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REKAYASA TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA PERAIRAN

AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING

SISTEM BUDIDAYA

• KOMPETENSI DASAR

Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan jenis-jenis sistem budidaya, sarana dan prasarana dasar dari tiap jenis sistem budidaya, syarat untuk setiap jenis sistem budidaya, dan desain umum dari setiap jenis sistem budidaya

• INDIKATOR

1. Dapat menjelaskan jenis sistem budidaya

2. Dapat menyebutkan sarana dan prasaran sistem budidaya

3. Dapat menjelaskan syarat sistem budidaya

4. Dapat menghitung desai sistem budidaya

Fish Culture Tank

Aeration Air/Oxygen

Disinfection

Biofiltration Nitrification

Waste Solids Removal

Sludge

Fine & Dissolved Solids Removal

Carbon Dioxide Removal

Sludge

Overview of Unit Operations

Monitoring & System Control

BIOSECURITY

Fish Culture Tank

Aeration Air/Oxygen

Disinfection

Biofiltration Nitrification

Suspended Solids

Sludge

Settable Solids

Sludge

Fine & Dissolved Solids Removal

Carbon Dioxide Removal

Sludge

95% 5%

Monitoring & System Control

Overview of System Design

Biosecurity Program

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Culture Tank

Fish Culture Tank

“Anything that holds water”

Polyethylene

Fiberglass Tanks Fiberglass

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Fiberglass Kayu

Baja Panel dengan pelapis

Steel

Aluminum

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Kayu Raceways Beton Raceways

Aquarium Systems Settable Solids Removal Settable

Solids

Sludge

5%

• penegelaman dasar

• separator putar/ Hydrocyclones

Rule of Thumb: 1 lb of feed 0.30 lbs of solids

• saluran di dasar tengah

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Center Dual-Drain System Settling Basin

Swirl Separator Suspended Solids Removal Suspended

Solids

Sludge

95%

• Filter Screen

• rotating microscreens • horizontal screen • vertical screen

• Filter Manik-manik (bead) bertekanan

• Filter pasir bertekanan

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Rotating Microscreen Filter Horizontal Screen Filter

Inclined Screen Filter Pressurized Bead Filters

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Pressurized Sand Filters Fine & Dissolved Solids Fine & Dissolved Solids Removal

Sludge

• Foam Fractionation

• Protein Skimmers

Solids Disposal Sludge

• land application

• composting

• lagoons

• GeoBags

GeoTextile Bags

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Vacuum Honey Wagon Waste Lagoon

Compost Bin Biofiltration / Nitrification Biofiltration Nitrification

Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria

Nitrite Oxidizing Bacteria

2 NH4+ + OH - + 3 O2 2 H + + 2 NO2

- + 4 H2O

2 NO2 + 1 O2 2 NO3-

Ammonia Nitrite

Nitrite Nitrate

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Biofiltration / Nitrification Biofiltration Nitrification

Rule of Thumb:

1 kg feed about 0.03 kg ammonia

5.93 g carbon dioxide

1 g of ammonia yields:

consumes:

4.42 g nitrate NO3-

4.34 g oxygen

7.14 g alkalinity

Biofiltration / Nitrification

Biofiltration Nitrification

• Submerged Biofilters

• Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC)

• Trickling Biofilters

Gravel Biofilter Submerged/Trickling Biofilter

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Submerged Foam Filter Classic Trickling Tower

Trickling Tower & Spray Bar Smaller Version

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Rotating Biological Contactors RBC Drive Shaft

Biofiltration / Nitrification Biofiltration Nitrification

• Fluidized bead biofilters

• Fluidized sand biofilters

• Pressurized bead biofilters

• Moving bed BioReactors

Propeller Washed Bead Filter

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Bubble Washed Bead Filter Drop Filters (PolyGeysers)

Fluidized Bed Biofilters Downflow

micro-bead biofilter

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Moving Bed Biofilter

Aeration / Oxygenation Aeration Air/Oxygen

Oxygen Requirements

• Metabolism/respiration: 0.25 lbs O2 / lb feed

• Nitrifying bacteria: 0.40 lbs O2 / lb feed

Total: 0.65 to 1.00 lbs of O2 / lb feed

Sources of Air - Blowers Aeration / Oxygenation

Aeration Air/Oxygen

Aeration (less than 1/3 lb of fish / gal of water)

•Diffusers (air stones)

•Mechanical agitators

•Packed column aeration

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Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Short Course

Air Lifts - Mechanical Aeration Aeration Tower

Aeration / Oxygenation Aeration

Air/Oxygen

Oxygenation

• Downflow Bubble Contactor

• Counter Current Diffusion Column

• Multi-stage Low Head Oxygenation (LHO)

sources: compressed oxygen cylinders liquid oxygen (LOX) on-site oxygen generation

Oxygen Sources

on-site oxygen generators

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LOX Emergency Supply

Downflow Bubble

Contactor

Full Scale Speece Cone

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Carbon Dioxide Removal Carbon Dioxide

Removal

• Packed column degassing units

Disinfection Disinfection

• Ultraviolet radiation

• Ozone

Monitoring & System Control

Continuous • DO • Level • Flow • Temperature • Air pressure

Periodically • pH • NH3

• NO2

• NO3

• CO2

• Alkalinity Phone Dialer

Monitoring & System Control

It takes only one mistake to KILL EVERYTHING IN YOU FACILITY!!!!

Continuous Monitoring

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Water Quality Lab BioSecurity

Support Components

•Water Quality Lab

•Storage - Feed, Chemicals, Product

•Equipment Storage

•Staff Support

•Back-up Generator

•Quarantine Area

•Waste Disposal

SAFETY

Water and electricity do not mix!

• Have Back-up Plans and Use Them!

• Train staff in emergency preparedness!

• Think!!!

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The Good!

The Bad!

The Ugly!!

SAFETY

Mercury!!

Fish Culture Tank

Aeration Air/Oxygen

Disinfection

Biofiltration Nitrification

Waste Solids Removal

Sludge

Fine & Dissolved Solids Removal

Carbon Dioxide Removal

Sludge

Putting It All Together

Monitoring & System Control

BIOSECURITY

Questions? Tipe Budidaya.

• Extensive (beberapa organisme tiap ruang akuatik).

• Semi-Intensive (lebih banyak organisme tiap ruang).

• Intensive (banyak organisme tiap ruang akuatik).

• Super Intensive (sangat banyak organisme tipa ruang).

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Tipe Budidaya.

• Pond culture.

• Tank culture.

• Cage culture.

• Bag culture for bivalves.

• Sea Ranching.

• Each of these is further subdivided and can be used for the previous definitions that depend on stocking density.

Pond culture.

• Kolam tanah atau dengan pelapis.

• Statis atau dengan pertukaran air.

• Menggunakan air pasang atau aliran grafitasi atau pompa air.

Ponds • Manmade ponds, recirculating

seawater – Shrimp, catfish, tilapia

• Pro’s: – Cheap – no by-catch – does not deplete wild stocks – Provides jobs

• Con’s: – Location of ponds can destroy

important habitat (mangroves) – Untreated water contaminates local

environment • But, it CAN be treated

http://www.biology.duke.edu/bio217/2005/ncm3/pond_liner.gif

Recirculating Systems • Enclosed tanks

– Water is cleaned & reused

– Striped bass, salmon, sturgeon

– Environmentally sound

• Pro’s – Can help rebuild wild populations

– Provides jobs

– Conserves wild stocks

• Con’s – Requires a lot of energy and thus

$$

http://www.ag.auburn.edu/fish/image_gallery/data/media/77/Recirc_Kent_Seatech_jpg.jpg

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Tank Culture. • Beton, fiberglass atau pelapis?

• Indoor or outdoor?

• Static or water exchange?

Tank Culture.

• Beton, fiberglass atau pelapis?

• Indoor or outdoor?

• Static or water exchange?

Cage culture. • Biasanya pada badan air.

• Kurang memerlukan mekanisasi dan kontrol kualitas air.

• Lebih terpapar bencana alam.

Bag culture.

• Juga pada badan air.

• Untuk organisme filter feeder yang sesil (oysters, clams, mussels).

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Sea Ranching.

• Kultur oyster di dasar perairan.

• Pembenihan alga.

• Melepaskan larva untuk memanen setelah dewasa.

Raceways

• Divert water from a waterway – Must be treated before being

released back to waterway – Rainbow trout

• Pro’s: – no by-catch – does not deplete wild stocks – Provides jobs

• Con’s:

– Can be costly to build – Untreated water – Escapees (invasive species)

http://www.lib.noaa.gov/korea/korean_aquaculture/raceway.files/baqbk001.jpeg

Shellfish Culture • Ropes, plastic trays,

mesh bags – Shellfish require only

clean water to survive

• Pro’s – Easy to do

– Can clean up nutrient rich water

– Protects wild populations

• Problems: – Waste accumulation

– disease

http://www.whoi.edu/cms/images/oceanus/2005/6/v43n1-kitepowell3en_10837.jpg

A few pictures.

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Artemia (brine shrimp)

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Apakah semudah yang terlihat?

• Organisme yang hidup dalam densitas, raltif kental, secara kimia lebih aktif jika dibandingkan dengan organisme daratan.

• Sangat kuat dipengaruhi oleh habitatnya.

Permasalahan Utama dalam budidaya

• Lingkungan membutuhkan filter.

• Oksigen perlu ditambahkan.

• Organisme tidak dapat dilihat.

• Penyakit menyebar dengan cepat.

• Kerusakan peralatan.

• Bagian dalam organisme secara konstan berhubungan dengan bagian luar medium.

Sehingga , sistem harus:

• Menjaga medium dapat diterima untuk survival dan pertumbuhan optimal.

• Menambah oksigen dan membuang CO2.

• Membuat organisme dapat di akses untuk pengawasan.

• Perangi penyakit.

• Buat Nyaman untuk organisme.

C U NEXT WEEK

• Minggu depan kita akan membahas desain sistem budidaya.