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Español VEl 7 de octubre 2015miercoles
1. LAS OBRAS A LA PIZARRA -EL IMPERFECTO Y EL PRETERITO Realidades 3 2. Al repasar mas repasos del preterito y el imperfect
3. El Imperfecto en repaso con detalles
4. Realidades 3 página 44 Usos del imperfecto Actividad 39 Actividad 40Repaso de A PRIMERA VISTA II
1. Frases en el Imperfecto
2. Repaso del Preterito
3. Practice with irregular Preterite Tense verbs Case VII Pedir sentir dormir divertirse morir morirse preferir Vestirse servir vestir divertir reir sonreir …..
4. Realidades 3 pg. 33 Actividad 195. Al Repasar paginas 28-296. Realidades 3 paginas 27 Actividad 77. FONDO CULTURAL pagina 27
Parques nacionales de America del Sur8. Vocabulary Clip Art!
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Summary fin
Inicio | Observatorio | Agenda | Tema del mesPresentaciónDónde estamosNovedadesNuestra luchaMateriales
Federación Mujeres Jóvenes pone en marcha la Formación en “Competencias Digitales para Jóvenes de España en el Exterior”Federación Mujeres Jóvenes somos una organización juvenil con una larga trayectoria de especialización en atención desde y para mujeres jóvenes, desarrollando programas dirigidos a promover e impulsar la inserción sociolaboral de mujeres jóvenes desde 1986. Este año estamos impulsando la primera edición del Programa de Inserción Sociolaboral en Competencias Digitales para Jóvenes de España en el Exterior, subvencionado por la Dirección General de Migraciones del Ministerio de Empleo y Seguridad Social para la convocatoria del Programa Jóvenes 2014, en colaboración con la Universidad de Alcalá de Henares.La crisis económica, las políticas de austeridad, la falta de empleo, las malas condiciones laborales, los constantes mensajes que indican que “el futuro está fuera”, entre otros factores, están llevando a gran cantidad de jóvenes de nuestro país a optar por la vía de emigración, viéndose en la necesidad de forjarse un futuro fuera de España. Según el último informe de UGT, en los últimos años se ha quintuplicado el número de jóvenes de España que emigran.Con desaliento ante la falta de oportunidades, gran porcentaje de la población joven española desaparece de las estadísticas porque dejan de buscar empleo de manera activa. Hay quienes optan por seguir estudiando, una alternativa cada vez más difícil si se carece de recursos económicos. Otra alternativa consiste, sencillamente, en emigrar. Desde que comenzó la crisis, el número de jóvenes de España que se han ido al extranjero ha aumentado un 41%, según el Instituto Nacional de Estadística. En 2014 se fueron 206.492 personas, de las que 5.552 tenían menos de 29 años.En esta formación se pretende dotar de habilidades informáticas a 42 jóvenes de España, menores de 35 años, residentes en el extranjero, obteniendo una acreditación oficial reconocida a nivel europeo que les permita mejorar sus competencias sociolaborales y su currículum. La formación se divide en dos fases que se extenderá de febrero a junio de 2015:Fase 1: Orientación laboral: información profesional individualizada: acciones individuales de información y orientación profesional personalizada para la inserción laboral, a través de herramientas de Comunicación 2.0.Fase2: Formación para la obtención de la acreditación europea del manejo del ordenador: formación on-line para la obtención de la European Computer Driving Licence, ECDL (Acreditación Europea del Manejo del Ordenador) a fin de superar los exámenes definidos a nivel internacional e idénticos en toda la Unión Europea. En colaboración con la Universidad de Alcalá de Henares y través de la Plataforma de formación Moodle de nuestra entidad.Es un programa innovador que pretende dar respuesta a la obtención de las tan demandadas competencias digitales en el mundo laboral, a nivel mundial. A su vez,
desde Federación Mujeres Jóvenes seguimos trabajando por la igualdad de oportunidades entre mujeres y hombres trabajando sobre problemas tan importantes como la alta tasa de desempleo juvenil y la brecha digital de género.El plazo de inscripción es hasta el 15 de febrero de 2015. Requisitos de inscripción:• Ser persona joven española menor de 35 años.• Residir en el exterior desde el 8 de abril 2014.• Contar con Certificado de Inscripción Consular.Las personas interesadas pueden realizar su inscripción al curso a través del siguiente formulario. Para más información sobre este programa escribir a [email protected]
© 2014 Federación Mujeres Jóvenes ·C/ Bravo Murillo, 4, local, oficinas 6 y 7, 28015 Madrid · Telf. 91.164.03.68 · [email protected]
los deportes
El Futuro
Future TenseThe future tense is used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen.
I will go to the beach next month.I shall write the letter next week.
But, the future tense is not used to express a willingness to do something. For this, use the verb "querer."¿Quieres ir a la tienda?Will you go to the store?
The future tense is also used to express wonder or probability in the present state.¿Quién será ella?I wonder who she is? (Who could she be?)Estará viajando solo.He is probably traveling alone.
For actions that will occur in the near future, the present tense is more commonly used.Esta noche voy al cine.Tonight I'm going to the movies.Further in the future, use the future tense.El año que viene iré a España.Next year I'm going to Spain.
Regular verbs in the future tense are conjugated by adding the following endings to the infinitive form of the verb: -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án.hablaréhablaráshablaráhablaremoshablaréishablarán
There are twelve common verbs that are irregular in the future tense. Their endings are regular, but their stems change. Since the endings are the same as all other future tense verbs, we show only the "yo" form, and have underlined the irregular stem. We have also grouped them according to their patterns of change.caberyo cabréponeryo pondrédeciryo diréhaberyo habré
saliryo saldréhaceryo harépoderyo podréteneryo tendréquereryo querrévaleryo valdrésaberyo sabréveniryo vendré
Note that compound verbs based on the irregular verbs inherit the same irregularities. Here are a few examples:desquereryo desquerréresaberyo resabréanteponeryo antepondrémanteneryo mantendréprevaleryo prevaldré
Let's add two flashcards for the future tense:Verb FlashcardsComplete ListFuture TenseInfinitive + ending(-é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án)
Future Tense Irregularscaberyo cabréponeryo pondrédeciryo diréhaber
yo habrésaliryo saldréhaceryo harépoderyo podréteneryo tendréquereryo querrévaleryo valdrésaberyo sabréveniryo vendré
Irregular Spanish Future TenseThe irregularities in the future tense are a bit difficult to predict. You will be happy to know that ser and estar, which are irregular in almost every other tense, are completely regular in the future. It’s the following that you have to look out for:
Irregular –ER verbs Irregular –IR verbs
SABERto know
PONERto put
VENIRto come
SALIRto leave, go out
yo sabré pondré vendré saldré
tú sabrás pondrás vendrás saldrás
Ud., él, ella, sabrá pondrá vendrá saldrá
nosotros/as sabremos pondremos vendremos saldremos
vosotros/as sabréis pondréis vendréis saldréis
Uds., ellos, ellas sabrán pondrán vendrán saldrán
You will notice that the irregular –er verbs drop the –e from the infinitive ending, while the irregular –ir verbs replace the –i with an –r.
Other common verbs that follow this irregularity are:
poder: podré, podrás, podrá, podremos, podréis, podrán querer: querré, querrás, querrá, querremos, querréis, querrán tener: tendré, tendrás, tendrá, tendremos, tendréis, tendrán valer: valdré, valdrás, valdrá, valdremos, valdréis, valdrán
There are two verbs that have an even stranger stem change in the future tense. You will simply have to memorize these.
HACERto make, to do
DECIRto say, to tell
yo haré diré
tú harás dirás
Ud., él, ella, hará dirá
nosotros/as haremos diremos
vosotros/as haréis diréis
Uds., ellos, ellas harán dirán
orms of the future tense. Endings. The endings for all verbs are: -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án Note that every one except the nosotros form requires a written accent. Stem. Normally, the infinitive is used as the stem (exceptions will be given below). Samples:
hablar comer vivirhablaré hablaremos comeré comeremos viviré viviremoshablará
s hablaréis comerás comeréis vivirá
s viviréis
hablará hablarán comerá comerán vivirá viviránVerbs with irregular future stems: (Remember that this same stem is used to form the conditional.) decir dir- to sayhaber habr- there to be [impersonal];
verb]hacer har- to make, dopoder podr- to be ableponer pondr- to put, place, setquerer querr- to want, lovesaber sabr- to know [a fact], know howsalir saldr- to leave, go outtener tendr- to havevaler valdr- to be worthvenir vendr- to comeEnrique nos dirá la
verdad.Enrique will tell us the truth
¿Quiénes vendrán conmigo?
Who will come with me?
Pondré la mesa en seguida.
I'll set the table right away.
Usage. There are two main ways in which the future tense is used in Spanish:
It indicates future time, the same as in English.Mañana saldremos para
Madrid.Tomorrow we will leave for
El lunes iré al hospital. I'll go to the hospital on Monday.NOTE: The present tense is often
used instead of the future for near future actions:
Esta noche miramos la televisión.
Tonight we'll watch TV.
Lo hago en dos minutos. I'll do it in two minutes.
The future tense is also used to indicate conjecture or probability in the present time. In English, expressions such as
“probably”, “must”, “I/you think” are usually used rather than the future tense.
¿Dónde estará María?
Where do you think Mary is (right now)?
Estará en casa. She is probably at home.
¿Qué hora es? What time is it?Serán las ocho. It must be 8:00. (Or: It is probably
etc.)The periphrastic future: Ir a + the infinitive. A present tense form
of the verb ir (to go) plus the preposition a plus an infinitive is often used as a substitute for the future tense in Spanish. The same phenomenon also occurs in English:
¿Vas a estudiar mañana?
Are you going to study tomorrow?
No voy a hacer nada. I'm not going to do anything.
When “will” is used in the sense of “to be willing to” it is normally translated by the verb querer (to want), not the future tense. This frequently occurs in requests which suggest the idea “would you like to” or “would you be willing to”:
¿Quiere Ud. apagar el cigarrillo?
Will you put out your cigarrette?
¿Quieres sacar la basura, Juan?
Will you take out the trash, John?
Picante: Fue un cambioMás Videos »
end vertical•
Título Sub 17•
Balón de Oro
Preolímpico•
México-EE.UU.
Contraproducente
Palabras : “los Deportes”Anillas
Rings
Atletismo
Athletics
Balón de fútbol
Football
Baloncesto
Basketball
Balonmano
Handball
Balonvolea
Volleyball
Béisbol
Baseball
Boxeo
Boxing
Campeón/ona
Champion
Campeonato
Championship
Carrera
Race
Carrera de velocidad
Race
Coche de carreras
Racing car
Deportes
Sports
Deportes acuáticos
Water sports
Deportes de invierno
Winter sports
Entrenador
Trainer
Equitación
Riding
Esgrima
Fencing
Espalderas
Wall bars
Esquí (actividad)
Skiing
Esquí (plancha)
Ski
Esquí náutico
Water skiing
Estadio
Stadium
Fútbol
Football
Gimnasia
Gymnastics
Golf
Golf
Halterofilia
Weight-lifting
Hipódromo
Racecourse ; Racetrack
Hockey
Hockey
Hockey sobre hielo
Ice hockey
Jockey ; Jinete
Jockey ; Rider
Judo
Judo
Juegos Olimpicos ; Olimpiada
Olympic Games ;Olympics
Jugador/ra
Player
Manager
Manager
Maratón
Marathon
Marcha
Walk
Motorismo
Motoring
Natación
Swimming
Patinaje sobre hielo
Ice skating
Patinaje sobre ruedas
Roller skating
Piloto de carreras
Racing driver
Piscina
Swimming pool
Pista
Track
Rallye
Rally
Regata
Boat race
Ring ; Cuadrilátero
Ring
Rugby
Rugby
Salto con pértiga
Pole vault
Salto de altura
High jump
Salto de longitud
Long jump (U.K.) ; Broad jump (USA)
Sprint
Sprint (U.K) ; Dash (USA)
Tenis
Tennis
Trapecio
Trapeze
Velódromo
Cycling stadium ; Velodrome
Water-polo
Water polo
El ImperfectoImperfect tense:
The Imperfect
The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions in the past that occurred repeatedly.I used to walk every day.Yo caminaba cada día.
The imperfect tense is also used to refer to actions in the past that occurred over an extended period of time.
I used to eat paella frequently.Yo comía frecuentemente paella.
The imperfect tense is also used to "set the stage" for an event that occurred in the past.We were coming home when we saw Juan.Veníamos para casa cuando vimos a Juan.
Actions which are not physical, that is feelings and mental actions, usually use the imperfect tense.Juan was feeling sick.Juan estaba enfermo.
The imperfect is frequently associated with phrases that describe the frequency of past actions.a menudooften
a vecessometimes
cada díaevery day
cada añoevery year
con frecuenciafrequently
de vez en cuandofrom time to time
en aquella épocaat that time
frecuentementefrequently
generalmenteusually
muchas vecesmany times
muchoa lot
nuncanever
por un ratofor awhile
siemprealways
tantas vecesso many times
todas las semanasevery week
todos los díasevery day
todo el tiempoall the time
varias vecesseveral times
Regular forms of the imperfect are formed by adding the following endings to the stem of the verb:
-ar verbs example: hablar
abaabasabaábamosabaisaban
hablabahablabashablabahablábamoshablabaishablaban
-er verbs, -ir verbs example: vivir
íaíasíaíamosíaisían
vivíavivíasvivíavivíamosvivíaisvivían
Only three verbs are irregular in the imperfect:ser ver ir
eraeraseraéramoseraiseran
veíaveíasveíaveíamosveíaisveían
ibaibasibaíbamosibaisiban
Leccion de culturaCapitulo I Realidades 3
Gramatica intense- Cumplimentos Directos e indirectosReflexivos
Grammar Review
Reflexive Verbs: Part IA reflexive verb is a verb in which the subject is the direct recipient of the action of the verb in active voice.
There is no object!The subject is “ the object”
Notes:
A verb is reflexive when the subject and the object are the same.
I wash myself.
subject: I
verb: wash
object: myself
Since the subject and object are the same, the verb is reflexive.
I wash the car.
subject: I
verb: wash
object: car
Since the subject and object are different, the verb is not reflexive.
Here's another example of how a verb can be either reflexive or non-reflexive.
I scratch myself.
subject: I
verb: scratch
object: myself
Since the subject and object are the same, the verb is reflexive.
I scratch the dog.
subject: I
verb: scratch
object: dog
Since the subject and object are different, the verb is not reflexive.
When a verb is reflexive, the infinitive ends in "se."
lavar
to wash (non-reflexive)
lavarse
to wash oneself (reflexive)
rascar
to scratch (non-reflexive)
rascarse
to scratch oneself (reflexive)
There is one reflexive verb you have been using since you began studying Spanish.
llamarse - to call oneself
¿Cómo se llama usted?
What do you call yourself?
Me llamo Juan.
I call myself Juan.
Note: A more "natural" translation would be "What is your name?" and "My name is Juan."
When you learned to conjugate regular verbs, you needed to learn a set of pronouns called "subject
pronouns."
lavar
yo lavo
tú lavas
él, ella, usted lava
nosotros/as lavamos
vosotros/as laváis
ellos, ellas, ustedes lavan
Ella lava el coche.
To learn to conjugate reflexive verbs, you need to learn a different set of pronouns called "reflexive
pronouns." These pronouns are positioned before the verb, while the ending "se" is dropped and the verb is
conjugated normally.
lavarse
yo me lavo
I wash (myself)
tú te lavas
you wash (yourself) (informal)
él se lava
he washes (himself)
ella se lava
she washes (herself)
usted se lava
you wash (yourself) (formal)
nosotros nos lavamos
we wash (ourselves)
nosotras nos lavamos
we wash (ourselves) (feminine)
vosotros os laváis
you-all wash (yourselves) (informal)
vosotras os laváis
you-all wash (yourselves) (informal, feminine)
ustedes se lavan
you-all wash (yourselves)(formal)
ellos se lavan
they wash (themselves)
ellas se lavan
they wash (themselves) (feminine)
Ella se lava.
Ella lava el coche, y despues se lava.
The reflexive pronouns are not subject pronouns; rather they are object pronouns.
me (myself)
te (yourself)
se (himself, herself, yourself) itself
nos (ourselves)
os (yourselves)
se (themselves, yourselves)
The purpose of the reflexive object pronouns is to show that the action of the verb remains with the subject.
Juan se lava la cara.Juan washes his face. (reflexive)
Juan lava su carro. (non-reflexive)
Juan washes his car.
Note: When referring to body parts, use the definite article, thus "la cara" not "su cara."
Note that many, many verbs can be made reflexive. All it means when a verb is reflexive is that the action
remains with the subject.
wash the dog (non-reflexive)
wash your face (reflexive)
raise the book (non-reflexive)
raise your arm (reflexive)
put the baby to bed (non-reflexive)
go to bed (reflexive)
wake up your son (non-reflexive)
wake up yourself (reflexive)
...and so on
Now add a flashcard for reflexive verbs:
lavarse to wash oneself
yo me lavo
tú te lavas
él se lava
ella se lava
usted se lava
nosotros nos lavamos
nosotras nos lavamos
vosotros os laváis
vosotras os laváis
ustedes se lavan
ellos se lavan
ellas se lavan
Reflexive Verbs: Part II
In the previous lesson, you learned that a verb is reflexive when the subject and the object are the same.
I wash myself.
subject: I
verb: wash
object: myself
Since the subject and object are the same, the verb is reflexive.
I wash the car.
subject: I
verb: wash
object: car
Since the subject and object are different, the verb is not reflexive.
You also learned that when a verb is reflexive, the infinitive ends in "se."
lavar
to wash (non-reflexive)
lavarse
to wash oneself (reflexive)
rascar
to scratch (non-reflexive)
rascarse
to scratch oneself (reflexive)
You should have memorized a set of pronouns called "reflexive pronouns."
me (myself)
te (yourself)
se (himself, herself, yourself)
nos (ourselves)
os (yourselves)
se (themselves, yourselves)
You learned to conjugate reflexive verbs like this:
lavarse
yo me lavo
I wash (myself)
tú te lavas
you wash (yourself) (informal)
él/ella se lava
he/she washes (him/herself)
usted se lava
you wash (yourself) (formal)
nosotros/as nos lavamos
we wash (ourselves)
vosotros/as os laváis
you-all wash (yourselves) (informal)
ustedes se lavan
you-all wash (yourselves) (formal)
ellos/as se lavan
they wash (themselves)
In the lesson titled Direct Object Pronouns Part III you learned that when there are two verbs, you have two
options on where to place the pronoun: before the conjugated verb or attached to the end of the infinitive.
Great Law of Position of Object PronounsI want to see it. (querer, ver)
Lo quiero ver.
Quiero verlo.Lo debemos comprar.
Debemos comprarlo.
We should buy it.
María nos debe visitar.
María debe visitarnos.
Mary should visit us.
Juan lo necesita lavar.
Juan necesita lavarlo.
John needs to wash it.
The same is true regarding reflexive pronouns. When the sentence has two verbs, the pronoun can be
placed directly before the conjugated verb or attached to the end of the infinitive.
I want to see myself.
Me quiero ver.
Quiero verme.
John needs to wash his hair.
Juan se necesita lavar el pelo.
Juan necesita lavarse el pelo.
More pronouns and POSITION LAWMaria can wash her face now.
Ahora María se puede lavar la cara.
Ahora María puede lavarse la cara.
I have just gone to bed.
Acabo de acostarme.
Me acabo de acostar.
We prefer to wash with scented soap.
Preferimos lavarnos con jabón perfumado.
Nos preferimos lavar con jabón perfumado.
Whenever a verb directly follows a preposition, it remains in the infinitive form. For reflexive verbs, the
ending -se changes to agree with the subject. Observe the differences in the following sentences, all of
which are about counting burros before falling asleep.
ANTES + DE + infinitive
Antes de dormirme, yo cuento burros.
Antes de dormirte, tú cuentas burros.
Antes de dormirse, la chica cuenta burros.
Antes de dormirnos, nosotros contamos burros.
Antes de dormiros, vosotros contáis burros.
Antes de dormirse, los chicos cuentan burros.
In English, many verbs can be used transitively (with a direct object) or intransitively (without a direct object).
The sun dried the clothes. (transitive)
The clothes dried in the sun. (intransitive)
In Spanish, these intransitive constructions frequently employ the reflexive form.
The sun dried the clothes. (transitive)
El sol secó la ropa.
The clothes dried in the sun. (intransitive)
La ropa se secó al sol.
Sometimes, the reflexive construction is used merely to emphasize who is performing the action of the
sentence.
The cake? Maria ate it.
¿La torta? María se la comió.
For some verbs, the meaning changes when they are used reflexively.
aburrir - to bore
aburrirse - to be bored
acordar - to agree
acordarse de - to remember
acostar - to put to bed
acostarse - to go to bed
casar - to perform a marriage ceremony
casarse con - to become married to someone
despedir - to fire
despedirse de - to say goodbye
dormir - to sleep
dormirse - to fall asleep
ir - to go
irse - to go away, to leave
morir - to die (abruptly, as of an accident, war, etc.)
morirse - to die (as from natural causes; also "to die" figuratively)
negar - to deny
negarse a - to refuse
parecer - to seem
parecerse a - to resemble
poner - to put
ponerse - to put on
probar - to try, to taste
probarse - to try on
quitar - to take away
quitarse - to take off
A few verbs are always used reflexively.
arrepentirse (e:ie) - to repent
atreverse a - to dare
darse cuenta de - to realizejactarse de - to boast
quejarse de - to complain about
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Object Pronouns
Basic Spanish Pronouns
Direct Object PronounsFirst of all you must remember that a direct object in a sentence is the person, event or thing affected by the verb. The main difference between the use of the direct object pronouns in Spanish and English is their placement. While in English they substitute the direct object (and
its article) and are placed where the original object was, in Spanish this pronoun is placed in front of the verb, replacing also any article used with the object previously.
Singular PluralMe (me) Nos (us)
Te (you) Os (you [all])
*Lo/la (him/her/it) *Los/las (them: masculine/feminine/neuter)
Le= you to a male in many Spanish-speakiing countries!!!Ejemplo- Le conozco….
*The pronouns 'le' are sometimes used as direct object pronouns. Its use carry some subtle differences in meaning.
Spanish EnglishDirect object expressed (Tú) llevas el libro You take/carry the book
Direct object pronoun (Tú) lo llevas You take/carry it
Direct object expressed Ella rompe la silla She breaks the chair
Direct object Ella la rompe She breaks it
pronoun
Direct object expressed
Ustedes secuestran los perros You [all] kidnap the dogs
Direct object pronoun Ustedes los secuestran You [all] kidnap them
Direct object expressed El interrumpe la fiesta He interrupts the party
Direct object pronoun El la interrumpe He interrupts it
Indirect Object Pronouns: Part I. The indirect object (IO) tells us where the direct object (DO) is going. The indirect object answers the question "To whom?" or "For whom?" the action of the verb is performed. Sentences that have an indirect object usually also have a direct object.
Indirect Object Pronouns: Part INotes:The written lesson is below.Links to quizzes, tests, etc. are to the left.
The indirect object (IO) tells us where the direct object (DO) is going.He gives the book to María.DO=BookWhere is the book going?To María.IO=María
He gives María the book.DO=BookWhere is the book going?To María.IO=María
The indirect object answers the question "To whom?" or "For whom?" the action of the verb is performed.He gives María the book.To whom does he give the book?To María.IO=MaríaHe buys me flowers.For whom does he buy the flowers?For me.IO=me
Sentences that have an indirect object usually also have a direct object. Remember, the IO tells us where the DO is going. Notice how the sentences below just wouldn't work without a direct object.He gives María . . .the book, the pen, the diamond, etc.He buys me . . .flowers, candy, an ironing board, etc.
Sometimes the direct object is not stated; rather it is implied, or understood.My mother writes me every week.DO=letter (understood)IO=me(My mother writes me a letter every week.)She told him.DO=it (understood)IO=him(She told it to him.)
To identify the indirect object use our two guidelines:• The IO tells us where the DO is going.• The IO answers the question "to whom?" or "for whom" the action of the verb is
performed.
When a pronoun takes the place of the name of the indirect object, use the following pronouns:me (me)
te (you-familiar)le (him, her, you-formal)nos (us)os (you-all-familiar)les (them, you-all-formal)
In an affirmative statement with one verb, the indirect object pronoun comes immediately before the conjugated verb.Juan me compra un regalo.John buys me a gift.John buys a gift for me.Juan te compra un regalo.John buys you a gift.John buys a gift for you.Juan le compra un regalo.John buys her a gift.John buys a gift for her.Juan nos compra un regalo.John buys us a gift.John buys a gift for us.Juan os compra un regalo.John buys you-all (familiar) a gift.John buys a gift for you-all.Juan les compra un regalo.John buys them a gift.John buys a gift for them.
Now, focus in on one part of each of the previous examples:Juan me compra un regalo.John buys (for) me a gift.Juan te compra un regalo.John buys (for) you a gift.Juan le compra un regalo.John buys (for) her a gift.Juan nos compra un regalo.John buys (for) us a gift.Juan os compra un regalo.John buys (for) you-all (familiar) a gift.Juan les compra un regalo.John buys (for) them a gift.
Let's extract the IO phrase and its English equivalent:me comprabuys (for) me
te comprabuys (for) youle comprabuys (for) hernos comprabuys (for) usos comprabuys (for) you-allles comprabuys (for) them
Just like with the direct object, the indirect object presents a problem if one tries to translate word-for-word:Juan me compra un regalo.John for me he buys a gift.
The key to learning to use the indirect object pronouns is the same as the key for direct object pronouns. You must learn to think in phrases, not words. The phrases consist of a pronoun and a conjugated verb. In the following examples, note that the IO remains the same, while the subject of the phrase changes.me comprahe buys meme compranthey buy meme comprasyou buy me
The IO pronouns le and les present a special problem because they are ambiguous. That is, they can stand for different things.leto (for) himto (for) herto (for) you-formallesto (for) themto (for) you-all-formal
The following sentences, while grammatically correct, are ambiguous:Ella le escribe una carta.Ella les escribe una carta.Out of context, there is no way we can know the meaning.Ella le escribe una carta.She writes him a letter.She writes her a letter.
She writes you (formal) a letter.Ella les escribe una carta.She writes them a letter.She writes you-all (formal) a letter.
Since le and les can mean more than one thing, a prepositional phrase is often added to remove the ambiguity.Ella le escribe a Juan una carta.Ella le escribe a su hermana una carta.Ella le escribe a usted una carta.Ella les escribe a sus padres una carta.Ella les escribe a ustedes una carta.
Sometimes a prepositional phrase is added not for clarity, but rather for emphasis.Juan me da a mí el dinero.John gives me the money.(emphasizing that the money is given to me and not to someone else)Juan te da a ti el dinero.John gives you the money. (emphasis on you)
There is no ambiguity in the following sentence. It can only mean one thing.Juan me da el dinero.John gives me the money.The addition of a prepositional phrase merely adds emphasis.Juan me da a mí el dinero.John gives me the money.
Let's sum up the important points of this lesson:• The IO tells us where the DO is going.• The IO answers the question "to whom" or "for whom."• Sentences that have an IO usually also have a DO• Sometimes the DO is not stated, but rather is implied, or understood.• The IO pronouns are: me, te, le, nos, os, les.• Place the pronoun before the conjugated verb.• Think in phrases, do not translate word-for-word.• Le and les are ambiguous.• Prepositional phrases are often used for clarity and for emphasis.
Direct and Indirect
Object Pronouns Used Together!Here are the direct object pronouns and the indirect object pronouns side by side:
DO Pronouns
IO Pronouns English Equivalent
me me me
te te you (familiar)
lo, la le him, her, it, you (formal)
nos nos us
os os you-all (familiar)
los, las les them, you-all (formal)
When you have both a direct object pronoun and an indirect object pronoun in the same sentence, the indirect object pronoun comes first.Ellos me los dan.They give them to me.IO pronoun: meDO pronoun: los
Ella te la vende.She sells it to you.IO pronoun: teDO pronoun: la
Whenever both pronouns begin with the letter "l" change the first pronoun to "se."le lo = se lole la = se lale los = se losle las = se las
les lo = se loles la = se lales los = se losles las = se las
The reason for changing "le lo" to "se lo" is merely to avoid the tongue-twisting effect of two short consecutive words that begin with the letter "l". To demonstrate this, first quickly say "les las" and then quickly say "se las." See how much easier it is to say "se las?"
In negative sentences, the negative word comes directly before the first pronoun.No se lo tengo.I don't have it for you.Nunca se los compro.I never buy them for her.
Because the pronoun se can have so many meanings, it is often helpful to clarify it by using a prepositional phrase.Él se lo dice.Ambiguous. He tells it to (whom?).Él se lo dice a Juan.He tells it to him. (to Juan)Él se lo dice a María.He tells it to her. (to María)Él se lo dice a ella.He tells it to her.
In sentences with two verbs, there are two options regarding the placement of the pronouns. Place them immediately before the conjugated verb or attach them directly to the infinitive.She should explain it to me.Ella me lo debe explicar.Ella debe explicármelo.I want to tell it to you.Te lo quiero decir.Quiero decírtelo.You need to send it to them.Se la necesitas enviar a ellos.Necesitas enviársela a ellos.Note that when attaching the pronouns to the infinitive, a written accent is also added to the final syllable of the infinitive. This preserves the sound of the infinitive.
When the pronouns are attached to the infinitive, make the sentence negative by placing the negative word directly before the conjugated verb.Ella debe explicármelo.Ella no debe explicármelo.Quiero decírtelo.No quiero decírtelo.Necesitas enviársela a ellos.No necesitas enviársela a ellos.
When the pronouns come before the conjugated verb, make the sentence negative by placing the negative word directly before the pronouns.Ella me lo debe explicar.Ella no me lo debe explicar.Te lo quiero decir.No te lo quiero decir.Se la necesitas enviar a ellos.No se la necesitas enviar a ellos.
Fin
