REQUERIMIENTO 4: EQUINOS

Human Ruminant Equine

Stomach 30% 70% 9-10%

Sm. 33% 19% 30%

REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSComparación digestiva

Sm. Intestine

33% 19% 30%

Cecum 7% 3% 16%

Lg. Intestine

30% 7% 45%

Digestible Carbohydrate

Fermentable Fiber Large Intestine

Fat

REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSDigestión

Volatile Fatty AcidsGlucose

Fatty Acids

Fat

Glycogen

Stomach Small Intestine

• Maintenance - basic requirements of life

• Growth - youngest has highest requirements

REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSCategorías digestivas

requirements

• Gestation - last three months

• Lactation - first three months

• Work - depends on activity

– light, moderate, intense

• Geriatric

• Essential for all body functions

• Temperature regulation• Feed digestion• Amount of water intake

REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSDieta balanceada - Agua

• Forage

• Concentrate – Grain

• Supplements• Amount of water intake

– Level of exercise– Ambient temperature– Quality of feeds in ration– Proportion of diet that is

forage• Minimum 1 gallon/100 lbs

BW/day

• Size: body weight

• Environment

• Individual digestive &

metabolic efficiency

REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSMantenimiento

metabolic efficiency

• Dry matter intake: 1.5% of

the BW

• Most - energy

requirements are met

with forage alone

Muscle GlycogenBlood Glucose

Anaerobic Glycolysis

Pyruvate Lactate

ATPCreatinePhosphate

Myokinaseand CPKReactions

REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSFuente de energía para el desempeño

OxidativeMetabolism

Free-Fatty Acids

Reactions

CO2and Water

Lipolysis

Oxygen

• Light - western and English pleasure, trail riding, equitation, hacking

• Moderate - dressage, ranch work, roping, cutting, barrel racing, jumping

REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSNiveles de desempeño

barrel racing, jumping

• Intense - race training, polo, cutting,

Activity Examples DE (Mcal/d)

Maintenance Pasture 16

REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSEnergía requerida

Light work Pleasure riding 20

Moderate work Reining, jumping 24

Intense work Racing, endurance 32

REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSTabla de recomendación

• First figure roughage requirement (1-2% of body weight) ex. 0.0175 x 1100 lbs. = 19.25 lbs.

• Then figure D.E., C.P., Ca. and P provided by this amount of hay

REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSCalculo de una ración

provided by this amount of hay

• Next figure how much concentrate to feed based on D.E. deficit remaining

• Double check- does it make sense?

REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSCalculo de una ración

• http://nrc88.nas.edu/nrh/

CABALLOS ADULTOS:

P.V. (kg) = 4.3*P.T. (cm) + 3*A.C. (cm) – 785

CABALLOS DE MENOS DE CUATRO AÑOS:

REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSCalculo del peso corporal

P.V. (kg) = 4.5*P.T. (cm) – 370

P.V. = peso vivo

P.T. = perímetro torácico

A.C. = alzada de la cruzFuente = I.N.R.A. (Francia)

• Hydrolysable CHO

– Sugars & starches

– Create ↓ intes.nal pH & � risk of colic

• Fermentable CHO

REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSFuentes de Energía

• Fermentable CHO

– Beet pulp or soy hulls

– ↓ glycogen usage

• Fat

– 3X the energy concentration of CHO

– Creates higher energy feed

• Protein (minimal usage)

l Why Use It For Performance

Horses?

l Energy from fat is 90% utilizable

l Fat ↓ heat of fermentation

REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSSuplementacion de grasa

l Natural horse diets contain < 3-4% fat

l “High Fat” sweet feeds contain 6-10% fat

l Fat Supplementsl Fat ↓ heat of fermentation

l Fat � glycogen storage prior to race

l Fat ↓ buildup of lactic acid during intense exercise

l Fat ↓ fatigue

l Fat Supplements

l Vegetable Oil (most common 99% fat)

l Rice Bran (very palatable 20% fat)

l Animal tallow (not palatable)

• No gall bladder

– Max ~20% in total diet

– 1100 lb horse can digest 17.5 oz of fat (Just over 2 cups)

REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSSuplementación de grasa

• Hay requirement

– Feed at least 50% of total ration as forage (pasture &/or hay)

– Preferably high quality grass hay or alfalfa/grass mix

• Exercising horses do not need high levels of protein

• If adding fat to existing diet, need to rebalance other nutrients

– (i.e. vitamin E (200 IU/cup of added oil)

• Add 6-10 weeks before performance.

protein

– More important – quality of protein

• Horses should be fed to meet their immediate needs

– I.e. cut grain on rest days

• If stalled, overfeeding can �stocking up or colic

• Goals– Maximize genetic

potential for growth

– Sound musculos keletal system

REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSCrecimiento

••Nutrient balance is importantNutrient balance is important••Requires higher quality feedsRequires higher quality feeds••Growth rate & age determines requirementsGrowth rate & age determines requirements••Growing till reach 30 monthsGrowing till reach 30 months

• Provision of nutrients for:– Fetal growth & development

• Other products of conception

Foal10%

Other

REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSGestación: potro

Other5%

85%

••Last 3 month of gestation: 60 % foals’ weightLast 3 month of gestation: 60 % foals’ weight••Mare needs to gain 0.3 Mare needs to gain 0.3 –– 0.8 lb/d0.8 lb/d

26

27

28

Dai

ly M

ilk P

rod

uct

ion

(lb

s)

REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSProducción de leche

21

22

23

24

25

26

15 30 45 60 90 120 150Time (days)

Dai

ly M

ilk P

rod

uct

ion

(lb

s)

Mare status Forage Concentrate Total

Early pregnancy 1.5-2.0 0-0.5 1.5-2.0

Late pregnancy 1.0-1.5 0.5-1.0 1.5-2.0

Early lactation 1.0-2.0 1.0-2.0 2.0-3.0

REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSYegua: Consumo de alimento (como % del peso vivo)

Early lactation 1.0-2.0 1.0-2.0 2.0-3.0

Late lactation 1.0-2.0 0.5-1.5 2.0-2.5

•Adding concentrate to late pregnancy mares accounts for limited energy & acclimates microbes

••Allow 1 wk to 10 d for mares to adjust to intake changesAllow 1 wk to 10 d for mares to adjust to intake changes

•Heavy milkers may require as much as 1.75-2.0% of BW in concentrate feed/day

Fiber digestion decreases

Ability to manufacture or absorb certain vitamins decrease

B vitamins

Vitamin C

Decreased kidney function

REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOSGeriátricos

Decreased kidney function

Calcium stones may build up

Decreased liver function

Jaundice, weight loss, lethargy, loss of appetite, intolerance for fat and protein in diet