RadioMobile y otras herramientas - Ivan Bernalclusterfie.epn.edu.ec/radiomobile/Clase/RadioMobile2T.pdf · 3 Descargar • Versión 9.1.8 (June 5, 2008) (se deben bajar varios módulos

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RadioMobile y otras herramientas

Iván Bernal, [email protected]

Quito – Ecuador

Copyright @2008, I. Bernal

AgendaAgenda• Introducción a RadioMobile

• Se usa material de otros autores, indicados en la Bibliografía.

• Se usan ejemplos con datos de Ecuadorj p

Iván Bernal, Ph.D.Iván Bernal, Ph.D.Dic. Dic. 20082008 22

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• http://pe1mew.nl/radiomobile/?Welcome...

• http://www.g3tvu.co.uk/Quick_Start.htm

• http://www cplus org/rmw

BibliografíaBibliografíaBibliografíaBibliografía

• http://www.cplus.org/rmw

• http://www.telefonica.net/web2/ismael/REMER/RMDL/RMDL0_Indice.htm

• http://pizon.org/rmw/


CaracterísticasCaracterísticasCaracterísticasCaracterísticas• For plotting RF patterns

• For predicting the performance of radio systems

• Using freely available terrain elevation data it can produce grey scale, x-ray and rainbow colored virtual maps.

• It can also produce 3-D and stereoscopic views as well as flyby

animations.

Iván Bernal, Ph.D.Iván Bernal, Ph.D.Dic. Dic. 20082008

• Background images can be merged with scanned maps, satellite

photos and Mapquest maps to produce accurate prediction plots.

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DescargarDescargarDescargarDescargar• Versión 9.1.8 (June 5, 2008) (se deben bajar varios módulos por separado)

Último chequeo por actualización el 7 de junio de 2008

Para información de las versiones:http://www.cplus.org/rmw/msgen.html

• Descargas (se deben bajar varios módulos por separado):

http://www.cplus.org/rmw/english1.html

Mirror site:http://www.ve2dbe.com/english1.html

• Versión 7 6 3 (con instalador único)


• Versión 7.6.3 (con instalador único)

http://www.pizon.org/files/index.html

• Tutorial

http://pizon.org/rmw/ (Puede confundirles la sección: Downloading and Installing Radio Mobile, mejor usen la guía de las siguientes páginas)

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InstalaciónInstalaciónInstalaciónInstalación• Step 1

For old versions of Windows or Linux-Wine:Download the Visual Basic Runtime (Service pack 6) File vbrun60sp6.exe from MicrosoftMicrosoft.

http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?familyid=7B9BA261-7A9C-43E7-9117-F673077FFB3C&displaylang=en

Extract and install it on your PC before executing the next steps (you may have to reboot).

• Step 2


pCreate a program directory to place the contents of the following files.

Example:C:\Radio_Mobile

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Installation of rmwcore.zip is required for all languages!

• Step 4Installation of rmwupdate.zip is required for all languages!

• Step 5English language by Roger Coudé

Spanish language by Juan Andrés González


• Si se expande cada zip en un directorio diferente dentro de

C:\Radio_Mobile, esta configuración es incorrecta. Expandir todo dentro de

un solo directorio.

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InstalaciónInstalaciónInstalaciónInstalación• Solo para ver contenido de cada archivo descargado.


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InstalaciónInstalaciónInstalaciónInstalación• Solo para ver contenido de cada archivo descargado.



Create a data directory structure.

"C:\Geodata"

"C:\Geodata\srtm1"

"C:\Geodata\srtm3"

"C:\Geodata\GTOPO30"

"C:\Geodata\Terraserver"

"C:\Geodata\Landsat"

"C:\Geodata\OpenStreetMap”

........


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Insure that no other instances of Rmwdlx32.dll exists on your system. If you want to put the program at more than one location, you should put Rmwdlx32.dll (and other dlls) in c:\Windows\system32.

To get UTM coordinates in MGRS format instead of amateur radio QRA extractTo get UTM coordinates in MGRS format instead of amateur radio QRA extract File utm.zip in the program directory.

To get a World Map with SRTM continent definition, extract File wmap.zip in the program directory.

By reading and editing the file Map_Link.txt with Notepad, the program can access various map layers for personal use only.


Información de elevaciónInformación de elevaciónInformación de elevaciónInformación de elevación• Ejecutar rmweng.exe (ó rmwspa.exe) para iniciar la aplicación

• Fortunately most of this data is available free of charge and with a

little effort is easily installedlittle effort is easily installed.

• Radio Mobile accepts elevations in a number of formats including:SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Misión)

DTED (Digital Terrain Elevation Data)

GTOPO30 (Global Topographic Data)


• Revisar luego de las explicaciones:http://www.cplus.org/rmw/dataen.html

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Información de elevación (automáticamente)Información de elevación (automáticamente)Información de elevación (automáticamente)Información de elevación (automáticamente)• The easiest way to obtain elevation data for Radio Mobile is to let the software download

the data as needed.

• By default Radio Mobile will download elevation data if it is not found in your local path. You should change this setting.

To do so click on the Options menu and select "Internet.”pYou will want to click on each element of the list and make sure that "Download from Internet if a file is not found on local path and keep a local copy" is selected on each page (SRTM, Toporama, Terraserver, LANDSAT)

•By setting this option, Radio Mobile will save any elevation data you download to a folder which will speed up rendering of


plots in the future.• The local files path can be set to any folder on your computer or a network drive if you wish to share the downloaded data with other users on your local network.

Información de elevación (manualmente)Información de elevación (manualmente)Información de elevación (manualmente)Información de elevación (manualmente)• GTOPO30 (Global Topographic Data)

GTOPO30 is a global digital elevation model (DEM) resulting from a collaborative effort led by the staff at the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS Data Center in Sioux Falls South DakotaData Center in Sioux Falls, South Dakota.

Elevations in GTOPO30 are regularly spaced at 30-arc seconds (approximately 1 kilometer).

It has been available from the EROS Data Center beginning in 1993.

GTOPO30 was developed to meet the needs of the geospatial data user community for regional and continental scale topographic data.


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Información de elevación (manualmente)Información de elevación (manualmente)Información de elevación (manualmente)Información de elevación (manualmente)• GTOPO30

Radio Mobile will not download automatically GTOPO30 elevation dataGTOPO30 is an elevation data model with a 30-arc second resolution (aproximadamente 1km). developed by the USGS (United States Geological Survey)

http://edc.usgs.gov/products/elevation/gtopo30/gtopo30.htmlClick on the grid that corresponds to the area of the world in which you live and you will be taken toClick on the grid that corresponds to the area of the world in which you live and you will be taken to the appropriate download page.The file you download will be in tar.gz format, also know as a "tarball."


Información de elevación (manualmente)Información de elevación (manualmente)Información de elevación (manualmente)Información de elevación (manualmente)• GTOPO30


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Información de elevación (manualmente)Información de elevación (manualmente)Información de elevación (manualmente)Información de elevación (manualmente)• DTED (Digital Terrain Elevation Data)

Originally developed in the 1970s to support aircraft radar simulation and prediction.DTED is not used as often now that higher resolution SRTM data is available.

Level 0 has a post spacing of 30 arcseconds in latitude direction (ca. 900 meters)Level 1 has a post spacing of 3 arcseconds (ca. 90 meters)Level 2 has a post spacing of 1 arcseconds (ca 30 meters)Level 2 has a post spacing of 1 arcseconds (ca. 30 meters)

Level 1 and 2 are "Not releasable outside DoD unless specifically authorized "

To download DTED data visit:http://geoengine.nga.mil/muse-cgi-bin/rast_roam.cgiEnter your latitude and longitude into the appropriate boxes and select DTED Level 0 from the "Available Product Levels:" dropdown box. Then click on the "Raster Roam" button and a map will be generated.

If the map that appears to the left is not what you want you can adjust:The image size


Zoom factor Scroll the mapClick on the image to change center

Click on the button labeled "Raster Exporter“ at the very bottom of the page and the server will create a file for you to download that contains the data you selected. Please remember to click the "Delete" button at the bottom of the page after you have downloaded your data.

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Información de elevación (manualmente)Información de elevación (manualmente)Información de elevación (manualmente)Información de elevación (manualmente)• WGS

The World Geodetic System (WGS) is used to set the horizontal position of a unit. In the program, Latitude ranges from 90° South to 90° North, and Longitude ranges from 180° West to 180° east.

• UTMUniversal Transverse Mercator (UTM) divides earth into 60 zones of 6 degrees of longitude. The Northing is the distance from the equator (m) while the Easting is the distance from the central longitude of the zone (m), added with 500 000.

• MGRSThe Military Grid Reference System (MGRS) is derived from the UTM system of coordinates.


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Información de elevación (manualmente)Información de elevación (manualmente)Información de elevación (manualmente)Información de elevación (manualmente)• DTED


Información de elevación (manualmente)Información de elevación (manualmente)Información de elevación (manualmente)Información de elevación (manualmente)• DTED (Aeropuerto de Quito: Latitud -0.15 y longitud -78.48333)


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Configuración de los datos descargadosConfiguración de los datos descargadosConfiguración de los datos descargadosConfiguración de los datos descargados• First click on the "Options" menu and then select "Elevation

Data."

• Click on the radio button next to "Extract elevation data directly from database” +

•You have the option to point Radio Mobile to the location of the data you extractedfrom the zipfiles and tarballs


previously.

Configuración de los datos descargadosConfiguración de los datos descargadosConfiguración de los datos descargadosConfiguración de los datos descargados• Radio Mobile allows you to use up to five layers of elevation data

ranked from highest to lowest quality. This is also where you can configure Radio Mobile to use shared elevation data over a network.

• Select the type of elevation data you want to use for each layer then click on the "Browse" button.

Browse to the location of the data and when you are finished click on "OK.“For example, you may want to use GTOPO30 as your top layer and DTED as your second layer.


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Creación de mapasCreación de mapasCreación de mapasCreación de mapas• El primer paso es extraer los datos de elevación para generar un

mapa de trabajo. Ventana de configuración para extraer los datos: “File -> Map properties”


Creación de mapasCreación de mapasCreación de mapasCreación de mapas• Centre (Latitude/Longitude):

Coordenadas del punto que queremos sea el centro del mapa de trabajo. Existe una base de datos (fichero cities.dat) con las coordenadas de varias ciudades del mundo (incluida Quito y otras ciudades del ecuador).

También existe la posibilidad de identificar el punto mediante un click en un mapaTambién existe la posibilidad de identificar el punto mediante un click en un mapa, aunque no se recomienda por su escasa precisión.

• Size (km) Width/Height:

Tamaño de la porción del mapa de trabajo que se representará en pantalla, tomando como punto central el definido anteriormente.

• Size (pixel) Width/Height:


• Size (pixel) Width/Height:

Tamaño del mapa en pantalla.

• Elevation data source:

Ubicación de los ficheros que almacenan los datos de elevación del modelo digital del terreno.

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Creación de mapasCreación de mapasCreación de mapasCreación de mapas

Una vez cumplimentados los datos de captura, pulsar el botón “Extract” para generar una imagen con el mapa de trabajo.


Creación de mapasCreación de mapasCreación de mapasCreación de mapas• If you uncheck "ignore missing files" and have SRTM set as one

of your data sources, Radio Mobile will tell you which SRTM data

files are missing so you download the missing pieces. There are some holes in the SRTM coverage so there is a chance you will not be able to download the missing files.

If this is the case check "ignore missing files" after you have filled in as many missing pieces as possible.


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Opciones de menú “Opciones de menú “EditEdit””Opciones de menú “Opciones de menú “EditEdit””


Opciones de menú “Opciones de menú “EditEdit””Opciones de menú “Opciones de menú “EditEdit””• Probar algunas de las otras opciones


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Opciones de menú “Opciones de menú “EditEdit””Opciones de menú “Opciones de menú “EditEdit””


Creación de mapasCreación de mapasCreación de mapasCreación de mapas• No hay diferencia en usar los archivos para el sector de Quito, la

resolución no cambia sino cuanta información se descargó, en

relación al área que se especifica.


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Creación de mapasCreación de mapasCreación de mapasCreación de mapas• Curvas de nivel


Creación de mapasCreación de mapasCreación de mapasCreación de mapas• En Maplink.txt quitar la coma para usar: GoogleMap,

YahooMap, VirtualEarth, MapQuest


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Creación de mapasCreación de mapasCreación de mapasCreación de mapas• Resolución no adecuada (DTED).


Creación de mapas (Creación de mapas (SRTMSRTM))Creación de mapas (Creación de mapas (SRTMSRTM))• SRTM data is by far the most popular data set that Radio Mobile can use.

The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) obtained elevation data on a near-global scale to generate the most complete high-resolution digital topographic database of Earth.

SRTM consisted of a specially modified radar system that flew onboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour during an 11-day mission in February of 2000.

http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/

ftp://e0srp01u.ecs.nasa.gov/srtm/

http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/

• SRTM data is available in 2 qualities:3 arcsecond data 90 x 90 meters, Global

1 arcsecond data 30 x 30 meter, USA onlyUSA only.


, yy

Comments:The 3 arcsecond data is public to the world as wel as the USA 1 arcescond data is.

The 1 arcsecond data outside of the USA is not public available.

This is no problem for general RF propagation calculations.

More detailed information is required when you want to do RF analysis in Urban areas. This is required for example by cellular network operators.

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Creación de mapas (Creación de mapas (SRTMSRTM))Creación de mapas (Creación de mapas (SRTMSRTM))• SRTM V2

Initially SRTM became available in release '1' This first release had som flaws.

Th t h d l l '2' h i d i ifi tlThe current, enhanced release, release '2' has improved significantly:NASA has released version 2 of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital topographic data (also known as the "finished" version).

Version 2 is the result of a substantial editing effort by the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency and exhibits well-defined water bodies and coastlines and the absence of spikes and wells (single pixel errors), although some areas of missing data ('voids') are still present.

Di d t f th bt i d d i i th t dd t i t di t b th


Disadvantage of the obtained radar images is that snowedsnowed mountain tops disturbe the radar image. This causes mayor flaws in the SRTM data.

• Existe pero no soportado en RadioMobile SRTM V3

http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/

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Creación de mapas (Creación de mapas (SRTMSRTM))Creación de mapas (Creación de mapas (SRTMSRTM))• Si no especificamos ninguna ruta, el programa descargará automáticamente los

ficheros a través de nuestra conexión a Internet.

Para SRTM que proporciona mejor resolución que DTED y GTOPO30 (para estos no se permite la descarga automática)

Se descarga en el directorio indicado en:


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Creación de mapas (Creación de mapas (SRTMSRTM))Creación de mapas (Creación de mapas (SRTMSRTM))• Se baja la información bajo las siguientes condiciones (SRTM)

9 archivos (25 MBytes en total, comprimidos son 10 MB)


Creación de mapas (Creación de mapas (SRTMSRTM))Creación de mapas (Creación de mapas (SRTMSRTM))

Con SRTM


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Creación de mapas (Creación de mapas (SRTMSRTM))Creación de mapas (Creación de mapas (SRTMSRTM))• Generally we know from the GIS world 3-types of elevation data:

Ground height

ClutterClutter height

Composite height

SRTM data is of the last type.

This is a brief description of ho SRTM is composed and hat the al e is of SRTMThis is a brief description of how SRTM is composed and what the value is of SRTM.

• Ground height/Digital Elevation Model (DEM)This image displays an example of ground height. generally flat terrain. This ground heigth is called DEM data.


Creación de mapas (Creación de mapas (SRTMSRTM))Creación de mapas (Creación de mapas (SRTMSRTM))• Clutter height

On the ground, another layer is put: The Clutter.

This Clutter represents houses, forests, bushes, industry, you name it.

This Clutter has it's own height and characteristics for RF signals. In Radio Mobile clutters comes as 'land Cover' The following image shows Clutter on the DEM:In Radio Mobile clutters comes as land Cover The following image shows Clutter on the DEM:

• Composite data

SRTM data is obtained from scanning the earth surface with a radar. This radar does not have a very high resolution so we cannot see houses in the data, but we can see objects larger than 300x300 meters.


j g

The result of the scanning is represented in SRTM data.

As you can see SRTM data holds both ground height and clutter height.

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Creación de mapas (Creación de mapas (GLOBEGLOBE))Creación de mapas (Creación de mapas (GLOBEGLOBE))• Global Land One-kilometer Base Elevation (GLOBE)

http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/topo/report/

http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/topo/globeget.html (descargar datos)

GLOBE is an internationally designed, developed, and independently peer-reviewed global digital elevation model (DEM), at a latitude-longitude grid spacing of 30 arc30 arc--seconds seconds (1 Km).

The ongoing project makes use of several data sources to attain high data quality.

Important parts were taken from GTOPO30, but there are also additional


contributions not part of GTOPO30.

GLOBE provides data sets of two levels of quality: G.O.O.D. (Globally Only Open-access Data, unrestricted use)

B.A.D. (Best Available Data, restricted use for some regions).

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Creación de mapas (Creación de mapas (GLOBEGLOBE))Creación de mapas (Creación de mapas (GLOBEGLOBE))• GLOBE

http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/topo/gltiles.html

Resolución mas baja que SRTM


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Creación de mapas (Creación de mapas (BILBIL))Creación de mapas (Creación de mapas (BILBIL))• BIL

Is a format for Remote Sensing Image Data.

Multi-band image data are represented by a combination of spatial position ( i l b d li b ) d b d(pixel number and line number) and band.

The data format for multi-band images is classified into the following three types:

BSQ format (band sequential) image data (pixel number and line number) of each band are separately arranged.

BIL format (band interleaved by line) line data are arranged in the order of


band number and repeated with respect to line number.

BIP format (band interleaved by pixel) A set of multi-band data with respect to each pixel arranged spatially by pixel number and line number.

http://seamless.usgs.gov/

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Google Google EarthEarthGoogle Google EarthEarth• http://earth.google.com/


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Google Google EarthEarthGoogle Google EarthEarth


Google Google EarthEarthGoogle Google EarthEarth• Ubiquemos al Guagua Pichincha y Ruco Pichincha, tomando

coordenadas del Google Earth.


Ilaló: 78 25 9.6200 15 47.69

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Google Google EarthEarthGoogle Google EarthEarth


Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1• http://www.cplus.org/rmw/afirst.html

• Lugar: St-Jean-sur-Richelieu

• Se proporciona o se puede descargar del URL indicado arriba:dted1.zip

• Decompress them in the following directories (Do not forget to use

folder names):

"C \ \W073\N45 DT1"


"C:\...\W073\N45.DT1"

"C:\....\W074\N45.DT1"

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Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1




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Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1• Open "Unit properties" in the “File" menu and click on "Enter

Latitude and Longitude". Enter “VE2DBE base” in “name”


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Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1•Click on “Unit 2”, enter “Mobile” in “name” and the coordinates.•Change the icon by pressing the button “+” (como ejercicio)•Coordenadas fuera de la imagen extraida (en elevación usar 29m)


Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1• Enter Network data

Open "Networks properties" in the "Files" menu:


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Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1• System tab for base:


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Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1• System tab for mobile:


Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1• Net membership tab for base:


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Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1• Net membership tab for mobile

• On OK, the program is ready for Radio Coverage!


Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1• VHF Radio coverage!

In “Tools" menu, select "Radio coverage” y “single polar" and complete form as per the following:


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Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1• Acepte dibujar



Use: Edit-> Draw rings


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Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1Ejemplo 1• CTRL-L para la grilla




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Ejemplo1 en Ejemplo1 en EPNEPNEjemplo1 en Ejemplo1 en EPNEPN




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Ejemplo2Ejemplo2Ejemplo2Ejemplo2• Depending on how you plan on using Radio Mobile you may only

need a single network with a single system or you may need

several different networks with many different systems.

• The figures you see in the various fields are based on equipment available from Young Design, Inc. based in Fall Church, VA. They

specialize in license-exempt wireless equipment Young Design, Inc. ("YDI"), a world leader in extended range solutions tili i 802 11b i l LAN t h l


utilizing 802.11b wireless LAN technology.

http://www.ydi.com/

http://www.wirelessnetworksonline.com/storefronts/ydi.html

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Ejemplo2Ejemplo2Ejemplo2Ejemplo2


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Ejemplo2Ejemplo2Ejemplo2Ejemplo2• Antenna heights:

CPE and Bridge are set at 20 feet (6.6m)

Access Point is set to 49 feet (15m.)

• Cable loss is calculate using Times Microwave LMR-400.

• Antenna gains12dBi omni for the Access Point

24dBi grid dish for the CPE


18dBi patch for the bridge

Again, these are only examples for demonstration purposes.

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Ejemplo3 Ejemplo3 -- PlottingPlotting a Pointa Point--toto--Point LinkPoint LinkEjemplo3 Ejemplo3 -- PlottingPlotting a Pointa Point--toto--Point LinkPoint Link




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Ejemplo3 Ejemplo3 -- PlottingPlotting a Pointa Point--toto--Point LinkPoint LinkEjemplo3 Ejemplo3 -- PlottingPlotting a Pointa Point--toto--Point LinkPoint Link• Option->Elevation

DataWhere 'Elevation data in Memory' is used, the Radio Link distances are calculated using Cartesian geometry -ground to ground - so


the errors increase with the path length, and antenna height has no effect.

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Ejemplo3 Ejemplo3 -- PlottingPlotting a Pointa Point--toto--Point LinkPoint LinkEjemplo3 Ejemplo3 -- PlottingPlotting a Pointa Point--toto--Point LinkPoint Link• If you have a fast machine, you can use 'Extract elevation data

directly from database', but do a 'Performance test' first before

setting the Max No. of records to use. (The height data requires to be

uncompressed to use this feature).

• With 'Extract Elevation Data directly from the Database', the

calculations use spherical (Great Circle) geometry. In this case the

reported distance is between the antennas, so it will vary with


antenna height. This mode should be used in Microwave studies.

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Ejemplo3 Ejemplo3 -- PlottingPlotting a Pointa Point--toto--Point LinkPoint LinkEjemplo3 Ejemplo3 -- PlottingPlotting a Pointa Point--toto--Point LinkPoint Link• Next click on File and select Unit Properties.

Turn off the CPE and Access Point units by clearing the check from the box next to "Enabled."

This is not necessary although it removes a little clutter from the screen. y g

You should now see two icons labeled Bridge1 and Bridge2 overlayed on the map.

These are the endpoints of the point-to-point link.

• To see a profile of the radio link click on Tool and select the first

ti di li k


option, radio link. Under the view menu you can select an option to swap the endpoints of the link to see how the terrain effects the link in both directions.

If you would like to export the plot to RmPath click on edit, select export to and then select RmPath

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Ejemplo3 Ejemplo3 -- PlottingPlotting a Pointa Point--toto--Point LinkPoint LinkEjemplo3 Ejemplo3 -- PlottingPlotting a Pointa Point--toto--Point LinkPoint Link• Note that this does not take tree coverage or buildings does not take tree coverage or buildings into

consideration.This is a view of the link over flat terrain.


Ejemplo3 Ejemplo3 -- PlottingPlotting a Pointa Point--toto--Point LinkPoint LinkEjemplo3 Ejemplo3 -- PlottingPlotting a Pointa Point--toto--Point LinkPoint Link• Agregar una estación en la zona de sombra


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3D3D3D3D


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3D3D3D3D


ResumenResumenResumenResumen• A radio station is referred to as a Unit, there can be numerous Units

defined to operate within a given Network.

• Each different type of Unit used in a network has to be defined withEach different type of Unit used in a network has to be defined with

a separate Radio Operating System specification, this sets up the

radio parameters for that type of stationTransmit Power/receiver sensitivity/antenna gain/antenna height/cable losses.

• Thus each Unit will be allocated to an operating system specification


within the network. Finally, all units are given a Role, which is either Command or Subordinate.

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ResumenResumenResumenResumen• UNIT

This is an actual radio station which can be placed on the map, its radio performance specification is given by its allocated Operating SYSTEM SYSTEMSYSTEM. SYSTEM

• SYSTEMA set of specific parameters defining the performance of a particular type of radio station. NETWORK

• NETWORK


NETWORKA specified group of stations which are required to intercommunicate.

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Documents

RadioMobile y otras herramientas - Ivan Bernalclusterfie.epn.edu.ec/radiomobile/Clase/RadioMobile2T.pdf · 3 Descargar • Versión 9.1.8 (June 5, 2008) (se deben bajar varios módulos