Sample of T-account. T 型账户样例

4-2

Rules for Dr. and Cr. 借贷规则Asset accounts: 资产账户

Increases on LHS (Dr.) 增加在左边（借方）Decreases on RHS (Cr.) 减少在右边（贷方）

Liability and OE accounts: 负债及所有者权益账户

Necessarily the opposite to maintain fundamental accounting equation: 必须与基本会计等式相对应 Increases on RHS (Cr.) 减少在右边（贷方）Decreases on LHS (Dr.) 增加在左边（借方）

4-3

Rules for Dr. and Cr. 借贷规则Revenue and expense accounts can be viewed as part of

Retained Earnings or Owners’ Equity. 收入与费用账户可以看做是留存收益或所有者权益的一部分

Since revenues increase RE and expenses decrease RE: 由于收入增加留存收益，而费用减少留存收益，则：

Revenue (& RE) accounts 收入（留存收益）账户 Increases on RHS (Cr.) 增加在右边（贷方）Decreases on LHS (Dr.) 减少在左边（借方）

Expense accounts 费用账户 Increases on LHS (Dr.) 增加在左边（借方）Decreases on RHS (Cr.) 减少在右边（贷方）

4-4

4-5

Fundamental Accounting Equation基本会计等式

Accounting Equation

Assets = Liabilities + Shareholders EquityOr

Assets = Liabilities + (Contributed Capital + Retained Earnings – Dividends + Revenue – Expenses )

Revenue Recognition: When? (Timing) & How much? (Amt.)

收入的确认：时间？多少？At one point in revenue cycle (objectivity). 在收入循环的一个点上（客观性）Criteria: 标准

When? Earned (Conservatism) 何时取得（稳健性） Normally, goods shipped. 正常来说为货物已装运 Service performed. 服务已履行

How much? Realized or realizable (Realization). 多少？实现或可实现（实现原则）

Already collected or collectible. 已经取得或可取得 Amount can be measured reliably. 数额可以可靠计量

Next step: matching costs. 下一步：匹配成本5-6

Revenue recognition 收入确认

5-7

See p90 表5-1

Direct Write-Off Method 直接注销法

Write-off when specific account that is uncollectible is identified.

将已判定的不可能收回的特定账户注销Why is this not acceptable under GAAP?

为什么不被美国公认会计原则接受

5-8

Allowance Method 坏账备抵法Estimate amount of current period credit sales that will

not be collected. 估计当前赊销不能收回的数额Historical % tempered by judgment. 依据历史判断百分比 Historical % of aged receivables (+judgment). 依据应收款账龄判定百分比（运用一些判断）

Adjusting entry at end of period. 在期末调整分录 When an uncollectible account is identified, it is written

off. 当一个不能收回的账户被确认时，可采用直接注销法

注销5-9

5-10

Analysis of Monetary Assets货币资产分析

1.

2.

Monetary CA=CA - inventories - prepaid items

5-11

Analysis of Monetary Assets货币资产分析

3.

Cash expenses total expenses - depreciation.

4.

Ratios differ by industry

Discussion problem 5-7

Relationship of Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold存货与商品销售成本之间的关系 Beginning inventory + net purchases = goods available for sale 期初存货 + 采购净额 = 可供销售的商品 Goods available for sale = cost of goods sold + ending inventory. 可供销售的商品 = 商品销售成本 + 期末存货 Equivalently: Beg. inventory + net purchases -ending inventory =

cost of goods sold. 相当于：期初存货 + 采购净额 - 期末存货 = 商品销售成本

6-12

Relationship of Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold存货与商品销售成本之间的关系

6-15

Beginning inventory

AFS

Purchase

COGS

Ending inventory

Manufacturing Inventories 制造业存货流转

6-14

制造存货流转图

First-in, First-out (FIFO) 先进先出法假设：最早购入的存货应该是最先被售出的 Expenses costs of oldest purchases first. 费用为最先购买的成本 Most recently purchased goods are in inventory. 最近购买的产品成本在存货中

Likely but not necessary to follow actual flow of goods. 可能但不必需遵循货物的实际流动 Ending inventory approximates current cost of goods. 期末存货成本为产品的现行成本

6-15

Last-in, First-out (LIFO) 后进先出法 Assumes most recently purchased goods are sold first 后买的商品被最先卖出 Inventory based on costs of oldest purchases. 存货成本遵循历史购买成本

Cost of goods sold usually does not reflect physical flow. 商品销售成本往往不反映货物流动 Ending inventory may be cost at amounts of years ago. 期末盘存可能是几年前的成本数额

Inventory may be well below current costs. 存货可以低于市价成本

6-16

Lower of Cost or Market (LCM)成本与市价孰低法则 Market price may be below cost due to: 市场价格低于成本是由于

Physical deterioration. 变质 Change in consumer tastes. 客户偏好改变 Technological obsolescence. 技术落后

LCM is a reflection of conservatism concept. 成本与市价孰低法是稳健性原则的例子 Market is defined as replacement cost. 市场价由重置成本定义

6-17

Analysis of Inventory 存货分析 Inventory turnover = Cost of goods sold / Inventory 存货周转率 = 商品销售成本 / 存货

Can use average or ending inventory. 可以使用平均或期末存货 Measures efficiency of asset usage. 衡量资产使用的有效性

Differs by industry. 行业间有区别 Days’ inventory = Inventory / (Cost of goods sold 365) 每日存货 = 存货 / （商品销售成本 /365 ）

6-18

Nature of Long-Lived Assets长期资产的本质

7-19

支出与费用

资产账户资本化

留存收益账户费用化

支出

现金或应付

摊销

是否当期产生利益

Types of Long-Lived Assets 长期资产的类型及摊销方法

7-20

Depreciation Methods: 折旧方法Straight line method: 直线法

(original cost - residual value) /service life （原始成本 - 残值） / 服务年限

Accelerated methods: 加速折旧法Declining balance methods. 双倍余额递减法Sum of the years’ or years’ digits methods. 年数总和法

7-21

Declining Balance Method双倍余额递减法Depreciation = book value * depreciation rate. 折旧 = 账面价值 * 折旧率

Double declining balance method = book value * 2 * straight line rate.

双倍余额递减法 = 账面价值 *2* 直线折旧率Straight line rate = 1/(life of asset in years). 直线折旧 =1/ （资产使用期）

7-22

Years Digits Method 年数总和法Depreciation for first year = (cost - residual value) * n / SYD. 第一年的折旧 = （成本 - 残值） *n/ 加总值

SYD = n(n+1)/2 where n is estimated years of useful life. 加总值 = n(n+1)/2 n 是资产预计使用年限

Depreciation for second year = (cost - residual value) * (n - 1) / SYD. 第二年的折旧 = （成本 - 残值） * (n - 1) / 加总值

7-23

Units of Production Method产量法

Depreciation = (cost / estimated units of production over life of asset) * units produced in period

折旧 = （成本 / 预计资产在寿命期将生产的产品的数量） * 当期生产的产品的数量

7-24

Impaired Assets 资产减值An asset for which its remaining benefits, as measured by the

sum of future cash flows the asset’s use will generate, is less than its book value.

资产的剩余利益即未来现金流量的总和小于其账面价值If entity expects to hold asset: 如果主体预计将持有的资产 ：

Write asset down to fair value 以低于账面值的公允价值记账If entity expects to sell asset: 如果主体预计将出售资产

Write asset down to lower of cost or fair value less cost of disposal. 以成本或公允价值减去处置成本的较低值记账

7-25

Accumulated Depreciation 累计折旧Does not represent the accumulation of any tangible

thing. 并不代表任何有形积累的事项Sum of the original cost that has been expensed. 原始成本的累加数额已被费用化Funding the purchase of new assets is usually unrelated

to depreciation. 筹资购买新的资产通常与折旧无关

7-26

Categories of Intangibles 无形资产的类别Intangible assets with limited lives. 有限寿命的无形资产Intangible assets with indefinite lives. 无限期的无形资产Goodwill. 商誉

7-27

7-28

Analysis of Nonmonetary Assets非货币资产分析To estimate:

8-29

Are these liabilities?这些是负债吗Purchase contract for future delivery of certain goods from the seller.

未来准备提供的服务和将要运输的货物的购买合同A baseball club signs a contract to pay a certain player $1m per year

for five years. The player works in the year in which the contract is signed. 棒球俱乐部签署的合同规定在 5 年中每年支付 $1m 给当年在此效力的某名运动员

A law firm signs a contract in which it agree to provide legal services next year. 律师事务所签订在下一年提供服务的合同

Receive $50,000 retainer for legal services to be performed on an as-needed basis next year.

收入 50,000 美元的律师费 , 但从第二年提供服务Seller of a house receives $10,000 as a non-refundable deposit. 房屋的销售方从买方那里获得 10,000 美元的不返还式押金

No!

Yes!

Yes!

Yes!

No!

No!

8-30

Are These Contingent Liabilities?How Handled on FS?Expect to be sued due to damage caused by our product. Outcome

unknown.因为产品的原因造成的损害会将被起诉，结果不明Pending lawsuit. Probable loss from $100K to $2KK. (Reasonably possible?)

未决诉讼，很可能引起 $100K to $2KK 的经济损失Lawsuit pending. Remote chance of loss. 未决诉讼，损失的可能性极小Sales during year were $1KK. Products warranted for 1 year. Historically,

当年销售收入 $1KK ， 通常每年的产品发生如下费用的比例是：Warranty costs are 3% of sales. 质量保证成本为销售收入的 3%Bad debts are 2% of sales. 坏账是销售收入的 2%

Disclose

Liability $100K No L&D

Liability $30,000

No L&DA loss--Expense

Debt Capital 债务资本Debt instruments. 债务资本

Term loans. 定期贷款 Repayable according to a specified schedule usually with equal

installments of principal and interest. 按照特定时间表实行偿还，通常等额支付本金和利息

Bond. 债券 Certificate promising to pay its holder:向债券持有者承诺的一种凭证

Specified sum of money at a stated date and 在规定的日期支付一笔特定数目的金额 Interest at a stated rate until maturity. 在债券到期日前按规定的利率支付利息

Price quoted as % of face, e.g., 98 or 102. 通常是按照其面值百分比进行报价，例如 98 或 102意味着

980 或 1020 美元

8-31

Leased Assets 租赁资产Operating leases: 经营租赁

Rent or leases in which payments are expensed. 发生的租金作为费用

Capital or financing leases: 资本租赁或融资租赁Lessee effectively purchases asset. 相当于承租人购买资产

Use of asset for its economic life is a purchase. 在资产的经济寿命内的使用实际上是一种购买

Lease is effectively an installment purchase or a financing tool. 租赁是有效的分期付款购货或是融资购买的工具

Treated as a purchase of an asset and the creation of a liability. 当做购买者的资产处理和租赁负债

8-32

8-33

Analysis of capital structure资本结构分析Leverage = measure of soundness of company’s

financial position.

Preferred Stock 优先股Usually issued with a face or par value. 通常是按照面值发行的In case of liquidation, entitled to receive par value after

liabilities settled and before common shareholders receive anything.

破产清算时，优先股股东可在公司偿还完所有债务后首先按照面值得到支付

Pays stated dividend. 支付固定的股利Dividend is not tax deductible as is interest expense paid

to debt holders. 股利不能像利息费用那样税前抵扣

9-34

Types of Preferred Stock 优先股的种类Cumulative preferred: dividends in arrears and current year’s

dividends must be paid before common dividends can be paid. 累计优先股：延期未付的和现期应付的股利必须在普通股利支付前付清

Convertible preferred: convertible into a specified number of shares of common.

可转换优先股：可以转换为一定数额的普通股Redeemable preferred: may be redeemed by the investor on

or after a certain date at a certain price (usually higher than its par value). 可赎回优先股：可在规定的日期或之后以一定的价格有投资者赎回（通常价格高于面值）

9-35

In 2006, Cotting Corporation did not pay the $9 dividend on each share of its $9 cumulative preferred stock. Hence, no dividend could be paid on the common stock in 2006. In 2007 holder of Cotting’s common stock cannot be paid any dividend unless $18 is paid on the $9 cumulative preferred(2007’s $9 dividend + the $9 from 2006).

Common Stock (1 of 2)普通股Residual interest in net assets after all creditors and preferred

shareholders. 在公司债权人和优先股股东之后分配股利Par or stated value usually a nominal (meaningless) amount. 面值或固定值通常表现为一定的名义（无意义）金额Book value of common stock = total common shareholders’

equity. 账面价值代表普通股持有者的所有者权益Common shareholders’ equity = Paid in capital + retained

earnings. 普通股权益 = 实收资本 + 留存收益

9-36

Treasury Stock库藏股Corporation’s own stock that has been issued and

reacquired. 公司将自己已经发行的股票重新购回的那部分Reasons to reacquire own stock: 回购的原因

Limited investment opportunities. 限制获利机会Stock price is low. 股票价格走低时To increase stock price. 提高每股市价To increase EPS. 提高每股盈余Needed for acquisition. 需要购买To issue stock bonus to employees. 以向雇员发行股票方式奖励雇员To prevent hostile takeover. 防止被外部收购

9-37

Retained Earnings 留存收益

Cumulative net income earned since inception of company less cumulative total dividends paid.

留存收益等于公司从成立开始累积的净收入总和减去支付给股东的股利累计额

9-38

Appropriation of RE (Reserves) 准备金Indicates retained earnings that are not available for

dividends. 账面价值反映的留存收益并非都是与股利相关For example, restricting dividends due to needs for

planned future plant expansion. 例如，限制鼓励分配以应对未来扩厂建设需求资金Not a reduction of RE. 不减少留存收益

9-39

Basic EPS 基本每股收益(net income available to common shareholders) /

(weighted average of common shares outstanding) 普通股的净收益 / 已发行的普通股加权平均数量

Net income available to common shareholders = Net income – preferred dividends

普通股的净收益 = 净收益 -优先股股息Treasury stock is not considered outstanding. 库存股没有被考虑过

9-40

Diluted EPS 稀释后的每股收益 If converted method: 转换法

Assumes convertible security has been converted. 假设可转换证券已经进行了转换

Treasury stock method:库藏股法Assumes options or warrants are exercised and cash received by

corporation is used to purchase its stock at the average price of stock during the period.

假设公司已经执行期权或认股权证后，获得的现金收入用于以当时的市场平均价格回购自己的股票

Net of number of common shares issued when options or warrants are assumed exercised less assumed number of shares purchased is added to denominator of basic EPS calculation.

把假设期权或认股权证执行时发行的普通股数量和假设回购所减少的数量的净额加到基本每股收益的分母中就可以计算出稀释的每股收益

9-41