P2

H = P1Q2 + terms independent of P1

∗ Assumes...q , q ↔ P2, Q2

loophole for Degenerate Theories:

2nd order equations

Implicit constraints / reduced phase space

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 36: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Lovelock’s Theorem (1971)

gµν + Local + 4-D + Lorentz Theory with 2nd order Eqs.

√−g 1

16πG(R− 2Λ) +

√−gLm(gµν , ψM )

Add a scalar field φ:

simple, isotropic

seem to exist −−−−−−−−−→arise in other theories(e.g. extra dimensions)

Jordan-Brans-Dicke

R→ φR

Modify Einstein-Hilbert action

Bekenstein

gµν → φgµν

Modify the metric in Lm

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 37: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Horndeski’s Theory (1974)

gµν + φ + Local + 4-D + Lorentz Theory with 2nd order Eqs.

LH = G2(X,φ)−G3(X,φ)φ

+G4R+G4,X

[(φ)2 − φ;µνφ

;µν]

+G5Gµνφ;µν −

G5,X

6

[(φ)3 − 3(φ)φ;µνφ

;µν + 2φ ;ν;µ φ ;λ

;ν φ ;µ;λ

]4 × free functions of φ, X ≡ −1

2φ,µφ,µ

Jordan-Brans-Dicke: G4 = φ16πG , G2 = X

ω(φ) − V (φ)

Kinetic Gravity Braiding - Deffayet et al. JCAP 2010

Deriv. couplings G4(X)

, G5 6= 0

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 38: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Horndeski’s Theory (1974)

gµν + φ + Local + 4-D + Lorentz Theory with 2nd order Eqs.

LH = G2(X,φ)−G3(X,φ)φ

+G4R+G4,X

[(φ)2 − φ;µνφ

;µν]

+G5Gµνφ;µν −

G5,X

6

[(φ)3 − 3(φ)φ;µνφ

;µν + 2φ ;ν;µ φ ;λ

;ν φ ;µ;λ

]4 × free functions of φ, X ≡ −1

2φ,µφ,µ

Jordan-Brans-Dicke: G4 = φ16πG , G2 = X

ω(φ) − V (φ)

Kinetic Gravity Braiding - Deffayet et al. JCAP 2010

Deriv. couplings G4(X)

, G5 6= 0

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 39: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Horndeski’s Theory (1974)

gµν + φ + Local + 4-D + Lorentz Theory with 2nd order Eqs.

LH = G2(X,φ)−G3(X,φ)φ

+G4R+G4,X

[(φ)2 − φ;µνφ

;µν]

+G5Gµνφ;µν −

G5,X

6

[(φ)3 − 3(φ)φ;µνφ

;µν + 2φ ;ν;µ φ ;λ

;ν φ ;µ;λ

]4 × free functions of φ, X ≡ −1

2φ,µφ,µ

Jordan-Brans-Dicke: G4 = φ16πG , G2 = X

ω(φ) − V (φ)

Kinetic Gravity Braiding - Deffayet et al. JCAP 2010

Deriv. couplings G4(X)

, G5 6= 0

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 40: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Horndeski’s Theory (1974)

gµν + φ + Local + 4-D + Lorentz Theory with 2nd order Eqs.

LH = G2(X,φ)−G3(X,φ)φ

+G4R+G4,X

[(φ)2 − φ;µνφ

;µν]

+G5Gµνφ;µν −

G5,X

6

[(φ)3 − 3(φ)φ;µνφ

;µν + 2φ ;ν;µ φ ;λ

;ν φ ;µ;λ

]4 × free functions of φ, X ≡ −1

2φ,µφ,µ

Jordan-Brans-Dicke: G4 = φ16πG , G2 = X

ω(φ) − V (φ)

Kinetic Gravity Braiding - Deffayet et al. JCAP 2010

Deriv. couplings G4(X), G5 6= 0

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 41: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Disformal Relation - Bekenstein (PRD 1992)

Matter sector√−gLm(gµν , ...) with

gµν = C(X,φ)gµν︸ ︷︷ ︸conformal

+D(X,φ)φ,µφ,ν︸ ︷︷ ︸disformal

⇒ 2nd order eqs. X = − 12(∂φ)2

LHC,X ,D,X=0

//

C,X ,D,X 6=0 ''

LH

HHLH

C,X , D,X 6= 0→ non-Horndeski!

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 42: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Pure conformal: gµν = C(X,φ)gµν =⇒ Ω2R+ 6Ω,αΩ,α

∇µ((ΩR− 6Ω)Ω,Xφ

,µ)

+ Ω,φ(ΩR− 6Ω) +1

2

δLφδφ

= 0

Take trace with gµν :

2Ω(gµνΩ− Ω;µν) + Ω2Gµν

− gµνΩ,αΩ,α + 4Ω,µΩ,ν − (ΩR− 6Ω)Ω,Xφ,µφ,ν = 8πGTµν

Implicit Constraint - MZ, Garcıa-Bellido 1308.4685

−(ΩR− 6Ω) =8πGΩ,XT

Ω− 2Ω,XX≡ TK ∼ ∂φ

Trace of metric eqs → solves high derivs!

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 43: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Pure conformal: gµν = C(X,φ)gµν =⇒ Ω2R+ 6Ω,αΩ,α

∇µ((ΩR− 6Ω)Ω,Xφ

,µ)

+ Ω,φ(ΩR− 6Ω) +1

2

δLφδφ

= 0

Take trace with gµν :

2Ω(gµνΩ− Ω;µν) + Ω2Gµν

− gµνΩ,αΩ,α + 4Ω,µΩ,ν − (ΩR− 6Ω)Ω,Xφ,µφ,ν = 8πGTµν

Implicit Constraint - MZ, Garcıa-Bellido 1308.4685

−(ΩR− 6Ω) =8πGΩ,XT

Ω− 2Ω,XX≡ TK ∼ ∂φ

Trace of metric eqs → solves high derivs!

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 44: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Pure conformal: gµν = C(X,φ)gµν =⇒ Ω2R+ 6Ω,αΩ,α

∇µ((ΩR− 6Ω)Ω,Xφ

,µ)

+ Ω,φ(ΩR− 6Ω) +1

2

δLφδφ

= 0

Take trace with gµν : 2Ω(gµνΩ− Ω;µν) + Ω2Gµν

− gµνΩ,αΩ,α + 4Ω,µΩ,ν − (ΩR− 6Ω)Ω,Xφ,µφ,ν = 8πGTµν

Implicit Constraint - MZ, Garcıa-Bellido 1308.4685

−(ΩR− 6Ω) =8πGΩ,XT

Ω− 2Ω,XX≡ TK ∼ ∂φ

Trace of metric eqs → solves high derivs!

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 45: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Pure conformal: gµν = C(X,φ)gµν =⇒ Ω2R+ 6Ω,αΩ,α

∇µ((ΩR− 6Ω)Ω,Xφ

,µ)

+ Ω,φ(ΩR− 6Ω) +1

2

δLφδφ

= 0

Take trace with gµν : 2Ω(3Ω) + Ω2Gµν

− gµνΩ,αΩ,α + 4Ω,µΩ,ν − (ΩR− 6Ω)Ω,Xφ,µφ,ν = 8πGTµν

Implicit Constraint - MZ, Garcıa-Bellido 1308.4685

−(ΩR− 6Ω) =8πGΩ,XT

Ω− 2Ω,XX≡ TK ∼ ∂φ

Trace of metric eqs → solves high derivs!

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 46: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Pure conformal: gµν = C(X,φ)gµν =⇒ Ω2R+ 6Ω,αΩ,α

∇µ((ΩR− 6Ω)Ω,Xφ

,µ)

+ Ω,φ(ΩR− 6Ω) +1

2

δLφδφ

= 0

Take trace with gµν : 2Ω(3Ω) + Ω2(−R)

− gµνΩ,αΩ,α + 4Ω,µΩ,ν − (ΩR− 6Ω)Ω,Xφ,µφ,ν = 8πGTµν

Implicit Constraint - MZ, Garcıa-Bellido 1308.4685

−(ΩR− 6Ω) =8πGΩ,XT

Ω− 2Ω,XX≡ TK ∼ ∂φ

Trace of metric eqs → solves high derivs!

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 47: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Pure conformal: gµν = C(X,φ)gµν =⇒ Ω2R+ 6Ω,αΩ,α

∇µ((ΩR− 6Ω)Ω,Xφ

,µ)

+ Ω,φ(ΩR− 6Ω) +1

2

δLφδφ

= 0

Take trace with gµν : 2Ω(3Ω) + Ω2(−R)

− 0− (ΩR− 6Ω)Ω,Xφ,µφ,ν = 8πGTµν

Implicit Constraint - MZ, Garcıa-Bellido 1308.4685

−(ΩR− 6Ω) =8πGΩ,XT

Ω− 2Ω,XX≡ TK ∼ ∂φ

Trace of metric eqs → solves high derivs!

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 48: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Pure conformal: gµν = C(X,φ)gµν =⇒ Ω2R+ 6Ω,αΩ,α

∇µ((ΩR− 6Ω)Ω,Xφ

,µ)

+ Ω,φ(ΩR− 6Ω) +1

2

δLφδφ

= 0

Take trace with gµν : 2Ω(3Ω) + Ω2(−R)

− 0− (ΩR− 6Ω)Ω,X(−2X) = 8πGTµν

Implicit Constraint - MZ, Garcıa-Bellido 1308.4685

−(ΩR− 6Ω) =8πGΩ,XT

Ω− 2Ω,XX≡ TK ∼ ∂φ

Trace of metric eqs → solves high derivs!

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 49: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Pure conformal: gµν = C(X,φ)gµν =⇒ Ω2R+ 6Ω,αΩ,α

∇µ((ΩR− 6Ω)Ω,Xφ

,µ)

+ Ω,φ(ΩR− 6Ω) +1

2

δLφδφ

= 0

Take trace with gµν : 2Ω(3Ω) + Ω2(−R)

− 0− (ΩR− 6Ω)Ω,X(−2X) = 8πGT

Implicit Constraint - MZ, Garcıa-Bellido 1308.4685

−(ΩR− 6Ω) =8πGΩ,XT

Ω− 2Ω,XX≡ TK ∼ ∂φ

Trace of metric eqs → solves high derivs!

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 50: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Pure conformal: gµν = C(X,φ)gµν =⇒ Ω2R+ 6Ω,αΩ,α

∇µ((ΩR− 6Ω)Ω,Xφ

,µ)

+ Ω,φ(ΩR− 6Ω) +1

2

δLφδφ

= 0

Take trace with gµν : 2Ω(3Ω) + Ω2(−R)

− 0− (ΩR− 6Ω)Ω,X(−2X) = 8πGT

Implicit Constraint - MZ, Garcıa-Bellido 1308.4685

−(ΩR− 6Ω) =8πGΩ,XT

Ω− 2Ω,XX≡ TK ∼ ∂φ

Trace of metric eqs → solves high derivs!

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 51: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Implicit Constraint - MZ, Garcıa-Bellido 1308.4685

TK ≡8πGΩ,XT

Ω− 2Ω,XX= −(ΩR− 6Ω)

Scalar Field eqs:

∇µ (φ,µTK) +Ω,φ

Ω,XTK −

1

2

δLφδφ

= 0

Metric eqs:

δLδgµν

⊃ gµνΩ− Ω;µν =

gkαΩ;kα −Ω;0i

−Ω;0i gijΩ− Ω;ij

X No higher time derivatives in Jordan frame

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 52: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

How to satisfy local gravity tests?

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 53: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Scalar-tensor theories

⇒ scalar mediated force

? Point Particle, coupled to gµν [φ]:

xα = −(Γαµν + Kαµν︸︷︷︸

γαλ(∇(µγν)λ− 12∇λγµν)

)xµxν

⇒ F iφ ≈ f [φ]∇iφ +O(vi/c)

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 54: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Subtle the Force can be

F iφ ≈ f [φ]∇iφ

“You must feel the Force around you;here, between you, me, the tree, the rock,everywhere, yes”

Master Yoda

Screening Mechanisms

∣∣∣∣FφFG∣∣∣∣ 1 when

ρ ρ0

r H−10

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 55: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Subtle the Force can be

F iφ ≈ f [φ]∇iφ

“You must feel the Force around you;here, between you, me, the tree, the rock,everywhere, yes”

Master Yoda

Screening Mechanisms

∣∣∣∣FφFG∣∣∣∣ 1 when

ρ ρ0

r H−10

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 56: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

May the force not be with you ρ ρ0 Chameleon Screening - Khoury & Weltman (PRL 2004)

Yukawa force: φ ∝ 1re−φ/mφ with mφ(ρ) increases with ρ

(see also Symmetron - Pietroni PRD ’05, Hinterbichler Khoury PRL ’10)

r H−10 Vainshtein Screening - Vainshtein (PLB 1972)

L ⊃ (∂φ) +φX/m2 + αφTm Non-linear derivative interactions

⇒ φ+m−2((φ)2 − φ;µνφ

;µν)= αMδ(r)

φ ∝r−1 if r rV√r if r rV

Vainshtein radius rV ∝ (GM/m2)1/3

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 57: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

May the force not be with you ρ ρ0 Chameleon Screening - Khoury & Weltman (PRL 2004)

Yukawa force: φ ∝ 1re−φ/mφ with mφ(ρ) increases with ρ

(see also Symmetron - Pietroni PRD ’05, Hinterbichler Khoury PRL ’10) r H−10 Vainshtein Screening - Vainshtein (PLB 1972)

L ⊃ (∂φ) +φX/m2 + αφTm Non-linear derivative interactions

⇒ φ+m−2((φ)2 − φ;µνφ

;µν)= αMδ(r)

φ ∝r−1 if r rV√r if r rV

Vainshtein radius rV ∝ (GM/m2)1/3

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 58: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

May the force not be with you ρ ρ0 Chameleon Screening - Khoury & Weltman (PRL 2004)

Yukawa force: φ ∝ 1re−φ/mφ with mφ(ρ) increases with ρ

(see also Symmetron - Pietroni PRD ’05, Hinterbichler Khoury PRL ’10) r H−10 Vainshtein Screening - Vainshtein (PLB 1972)

L ⊃ (∂φ) +φX/m2 + αφTm Non-linear derivative interactions

⇒ φ+m−2((φ)2 − φ;µνφ

;µν)= αMδ(r)

φ ∝r−1 if r rV√r if r rV

Vainshtein radius rV ∝ (GM/m2)1/3

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 59: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

May the force not be with you ρ ρ0 Chameleon Screening - Khoury & Weltman (PRL 2004)

Yukawa force: φ ∝ 1re−φ/mφ with mφ(ρ) increases with ρ

(see also Symmetron - Pietroni PRD ’05, Hinterbichler Khoury PRL ’10) r H−10 Vainshtein Screening - Vainshtein (PLB 1972)

L ⊃ (∂φ) +φX/m2 + αφTm Non-linear derivative interactions

⇒ φ+m−2((φ)2 − φ;µνφ

;µν)= αMδ(r)

φ ∝r−1 if r rV√r if r rV

Vainshtein radius rV ∝ (GM/m2)1/3

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 60: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Einstein gravity + disformal coupling

LEF =√−g(

R

16πG+ Lφ

)+√−gLM (gµν , ψ)

gµν = C(φ)gµν +D(φ)φ,µφ,ν

Gµν = 8πG(Tµνm + Tµνφ )

Matter-field interaction: ∇µTµνm = −Qφ,ν

Q =D

C∇µ (Tµνm φ,ν)− C ′

2CTm +

(D′

2C− DC ′

C2

)φ,µφ,νT

µνm

Kinetic mixing Conformal Disformal

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 61: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Einstein gravity + disformal coupling

LEF =√−g(

R

16πG+ Lφ

)+√−gLM (gµν , ψ)

gµν = C(φ)gµν +D(φ)φ,µφ,ν

Gµν = 8πG(Tµνm + Tµνφ )

Matter-field interaction: ∇µTµνm = −Qφ,ν

Q =D

C∇µ (Tµνm φ,ν)− C ′

2CTm +

(D′

2C− DC ′

C2

)φ,µφ,νT

µνm

Kinetic mixing Conformal Disformal

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 62: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Consequences of Kinetic Mixing - Koivisto, Mota, MZ (PRL 2012)

Static matter ρ(~x) + non-rel. p = 0[1 +

C − 2DX

]φ+ F(~∇φ,µ, φ,µ, ρ) = 0

Disformal Screening Mechanism

φ ≈ −D′

2Dφ2 + C ′

(φ2

C− 1

2D

)(If Dρ→∞)

φ(~x, t) independent of ρ(~x) and ∂iφ

⇒ No ~∇φ between massive bodies ⇒ No fifth force!

Signatures: fast matter, pressure, strong gravity, cosmic gradients

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 63: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Consequences of Kinetic Mixing - Koivisto, Mota, MZ (PRL 2012)

Static matter ρ(~x) + non-rel. p = 0[1 +

C − 2DX

]φ+ F(~∇φ,µ, φ,µ, ρ) = 0

Disformal Screening Mechanism

φ ≈ −D′

2Dφ2 + C ′

(φ2

C− 1

2D

)(If Dρ→∞)

φ(~x, t) independent of ρ(~x) and ∂iφ

⇒ No ~∇φ between massive bodies ⇒ No fifth force!

Signatures: fast matter, pressure, strong gravity, cosmic gradients

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 64: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Consequences of Kinetic Mixing - Koivisto, Mota, MZ (PRL 2012)

Static matter ρ(~x) + non-rel. p = 0[1 +

C − 2DX

]φ+ F(~∇φ,µ, φ,µ, ρ) = 0

Disformal Screening Mechanism

φ ≈ −D′

2Dφ2 + C ′

(φ2

C− 1

2D

)(If Dρ→∞)

φ(~x, t) independent of ρ(~x) and ∂iφ

⇒ No ~∇φ between massive bodies ⇒ No fifth force!

Signatures: fast matter, pressure, strong gravity, cosmic gradients

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 65: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Consequences of Kinetic Mixing - Koivisto, Mota, MZ (PRL 2012)

Static matter ρ(~x) + non-rel. p = 0[1 +

C − 2DX

]φ+ F(~∇φ,µ, φ,µ, ρ) = 0

Disformal Screening Mechanism

φ ≈ −D′

2Dφ2 + C ′

(φ2

C− 1

2D

)(If Dρ→∞)

φ(~x, t) independent of ρ(~x) and ∂iφ

⇒ No ~∇φ between massive bodies ⇒ No fifth force!

Signatures: fast matter, pressure, strong gravity, cosmic gradients

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 66: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Kinetic Screening mechanisms:

? Vainshtein screening:

within rV ∝ (GM/m2)1/3

? Disformal coupling + canonical field

φ+−QµνδTµνmC +D(φ,r)2

= 0 ⇒

asymptotic φ = S

r

breaks down at rV =(DS2

C

)1/4

Different screening mechanisms - MZ, Koivisto, Mota - PRD 2013

? D > 0⇒ stable disformal screening, complex rV

? D < 0⇒ Positive rV , but unstable (if canonical)

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 67: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Most general scalar-tensor theoryMay the Force not be with you

Scalar-tensor Generations

Jordan-Brans-Dicke → Horndeski → Implicit Constraints

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 68: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

The Standard Cosmological Model

Initial Conditions

Inflation

Structure formation

Dark Matter

Acceleration

Λ

Metric Ansatz

−dt2 + a(t)2d~x2

Standard Matter Theory of Gravity

√−g R

16πG

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 69: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Conclusions

Model independence & cosmological justice

Spherically symmetric models without Λ don’t work(perhaps if very involved)

Scalar-tensor gravity as alternative to Λ:

can mimick Einstein’s locally through screening

Vainshten & disformal: related but different

and have cosmological effects

Ostrogradski’s theorem →understand all the alternatives

3 theoretical generations

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 70: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Backup Slides

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 71: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Disformally Related Theories - MZ, Koivisto, Mota (PRD 2013)

γµν = C(φ)gµν +D(φ)φ,µφ,ν

Einstein Frame: LEF =√−gR[gµν ] +

√−gLM (gµν , ψ)

Einstein

gµν→C−1gµν))

gµν→gµν−DC φ,µφ,νuu

gµν → 1C gµν −

DC φ,µφ,ν

D ⊂ matter

Galileon Disformal

D ⊂ gravity Jordan

Jordan Frame: LJF =√−gR[gµν ] +

√−gLM (gµν , ψ)

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 72: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Disformally Related Theories - MZ, Koivisto, Mota (PRD 2013)

γµν = C(φ)gµν +D(φ)φ,µφ,ν

Einstein Frame: LEF =√−gR[gµν ] +

√−gLM (gµν , ψ)

Einstein

gµν→C−1gµν))

gµν→gµν−DC φ,µφ,νuu

gµν → 1C gµν −

DC φ,µφ,ν

D ⊂ matter

Galileon Disformal

D ⊂ gravity Jordan

Jordan Frame: LJF =√−gR[gµν ] +

√−gLM (gµν , ψ)

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 73: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Disformally Related Theories - MZ, Koivisto, Mota (PRD 2013)

γµν = C(φ)gµν +D(φ)φ,µφ,ν

Einstein Frame: LEF =√−gR[gµν ] +

√−gLM (gµν , ψ)

Einstein

gµν→C−1gµν))

gµν→gµν−DC φ,µφ,νuu

gµν → 1C gµν −

DC φ,µφ,ν

D ⊂ matter

Galileon

))

Disformal

D ⊂ gravity //

OO

Jordan

Jordan Frame: LJF =√−gR[gµν ] +

√−gLM (gµν , ψ)

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 74: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Disformally Related Theories - MZ, Koivisto, Mota (PRD 2013)

γµν = C(φ)gµν +D(φ)φ,µφ,ν

Einstein Frame: LEF =√−gR[gµν ] +

√−gLM (gµν , ψ)

Einstein

gµν→C−1gµν))

gµν→gµν−DC φ,µφ,νuu

gµν → 1C gµν −

DC φ,µφ,ν

D ⊂ matteroo

Galileon

))

Disformal

uuD ⊂ gravity //

OO

Jordan

Jordan Frame: LJF =√−gR[gµν ] +

√−gLM (gµν , ψ)

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 75: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Disformal screening - assumptions:

Static ∂tρ = 0, Pressureless Dp < X ≡ C − 2DX

Neglect pρ ,

(~∂φ∂tφ

)2, XDρ ,

XDρV

′/φ , Γµ00φ,µ/φ ∼ 0

Potential Signatures:

Matter velocity flows: T 0i ∼ v/c → Binary pulsars?

Pressure: effects on radiation

Strong gravitational fields: Γµ00φ,µ → Compact objects?

Frozen cosmic gradients: Evolution independent of ∂iφ

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?

Page 76: Questioning : where can we go?theory.physics.uci.edu/slides/2014/Zumalacarregui.pdf · Questioning : where can we go? Miguel Zumalac arregui Instut fur Theoretische Physik - University

Inhomogeneous CosmologiesAlternative Gravities

Properties of the Field Equation

Canonical scalar field Lφ = X − V , solve for ∇∇φ

Mµν∇µ∇νφ+C

C − 2DXQµνTµνm − V = 0

Mµν ≡ gµν− DTµνmC − 2DX

, Qµν ≡C ′

2Cgµν+

(C ′D

C2− D′

2C

)φ,µφ,ν

Coupling to (Einstein F) perfect fluid Tµν = diag(ρ, p, p, p)

M00 = 1 + Dρ

C−2DX , D, ρ > 0⇒ no ghosts

Mii = 1− Dp

C−2DX , ⇒ potential instability if p > C/D −X

- Does it occur dynamically?

- Consider non-relativistic coupled species Mii > 0

Miguel Zumalacarregui Questioning Λ: where can we go?