Retrospection and Perspective on Shanghai Air Pollution Control Management上海大气污染控制回顾及展望

Zhang QuanShanghai Environmental Protection Bureau,PRC

December, 2002上海市环境保护局2002 年 12 月

Better Air Quality Workshop 2002, HK

General Information of Shanghai(1)上海概况

One of the largest cities, economic center of China 中国最大的城市之一 , 经济中心Area:6340.5Km2 面积 : 6340.5 平方公里Population: 16 million 人口 :1600 万GDP: RMB495.08 billion(2001)

国民生产总值 : 4950.8 亿元

General Information of Shanghai(2)上海概况

Proportion of different sectors 产业比例

SecondaryIndustry

48.0%

PrimaryIndustry

1.8%

TertiaryIndustry

50.2%

Energy structure能源结构

Coal65%

Naturalgas1%

Crude oil34%

In 2000, the total energy consumption was 5.489 million ton of standard coal, in which,

2000 年 , 能源消耗总量为 5489 万吨标准煤 , 其中 :

-Coal: 45 million ton; 煤炭 :4500 万吨-Oil: 13.10 million ton; 油 : 1300 万吨-Natural Gas: 254 million m3; 天然气 : 2.54 亿立方米-Electricity: 59,500 GWh. 电力： 595 亿千瓦时

Shanghai Ambient Air Quality during 1992-2001上海市环境空气质量 (1992-2001)

Concentration of major pollutants during 1992-2001

0. 000

0. 050

0. 100

0. 150

0. 200

0. 250

0. 300

0. 350

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Year

mg/ m3

SO2 NOX TSP

主要大气污染物浓度 (1992-2001)

Legislation System—Laws and Regulations法律体系—法律及法规

State Level 国家法律 Environmental Protection Law 环境保护法 Air pollution Prevention and Control Law

大气污染防治法Local Level 地方法规 Procedure of Shanghai Municipal on the Implem

entation of Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law

上海市实施“大气污染防治法”办法

Standards标准

State Level 国家标准 National Ambient Air Quality Standard 环境空气质量标准 Integrated Emission Standard of air pollutants 大气污

染物综合排放标准 Odor Pollutants Standard 恶臭污染物排放标准 Specific Standards for some sources(boilers, cement

mills, industrial kilns & oven, mobile sources) 行业标准 ( 锅炉 , 水泥厂 , 工业炉窑 , 机动车等 )

Local Level 地方标准 Limitation of Sulphur proportion in fuel 燃料硫含量标准

Institutional Arrangement制 度

Environmental Impact Assessment 环境影响评价制度Three-synchronous Requirement 三同时制度Pollutants Discharge Reporting and Registration Requirement 排污申报登记制度Pollutants Discharge Permit System 排污许可证制度Pollutants(Standard-Exceeding) Discharge Fee

排污收费制度Top-cap Control Requirement 总量控制制度Mandatory pollution control within a given time limit 限期治理制度

Evolution of Main issues 主要大气污染问题的演变1960—1990

Pollution caused by coal combustion

煤烟型污染

1990—now

Mixed pollution caused by coal combustion and vehicle emission 煤烟型和石油性并重的复合型污染

Evolution of Strategies (1)大气污染控制对策的演变1960-1990

Improving the combustion and dust-removing technology—focusing on kiln and boiler renovation and reconstruction

主要着重于燃烧和除尘技术的改进 , 从锅炉和炉窑的更新和改造入手的末端治理 .

Evolution of Strategies (2)大气污染控制对策的演变

1990-2002 Adjusting general layout of the city

城市总体规划和布局的调整 Adjusting and optimizing industrial structure

产业结构的调整和优化 Regulating and optimizing energy structure (industrial, no

n-industrial and vehicle) 能源结构的调整和优化 Integrated control for air pollutants 其他综合防治措施

Pollution control in industrial zones 重点工业区整治Vehicle exhaust control (non-lead petrol and Euro-I stan

dard) 机动车污染控制（无铅汽油使用及新标准实施）

Support System(1): Macro-policy配套支持系统：宏观调控政策 Technical policies(State level) 国家： ‘Technical Policy for Coal Combustion Pollution Cont

rol’ 燃煤型污染控制技术政策 ‘Technical Policy for Vehicle Pollution Control’ 机动车污染控制政策 ‘Technical Policy for Industrial Development’ 产业发展导向性政策

Structure Adjustment Policy(Municipal level) 上海市：

Adjustment of layout of city and Industry structure 城市布局及产业结构调整政策 Adjustment of energy structure 能源结构调整政策

Support System (2) 配套支持系统Economic policies 经济政策 Governmental Compensation for Pollution Control

污染治理项目的政府补贴政策 Governmental Pollution Control Foundation for Rehabilitation

重点地区的环境综合整治政府资金Academic Support 科研投入 Environmental Investigation and healthy impact assessment

环境状况调查和健康效应评估 Emission inventory and modeling 排放清单和扩散模式模拟工作 Pollution prevention technology 污染控制技术研究

Public Involvement 公众参与 EIA 环境影响评价中的公众参与 Complaining and solving 信访投诉解决机制 Pollution accidents impeaching 污染事故的公众检举和监督

Implementation System主要实施手段

Top Cap Control 主要污染物的总量控制 Major pollutants: SO2, coal-burning dust, industrial du

st 二氧化硫 , 烟尘 , 工业粉尘Standard Meeting and Discharge Permit System

达标排放和许可证制度 Major sources cover more than 90% emission load 针对主要污染物之污染负荷占 90% 以上的污染源

Inspection System 监督和监控系统 On-site auditing team and emergency response syste

m (110) 现场监理和应急反应系统 ( 环保 110)Monitoring System 监测系统 Ambient air quality monitoring 环境空气质量监测 Compliance monitoring 污染源监督监测

Perspective of 2003-2005(1)“ 十五”期间主要工作

Objective 目标 Zero increase of coal consumption along with th

e growth of energy consumption

燃煤总量的零增长 Reduction of SO2 and smoke emission based on

year 2000 level 二氧化硫和烟尘的总量削减 Concentration of normal pollutants will reach or

close to WHO guideline 主要污染物浓度达到或接近 WHO 的空气质量指标

Perspective of 2003-2005(2)“ 十五”期间主要工作

Main focuses 工作重点 Improvement of legislation and standard system 法律，法规及标

准体系的完善 Technical-based standards for industrial pollutants 制定基于

技术的污染控制标准 Euro II standard for new vehicles 机动车实行欧 II 标准

Integrated strategies on: 制定综合防治对策 , 兼顾： major source/area source/mobile source

重点源 , 面源和流动源控制 Normal pollutants/toxic pollutants 常规污染物和特殊污染物控制 Local issues/regional issues 本地污染和区域性污染控制

Enhancement of Implementing capacity 能力建设 Inspection and auditing 加强监督 , 监控能力 Monitoring and assessment 强化监测和评估体系建设

Perspective of 2003-2005(3)“ 十五”期间主要工作Main focuses 工作重点 : Development of economic/marked-based policies

加强经济调控 / 市场调控政策导向 Compensation for clean energy and enhance discharge fee 清洁

能源补贴和提高排污费 Exemption of discharge fee for vehicles meeting Euro-II standard

新标准机动车排污费豁免政策 Emission trade pilot project 排污交易试点项目

Improvement of communication and coordination 加强沟通和协作

Within governmental sectors 强化政府各部门协作 , 形成合力 Between all stakeholders 增进与公众等主要利益相关方的沟通和协

作

Polluters污染者

Legislation System

立法

Public 公众 Technical &Ec

onomic Policies

技术经济政策

Implementation Sectors

执行者

Supervision System

监督监管

Mechanism Building

Thank You!