REGELT LENDS IN ARTiSANAL FISHEII lESAND REPORT ON ALTERNATIVES TO CANOES

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FAO /DANIDA/ NORWAY

Novcmbcr

IDAF/WP/ 40

ISAT1 i

November 1991

'1 ES

Programme de DéveloppementIntégré des Pêches Artisanalesen Afrique de l'Ouest - DIPA

Programme for IntegratedDevelopment of ArtisanalFisheries in West Africa - IDAF

GCP/RAF/ 192/DEN

::I) PORT Q AL TVC O CMOES

G.V. Everett and G.T. Sheves

S IN

With financial assistance from Denmark and in collaborationwith the Republic of Benin, the Fisheries Department of FAO isimplementing in West Africa a programme of small scale fisheriesdevelopment, commonly called the IDAF Project. This programme isbased upon an integrated approach involving production,processing and marketing of fish, and related activities ; italso involves ari active participation of the target fishingcommunities.

This report is a working paper and the conclusions andrecommendations are those considered appropriate at the time ofpreparation. The working papers have not necessarily beencleared for publication by the government (s) concerned nor byFAO. They may be modified in the light of further knowledgegained, at subsequent stages of the Project and issued later inother series.

The designations employed and the presentation of materialdo not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of FAO ora financing agency concerning the legal status of any country orterritory, city or area, or concerning the determination of itsfrontiers or boundaries.

IDAF ProjectFAO

Boîte Postale 1369Cotonou, R. Benin

Télex : 5291 FOODAGRI Tél. 330925/330624Fax : (229) 313649

This report is an update of IDAF/WP/22 "West African marineartisanal fisheries" written in 1988. This report also includesan account of the meeting on alternatives to canoes, held inAccra on 26-29 November, 1990. Section 5 of this paper is asummary of the report of the Accra meeting, and was mainlywritten by G.T. Sheves. G.V. Everett was, until October 1991,Coordinator of IDAF.

1. INRODUCTI0N

1 1. Background

Canoe or artisanal fisheries throughout Africa continue tobe considered the backbone of the fishery sector. In realityhowever since the l950s the industrial fishery has been built upto become now in many countries the dominant feature.

As might be expected there has been competition between thecanoe and industrial fisheries but also there has been muchcomplementarity and this has been for the benefit of the sectorin general. So far the enlarged industrial fleet has not hadnoticeable repercussions on the artisanal fleet, as in someAsian countries, but the danger signals are there.

Artisanal fisheries employ large numbers of persons at thefishing, landing, processing, marketing and support levels. .Thisemployment is generally characterised by movements in arid out ofthe sector according to season (because many fishermen alsoassist with farming), and by considerable flexibility withoccupation within the sector. Low wage levels are common. Initialinvestment (although often US $ 20,000) can also be relativelylow. The artisanal fishery is ideally placed to exploit thenearshore stocks which are generally more abundant thàn offshore.

There appears to be a drift of the more fully employed aridprofessional canoe fishermen to ports or landing places in urbanareas. This is because fish can be sold at a higher price there,support services are better and more days can be spent at sea bycanoes operating from towns rather than from some isolatedvillage settlement. Also, a port offers a shelter, to allow easylanding and launching.

The increasing professionalism of the artisanal fishermen isassisted further by the presence of locally based industrialfisheries because this can ensure better supplies of thenecessary inputs, such as nets, fuel, ice arid spare parts. Inaddition the presence of a prosperous and vigorous fishing sectorleads to creation of workshops, mechanical skills and increasedentrepreneurial and training facilities.

Industrial fishing is sometimes the only way to fish largestocks, often distant from landing places, and of low value. Forexample the abundant low value small pelagic stocks off south-western and northwestern Africa can effectively be exploited onlyby industrial vessels. Artisanal craft may be encouraged to fishthese stocks but they will never be able to catch the hundreds ofthousands of tons of fish available annually. Not least of thereasons is the absence of well equipped and populous settlementsalong these coasts. Nevertheless some of the industrial vesselscatching such fish in large quantities could only do so because

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they were operating within a special economic system (e.g.socialist East-Europe), and now that "market" economies are beingintroduced, it is understood that a number of large scale fishingoperations have reduced their activity.

In addition, the low value fish caught off southwestern aridnorthwestern Africa is often landed in other African countries(principally along the Gulf of Guinea). Studies indicate thatsuch imported fish may not necessarily compete with fish caughtlocally either by small industrial or artisanal craft, because itsupplies a different niche in market demand. In fact, it isgenerally sold at a cheaper price than local freshwater fish, isavailable throughout the year (including the local low season),and is conveniently packaged for sending up country where locallycaught fresh fish is less readily available. Most of it will besmoked there anyway.

Apart from the large quantities of cheap fish caught byforeign registered industrial vessels there are lower quantitiesof high value fish caught by local arid foreign registered freezertrawlers fishing off the African coasts. The catch is exported toEurope and Japan. If all industrial vessels are properly control-led their operations yield important revenues to the coastalstates (through license , employment, export taxes, etc).

The facilities on board the vessels often allow quicksorting, freezing, packaging arid storage so that the product canobtain a high price at the market place. Artisanally caught fish,with the lengthy time between catch, landing, sorting, transport,processing and packaging can be of a low quality sold at only alow price. Nevertheless it should be recognized that artisanaloperations are giving increasing attention to the quality of fishon board and at the landing point.

1.2. Population and catch

Table 1 shows the population of each country covered byIDAF, and it is seen clearly that Nigeria has the greatestpopulation. Gabon has the greatest GNP per caput. Considerablecause for concern on the overall trend in living standards in theregion is given by examining the last column of the table whereit is seen that most countries now show a negative per caput p.a.GNP growth rate over the 1980 - 1988 period.

The data presented in Table 2 are only approximate, but theyare the best available to give an overview of the artisanal catchfrom the coast arid brackishwater lagoons. The largest artisanalcatches are by fishermen in Senegal, Ghana and Nigeria. Theactual catch of fish by non-national flag industrial vessels ìsvery much higher than that shown here (only for national flagvessels) for Mauritania, Guinea Bissau, Guinea and Sierra Leone.Most of the artisanal catch (some 30,000 tons) for Benin is

taken from brackishwater lagoons and is not recorded in Table 2.In fact seventy per cent of the African flag catch in the regionis taken by canoes.

There may be change in catch volume due to migration out ofor into the zone by fishermen, and their catches should really berecorded against the IvflagI7 of the canoe, or the nationality ofthe owner of the canoe On this basis the artisanal catch ofGhana should be higher than actually recorded, because thousandsof Gharialan canoe fishermen catch in waters arid land at beachesoutside Ghana, Likewise the Senegal canoe catch should be higherthan officially recored in view of the high catch by Senegalesecanoes in waters of The Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea arid

Mauritania (up to ist May 1989). Many fishermen from Benin andNigeria also fish outside their home waters. In terms of theBenin fishery this is quite significant, because the marine (notlagoon) artisanal catch off Benin is relatively small comparedwith the catch of Benin fishermen in the Congo and Gabon.

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Table : Population and GNP (1989 data)J. preliminary

Source : World Bank Atlas, 1990

Country Population GNPthousand caput

per % Growth in GNPUS $ per caput p. a '80-' 88

Mauritania 1,954 490 -2.2Senegal 7,211 650 0.0The Gambia 846 230 1.0Cape Verde 360 760 3.2Guinea Bissau 960 180 1.5Guinea 5,547 430Sierra Leone 4,040 200 -3.2Liberia 2,475Côte d'Ivoire 11,713 790 -3.0Ghana 14,425 380 -0.8Togo 3,507 390 -2.4Benin 4,593 380 -1.8Nigeria 113,665 250 -3.6Cameroon 11,554 1,010 0.7Eq. Guinea 344 430Gabon 1,105 2,770 -2.6Sao Tome & Pr. 122 360 -5,7Congo 2,208 930 0.1ZaIre 34,442 260 -1.6

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Table 2 Estimated Narine Catches

Artisanal catch (tons)Country Total

Mauritania 91,500 ( 1) 14,144 ( 2)

Senegal 340,000( 7) 244,000 ( 7)

The Gambia 14,918 ( 5) 10,890 ( 5)Cape Verde 8,599 ( 7) 6,391 ( 7)Guinea Bissau 3,500 ( 1) 3,000 C 4)

Guinea 35,000 C 4) 34,000 ( 4)

Sierra Leone 37,273 ( 1) 32,273 ( 4)

Liberia 14,000 ( 9) 10,000 C 9)Côte d'Ivoire 63,000 (10) 31,000 (10)Ghana 289,282 ( 8) 220,877 ( 8)Togo 14,755 ( 1) 13,000 ( 4)Benin 9,062

( 5) 8,253 C 5)Nigeria 213,951 ( 5) 181,279 C 5)Cameroon 62,529 ( 1) 35,000 ( 3)Eq. Guinea 3,600 ( 1) 3,600 ( 4)Gabon 20,072 ( 6) 13,920

( 6)Sao Tome & Pr. 2,500 ( 1) 2,500 ( 4)Congo 21,706 ( 5) 8,600 ( 5)ZaIre 2,000 ( 1) 2,000 ( 4)

1) 1988 data, Vol. 66 FAO Yearbook Fishery Statistics2) 1989 data, IDAF Tram 1863) 1989 data, IDAF Tram 1624) Estimate5) 1989 data, IDAF Train 2056) 1988 data, IDAF Train 2057) 1989 data, IDAF Train 2148) Dept. Fisheries Accra, 1989 data

( 9) Data for 1989, before civil war(10) 1989 data, IDAF Tram 215

2. COtJ1J'TRY REPORTS

2.1. Mauritania to Liberia

As a result of the repatriation of Senegalese canoefishermen from Mauritania in May 1989 the catch at Nouakchottdeclined from the 17,000 tons recorded in 1988. Landings atNouadhibou rose from 5,439 tons in 1988 to 7,144 tons in 1989.During 1989 the number of operational canoes along the coastdeclined from 770 to 540, with Nouakchott suffering a higher loss(109) than Nouadhibou (68). Whereas landings at Nouakchott are

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mostly to supply the local consumer demand the landings atNouadhibou are of high value species such as octopus and lobsterfor export.

At Nouakchott the Japanese constructed ice and cold store onthe beach is now out of use whereas the Danish constructedfreezing, ice plant and cold store complex dominates the scene,but regrettably handles only a small quantity of fish.

The Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development is aboutto improve facilities for the artisanal fishermen at the Baie deRepos, Nouadhibou, However it will be difficult to provideadequate facilities for all craft, and probably the majority willcontinue to land on the beach. At Nouakchott the Kuwait Fund isto build a jetty to assist artisanal fishermen, in addition toproviding ice and cold store facilities in three villages to thenorth of the capital. The African Development Bank project forartisanal fishery development in villages to the south ofNouakchott has already started (and the ADB is also to provide afishery training vessel).

In Senegal the joint European Development Fund-CaisseCentrale de Coopération Economique (France) artisanal project forthe Casamance is now fully operational. It involves the provisionof credit to assist local youths to become involved in theartisanal fishery, because previously it had been persons mainlyfrom the north of Senegal who had been fishing, mainly shrimp, inthe region.

The African Development Bank project (based at Mbour)assists artisanal fisheries along the Petite Côte south of Dakar.The project aims to improve landing facilities, by the provisionof running water and sorting/cleaning spots, and to providecredit for the purchase of insulated trucks to assist traders,and for improvement in post harvest fish quality.

The Japanese finance a Community Fishery Centre operation atMissirah just north of the Senegal/Gambia border ; and theCanadians are financing a five year credit and technologyimprovement programme (project Propéche) based at Thiaroye,Dakar in the buildings which previously were the headquarters ofan earlier Canadian aided project to promote fish marketing.

Over the last few years there has been a continued declinein industrial purse seine operations based on Dakar port. Itappears the costs were too high. Merchants now buy low pricecanoe caught small pelagics from along the coast, andparticularly at Mbour and Joal, which have good road connectionswith Dakar. There have been many small businesses created, basedon purchase of fish at the beach, for sale in Europe, using airfreight.

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In The Gambia an Italian financed project to develop twovillages in the estuary has now been extended to work withfishing communities along the north bank of the estuary.

The present phase of the European Development Fund projectto aid communities along the Atlantic coast is now terminating ;

and it is probable that a further phase of aLivities will beformulated prior to requesting finance.

Unfortunately a large Scandinavian backed enterprise topromote shrimp farming has gone into receivership, aftersubstantial investment in a hatchery arid preparation of ponds.

Cape Verde has been receiving assistance from many agencies.A tJNDP/FAO project, mainly to provide technical assistance to agoveament fishery institution with responsibility for artisanalfisheries (IDEPE) has just teLllìinated, but may be succeeded by aNetherlands funded, and FAO executed, project. The Netherlandsalready is involved in artisanal fisheries on the island of SantoAntao, as part of a rural integrated project. The sector is alsoreceiving funds for investment from the African Development Bank.

The World Bank has been particularly keen to see revenuesraised from the Guinea Bissau fishery sector and for two yearsnow it has funded an adviser to the Fisheries Ministry. Theadviser has been able to improve the quality of statistics toallow improved decision making. A UNDP/FAO project aidsgovernment with advice for artisanal fisheries development.Sweden has been decreasing its financial assistance to theBubaque project. There is a pipeline project for the AfricanDevelopment Bank to introduce four handliner vessels.

Guinea artisanal fisheris is the scene of an increasingnumber of projects and general assistance. These include theUNCDF/UNDP/FAO Project for Kamsar in the northern part of thecoast, which will involve construction of a new canoe landingfacility near the wharf used by the bauxite complex. UNCDF isproviding funds for infrastructure, to be executed through OPS,and UNDP is providing funds for technical assistance to beprovided through FAO.

The Arab Bank for African Development (BADEA) is providingouthoard engines, and the African Development Bank (through theconcessional facility of African Development Funds) is providingfunds for workshops, boatbuilding facilites, and alsoaquaculture. Within this project the Chinese are constructing afleet of inboard diesel powered small craft for use by artisanalfishermen.

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Canada and Japan are also assisting the artisanal sub-sector. IDAF has established a subregional office in Conakry tointensify support to artisanal fisheries in Sierra Leone, Guinea,and Guinea Bissau.

The European Development Fund purchases equipment for thesmall-scale fishery project on Ka.back, an island just south ofConakry. The project receives technical assistance paid for byUNDP and executed through FAO.

In Sierra Leone since January 1991 the new marine protectionservice ensures that all industrial operations are kept fiverailes from shore, so protecting artisanal fisheries, and theresource they exploit. The European Development Fund finances theWest North West Artisanal Fisheries and Community Development(AFCOD) project, based on Freetown but working with communitiesalong the northern coast. It has a large credit component, and iscurrently most successful with promoting mangrove management.There is also a craft improvement activity.

The Federal German Agency GTZ continues to fund theFisheries Pilot Project at Tomba, a large village on theFreetown Peninsula, and the most significant improvements havebeen running of a gear store, and setting up communityinstitutions for general development. The project accorded loansfor introduction of inboard diesels. These inboard diesel poweredvessels did not then give the expected results. In addition,there were substantial fluctuations in the exchange rate so fundsadvanced on credit were soon worth very much less at the worldmarket price and reimbursements were not of a high enough valueto ensure overall value of the revolving loan fund.

The whole approach to extension in the artisanal subsectorneeds to be examined, in the light of governmentts possibilitiesfor intervention. So often the governments just do not havefinance for extension activities. Unlike developed countriesthere is no well established mechanism of trade or technicalnewspaper or publication or radio prepared to discuss technicaldevelopments or aid exchange of information. Also, manygovernment staff are just not prepared to live and work inisolated rather uncomfortable localities, and there is commonly alow threshold above which staff are not prepared to go out oftheir way to help fisherfolk improve their lot. This certainlycan hinder unrealistically idealistic aid projects.

The t.ThDP/FAO project for integrated fisheries development in.villages on the Shenge Peninsular is fully operational, andcontributes greatly to improved living standards in that part ofthe country, It is receiving supplementary finance forconstruction of a school on Plantain Island, and renovation ofthe road to Moyamba, from UNCDF,

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Since mid 1990 the coastal fisheries of Liberia have beenseverely dislocated by civil war. Most of the Ghanaian fishermendeparted, and between 200 and 400 large canoes, plus gear, wereleft in Liberia. There are some indications that these fishermenare returning slowly.

2.2. Côte d'Ivoire to Congo

In Côte d'Ivoire the artisanal fisheries section of theDepartment of Fisheries has initiated an experimental craftprograrriine to try out new vessels as ari alternative to the dugoutcanoe. There is a fleet of small trawlers based on Abidjan thatis having some success in inshore waters, using low cost carengines and small trawis.

The IFAD financed Lagune Aby project was disrupted in July1990 when facilities were damaged, and activities ceased. Thework plan involved establishing experimental acadjas (brush parkfisheries) along the shore, ènd assistance to fishermen forobtaining nets which exploit the juvenile stocks lessintensively.

The original plan by FAC and the EDF to finance a shrimpfarm at Assini has been postponed. Meanwhile a privately financedshrimp farm at Grand Lahou is proceeding. The OceanographicResearch Centre in Abidjan continues with rearing trials ontilapia and Chrysichthys species, sometimes in acadjas.

Based on Abidjan is an EDF financed regional project toreduce post harvest fish losses in the artisanal fishery. It isnow at a preparatory stage, and will probably be extended. TheFAO Infopêche project, also in Abidjan, provides information tothe EDF project and national aúthorities and enterprises on fishmarketing.

In Ghana the European Development Fund exercise to improveoperations of inshore trawlers, has terminated, with some mixedresults, partly because of the decrease in abundance of "triggerfish" balistes species. There continues to be a need forextension/training to ensure that mechanics and fishermenappreciate the requirements for operation arid maintenance ofinboard diesel engines, and gearboxes.

One of the achievements of the structural adjustmentprogramme in Ghana is the relative health of the private sector,and its new found confidence to provide (imported) equipment,spare parts and services to the fishery sector. On Lake Volta anUNDP/FAO integrated project, associated with IDAF in Benin, isplaying a most positive role in assisting canoe fishermen in thenorthern part of the lake. IDAF Benin organized in November 1990a meeting in Accra on alternatives to the large coastal canoe,

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and it is expected that further f ollowup will continue (theproceedings of the workshop are presented as section 5 of thisreport).

Benin is the headquarters of the IDAF Project and itsassociated model project. The model project has implemented,analysed, and presented the conclusions and findings relative tonumerous interventions relevant to canoe improvements, inboarddiesels, gilinets, echosounders and participatory development incommunities.

Germany through GTZ assists the Department of Fisheries inBenin with lagoon fishery management, for it is the lagoons thatsupply most of the fish catch (some 30,000 tons). The projectcollects statistics, and undertakes analyses, and carries outtrials on extensive fish culture in "fish holes". It has anextensive mangrove planting prograinnie, to improve shorelineecological conditions, and at times provide firewood forcommunities.

A substantial UNDP/FAO artisanal fisheries developmentproject for coastal fisheries in Nigeria is just terminating.Unfortunately the expected contribution from the federalauthorities never materialised so results were less substantialthan originally expected. Target areas have been Uta Ewa in AkwaIbom, Koko in Bendel State, Igbokoda, and with headquarters inLagos. The World Bank has helped set up Agricultural DevelopmentProjects which provide inputs to artisanal fisheries, and throughwhich a statistics/resource management programme is to beestablished.

In Cameroon the government has been active distributing gearand engines received as a donation from Japan, mainly forfishermen on inland waters. Fishermen from Nigeria work along thecoast, aiming to catch mainly the small shrimp sold back toNigeria for seasoning in foods.

Equatorial Guinea has still not benefitted from an approvedAfrican Development (Bank) Fund loan for the fishery sector,however there has been a modest FAO-TCP input to supportgovernment institutional impact in the artisanal subsector.During the TCP project the expert assigned to the project took alot of gear to the island of Annobon for distribution tofishermen.

Sao Tome and Principe benefits from the EDF f maced regionalproject for Gulf of Guinea countries, based on Libreville(commonly called COREP). Along with IFAD funds the islands'fisheries are benefitting from improved infrastructures, andJapan has provided inshore craft and four hundred outboardmotors.

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Gabon's artisanal fisheries are dominated by foreigners fromsuch countries as Nigeria and Benin. The EDF built centre atOwendo was built to improve market outlets for canoe fisheLluen,and to provide such supplies as ice and fuel, The centre wasfirst run by Government, and is now managed by a private company.UNIFEM has been aiding a womens oriented project to assist womensmokers working on lakes near Lambarene in the interior, and IDAFhas provided some inputs to overall project activities.

To the north of Pointe-Noire in the Congo the CaisseCentrale de Cooperation Econoinique of France has financed theConstruction of a coxnniunity fishery centre on the coast atMatombi. The external input has now ceased. The ORSTOM Centre atPointe-Noire is to be the regional centre for fishery research,as financed by the EDF COREP project.

The UNDP/FAO artisanal fisheries project in Zaire is nowextending its work throughout the country. It is based at theKinkole fishery centre near Kinshasa.

In Angola the Swedish bilateral project continues to assistartisanal development around Luanda and to the north of thecountry. Some one hundred small craft which were loaned tofishermen have now been sold, and fishing gear -imported by theproject- is to be sold at prices resembling those on the worldmarket. Previously the gear was sold at rates controlled by theofficial exchange rather than parallel market rate. There is alsoan Italian bilateral project to promote artisanal fisheries atAinboim.

3. FISHERY MANAGEME2'T

Cape Verde has one of the smallest catches in the region,yet fish and fish products are the principal export and a crucialfeature of this country. Given the dispersed nature of thefishery through so many islands, and with so many smallcommunities of fishermen it is quite costly to collect statisticsat an artisanal level. The balance between funds spent onresearch, against value overall of the fishery needs to beclosely checked. A small team has now been established some eightyears to carry out research,

Fisheries research and resource evaluation in Senegal havebeen dominated by ORSTOM involvement. The involvement continues.A Canadian project (PSPS) has made persistent attempts to improvefisheries management, and surveillance, but after nearly a decadeof effort the result has been meagre. However, it is hoped thatboth the French and the Canadian involvement will continue andthat it will soon be widely accepted that fishery management

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based on research/resource evaluation is the priority of anyfishery policy.

Catch and effort data from Senegal boats operating inGuinea Bissau waters have been useful in contributing to ourknowledge of the state of the stocks; but in reality it is theGuineans themselves who must take responsibility for setting upand supporting a professional fishery research unit. Perhaps thiscould be assisted by appointment of one or two senior,experienced, staff who could quietly and methodically introducethe perseverance required to ensure a competent evaluation ofthis renewable resource over a long period of time.

During the 1970s and early part of 1980s the state ofGuinea's resources were almost entirely neglected by thegovernment, and its civil servants. Within the framework of anFAO/UNDP project a resource survey by an ORSTOM vessel took placehowever; and ORSTOM strengthened their intervention in the latterpart of the 1980s with assistance to a fishery researchlaboratory. There is now an active institution takingresponsibility for this work, but much remains to be done beforeone can be confident that the main trends in fluctuations of theresource, each year, are being monitored satisfactorily.Fortunately the French scientists with ORSTOM will be continuingto work on this task over a long term. As an example of problemsassociated with introduction of management measures there is someconcern that 'semi-industrial' trawlers have been authorised tofish in zones which would normally be reserved for canoefishermen. The World Bank has signed a project to give short termassistance to fishery management - but this can have littleimpact unless it is sustained over the long term,

Sierra Leone has the tradition of a well regarded researchunit (and the West Africa Marine Fisheries Research Institute wasbased in Freetown). Unfortunately in recent years the nationaleconomy has become less able to support such services. Thelibrary of the research unit still has a number of scientificjournals from previous times, but few of recent years. Thequality of fishery statistics is to be improved. A consistentlong term approach to the question is required. Through a recentTCP project the FAO recruited such an experienced scientist for afew months, but he was able to achieve little apart fromhighlighting the problems, ICLARN from Manila is now to bei.nvoled in improvements to statistics.

Liberia has a less productive resource than Sierra Leone,and the institutions to support the fishery sector have beenweak.

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The agency ORSTOM continues its involvement with resourceevaluation in Côte d'Ivoire, but at a lower intensity thanpreviously. There has been some shift in emphasis to work onlagoons, quite justifiably in view of their productivity. The useof computers to assist compilation and analysis of data is welladvanced.

Ghana benefitted from early FAO/UNDP assistance to fisheriesresearch in the late 1960s and early l970s. A core of researcherswas built up. Unfortunately the central government was unable tosustain adequate financial support for research. Fortunately thestatistical collection and research efforts did not completelydisintegrate, and recently Ghana has seen a resurgence in fisheryresearch activity, with some outside assistance provided by theEuropean Development Fund. The EDF assistance has now ceased, butit is hoped that some further external inputs can be acquired toallow resource evaluation to be intensified. The Government hasrecently increased its funding for the Tema research unit.

Togo and Benin have had patchy experiences with statistics,research arid resource evaluation. The lagoon fisheries in Beninare of particular importance and a GTZ project is providingworthwhile long term assistance to resource management. Marineresearch in Benin appears to be the responsibility of a nationalscientific research centre, but there is no real reason whymarine research should be carried out in a unit separate fromthe Department of Fisheries

The Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research,in Lagos, provides the structure for promoting marine fisheriesresearch and resource evaluation in Nigeria. The responsibilityfor fishery statistics lies with the Federal Department ofFisheries. There appears to be little close liaison between theinterested parties to ensure the necessary monitoring of theresource, or the day to day management of the fishery. Changesgoing on in the brackishwater and coastal environments need to bemonitored very closely, and there is clearly a need forintensifying research in these fields. The need for high qualitylong term research should be emphasised. In 1992 the World Bankis to support a concerted effort to improve statistics, resourceevalutation, and fishery management.

Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Sao Tome and Principe and ZaIrehave no research going on in marine resources, so far as isknown. Cameroon has a fisheries laboratory at Limbe, with a smallstaff of young research workers.

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Congo obtains invaluable assistance from ORSTOM for staffinga laboratory at Pointe Noire, which over the years has done wellknown research. In future years it should receive assistance fora subregional research unit, funded by the European DevelopmentFund. In recent years the research has been more orientated toartisanal rather than industrial fisheries.

Angola's research has been of negligible quantity or qualityand this is of serious concern for a country with fisheryresources that are of such high value. Swedish aid has taken aparticular interest in the sector and now pays for two expatriatefull time researchers to strengthen this intervention. There is avery great deal to do to build on this elementary base, toachieve a minimal requirement for even indicative guidelines onwhich to manage the resource.

The role of regional, externally financed, surveys shouldnot be underestimated. Perhaps the best known was the Gulf ofGuinea survey, financed by USAID, in the 1960s along the wholecoast of West Africa. This demonstrated the varying abundance ofdemersal stocks along the coast. In recent years the ORSTOMvessels and the Norwegian vessel "Dr. Fridtjof Nansen" haveundertaken regional fish surveys.

The Working Party on Resources Evaluation of CECAF hasplayed an important role in analysis of data. An agency such asUND? could/should provide adequate/substantial funding to allowsuch technical bodies to carry out ongoing assessments of themain exploitated species, in particular the organisation ofinformal technical meetings to allow specialists to compare dataand improve stock assessment.

4. OBSERVATIONS ON TECOLOGY AND EXTENSION

For recent progress in fishing technology in the artisanalsubsector in West Africa the reader is referred to the report ona technical meeting on gear, craft arid propulsion, held atCotonou in September 1989, published as IDAF W? 28. This may beread in connection with other reports on fishing technology fromthroghout the region, issued by FAO, IDAF arid CECAF over the lastdecade or so. At Accra in November 1990 a meeting was held todiscuss alternatives to the large dugout canoe in Ghana (seesection 5).

New craft in fibreglass have been introduced successfully toMauritania. Monofilament gillnets are not now uncommon in theregion, and multimonofilainent nets have been introduced in somecountries. Echosouriders are beginning to be used by artisanalfishermen in Senegal, Ghana and Benin. Jigging for cephalopods

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and introduction of purse seines for canoes was successfullyintroduced by outside intervention in Senegal.

It was hoped that inboard diesel motors would have beenreadily accepted on to traditional craft arid canoes but this hasbeen more difficult than initially foreseen. There have been manysmall problems with installation, shaft alignment, etc. Outboarddiesel motors are now being introduced within the framework ofaid programmes in various countries, and certainly trials withone make, the Yanmar, have been positive.

FAO has taken many initiatives to improve post harvest fishhandling and processing at the artisanal level. The regionalapproach of the FIIU unit in Rome is most beneficial to WestAfrica in collecting and disseminating experiences andinformation on improved fish handling and processing. Some of theparticular interventions organised by FIIU have concerned iceboxes arid their wide use now round the coast, and thedissemination of the chorkor smoking oven and its modificationand introduction to many communities. An attempt at introductionof a solar drying tent has not so far proved successful.

A regional project funded by the European Development Fund,is focussing on reducing post harvest losses in the artisanalsubsector. It is based in Abidjan.

5. REPORT ON ALTERNTIVES TO CANOES

Sub-Regional Workshop on Alternatives to the Larqe Dug-out Canoefor use by Small-Scale and Artisanal Fishing Communities 26 - 29November 1990, Accra - Summary of Workshop Proceedings

1. Background

The artisanal fishery using traditional fishing craft is amajor source of low cost protein in the West African region. Thesector has developed rapidly over the last 30 years with innova-tions in the adoption of outboard engine power and large purseseine nets in traditional beach landing canoes for the smallpelagic fishery.

Fishing craft of the region are in three principal catego-ries ; the Senegalese pirogue (surf landing arid protected beachoperation) ; the planked canoes of Sierra Leone and GuineaConakry (protected beach landing) : and the Ghanaian dug-out(surf landing).

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The dugout canoe of Ghana is ideally suited to the oftenheavy surf and rough landing conditions. The canoes are carved byvillage artisans from simple logs of Wawa trees (Triplochitonscieroxylon). In recent years, builders have searched far intothe interior to locate the largest trees from which to carve the15 m long purse seine canoes.

It is now known that Wawa resources are seriously depletedand remaining stocks are under pressure for many uses other thanfishing craft.

Remaining timber resources in the West African region areunder great pressure ; export of hardwood logs in the last twodecades has been a major hard currency earner. In spite ofdangerous levels of deforestation, timber export continues to bea very important foreign currency earner.

The artisanal fishery is a relatively small user ofhardwoods in comparison to other demands on forest resources.However, both of the vigorous fisheries of the region in Senegaland Ghana are dependarit on one species of tree for fishing vesselreplacement.

It is clear from discussions with fishermen and boathuildersthat Samba, or Wawa (Triplochiton scleroxylon), is already notavailable in the quantities which have been used in the lastdecade to create the present fleets of artisanal fishing canoes.Available data on remaining stocks are not very favorable.National Forestry Departments are lacking in resources to policearid record present exploitation, and regeneration schemes arestill on a small scale. Moreover, improved forestry managementschemes would not allow Wawa trees to grow to the size requiredfor the large dug-outs.

Throughout the region, the supply of fishing craft has notyet become a serious problem although costs have risen as timberhas become more scarce and imported items such as fastenings havealso become more expensive.

For some time the Fisheries Department FAO has beenconcerned for the future of the small-scale fisheries dependanton forest resources and has taken the responsibility of commis-sioning research into the potential problem and arranged thepresent workshop as a forum for publicizing the situation to awider audience, and a platform for determining future courses ofaction in order to avoid what could become a crisis for the ruralfishing communities whose economies are dependant on small scalefishing.

Objective of the Workshop

The purpose of the workshop was to present and discuss thefindings of several recent studies which had looked at theproblems facing the suppliers of canoes, the requirements of thefishermen and also those problems involved in determiningtechnically and economically viable replacement craft. Theoutcome of the workshop was to include proposals for a package ofactivities to find adequate arid appropriate solutions for thefishing communities before they suffer economic and social damagecaused by the lack of means to continue their livelihood.

Format of the Workshop

The workshop was organised in two parts. On the first andsecond days prepared papers which highlighted various aspects ofthe problem were presented. These preceded Working Group sessionsand were meant to increase awareness of the problem and stimulatean exchange of ideas and opinions in the Working Groups. Eachpresentation was followed by an open discussion to allowclarification of points and elaboration of details. Translationwas done by the speakers themselves or by other participants. Atotal of thirty-four participants were registered ; and those infull attendance were twenty-seven (list of participants in annex1).

Unforturnately it was necessary to cancel the presentationof the last two papers on the Monday due to time loss because ofa major power failure.

Nevertheless these papers, both technical, provided valuablematerial for the Working Group Sessions. Turner's paper on safetyrequirements was replaced by Coackley's presentation of work donein Benin diesel installations (Programme in annex II).

Careful thought was given to the selection of members of theworking group, to ensure each topic would be discussed in itsbroadest aspects. Each Working Group therefore, although composedof a core of specialists on the topic for discussion, was multi-disciplinary with other members having expertise and experiencein related fields.

Salient points from the presentations

a. General Supply/Demand for Ghanaian Dug-outCanoes (Sheves)

The changing locus of canoe carving was shown to haveshifted about 200 km in a north and westerly direction over thelast 15 years as canoe carvers have been forced to seek suitabletrees at greater distances in the forest zoen due to depletion ofthe more accessible supplies.

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17

Analysis of available data showed that the annual totaldemand for replacements for the 10,400 fleet of Ghanaian canoesin the sub-region was between 1,200 and 1,600. These figures werebased on canoe life spans of between 8.6 years and 6.5 years.Half of these canoes would require wawa logs of 165 cm diameterand over.

If allowance is made for loss of trees found to beunsuitable for felling due to rot, physical damage or otherdefects the total demand for large trees would be between 750-1,000 annually.

Because of the high degree of migration any replacementcanoe would have to be able to withstand the most severecondition likely to be encountered.

Present and future supplies of wawa (Triplochitonscieroxylon in Ghana (Nolan)

The current demand for wawa logs by the fishing industrywhich is approximately 750 - 1,000 annually cannot be sustainedfor more than 10 - 20 years. At best approximately 200 treesabove 174 cm diameter could be sustained for 80 years.

With the introduction of a 40 year felling cycle, the amountof wawa trees within reserves will be reduced to those availablein 2.5 % of the net area being harvested annually. However only aproportion of this 2.5 % forested area will contain wawa trees,as they are most abundant in the MSNW (MSSE) and (DSDFZ) forestzones and not evenly distributed throughout the High ForestZone.

A higher rate of return is realized by the concessionnairefrom the sale of wawa trees to the industry than for canoebuilding.

Having sea-going canoes from large wawa trees is verywasteful. A minimum of 70 % of the tree is lost as wood chipswhich could be more economical utilized.

Timber supply situation in the sub-Region (Keita)

Unlike Ghana which has recently completed a ForestInventory, other countries in the region had only incomplete anddated information on their forest resources.

Despite the wide occurrence of wawa in the region and itshigh contribution to timber exports (40 % in Ghana, 20 % inCaineroon and Côte d'Ivoire) the species was under severe pressureand supplies were depleting.

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Wawa Increases In girth at 1.2 to 1.8 cm per year arid toreach the sizes required for canoe building would mean 150 to 200years. Exploitation in the forest of smaller sizes wawa treeswould not allow the emergency of these large specimens.

Two conflicts could be identified ; carved canoe cons-truction was wasteful of forest resources but the artisanalfishing industry provided low cost protein to the rural poor, andcanoe carving demanded large trees which from a forest managementpoint of view were uneconomical.

d. Alternative to the dug-out canoe (Gulbraridsen)

Attention was drawn to the high waste of timber in canoecarving. It was estimated that annual replacements for the canoefleet required some 70 000 m3 of timber in log arid plank form. Ifthis timber is converted to lumber planks the total value on thelocal market would be $ 4.4. million arid for export $ 9.4.

By comparing the value of sawn timbers lost though canoecarving with the cost of building an alternative craft in othermaterials, it was shown that at local market prices only woodconstruction would give an economic advantage, whereas if thesawn timber is exported, all methods of construction examined,G.R.P., aluminium and wood, would be economically advantageous toGhana, even although it would be necessary to import the G.R.P.and aluminium.

The advantages arid disadvantages of different constructionmethods and materials including relative costs were then discus-sed. Because of local availability of materials and skills andlow costs, wood was the most attractive material for alternativecanoe construction, but prototypes in G.R.P. arid aluminium shouldalso be tested.

From experience elsewhere ita new beach landing craft requiresment of an alternative to theestimated to need a four yearresearch and trials of prototypes.

had been found that developingmuch time and effort, develop-Ghanaian dug out canoe wasprogramme to allow time for

e. Diesel Motor Installation - The Experience from Benin(Coackley)

The Benin model project GCP/RAF/l98/DEM had carried outextensive research work on diesel installations in Ghanaian dug-out canoes. Three engines were installed, two were fixed engineswith propellers in a tunnel formed inside the canoe hull. Theother had a fixed engine with a pivoting shaft which could beretracted when approaching shallow waters or for beaching. Twoengines, one in a tunnel stern canoe and the other with the

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pivoting shaft were Volvo 2003 water cooled units, while theother was a Lombardini air cooled engine. Several problem wereencountered, the most important being overheating of both thewater and air-cooled versions. In all cases either theinstallation or the housings had to be modified to allowadequate cooling. As this type of installation was new tofishermen and mechanics misaligimtent of the shafts was also aproblem.

The main result of the program was to show that while it wastechnically possible to install small diesels engiens intraditional craft, it was necessary to have long term intensivetraining before such an innovation could be offered to fishermenor would be accepted by them. This was highlighted by the effortsof three private entrepreneurs not connected with the project whobought and fitted engines in their canoes. Of these one enginewas specifically for marine use while the others were convertedtruck engines. None of these craft operated successfully, ma.inlybecaue of lack of experience on the part of the fishermen andcanoe owners, and inappropriate technology in the case of theconverted engines.

The project collected detailed f igures on the costs andearnings of the operation of each canoe and it was possible tocompare the financial and economic performance of diesel inboardpowered canoes with those powered by outboard motors. Thefindings did not prove conclusively that diesel engines were moreeconomic in Benin but their lower fuel consumption indicates thatin some cases savings could be made.

A possible solution to the question of better economicperformance in the artisanal fleet may come from wider use of thediesel outhoard motors now on the market but still requiringsystematic testing for longevity.

f. Economics of the Ghana canoe fleet (Callerholni-Cassel)

This paper described the economic performance of five mainfishing methods used by the Ghana canoe fleet ;

Ali, Poli, Watsaline and drift - gill netting.

Emphasis was given to the effects of changing circumstancesand the sensitivity of profitability to these changes.

Importantly from the point of view of a canoe replacementprogramme it was found that moderate increases in the price of acanoe (10 % - 20 %) did not decrease owners' profits to any greatextent. And even an increase of 50 % in the price of the canoewould only reduce the owners' earnings by 9 % - 12 %.

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The greatest effect on profitability came from decreases inrevenue, either through catches or prices, or increases in fuelcosts.

The sensitivity to fuel price changes is particularlyrelevant to Ghana which has seen fuel prices increase by 150 %in the last few months.

g. Recent change in Ghanaian fishing legislation (Armah)

The fisheries legislation in Ghana was described in thecontext on the national territorial delimitation with whichfishing activities are carried out. These delinìitations includethe territorial sea extending 12 nautical miles off-shore fromlow water mark, the Exclusive Economic Zone which extends seawardfor 200 nautical miles from low water mark and the continentalshelf also extending for 200 nautical miles. Within these zonesGhana exercises it sovereign rights, and as far as they concernfisheries there are six major provisions of which four directlyconcern the canoe fleet.

Licencing of building and importation of motor fishingvessels, whereby it is now necessary to obtain a license beforebeginning construction of a new vessel in Ghana, or to have thewritten approval of the secretary in charge of fisheries to allowimportation of a fishing vessel. These provisions are to enablecontrol of fishing effort through restriction in fleet size.

Licensing of fishing craft, whereby all fishing vessels mustbe licensed, to carry out fishing operation. Only vessels with aseaworthiness certificate and owned by Ghanaian interest will begranted a license, except for tuna vessels which may be up to 75%owned by foreign interests.

In the case of canoes no fishing license will be issued ifthe canoe is not owned by a Ghanaian entity and registered withthe fisheries department.

Stocks are also to be protected by restrictions on fishingareas and gear specifications. These include

No towing gear shall be used in coastal waters thedepth of which is less than 30 meters.

Trawlers of 50 GRT and above are not allowed to operatein waters the depth of whìch is less than 30 meters.This effectively separates the trawlers from theartisanal canoe fleet.

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Manufacture, importation, sale and use of nets the meshof which is less than 25 mm in stretched diagonallength is prohibited.

Provision is also made for the introduction of closedseasons or areas if future developments make thisnecessary to protect fish stocks.

Hitherto monitoring, control, surveillance and enforcementhad been the responsibility of the Ghana Navy. The new lawrecognizes the importance of effective fisheries management bymaking provision for the establishment of a fisheries monitoringcontrol, surveillance and enforcement unit, with members from thenavy, airforce and fisheries department with the possibility ofco-opting other agencies in the discharge of its functions0

h. Experience of past attempts to introduced replacement,canoes in Ghana (Abayah)

During the workshop on small-scale boathuilding and boatrepair technology for selected west african countries in Accrain 1987, the technical committee accepted the resolution thatthere was a need to replace the dug-out canoe with a plankedcanoe with ari inboard engine. The saine resolution was againadopted in 1989 at a workshop on appropriate technology forAfrica in Senegal.

Work on a replacement had however begun in Ghana as early as1972 at the GIHOC boatyards. After deciding the characteristicsof the alternative canoe, a prototype was built in plywood. thecost was low and the craft light and manageable, but could not bebeached because of springing in the seams. The plywood was alsoprone to impact damage.

A second prototype was constructed in planks but again onbeaching in surf the planks sprung, Neither craft was accepted byfishermen, although both could be used satisfactorily from ports.

Development work was stopped because of financial cons-

traints but the need still exists to have a viable alternative tothe dug-out canoe.

4. working groups

It was emphasised to the participants that the real work ofthe meeting would be in the working groups and that the objectivewas for each group to prepare a working paper on their topic fordiscussion which would propose sustantive recommendations to beconsidered for inclusion in any future plan of action for areplacement to the Ghanaian dug-out canoe,

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The findings and recommendation of each group were presentedin plenary when amendments were prepared and agreed. Finalizationof the working papers was done by a sub-committee comprising

Dr. Q-B. West, Sen. Reg. Fisheries Officer, P.AFRMr. A. Armah, Deputy Dir. of Fisheries, (Marine)Mr. J.D. Keita Sen. Reg. Forestry officer, RAFRMr. D. Hammond, Chairman Gbese Fishermen AssociationMr. J. Turner, Fisheries Industry Officer, FlITDr. G.T. Sheves, FAO consultant, technical secretary tothe Workshop.

The agreed amendments were again presented in plenary forapproval by the participants. The finalized working papers areattached, but particular attention should be given to thefollowing ;

In Ghana, where a recent inventory has taken place, thecurrent available stock of wawa of 165 cm and above is30,000 trees. The annual demand for logs of this sizefor the production of canoes for the artisanal fisheryis 750 to 1 000. Taking into account other sources ofuses, accessibility and diseased trees this tree stockwill only be available for the next 10 to 20 years.(Working group N° 2).

These 30,000 wawa trees above 165 cm are in fact over-mature trees in terms of sound forestry management.The felling limit of wawa is 100 cm diameter and ittakes 150 years average from there to 165 cm. there-fore, there is now no recruitment from the fellinglimit to the diameter class of 165 cm and above, andthere will be no more trees of this size after the30,000 will be finished. Eventhough there is no recentinventories like in Ghana, the situation is not verydifferent in other countries. (Working Group N° 2).

As a matter of priority and in recognition of theimplications of the above to the sub-region arid in particular toGhana with respect to large dug-out canoes, the Governement ofGhana should take the initiative in seeking ways and means offinancing the development of alternative craft. (Working Groupn°4),

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WORKING GROUP N° i

Fishin. craft develo.ment and ini.rovement - De.endance on

diminishing Wawa Resources

The working group felt that in view of evidence given byforestry and fishing experts during the course of the workshop,there is no doubt that the supply of wawa for dugout canoes is

diminishing and that an alternative construction method is

urgently required.

Sheltered and Non Sheltered Landing Places

The largest component of the fleet which will be affectedmost seriously by the depletion of resources is the large dugoutcanoe, and attention should be given to this type. Furthermore,because the large majority of these crafts are migratory, areplacement must consider the inevitability of beach landing inexposed conditions. It was decided that attention should also bepaid, as a second priority to find appropriate replacements todugout canoes operating only from sheltered landing places, heredifferent emphases would be placed on design and construction.

Materials and Construction Methods

The group decided after lengthy discussion that wood shouldbe the preferred hull material for beach landing canoes,; due toits availability and low cost compared to FR1' and aluminium.However, the replacement programme should be sufficientlyflexible in its execution, to consider FRP and aluminium, afterappraisal of results gained. The group felt it necessary todefine at this stage, the type, scope, location and the targetgroup of the project. It was thought that based on previousprojects of this nature, that success might be more readilyachievable if the project was localised so that its compact couldbe concentrated. Consideration at this stage of discussion wasalso given to major safety considerations, and. it was felt thata decked vessel was priority. The conclusion from these pointsled to the accepted decision that a project could be usefullyimplemented east of Tema where large decked dugout canoes of theWatsa type are already in common usage. Having made thisdecision, further design considerations were focussed on a

replacement of the Watsa dugout canoes. Should such attempts besuccessful, a basis would exist for demonstration elsewhere inthe region. It was also felt that while the hull design andconstruction would not require significant alteration once provenviable, alternative deck arrangements and fishing merthods couldalso be considered.

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It was felt that a rational technical approach had to betaken towards wood construction methods, which are not satisfac-torily covered by current scaritling rules and the group makes therecommendation that any project or programme seeking an alterna-tive to the dugout canoe should include a technical evaluationof wooden construction methods following the guidelines ofGuibrandsen's August 1990 report, para 10.1 - Report on visitto Ghan&', published as IDAF/WP/37.

Improvements to Existing Craft

It was felt that the existing dugout canoe is a remarkabledesign, well suited to its task, and as such required few modifi-cations to the basic hull form. However, the low beam to lengthration is a result of limited tree diameter, arid is a majorinfluence on stability ; thus beam should be increased margi-nally. The long length of these canoes is a requirement forspeed, inanoeuvrability (both on land and sea) and the size ofcrew to haul not only the purse line but also the net. Thus areplacement craft would also fall within the 13-15 metre length.Features such as echo sounders and purse line hauling devicesshould also be considered.

It was felt that the cost of a replacement should becomparable with that of existing craft of the same size. TheGuibrandsen report indicates that wooden alternatives can meetthis requirement. The group was unable to conclude whether or notformal or informal credit facilities would be available to boatowners/f isherinen for purchase of ari FRP craft costing 2.5 timesas much as a wood alternative, even if the technical feasibilityof an FRP craft was proven. It was agreed that FRP or alloyshould not be ruled out for this reason as an alternativematerial. Wood on the other hand is relatively inexpensive, it islocally available in virtually all countries of the sub region,it is known to f isheL men, and it might be more easily repairableat village level.

Propulsion

There are two alternatives to the commonly used petrol OEMthe diesel inboard and outhoard motor. Projections carried outsome time previously showed the cost advantages of dieselengines, even taking into account their high capital cost. Sincethen, petrol prices have significantly increased in manycountries of the sub region, and the successful introduction ofthe diesel engine has become of even greater importance. WhIleneither diesel inboard nor outboard has yet achieved acceptance,their introduction must continue to be a major project component.We recommend that the choice of engine make should be determinedby evidence iii large numbers of such engines elsewhere in theworld on fishing craft and secondly by the availability of (or

25

the manufacturers willingness to provide) service, spares ortraining facilities. It was felt that no significant savingswould be achieved by the intorduction of kerosene engines.Provision of engine mounted hydraulic pumps should also beconsidered for the powering of hauling devices. Hand startingfacilities are essential.

Safety

Several aspects of safety were considered. A high priorityis that the craft should be unsinkable. A list of safetyequipment to be carried was drawn up. Some means of allowing thecrew to hold onto a capsized craft should be provided. It wasnoted that compliance with International and National Regulationsshould be investigated where appropriate to a decked vessel of 12-. 24 m length.

GROUP 2

Depletion of Forest Ressources and its implicationsfor boat construction

Artisanal fishing provides the bulk of fish landing alongthe West Africa coast. In Ghana this represents 75-80 % ofthe total 225,000 tons of fish landed.

Despite the waste which occurs during the building process,dug-out canoes are the ideal craft for severe conditionsobtaining along the coast specially in Ghana, but also inneighbouring countries.

Even though other trees species have been tried and will besuitable for planked craft the general consensus is thatWawa (Triplochiton scieroxylon) is the only timber suitablefor dug-out canoes because of its unique characteristics

Wawa is a very common tree in the West African forest zoneand provides a great percentage of timber exports (i.e. 40in Ghana, 20 % in Camaeroon and Côte d'Ivoire). Thereforethe problem is not of scarcity of the species but of largespecimens of 165 cm diameter and above required for dug-outcanoes.

In Ghana, where a recent inventory has taken place, thecurrent available stock of wawa of 165 cm and above is30,000 trees. The annual demand for logs of this size forthe production of canoes for the artisanal fishery is 750 to1 000. Taking into account other sources of uses, accessi-bility and diseased trees this tree stock will only beavailable for the next 10 to 20 yeras

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6. These 30,000 wawa trees above 165 cm are in fact over maturetrees in terms of sound forestry management. The fellinglimit of wawa is loo cm diameter and it takes 150 yearsaverage from there to 165 cm. Therefore, there is now norecruitment from the felling limit to the diameter class of165 cm and above, and there will be no more trees of thissize after 30,000 will be felled. Even though there is norecent inventories like in Ghana, the situation is not verydifferent in other countries

7. The recently introduced 40 year felling cycle in Ghana willmean that only 2.5 % of the forest area will be underexploitation at any one time. If all the 30,000 trees areevenly distributed then only 750 will be felled annually.These may not all be available to canoe carvers throughcompetition from other users.

8. The average life-span of the dug-out canoe is between 6-10years, rending the replacement problem more acute andseriously jeopardizing the sustainability of the industry.

9. There is therefore a potential threat to the artisanalfishery communities which in conseqi.ience may seriouslyreduce the protein supply to the population.

10. It is therefore very important that alternative solutions befound and the following avenues could be explored

replacement of large dug-out canoes by alternativecraft, by providing more harbours and protected landingsites because plariked boats may not resist beachlanding in rough conditions

use of planked boats with sheathing on the bottom forbeach landing may be considered

redesign of dug-out canoes to be able to get morecanoes from one log with appropriate technology toreduce wastage

modifications and improvements of small dug-out canoesfor improving fishing technology to make it functionaland efficient

11. When considering alternatives, the end product must bereasonably priced, and last at least 6-8 years, preferablycapable of beach landing and easily repairable locally.

12. It will also be necessary to involve canoe builders aridfishermen in the design and trials of any replacement craftproposed.

GROUP 3

Improvements and innovation in fishing technoloqy related toreplacement of artisanal craft

a. Diversification of methods

i. Governments should intensify research work to explore itsfish resources so as to establish the following

underutilized species

quantities of such stocks

fishing grounds for the stocks

d, capture methods for their exploitation

Government should help establish marketing avenues for theseunderutilized stocks to ensure their sustained exploitation.

Researchers should develop an effective system of passinginformation to fishermen and to undertake training on therelevant techniques for the fishing operation

Suitable conditions should be provided by Governmentsto enable the private sector to participate actively inthe supply of fishing materials.

ii. Extension of Fishing Area

The benefits of extending the fishing area are limited inthe absence of new or different types of appropriate fishingtechniques and equipment, which would inevitably involve costsfor the fishermen at levels which are unknown and would thereforeneed research and experimentation.

b. Improvements

Extension services should be equipped to exhibit differentmaterials to advise on different application and educatefishermen to identify materials of good quality

Any new vessel should establish a level of costeffectiveness initially using traditional gear and fishingmethods and improvements to gear and methods should berestricted to a semi-mechanized level

A second phase can compare new methods and type of fishingincluding the cost effectiveness of mechanisation or semi-mechanization eg. longline and net haulers, small andsimple winch etc.

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C. Beach landing devices

Opportunity should be taken to demonstrate to fishingcommunities, after consultation, the possibilities ofimproved shore handling facilities for canoes.

Further investigation is necessary for the feasibilityof providing minimum shore or harbour facilities eg. asmall rock break water in one place or an access roadin another

d. Navigation and safety equipment

Any new vessel should have minimum safety equipment toinclude floatatìon devices for crew members, compass, ridinglight, anchor etc0

Miscellaneous

Fishermen should be involved in the design and trials of theprototypes

Continued monitoring of the trials arid operation of theprototypes must be insured in order to analyse the perfor-mance of these craft, and take appropriate action asrequired.

GROUP 4. POLICY AND PLANNING

In view of the socio-economic arid political importance ofthe artisanal fisheries sector, Governments of the sub-regionshould evolve a clear and well-defined policy to ensure thesustainability of the sector, make it more efficient arid viablethrough the introduction of appropriate science and technology.To achieve this objective, and in recognition of the diminishingforest resources, there is a need to look for an alternativecraft, improve the conditions for beach landing, other shorefacilities and the supply of inputs on a sustained basis,introduction of new fishing techniques as appropriate andrelevant training in the use of any new devices associated withthe alternative craft to be introduced.

a. Stock Assessment

The justification for the continued exploitation of therenewable fishery resources in any given body of water dependspredominantly on the availability and size of the fish stockbeing exploited. Since the stocks are naturally renewable, theycan support a certain amount of fishing effort beyond whichreturns become unprofitable, hence the necessity to monitor thestocks on a continuous basis.

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In this connection, adequate structures should be put inplace at appropriate landing beaches for data collection usingappropriate catch assessment methodology. This is iii recognitionof the importance of reliable and good statistics for the purposeof management and conservation.

In order to assist in the above, it is necessary that allartisanal fishing crafts are registered. Additionally, in view ofthe importance of artisanal fisheries, it is necessary that theirarea of operation be duly defined and protected by legislation.

As ari objective to stock assessment, it is necessary to findways and means of collecting data on fish discards at sea,particularly from trawling and shrimping operations.

b. Management

For effective fisheries management, it is essential that netmesh sizes, closed fishing season/area arid quotas be determinedfor appropriate species, arid the necessary regulations be put inpiace and enforced. In this regard, traditional managementsystems well-known to the artisanal fishermen should be improvedand used to support the conservation and management measuresinstituted in order to enhance the fisheries.

In view of the constant rising cost of fishing inputs andconsidering the high contribution of this subsector to thenational fish requirement, Governments should grant taxconcession on the importation of these inputs.

Furthermore, in order to improve the socio-economicsituation of the fishing community, steps should be taken at thelocal level to evolve an appropriate and organized taxationsystem for the economic benefit of the fishermen.

C. Financial Systems

Even though the artisanal fisheries subsector produces thegreatest proportion of the domestic fish requirement of thenation, because of the large number of fishermen and theirdepend.ants, the average earning of artisanal fishermen, in almostall cases allow them only a subsistence livelihood. There istherefore the need to mobilize them into groups, and educate themin order to improve their credit worthiness for assistance fromfinancial institutions.

Efforts should be made by Governments to secure grants andother forms of assistance from eternal sources to improve theinput supply situation. Proceeds from the sale and distributionof the inputs should serve as a basis for establishing afisheries revolving fund for sustained input supply at reasonableprices.

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d. Social Implications

Traditionally, fishermen are by nature very conservative.Innovations are slowly accepted initially. Socio-economicproblems may therefore arise during the interim period betweenthe introduction and acceptance of new technology. The earningsof fishermen during this period may diminish, hence financialproblems, possible dislocation of family units and politicalproblems associated with the supply of fish to the growingpopulation may arise. Therefore, it is necessary to educate thefishermen to appreciate the absolute need for an alternativefishing craft arid also to involve them in all the stages ofdevelopment, adoption and utilization of the new craft, acceptedto be more efficient than the traditional dugout canoe.

The following actions are recommended

i. As a matter of priority and in recognition of theimplications of the above to the sub-region and inparticular to Ghana with respect to large dug out canoes,the Government of Ghana should take the initiative inseeking ways and means of financing the development of thealternative craft.

Appropriate financial institutions should be encouraged tosupport the production and acquisition of the newlydeveloped alternative f ìshing craft.

To ensure economic viability and full participation offinancial institutions, there is a need to reduce postharvest loses through the establishment of appropriateinfrastructural facilities for processing and storage, e.g.storage for smoked fish.

The marketing and distribution systems should be improved tocater for the expected increase in economic activity.

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Annex i

List of participants

E. Giani, FAO Fishing Technologist, IDAF, CotonouMs. Eva Callerhoim Cassel, APO Economist, IDAF, CotonouP. Tanimomo, Fishing Technologist, Model Project, CotonouG.V. Everett, Coordinator, IDAF, CotonouAlphonse, Ango Obam, CDPM, Minepia, Yaoundé

Mamadou Doumbia, Direction des Pêches, AbidjanA.R. Nkogho-Eyi, Service des Pêches Maritimes, LibrevilleMarquaye Armah, Deputy Director of Fisheries, AccraMartin Mensah, Deputy Director of Fisheries, Fisheries Researchand Utilization Branch, Box B-62, Tema

W. Scheffers, GI-IA/88/004, YejiF.M.K. Denyoh, Acting Director of Fisheries, AccraF.F.K, Ainpong, Forest Products Research Institute, Box 63,

KumasiJohn François, Chief Conservator of Forests, Box 527, AccraAdaagiak Akanteyam, Senior Ship Surveyor, Box M 38, AccraK.K.F. Ghartey, Conservator of Forests, Box 1457, KumasiD. Hammond, National Marine Fisheries, Box 2244, AccraS.D. Abayah, GIHOC, TemaR. Allotey, private carver, TemaL.I. Braimah, GHA/88/004, YejiDaah Ntim, African Timber Plywood. Box 1, ShimreboiNu Abeo Kyerekwand, Canoe Fishermen's Council, Box 14867, AccraEbenezer Eyeson, National Marine Fisheries Association,

Box 1157, TemaJ.M. Turner, FlIT, FAO, RomeEdward Ogundele, Igbokoda boatyard, Ondo State, Nigeria

Gulbrandsen, Myrsviagen 27, Grimstad, NorwayJ.D. Keita, Forestry Officer, P..AFR, FAO, AccraW. Q-B. West, Fisheries Officer, RAFR, FAO, AccraG.T. Sheves, FAO IDAF Consultant, CotonouSamba Alassane, ATEPAS, B.P. 3, DakarJacques Huet, ATEPAS, DakarYves Pinard, ATEPAS, DakarTim Nolan, ODA - Forestry, Accra

Coackley, FlIT Consultant, FAO, Rome

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Annex II

Arrival of Participants

Registration of Participants

Opening address

Coffee

General Supply/Demand forGhariaian dug-out Canoes(Sheves)

- Present and future suppliesof wawa (Triplochitonscieroxylon) in Ghana.(Nolan)

- Timber supply situation insub-region (Keita)

13.00 - Lunch

2nd Session 14.00 - Alternatives to the dug-outCanoe (Gulbrandsen)

- Alternative timbers for boatbuilding (Ampong)

Coffee - Plywood as a boat buildingmaterial (Spencer)

17.00 - Close

19.00 - Cocktail at RAFR

Tuesday 27th November

2nd Session 08.00 - Safety requirements forsmall fishing vessel andimplications for design(Turner)

Programme

Sunday 25th November -

Monday 26th November 08.00 -

10 00 -

10.30 -

ist Session 11.00 -

Coffee

Wednesday 28th November

Group sessions

Coffee

33

- Economics of Ghana Canoefleet and systems of Credit(Callerhoim Cassel)

- Recent changes in GhanaianFishing legislation (Armah)

- Experiences of pastattempts to introducereplacement Canoes in Ghana

(Abayah)

13.00 - Lunch

14.00 - Departure Field Trip Tema!Chorkor/Jamestown

15.00 - Return to RAFR

08.00 - Announcement of workinggroups arid allocation ofoffice space

13.00 - Lunch

14.00 - Resumption of workinggroups

Coffee 17.00 - Working group papers fortyping

Thursday 29th November

3rd Session

Coffee

08.00 - Presentation of workingpapers and discussion ;amendment as necessary

12.30 - Lunch/amended papers forTyping

14.00 - Presentation of agreedworking papers and summaryby Chairman

Coffee 17.00 - CLOSURE 0F WORKSHOP

LIS

TE

DE

S R

APP

OR

TS

DIP

A -

LIS

T O

F ID

AF

RE

POR

TD

ocum

ents

de

trav

ailjW

orki

nq p

aper

s

De

Gra

auw

, N.A

., E

tude

de

préf

acti.

bilit

é te

chni

que

de l'

amén

age-

1983

men

td'

abri

spo

urla

pêc

he m

ariti

me

artis

anal

eau

Ben

in. C

oton

ou, P

roje

t DIP

A. 5

5 p.

, DIP

A/W

P/l.

Bla

ck M

icha

ud, N

.J.,

Mis

sion

d'id

entif

icat

ion

des

com

mun

auté

s19

85lit

tora

les

de p

êche

urs

artis

ans

auB

énin

.C

oton

ou,

Proj

et D

IPA

, 24

p., D

IPA

/WP/

2.

Gul

bran

dsen

, O.A

., Pr

elim

inar

y ac

coun

t of

atte

mpt

s to

intr

oduc

e19

85al

tern

ativ

e ty

pes

of s

mal

l cra

ft in

to W

est A

fric

a.C

oton

ou, I

DA

F Pr

ojec

t, 51

p.,,

ID

AF/

WP/

3.

Gul

bran

dsen

, O .A

., U

n co

mpt

e-re

ndu

prél

imin

aire

sur

les

tent

ati-

1985

ves

d'in

trod

uire

des

type

sal

tern

atif

sde

petit

esem

barc

atio

ns e

n A

friq

ue d

e l'O

uest

.C

oton

ou, P

roje

tD

IPA

, 53

p., D

IPA

/WP/

3.

Jori

on P

.J.M

., T

he in

flue

nce

of s

ocio

-eco

nom

ic a

nd c

ultu

ral

1985

stru

ctur

es o

n sm

all-

scal

e co

asta

l fis

heri

es d

evel

opm

ent

in B

énin

. Cot

onou

, Pro

jet D

IPA

, 59

p., I

DA

F/W

P/4.

Jori

on P

.J .M

., L

'infl

uenc

e de

s st

ruct

ures

soc

io-é

cono

miq

ues

sur

1985

le d

ével

oppe

men

t des

pêc

hes

artis

anal

es s

ur le

s cô

tes

du B

énin

. Cot

onou

, Pro

jet D

IPA

, 59

p., D

IPA

/WP/

4.

Tan

dber

g, A

., Pr

elim

inar

y as

sess

men

t of

the

nutr

ition

al s

ituat

ion

1986

of s

ubsi

sten

ce f

ishe

rmen

's f

amili

es. C

oton

ou, P

roje

tD

IPA

, 31

p. I

DA

F/W

P/5.

Wijk

stro

m, O

., R

ecyc

lage

des

per

sonn

els

pêch

een

gest

ion

et c

omp-

1986

tabi

lité.

Cot

onou

, Pro

jet D

IPA

, 25

p. D

IPA

/WP/

6.

Col

lart

, A.,

Dev

elop

men

t pla

nnin

g fo

r sm

all-

scal

e fi

sher

ies

in

1986

Wes

t Afr

ica,

pra

ctic

al a

nd s

ocio

-eco

nom

ic a

spec

ts o

ffi

sh p

rodu

ctio

n an

d pr

oces

sing

. Cot

onou

, ID

AF

Proj

ect,

34 p

., ID

AF/

WP/

7.

Col

lart

, A.,

Plan

ific

atio

n du

dév

elop

pem

ent d

es p

êche

s ar

tisan

a-19

86le

sen

Afr

ique

de

l'Oue

st; p

rodu

ctio

n et

trai

tene

nt d

upo

isso

n,se

sas

pect

s m

atér

iels

,tech

niqu

es e

t soc

io-

écon

omiq

ues.

Cot

onou

, Pro

jet D

IPA

, 67

p. D

IPA

/WP/

7.

Van

der

Mee

ren,

A.J

.L.,

Soci

o-ec

onom

ic a

spec

ts o

f in

tegr

ated

f i-

1986

sher

ies

deve

lopm

ent

inru

ral

fish

ing

villa

ges.

Cot

onou

, ID

AF

Proj

ect,

29 p

., ID

AF/

WP/

8.

Hal

ing,

L.J

., et

Wijk

stro

m, O

., L

es d

ispo

nibi

lités

en

mat

érie

l19

86po

ur la

pêc

he a

rtis

anal

e. C

oton

ou, P

roje

t DIP

A, 4

7 p.

,D

IPA

/WP/

9.

Mes

ter

S.J.

, Des

ign

and

tria

l of

saili

ng r

igs

for

artis

anal

f i-

1986

sher

ies

of S

ierr

a L

eone

. Cot

onou

, ID

AF

Proj

ect,

3lp.

,ID

AF/

WP/

lO.

Vét

illar

t, R

., R

appo

rt d

étud

e pr

élim

inar

ie s

ur l'

amén

agem

ent d

'un

1986

abri

pou

rla

pêc

he m

ariti

me

artis

anal

eà

Cot

onou

.C

oton

ou, P

roje

t DIP

A, 3

1 p.

, DIP

A/W

P/ll.

Van

Hoo

f, L

., Sm

all-

scal

e fi

sh p

rodu

ctio

n an

d m

arke

ting

in S

hen-

1986

ge,

Sier

raL

eone

.C

oton

ou,

IDA

FPr

ojec

t,36

P.,

IDA

F/W

P/12

.

Eve

rett,

G.V

.,.n

out

line

of W

est A

fric

an s

mal

l-sc

ale

fish

erie

s.19

86C

oton

ou, l

OA

F Pr

ojec

t. 32

p.,

IDA

F/W

P/13

.

Bla

ck-M

icha

ud, J

., et

J. J

ohns

on, P

artic

ipat

ion

com

mun

auta

ire

aux

1987

proj

ets

inté

grés

des

pêc

hes

artis

anal

es.

En

cour

s de

prép

arat

ion

(DIP

A/W

P/14

).

Jrio

n.,

Rep

ort o

f th

e se

cond

lOA

F lia

ison

off

icer

s m

eetin

g;19

87Fr

eeto

wn,

Sier

raL

eone

(11

-14

Nov

embe

r19

86).

Cot

onou

, lO

AF

Proj

ect,

66 p

., ID

AF/

WP/

l5.

non.

,C

ompt

e-re

ndu

de la

deu

xièm

e ré

unio

n de

s of

fici

ers

de19

87lia

ison

duD

IPA

.C

oton

ou,

Proj

etD

IPA

,27

p.,

DIP

AJW

PJ16

.

Cam

pbel

l, R

.J.,

Rep

ort o

f th

e pr

epar

ator

y te

chni

cal m

eetin

g on

1987

prop

ulsi

on in

fis

hing

can

oes

in W

est A

fric

a (F

reet

own,

15-1

8N

ovem

ber

1986

).C

oton

ou,

1DM

Pro

ject

,88

p.,

IDA

F/W

P/l7

.

Dav

y D

.B.,S

eain

ansh

ip, S

ailin

g an

d M

otor

isat

ion.

cot

onou

, ID

AF

1987

Proj

ect,

85 p

., ID

AF/

WP/

18.

?num

-Doy

i, B

., an

d J.

Woo

d, O

bser

vatio

ns o

n fi

shin

g m

etho

ds in

1988

Wes

t Afr

ica.

Cot

onou

, 1D

M P

roje

ct, 5

3 p.

, ID

AF/

WP/

19,

non.

,R

epor

t of

the

thir

d lO

AF

liais

on o

ffic

ers

mee

ting

(Co-

1988

tono

u, 2

- 4

Dec

embe

r 19

87).

Cot

onou

, ID

AF

Proj

ect,

88p.

, ID

AF/

WP/

20.

Ano

n.,

Com

pte-

rend

u de

la tr

oisi

ème

réun

ion

des

offi

cier

s de

1988

liais

on d

u D

IPA

(2-

4 D

écem

bre

1987

). C

oton

ou, P

roje

tD

IPA

, 85

p., D

IPA

/WP/

20.

Haa

kons

en, J

.M. (

Ed.

) R

ecen

t dev

elop

men

ts o

f th

e ar

tisan

al f

ishe

-19

88ri

esin

Gha

na.

Cot

onou

,ID

AF

Proj

ect,

69p.

,ID

AF/

WP/

21.

Eve

rett,

G.V

., W

est A

fric

an m

arin

e ar

tisan

al f

ishe

ries

. Cot

onou

,19

88ID

AF

Proj

ect,

41 p

., ID

AF/

WP/

22.

Eve

rett,

G.V

., L

es p

êche

s m

ariti

mes

art

isan

ales

en

Afr

ique

de

1988

l'Oue

st. C

oton

ou, P

roje

t DIP

A, 4

4 p.

DIP

A/W

P/22

.

Coa

ckle

y, A

.D.R

., O

bser

vatio

ns o

n sm

all f

ishi

ng c

raft

dev

elop

-19

89m

ents

in W

est A

fric

a. C

oton

ou, I

DA

F Pr

ojec

t, 22

P.,

IDA

F/W

P/23

.

Zin

sou,

J. e

t W. W

enth

olt,

Gui

de p

ratiq

ue p

our

la c

onst

ruct

ion

et19

89l'i

ntro

duct

ion

dufu

moi

r"c

hork

or".

Cot

onou

,Pr

ojet

DIP

A, 3

3 p.

, DIP

A/W

P/24

.

Zin

sen,

J. a

rid

W. W

erith

oit,

A p

ratic

ai g

uide

to th

e co

nstr

uctio

n19

89an

d in

trod

uctio

n of

the

chor

kor

smok

er. C

oton

ou, I

DA

FPr

ojec

t, 29

p.,

IDA

F/W

P/24

.

Cha

uvea

u, J

.P.,

F. V

erde

aux,

EC

harl

es-D

omin

ique

et J

.M. H

aako

n-19

89se

n,B

iblio

grap

hie

sur

les

com

mun

auté

s de

pêc

heur

sd'

Afr

ique

de

l'Oue

st -

Bib

liogr

aphy

on

the

fish

ing

com

mun

ities

in W

est-

Afr

ica.

Cot

onou

, Pro

jet D

IPA

- I

DA

FPr

ojec

t, 22

0 p.

, DIP

A-I

DA

F/W

P/25

.

Eve

rett,

G.V

., Sm

all-

scal

e fi

sher

ies

deve

lopm

ent i

ssue

s in

Wes

t19

89A

fric

a. C

oton

ou, I

DA

F Pr

ojec

t, 47

p.,

IDA

F/W

P/26

.

Eve

rett,

G.V

., Pr

oblè

mes

de

déve

lopp

emen

t de

la p

êche

art

isan

ale

1989

en

Afr

ique

de

i 'O

uest

.C

oton

ou,

Proj

et D

IPA

,49

p.,

DIP

A/W

P/26

.

Haa

kons

en, J

.M.,

et W

. Wen

thol

t, L

a pê

che

lacu

stre

au

Gab

on. C

o-19

89to

nou,

Pro

jet D

IPA

, 36

p., D

IPA

/WP/

27.

Ano

n.R

epor

t of

the

ad h

oc te

chni

cal m

eetin

g on

art

isan

al f

i-19

90sh

erie

s cr

aft,

prop

ulsi

on, g

ear

and

secu

rity

in

the

IDA

F re

gion

; C

oton

ou, 2

5 -

26 S

epte

mbe

r 19

89. C

oton

ou,

IDA

F Pr

ojec

t, 11

1 p.

, ID

AF/

WP/

28.

Ano

n.,

Rep

ort o

f th

e fo

urth

ID

AF

liais

on o

ffic

ers

mee

ting

(Da-

1990

kar,

21-

23 N

ovem

ber

1989

). C

oton

ou, I

DA

F Pr

ojec

t,13

5 p.

, ID

AF/

WP/

29.

Ano

n.,

Com

pte-

rend

u de

la q

uatr

ièm

e ré

unio

n de

s of

fici

ers

de19

90lia

ison

duD

IPA

.C

oton

ou,

Proj

etD

IPA

,12

1p.

,D

IPA

/WP/

29.

Hou

ndék

on, H

.P.,

D.E

. Ten

ipei

man

et 1

3ff

A.N

., R

epor

t of

roun

d ta

-19

90hi

em

eetin

gon

wom

en's

activ

ities

and

com

mun

ityde

velo

pmen

t in

artis

anal

fis

heri

es (

proj

ects

) in

Wes

tA

fric

a.C

oton

ou,

IDA

FPr

ojec

t,12

p.,

+an

nexe

s,ID

AF/

WP/

30.

Hou

ndék

on, B

.R.,

D.E

. Tem

pelm

an e

t 13f

f A

.N.,

Rap

port

du

sém

inai

-19

90re

sur

les

activ

ités

fém

inin

eset

le d

ével

oppe

nent

com

mun

auta

ire

dans

les

proj

ets

de p

êche

s ar

tisan

ales

en A

friq

ue d

e l'o

uest

. Cot

onou

, Pro

jet D

IPA

, 14

p., +

anne

xes,

DIP

AJW

P/30

.

A.M

. 13f

f, S

ocïo

-eco

nom

jc c

ondi

tions

in

Nìg

eria

n fi

shin

g co

mnu

ni-

1990

ties

- B

ased

on

stud

ies

alon

g th

e B

enin

and

1m

o ri

ver

estu

arie

s. C

oton

ou, I

DA

F Pr

ojec

t, ll3

p., I

DA

F/W

P/31

.

M.O

. Okp

anef

e, A

. Abi

odun

and

J.M

. Haa

kons

en, T

he f

ishi

ng c

omm

u-19

91ni

ties

of th

e B

enin

Riv

er e

stua

ry a

rea:

Res

ults

fro

m a

villa

ge s

urve

y in

Ben

del S

tate

, Nig

eria

. Cot

onou

, ID

AF

Proj

ect,

75 p

., ID

AF/

WP/

32.

Ano

n.,

Com

pte-

rend

u du

cou

rs "

Ana

lyse

Qua

ntita

tive

des

Asp

ects

1991

Séle

ctio

nnés

de

Dév

elop

pem

ent'.

Cot

onou

, Pro

jet D

IPA

,6

+ x

lvi p

., D

IPA

/WP/

33.

Ano

n.,

Rep

ort o

f th

e co

urse

on

"Qua

ntita

tive

Ana

lysi

s of

Se-

1991

lect

edA

spec

tsof

Fish

erie

sD

evel

opm

ent"

.C

oton

ou,

IDA

F Pr

ojec

t, 6

+ x

lv p

., ID

AF/

WP/

33.

Cal

lerh

olm

Cas

sel E

., C

ost a

nd E

arni

ngs

and

Cre

dit S

tudi

es o

n19

91G

hana

ian

Can

oe F

ishe

ries

. Cot

onou

, ID

AF

Proj

ect,

38 p

.,ID

AF/

WP/

34.

Shev

es, G

. T.,

The

Gha

naia

n du

g-ou

t can

oe a

nd th

e ca

noe

carv

ing

1991

indu

stry

inG

hana

.C

oton

ou,

IDA

F Pr

ojec

t,10

9p.

,ID

AF/

WP/

35.

Haa

kons

en, J

.M. a

nd C

him

ère

Dia

w, F

ishe

rmen

's M

igra

tions

in W

est

1991

Afr

ica.

Cot

onou

, ID

AF

Proj

ect,

293

p., I

DA

F/W

P/36

.

Haa

kons

en, J

.M. e

t Chi

mèr

e D

iaw

, Mig

ratio

n de

s Pê

cheu

rs e

n A

fri-

1991

que

del'O

uest

.C

oton

ou,

Proj

etD

IPA

,33

2p.

,D

IPA

/WP/

36.

Gul

bran

dsen

, O.A

., C

anoe

s in

Gha

na. C

oton

ou, I

DA

F Pr

ojec

t, 82

p.,

1991

IDA

F/W

P/37

.

Ano

n.,

Art

isan

al F

ishe

ries

in W

est A

frïc

a, R

epor

t of

the

Fift

h19

91ID

AF

Lia

ison

Off

icer

s M

eetin

g. C

oton

ou, I

DA

F Pr

ojec

t,14

0 p.

, ID

AF/

WP/

38.

Anon.,

Les pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, Compte-

1991

rendu de la Cinquième réunion des Officiers de Liaison

du DIPA. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 122 p., DIPA/WP/38.

R.J. Beare and P. Tanimomo, Purse seine and encircling net fish-

1991

ing operations in Senegal, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ghana

and Benin. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 92 p., IDAF/WP/39.

Liste des documents de travail du Projet Modèle. Bénin!

List of working papers of the Model Project. Benin

Coackley, A.D.R., Report on installation of a diesel inboard mo-

1988

tor in a

Gha

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annexes, PMB/WP/1 (En).

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1988

une pirogue ghanéenne. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 9 p. +

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Zannou, L.H., Etudes technico-économiques des fours améliorées

1988

pour le fumage de poisson en République Populaire du

Bénin.

Cotonou,

Projet Modèle,

8p.

+6

tableaux,

PMB/WP/2.

Atti-Mana, C., et M. Raïs, Etude démographique des communautés

1988

cibles du projet Modèle Bénin. Cotonou, Projet Modèle,

20 p. + 10 annexes, PMB/WP/3.

Jorion, P., Non-monetary distribution of fish as food in Beninois

1988

small-scale fishing villages

arid

its importance for

auto-consumption.

Cotonou,

Model

Project,

26

p.,

PMB/WP/4.

Tanimomo, P. F., Catalogue des

engi

nsde pêche maritime artisanale

1989

du Benin. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 46 p. + 3 annexes,

PMB/WP/4, PMB/WP/5.

Tanimomo, P. F., Rapport de consultation sur la formation des jeu-

1989

mes pêcheurs de 1'UNICOOPEMA à Lomé. Cotonou, Projet

Modèle, 17 p. + 6 annexes, PMB/WP/6.

Atti Mama, C., Impacte Socio-économique de la piste Pahou-Kpota.

1989

Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 10 p. + 3 annexes, PMB/WP/7.

Zthouanmènou, C., C. Atti-Nana, B. Houndékon, D. Tenpelman et D.

1989

Turcotte, Animation, gestion et planification, séance

de travail avec les agents de terrain. Cotonou, Projet

Modèle, 142 p. + annexes, PMB/WP/8.

Atti-Nana, C., D. Turcotte, et W. Wentholt, Evaluation interne

1989

des activités du projet modèle Bénin dans le secteur de

Ouicìab.

Cotonou,

Projet Modèle,

36 p

+7

annexes,

PMB/WP/9.

Tempelman, D., The participatory approach in an integrated arti-

1989

sanai

fisheries

project

structuring

community

development

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activities.

Cotonou,

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Project, 43 p. PMB/WP/lO.

Landry J., Cours d'alphabétisation fonctionnelle en calucul. Co-

1989

tonou, Projet Modèle, 59 p. + 3 annexes. PNB/WP/ll.

Landry J., D. Tempelman, Functional literacy, Training Guide for

1989

a numeracy course. Cotonou, Model Project, 55 p.

+ 3

annexes. PMB/WP/ll

Atti-Nana, C., Systèmes traditionnels et modernes d' épargne et de

1990

crédit en milieu pêcheur au Bénin.

Cotonou, Projet

Modèle, 41 p. + annexes, PMB/WP/l2.

Sènouvo, P., Statistiques de pêches des villages du Projet Modèle

1990

Année 1987. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 33p. PMB/WP/l3.

Sheves, G.T., Holler P.T. and Tanimomo P.F., Report on denonstra-

1990

tion

with

echosounders,

compasses

and

multimono

gilinets

in

Ghana.

Cotonou,

Model

Project

22p.

PMB/WP/l4.

Coackley, A.D.R., and G.T. Shaves, A review of the experimental

1990

introduction of diesel inboard motors to Ghana canoes.

Cotonou, Model Project 41 p., PMB/WP/l5.

13ff, A.M. et D.E. Tenpelman, Etude sur les relations entre les

1990

captures

de

poisson

et

l'état

nutritionnel

des

communautés de pêcheurs dans la province du Mono, au

Bénin. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 27 p., PMB/WP/l6.

Sènouvo, A.P. et Gbaguidi, A.A. Recueil des données statistiques

1991

des pêches maritimes au Bénin. Période de 1984 à 1989.

Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 134 p., PMB/WP/17.

Houndékon, B.R., Initiative locale et développement: Expérience

1991

des communautés de pêcheurs marins du Bénin. Cotonou,

Projet Modèle, 17 p., PMB/WP/18.

Le Gurun, J.F., La section de technique des pêches. Cotonou, Pro-

1991

jet Modèle, 43 p., PMB/WP/l9.

7

FAQ/Government Cooperative Progranune, Integrated Development of

1990

Small-Scale Fisheries

in West Africa, Model Project

Benin, Project findings and recommendations. FAO, Rome,

FI :GCP/RAF/198/DFN Terminal Report, 34 p.

Programme de Coopération FAG/Gouvernements, Développement Intégré

1991

de la pêche artisanale en Afrique de l'ouest, Projet

Modèle Benin, Conclusions et recommandations du Projet.

FAO, Rome, FIGCP/RAF/l98/DTN Rapport terminal, 40 p.

Rapports techniques et des documents choisis/Solected

list of technical reports and documents

Direction Nationale du Projet Modèle Bénin, Mise en place et plan

1985

d'execution. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 43., + 3 annexes.

Sheves, G.T. Integrated small-scale fisheries projects: princi-

1985

ples,

appr

oach

es,and progress in the contect of the

Benin

prototype

project.

Paper

presented

at

the

workshop

on

Small-scale

Fisheries

Development

and

Management, Lomé, 20-29 November 1985, 33 p.

Shaves, G.T. Projets intégrés de pêches artisanales

: approches

1985

et

évolution

dans

le

contexte

du

projet

pilote.

Document

présente

àl'atelier

régional

sur

le

Paraïso F-X., rapport sur stages de recyclage en identification

1985

des poissons Cotonou, GCP/RAF/192/DEN 24 p.

Collart, A. et M. Guidicelli, Développement des pêcheries mariti-

1984

times et continentales de la pisciculture au Gaben.

Rome, FAO (GCP/RAF/192/DEN) 77 p.

Johnson, J.P. et M.P. Wilkie, pour un développement intégré des

1986

pêches artisanales

;du bon usage de participation et

de la planification. Cotonou Projet DIPA,

157

p.

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1.

Moynall, P.J., J.P. Johnson, and !4.P. Wilkie, Guide for planning

1988

monitoring

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evaluation

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fisheries

development

units. Cotcr*ou, IDA? Project, 116 p. lOAF Field Manual

N2.

développement et l'amenagement des pêches artisanales,

Lomé, 20-29 Novembre 1985, 36 p.

IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,

1, October/Octobre 1985, 4 p.

IDAF newsletter/Lottre du BIPA,

2, January/Janvier 1986, 14 p.

IDAF News letter/Lettre du BIPA,

3, June/Juin 1986, 40 p.

IDAF

IDAF

New sletter/Lettre du

Newsletter/Lettre duDIPA,

DIPA,

4/5, Sept./Dec. 1986, 76 p.

6, September 1987, 58 p.

lOAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,

7, June/Juin 1988, 84 p.

lOAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,

8, June/Juin 1989, 74 P.

IDAF News 1 etter/Lettre du DIPA,

9, October/Octobre 1989, 84 p.

IDAF Nee'sletter/Lettre du DIPA, 10, August/Août 1990, 84 p.

IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du BIPA, 11, January/Janvier 1991, 6 p.

lOAF Newsl etter/Lettre du DIPA, 12, April/Avril 1991, 8 p.

lOAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 13, July/Juillet 1991, 6 P.