Revista Arheologica, Vol. I, Nr. 2, Chisinau 2005

CUPRINS - COEEPXAHI,IE - CONTENTS

MONOGRAFIE - MOHOI'PAOUfl - MONOGRAPH

BAJIEHTI4H AEPIATIEB ( Kuwuuey), O CKI4IIETPAX.sTrOAbr B 3Ar{r4Ty MHfpArIr4OHHOrz KOHrIEnUr4Lr M. fkrMEyTAC - - _..____. __.. _6

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vIL ZAEHTI4@T4KATJVIA OBPA3A I4nkI- PAC[rO3r{AHLTEVTCXOAHO|O CMbTCJTA____________________--138

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JII4TEPATYPA----..- 157

sTUDil - l4CCnEflOBAHl4t - RESEARCHES

ILIE BORZIAC (Chisindu),PAUL HAESAERTS (Brusselles), VASILE CHIRICA (Iasi),CADRUL CRONOSTRATIGRATIC AL PALEOLITICULUI SUPERIOR DIN SPATruL CUPRINSiNrnp cARIATII oRiENTALT $TNISTRU _._..._.._.._.__..._168

4 pevi.stn Arheoloqiri ,lerie nnui

VALERfU BUBULICI, SERGIfi I KURCIAT Ov (C his indu), CERCETARILE ARHEoLOGICEDE SALVARE iN CURTEA BISERICII ADORMIREA MAICII DzMNULUI DIN CAU$ENIiN vane ANULUT 2oo4

PATR|MON|UL GULTURAL _ KyIbTypHoE HACnEEnE -CULTURAL HERITAGE

SERGIU MUSTEAT A 1CN4NAU1, ARHEOLOGIA INTRE $TIINTA, CADRU LEGAL$r TNFRACTTLTNE ._.____

RECENZil gt PREZENTART DE CARTT _PEqEH3l4]A ]A RHIA>KHOE OEO3PEH]4E - PAPER AirO EOOK REVIEW

RECENT RESEARCH IN THE PREHISTORY OF THE BALKANS, PUBLICATIONS OF THEARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF NORTHERN GREECE, NR 3, EDITED BY D.T/.GRAMMENOS,THESSALONIKT, 2003, 544 PAGINI, CAPIT)L INTR2DUCTTr (iN LrMBA GREAC{ $r ENGLEZ{ ).CRISTINA BULAI (Iaqi).

VALENU LEAHU, CULTURA TEI. GRUPUL CULTURAL FUNDENII DOAMNEI, PROBLEME ALEEPOCII BRONZULUT iN MT]NTENIA, MINISTERUL EDUCATTET $I CERCETLNT,INSTITUTULR)MAN DE TMCzLIGIE. BIBLIITHECA THRACoLocti,q, xwl/lil, 2003, 343 p., 88 pLANgE,BIBLIOGRAFIE SELECTIV,{, ABREVIEKI, RESUME, LISTE DES ILLUSTRATIzNS. CLAUDIA

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SERGIL] MUSTEATi, POPULATIA SPATIULUI PRUTI-NISTREAN iN SECzLELE VIII-x.EDITURA PONTOS, CHI$INIU, 2005, 404 PIG. SERGI MATVEEV (ChigiNdU).... 433

CONSTANTIN HAITA, SEDIMENTOLOGIE $I MICROMORFOLOGIE. APLICATII INARHEOLOGIE, EDITURA CETATEA DE SCAUN, BUCURESTI, 2003, 114 P., ]2 PZ. CATALINNICOLAE (Bucurepti). a7,1

IN MEMORIAM 439

LISTAABREVIERILOR-CIII4COKCOKPAIIIEHITfrT-LISToFABBREVTATI6N 44;

INFORMATII $I CONDITIILE DE EDITARE AREWSTEI ARIIEOLOGICE 442

IIHOOPMAII.TflId ycnoBl4g uI3IlAJrAfl ApxEoJrornurEcmoro )KypHA]rA 443

INF'ORMATION AND CONDITION OF PUBLICATION IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICALMAGAZINE-

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The paper continues a series'of the etudes, devoted to the verification of the Migration Concept of M. Ghimbutas.The survey is completely devoted to the analysis, the systematization and the interpretation of the s'tone sceptre pommesof the Eneolithic of the Eas,tern and the Southeastern Europe

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-odu necs €H ?rlrroeHe-oen,txoue s raH?sosrc4r€ox lndod xvtnrEoaenodu Bralto{rose z erlHeffeoH?JJ. INKHH.DKO IIOU'U IqHICESEZ OTNOdOX

eHIqH H nlrsrcVeffcous nrqJrHuduelngo 'nlqHgonco ltnlnot,{Yerc >t urcesc oHxow zu[ue[noy 4ore sr,{3

tte "tN t lnwnlol

14 Revi,sta Arheologicd. Se,rie noud

pt Ha MHo)I(ecTBo cyqecTBoBaBuIHX TofAa B apxeonorHr{ecKofi cucTeMaTtrKe JIaKyH, LrcXoAHbrM, HaH6oneeBepotrHblM 3nuUeHTpoM $opvzponaHh{ 3rofo cfleqfi$uqecKofo KynbrypHoro flBreHr,r.fl 6ruo npz:uauo<Hutruee lloeontrcae u cmenHbte o1nacmu K locmoKy om HezoD (Mepuepr 196I,169-172).

2. Bropoe BalKHoe o6cro.flrerscrBo, orqerJrrano cQoprrayJrr4poBaHHoe H.,fl. MepneproM r{yrb ro3xe -np.rrMar nphqacrHocrb HocureJreil creuHsrx cKoroBoAr{ecKr,rx Kynbryp Bocrouuofi Eeponsr K rrpoqeccy Kynb-TypHoro npeo6pasonaHvlfl v) B KoHeLrHoM cqere - K flocrerreHHoMy, rroJlHoruy nepeoQopMneHl4lo 3eMJIeAenb-qecKHX Kynsryp 3HeoJrura Kapnaro-lloAyHaBbs. a Ealrcan B rrenoM (Mepnepr 1965).

Tar<Hvt o6pa:ou, lpo6,reua cooTHoueHLrq KynbrypHrrx o6rquocrefi Balxano-llo4yaaur u llpnrcapnar-cKofr 30HI'I, c oAsofi cropoHbl, H crerrHbrx o6ulnocrefi Bocroqsofi Eaponu, - c 4pyrofi, [peAcraBnrrou{HxABa pa3HbIX MApa - MLrp 3eMneAeJrbqecKllx t4 IlIilp npeuMyulecTBeHHo cKoToBoAqecKrTX KynbTyp c nocne-AyIoulHM .qJlurenbHblM orHocHTeJIbHo caMocro.f,reJrbHbrM pa3Br4TrleM 3Tr4xrpa4vu1ufi., a raK )Ke Borrpocbr Ha-qull]bHblx 3TanoB manuo4eficrBr4t 3TIIX MapoB c rrpuopl4TerHbrM 3HaqeHueM poJtl{ crefiHbrx cKoroBoAqecKnxo6qecrn n npeo6pa:oBaHvtur 3eMJreAenbqecKrlx Kynbryp 3HeonfiTa u, e oco6euHocrr,r, Ha araAVLl trepexoAa or3HeoJIHTa K 3[oxe 6pou:tt, 6rutu nltpa6oraHlt orHocurerbHo He3aBucr,rMo, c oAnofi cropoHbr, AJrr 3eMJIe-

AenbqecKoro 6lorca Kynbryp Ealxauo-Kapnaro-llo4yHaBb.rr, a c 4pyrofi - cner\varLraraMr [o crerrHblM cKo-ToBoAqecKHM Kynbrypau Bocroqsofi Eaponur, a ux BbrBoAbr BfloJrHe cofJracoBbrBaj;rucb Me)KAy co6ofi.

KauecrseFlFro HoBbIe, BbIf,BJreHHbIe Ha rrporrDreszra 50-x foAoB crpyKTypHbre coorHorrreHur apxeonofu-qecKltx peuv'tit, Bbl3BiLnI4 qerurfi [oroK gucrcyccuil flo caMbrM pa:uoo6pasutrna $yH4aMeHTuurbHbrM BonpocaMBOCnppLsTItt IIoHtTat ((apxeoJlorltqecKat KynbTypD), ero cOoTHofieHI4s, C AeTepMI,{HIrpyrcqHM KynbTypblrlpHpoAHo-l-eorpaSavecr<una QaxropoM, c 3THo-coUuaJrbHbrMLr t4rrvt o6rqe-nylrrypHo-HcropuqecKrlMr4 Kare-ropvflMn. 3rz 4ucxyceuv DpnBefii K BBeAeHnro B HayKy o qeJroBeKe raKnx npuHr\vrrvaruuulx, Ha uofiB3rJIqA, nouxrni1 xarc xos.{ficrBeHo-KynbrypHrril run nnw vrcropvrco-etrorpa$uqecK[e o6lacra (JIeanH, 9e-6orccapoe 1955; KHa6e 1959; @oprr,rosoe 1959), Koropbre AoloJrHurenbHo t4 caMocro.qreflbHo noATBep)KArurr4BbfABrl Hyryro ror4a (n 50-x ro4ax) KoHUenql{to apxeonoroB o cyqecrBoBaHuvr KaqecrBeHHo pzr:Hbrx (KyJrb-TypHbtx MapoB)) u BnocreAcrBar4, rrocJre AJrnTeirbHbrx o6cyxq4enrlfi, rerrn B ocHoBy rclaccz$urcauuu Kynb-ryp HapoAoB MHpa B IIenoM (9e6orccapon, He6orcaposa 19J7,192 u crcl.; Perueroe 1980; Apyrroaoy 1982;CeNaeHos 1994; flepLlnu1994 H MH., MH. Ap.).

llolstrrcoft o6rqeucropuqecKol-o ocMbrcJreHHq HoBbrx, BblrBr.fleMbrx Ha npornxeaau 50-x foAoB apxeo-noraMu crpyKTypHbtx ces:efr u orHoIIIeHuil rueN4y 6rorou crerHbrx - BocrorlHo-espoleftcrcux n 6:rorconr3eMneAerbqecKl.rx Kynbryp <Crapofi Erponsr> cJreAyer, BHe coMHeHue, paacuurpt4Barb r.r [epBbre uz pa6orM. funr6yrac (Gimbutas 1956, 196I; 1963), Koropbre rrpn Bcex cxeMaru3Max r4 ycnoBHocrrx, r43Har{uurbHoKpHTLIqeCK?I BOCTIpI4H.'ITbIX MHOTHMn C[eqziurltcTaMr.{, BfIoflHe AorrycKiinH npeAno)KeHHble 3TzM aBTOpOMo6t.scHeFll{q, aa6nolaeMbre B apxeonofLrqecKl,Ix Marepzalax reHAeHu}rH o xapaKTepe coorHorueHr4fl pac-cMaTpnBaeM brx Kyn brypHbrx Ml,tpoB.

Paspa6arstrarculatc.fl B nocreBoeHHoe Aecrrunerne KoHrre[qfir coorHo[reHlzr apxcorofr.rqecKr.tx pezrnb-Hoctefi, ece 6oree tr 6oree rtoATBep)Itqa]oqLrx 3HaquMocrb crerrHoro BocroqHofo Qaxropa e npeo6pa:osa-HI'IH 3eMneneJlbqecKux Kynbryp Kapnaro-floAyHaBbr, He MorJra He orpa3HTbcq Ha Bonpoce o6 uHrepnpera-III4I'I HaBepunit - crcunerpoB, xor.s qt4cJleHHocrb rzx 3a gro Aec.rrraJrerhe BbrpocJro Bcefo Ha oAHy e1uHnr\y.

OAHuu u3 nepBbIX Ha la3MeH-srouyrccq cnryauurc orpearlrpoBan ne4yu1rzfi rro rcM BpeMeHaM cneuna-Jlltcr B n3yrleHnlr Kynbrypbl KyxyreHr B. [yvrarpecxy. OrraeaBrr]ucb or paHee [peAno)KeHuoii rpaffionrcecKl{nerpoB (Dumitrescu 1934), B. lynrvrpecKyy)Ke e 195 1 roAy B ycrHoM BbrcryrrneHuD Ha3acerauuwLls-cr4ryTa Acropuv Arca!ev:au Hayrc PyvsIHua, KparKoe pe3loMe Koroporo 6ltrto eKrroqeHo B 3aK,.rroqurenbHyroqacrb MoHorpaQzu ,,X363uteuts" (Dumitrescu 14 Ap. 1954, 54I u cle4.), BnepBbre craBzrT Bonpoc o Bocror{-HoM crertHoM - ttpollcxo)KAeHzll cKhnerpoB l.t rrro oHt4, BHe coMHeHut, uzo6pa>rcaror co6ofi JlouaAuHbtefoJIoBbI. OcHosulle apfyMeHTbl aBTopa: MHo)KecrBeHHocrb cBllAereJrbcrB B rronb3y aHTeHcHBHbrx cergefi uo-cnleteit Kynbrypbl Kyxyrenr-Tpr4noJrbe c BocroriHbrnau (crenHsluu) xyntrypaMlr BrrJrors 4o Kaerca:a (Ma-paynorb, Ha,rsvux, loltzucnoe 14 Ap.); o6ur.rfi crenuoft - Bocror{Hbrft o6nnrc norpe6a,rluofo KoMnJreKca il3Kaczvuu, o6pa4 LI I,IHBeHTapb Koroporo BHe coMHeHr.rr BocrorrHoro rrpoucxox<AeH:afl.; caMa r-IoKzuIAga\r4fl,KoM[reKca e lo6pynxe, cocraBJrqrorqat opraHur{ecKoe rrpoAonxeHrze crerreft Bocro.{Hofi Enpontr, KaK 14

J'IoK€LIIu3aUHt AByx Apyflrx HaxoAoK a: CsrrcyUsl n @e4elerrleHb, npu6laxeHHbrx K srofi (crenuofi) :oHe.OcHoaaFue AJII I,rHTep[pera\vr4 lr:o6paxeHHbrx xnBorHbrx - cKr.r[erp us Kacuvuu. o6tagarorqufi uaz6olt-meil peatucrllrlHocrr,ro H cxoAcrBoM c roloaofi JrorxaAn. lonolHure,rrHlrfi apryMeHT - npocrar aacoquauvffinolxaAb - cre[b KaK eAI4HCTBeHHO BO3MO)KHa.f CpeAa OAOMaITIHHBaHLLq rOIXa414, XOTfl) HaITOMHHM, qro rro reMBpeMeHaM 3ro noJIo)KeHHe - He 6olee qeM He eeprzQraqupoBaHHoe rpaAr.rUl4oHHoe MHeHr.re, Caegy.r ycnoBr,rflMHaxo)KAeHu.fl Bcex rpex peanucrrrqHbrx HaxoAoK, BpeMr ux 6stroeaFruq orueceHo aBTopoM K AoycaroBcKoMyfopr43oHTy.

'(Iueccaq'y'V ou - uraQed.roro6) 'gauayl-raroadal er,r eramdaeeg 'g'cnd

'fxcedrraw,ft' 'g woHHzaodzrrtlndoQc onqreradusVedn eenud 'aodleuHvc r{r4HunuHorr s ruHeussrc-Eedu o.togos nuserwdoQo wonsuerehHovo BH €lfruugou oHHesrcelrlfc u aorcurruuheuc xrrvcHrqrur(d orprn

-vead otfirsfferfirvor reteH sff?rrrrqs 'uaucexudll floHY€Irs€ s - e)oroos BH orteretr ororrsdvro '9erxe141-rr-xede1 oz efueuvvc vnlrcxuug(n oH 'HuH€HE ornsod,( fnonneoaotr uffusosrcresrooc H]cehrtrxzQ runado ay-hor KoxcehrzQedrozdorcz c aodJeuuxc ,{Voaou or eHocceI4'V'V HrdrreJeduderua v yuHeumre lteed fltoreouoHHeIlI4'sodreuuvc trneugodu eHHeVHs eosoH eosc uuxousz,(xcedrnru,tp''g llodorol s'qJmem€g€X 6lrH-eueco[ t4t4Hz,Vta lllo>lcer.nQedrogont ur?heu v BcwemBr4soroJ o t4 1J,BHE 'rcreen,(ced'Ho JoItoH'ahlthc?)EI4 eCverulÎov woHHesoxuffgr(uo H worlsdyro go L?Hr eH Hecsel4 'v'v Hcr4uoy,(d eysorortrou ndr 't4aJ'eJ'c

eH rafsrcar v?v 'wer ftrNe61 '(ZS 'Zg6t ueccepl) <4oxcderceAr)) HrrH vr>rrAehy BoHHesrcYoasnodn qoHYo rufr-vfVodu eH oJe vlIl,e'RA|.vYedr resd,{rqri(y pHVo qculfuc€dro)) xHH a orh 6ox?HYo 'ruhol{lo 'eczxaey oLou-deae3 u nnntsltf4 urulroeH€-oeH Be€ssc xrsHdfusr,(y xrqrurdu r.ir rpsJcqrrereYusc xfi reerlrhc 'trr4HersoroJrr,rxH ercen WoHxonsos o coduoa nrcrrqdxro rerrserco doray '(rqHnsc r4ur4 Hege>t rsuexedgoeu xrun,{rc xedrxecs os) '.(dorgu oHc€rrJoC 'soArurouorrur4J vvne>r<edgoeu xudrrunesye xuycHrcwr(d s qreVug arcoH)Kol,t€oesurodu a Bcre€slqtexclqa Ho oHHewedaoHYg 'uunereduderHu r urycsouowco-hHog 'V'J uosnexorrVedusHrodu reex€dsog HecceH 'y'y 'snemeretre@ rz utr.(xre3 tu nwyumdesuH c eo rrrseJcouoc z {yEoxes ,(rer,(xnrg,{g 'GV'ZS6t uecce14) <rsVs,( vrt.;ler. eE - fcoH eH ,{>rconou u tl'g(t erqryfursg e'vYemou anHexedg-otlt uE o.ra rrHudu)) I4n)caorrowco-hHog 'y'1 dreullxc 4umauaodneadeuresHu '(Z-I0IT, oN 'rrHr.r

- e)Kururi-dg a rcruHedx aHrsH) r{uccod soVodeH nraQedlonre 4ee,(4 I r)trox?H uuneru,(rcou radl '(g 'cud) xeyceus ',(VoJ gT,6I s oHKer'r{rc HeV4eH rrsg gorvenl-arxedel eu dreunxc ALr>t:,eha:rllzrr?ed 'oHJcea€r4 ye)

'auIluredu-deruu noroarer4neuc wrrvcHrqltfd ?onne>rorvedu znneruedyvou I er{HehuHr eoHqrr?nrulhuudu oJemsetru-Ireoa '9erxetr,q-arxedel su edrernvc uuYrctuug(n goHHefnrscou 'euecceT 'V'V r4<rJeJc erer'{ ee9 u aotrcnd-ereru {nte xl<IHrceacli EEH[eHe av BVoxlz..,{xcedrultrft' 'g ouerogedeed onsg aodreruxc rrltergodu eL'tHeYus.

eosoH o:,h 'euHewLlna ltnredgg '@VS-yVS '196l 'Ie ]a ncseJlrrunq) (eoVr,rxzHoyddo) ?cu>ts€) oV qrorus trw-edr{rqrr(v LtnIfIHrreJc oc rqaeH,(Vo11-oreudey d,(rs[,(y xr€Bsc o ror.(srccrereVzsc ercens ercdorox 'medleu-fl)tc I lHvcer'urclrreed qrcoHHewedsoHVo xfi raeyc.(I|ov eHffofla 'tr{trflHeffs€Jctredu wnoso ltnsxedu nyadr-os l4)pr qrruo ',fucedrnrurft' 'g 'nrnmdes8H r.u4vcohr,tr?nexc u[JoJ r,uqHJcosth ) screlnedgo ourrftrog

9Iz 'rN 'l lnwnlo/l

t6 Revista Arheolosica. Serie noud

flepruv Ha ry6nl4Kauulo A.A. I4eccesa orpearr4poBan l. Eepuy, npnr{eM, oAHoBpeMeHHo B AByx pa3-Hbrx crarbtx (Berciu 1954; I954a, 348-352). O4uarco, He oroBophB qBHo npl,rHaArexasrufi B. {ynlnrpecrytlpl4opl4Ter no cyrl4 HoBofi KoHIIenqIrI4, crtrbv !. Eepvy BbBBaJru cnpaBeAnuBbre Bo3MyrrleHu.fl rrocreAHefo,BbIpDKeHHbte B crarbe, ony6lurcoeauHofi cnycr.r rog (Dumitrescu 1955). Karc 6u ro un 6sr-qo, He3aBHcr4Mo orapryMeHTaunlr, sa orAenbHbrMr.t HcKrroqeHusr,tu o6a aBTopa Qopn,tynrapyror a6colrorHo coBrraAarcrlle BbIBo-gt't. LI BbIBoAbt 3TH B coBoKylrHocrn, BHe coMHeHufl, cne1yer paccMarpuBarb KaK oKoHqareJrbao c$oplrupo-BaBrxyroct Ha rlport)KeHl4?I nepBoro [epl{oAa KoHIIenrIHrO Boclpl,trr}rr n aHTepfiperar\w, oTKpbrrbrx 3a 3ToBpeMr :oovopQ nrrx cKr,rnerpoB.

Ocsonnr,te MoMeHTbI srofi roHrrenqHrl, eo6pas[efi e ce6s Hau6o.[ee parraoHaJrbHbre Mbrcrur p€r3Hbrx aB-TOpOB, MO)IGO CBeCTLI K CneAylorqaM flonoxeHurM.

1. Bce peiu[crl4r{ecKue cKarlerpbl He3aBr.rcr,IMo or HX Teppr4TopuzrnbHoro pacflpocrpaHeHug. orHocr4-reJIbHo oAHoBpeMeHHbt H [peAcraBJr*or eAHHyro (KyJrbrypHy[o rpaAur-tr4ro> (Qopuyla, 3auMcrBoBaHHar yA.A. I4ecceHa) (Berciu 1954, 541;Dumitrescu 1955, 928-933).

2. llporacxo)I(AeHl4e cKunerpoB, t4x l{3roroBJleHue 14 pacflpocrpaHeHr4e cBq3aHo co crerrHbrMra, Bocror{-HbIMII IIJIeMeHaMu, HocllreJlrMlt KypraHHbrx oxpoBbrx norpe6euufi (Berciu 1954, 542; 7954a, 349;Dumitrescu w Ap.1954, 544; Dumitrescu 1955, 929, 933).

3. floqe,reuue cKHnerpor n Kapnaro-llo4yuanse flBrqercs pe3ynbraroM nepnofr Mhrpa\vrLr crerrHbrx,BocroqHblx rIJ'IeMeH B 3ry 3oHy (Berciu 1954,546;7954a,348-350; Dumitrescu 1955,933), MrlrpaUua, noA-rBep)KAalouleilcs u ApyrI4MLr MarepaarraMu KaK B Kynbrype Celrcyqa (Berciu 1954,542;1954a,348), rarc H eKynbrype Kyrcyrens (Dumitrescu 19 5 5, 932-933).

4. Bce cKurlerpbl npeAcraBn.fltor crn;ru3oBaHHbre uro6paxeunr norxaAlr (Berciu 1954, 541 v cne1;1954a,349 wcrca.; Dumitrescu 1955,928 n cneA.).

5. Ha6nro4aeMble Ha peztrtncrl,IqecKux aKnnerpax AorronHzTeJrbHbre KopHcLvreHmaJtbHbteD uorunrr (Ka-cl,lMr{a, Tepercnu-Mexre6, @eAeleueur) oro6pa-xcaror co6ofi y:4evusrfi na6op (vurc,rs, caMocrorreJ'rbHo Bbr-cKzBaHHat ra f.A. EoH.r-OcNaoloncrcun) B3Hy3AaHHoir lou;'a1u (Berciu 7954, 541, 543, 545; 1954a, 348 ucneA.; Dumitrescu 1955, 928).

6. Bce :oovropSurte n:o6paxceHr{r [peAcraBr.rrror co6ofi HaBeprJ]Hs.,3aKpeu.qBrxvecs sa yAnrrHeHHbrxpyKotrKax. (DyuxquoualrHo, o6paureHHbre B ToreMr.rqecxne Soprurr, oHrr cJry)KLlJIl.{ KaK uHcprrHm coLILraJn-Hoil sracru - cKl4rlerpbt, [pI,IHaAJre)KaBnue poAonneMeHHbrM BoxA.sM u npeABoAr4Ter.sM (Berciu 1954,543-546; 1954a, 349-350; Dumitrescu 1955, 933).

7. flo.flsreune L{ pacnpocrpaHeHLle cK}InerpoB KaK uHcr4fHuil eracru 3HaMeHyror co6ofi aKTr.{BLr3arIHro

IlnH ycJlo)KHeHue coqzanlHblx orHolrreuuh ga 3Tarre Murpal1law kr rsaznrogeftcrBns, HocrTelefi npuuutrx -crerIHbIX pI MecrHbrx - 3eMJreAeJrbqecKUX Kynbryp (Berciu 1954, 546; 1954a,349; Dumitrescu 1955, 933).

E4uHcraeuHoe cyilIecrBeHHoe pa3nuque Bo B3fJr{Aax 3THX aBTopoa o6Hapyxr.tBaercr rarrrb B Bonpoce o

AarLIpoBKe cKhnerpoB. llo I. Bepvy BpeMr 6rrrogaHuq cKurerpoB, a coorBercrBeHHo l.{ cB.fl3aHHbrx c HX pac-npocrpaHeHlieM npoueccoB nphxoAurcs Ha rcylsrypHufi ropu3oHr <fyuenuuut4a f - Cenrcylla I - Ryxymeuu

f (:fopodcrc - Ycarnoeo)> (Berciu 1954, 544, 545; 1954a,349). B orrrilqne or Hero, B.lylrzrpecKy cqzrzur,rlro noqBreHHe cKltnerpoB, KaK ?l caM npouecc Mflrpaqtzu crefiHblx nJreMeH, rrprrxoAuTct Ha QIzuar $a:lr Ky-KyreHb A -Kyxyrenr AB alu B, uo B lro6ou cnyqae - paHee Ycaroncrcoro fopr,r3oHra (Dumitrescu 1955,932-934).

O6parul,r eue pa3 BHHMaHLIe, qro c rncro rro3HaBareJrbHofi ToqKr.r 3peHr,rr nrpa6orauHa.s K cepeAvHe50-x roAoe XX s. KoHuenqu.s B rroHuMaHuv Lr uHTeplpera\nu cKnrrerpoB, rrpeAcraBJlrna co6ofi He qro HHoe,KaK npuBeAeHHe 3HaHnft o6 orofi Karefopr,rfi llcroqHL{KoB B coorBercrBne c KatlecrBeHHo u3MeHilBIUuMHcgTofAa rlpeAcraBreHutMI,I o coorHoueHuu apxeoJrofur{ecKux pealwfi rcac eJIbHo v 3reonrTuqecKr{x - 3eMJre-

AerbqecKux, [i creflHbtx - cKoroBoA ecKux Kyrrrbryp, Koropbre, B cBoro oqepeAb, nrrpa6arsreall4cb Ha coBep-IrIeHHo tzHsIX Karefoputx MarepuzuloB. 3rlru, oqeBhAHo, Moir(Ho o6r.qcuzrs noJrHoe coBrraAeHrre c$oprr,ry:ru-poBaHHblx B.lyur.rrpecr<y a !.Eep.ry BbIBoAoB. Ho sranr )Ke, BHe coMHeHur, o6r.f,cFrqercs v ro) r{To 3Trlr Bbr-BoAbI BcKope 6utn BocnplzHqrbl noAaBJrrrorqzna 6olrurr,rHcrBoM aBTopHTerHblx c[eqsanrrcroB, a a AanrHefi-IrIeM crtlrlv 6a:onptlrz Bo Bcex nocneAyrorqux ArrcKyccu.rx 8111016 Ao Hacrorrqefo BpeMeHH.

1.2. nEpho4 2-li (60-e - 80-E rogbl)

Bropofi repl,IoA B Hcrophl,t r43yqeHtfl:oovropSuorx cKl4rerpoB rrplrxoAr.{rcr ua 60-80-e ro4u. 3ro BpeMt[ocToqHHofo, tlpllcranbHofo BHHMaHHt cneunanucToB K npo6leue cKIz[eTpoB, BpeMt, IIoqTfi qro, oAHocro-poHHero HX Bocnpllflrut B Ayxe c$opnyrrzpoBaHHbrx e 50-e roAsr B. lyvnrpecxy r.r [. Bepuy errsoAos. Ho s

uwllel J :,{vI4JeIIougodil fue o{cs rgec a xumaedgos oHror ear.ogveH'togedvydes qmrrrr ]lwe>tconc qcfr,-nsedroIlnedeQnox fi sow,{fieornuc 'goccedJHo>l xrsHvodeHfvxew xrsHnurs?d xexlred s qcEU-Bbrc{caoLlHBsoYerccz xuxcanzQedronoru vrlt xrqHrc€h xrHroc s euex{BdJo 'rurtendodnuBIJoeHe-oeH ol ,{rcnreufieuc rfttoyxe) rqHrcesgr4 omodox rnsrcr4oVownu€s er ru4H-EXer\l

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T

18

1966; l97l;Hammond 1967;1976; Ecsedy 1979;1982;1983; Gara5aninlg7l;1974;Iovanovl(,1979;Tacsh1983; ToaopoeaIgTg;1986; Roman 1981; 1981a; 1981b; Mepnepr 1965;1.978a-6; 1980; 1982;1984 n MHo-

rue, nnorue 4p.).CyuecreeuHbre H3MeHeHVr npolr3orrr;rr4 Ha flporsxeHur4 paccMarpr4BaeMofo rlepaoAa B [oHI{MaHuH

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BceM nporr)KeHfiu gHeoJrura. OAHarco, KaK r,r B cnyqae orAenbHbrx 6arrcaucrcux Kynbryp, AJII nepuoAa Kyrcy-reHs A-TpurroJrbe B1 e pasnzruu erok o6u-(socru 6brrz nn.seJreHbr Kareropr4lr MarepuiuloB, cBuAereJrbcr-Byrourue o KaKHX-To qy)r(Abrx rznQranurpaqr4rx c BocroKa, Bbr3BaBlrrrx 3aMerHble KynbrypHbre 63MeHeHI.{q u[ocneAyuuue npeo6pa3oBaHr,r-s. Peqr uAer o paKyrueqHofi rcepalrune, eule paHee onpeAeneHHofi rcarc uHo-

po4uurft oJ]eMeHT u Bbr3BaBrxefi calroe aKTHBHoe BHr4MaHue cneuutulrcroe (Monua 1961; 1981; Dragomir1982; Dodd-Oprifescu 1978; 1981; 1982; 1983 HAp.). I4ulre nareropr4kl- MaccoBble HaxoAKl HaKoHer{HI{KoB

crpen z uHofo opyxrilr l.r, a oco6eHHocrt4, txt4poKoe pacnpocrpaHeHr4e c 3Toro nepnoAa Kynbrypbl ecrecr-BeHHo n ncKyccrBeHHo yKperneHHbrx nocelenufi (Florescu 1966; 36enosuq I9l5; Mapxeeuv 1981).

Ha uaqa-ro 60-x roAos rpaxoAarc.rr orKpbrrr{e B creuHoM llpyro-[necrpoBle xynurypuofr rpynnst Bol-rpaA, rrpeAcraersloqefi ceBepo-BocrorrHylo nepaQepuro ugeecrrroi Ans reppnropzra Pyvuuun o6llHocrafymelsauqa-Croarcanl-Al4eHl (flacex, tlepHrrur 1965). Ognarco, KaK rroKa3zl[H nocneAy]oune u3blcKaHltq,

3Ta Kynbrypa flpocyuecrBoBzua 3Aecb HeAonro h fAe-To Ha ora[ax KyrcyreHr A-Tpnuonle 81 ee pa3BHTAe

pesrco o6ptrBaercr (Eefilexvz 1978; Cy66oruH 1983), a Ha ee Mecre, KaK rroKzl3rl[r.I MaccoBble pacKorIKI4 Kyp-

laHoB, notBrqercq qelsril pqA HoBbIX, He vMeIoIIIHX MecrHbIX rpaluunh 3HeorI4TUqecKI4x KypraHHbIX KoM-

rrrreKcoB rrzna CyropoBo lrrl4 6olee rIo3AHI{e (Anexceena 1976; lepravee 1986).

BypHoe HaKalrI4BaHL{e HoBbtx I4cror{HHKoB n l4x ocMblcreHne, [pvMeHHTenbHo K 3oHe HerlocpeAcrBeH-

HO|O COIIpUKOCHOBeHU-f, ApeBHe3eMneAerbqeCKOrO U CTerrHOfO - CKOTOBOAT{eCKO|O apetLIIoB, KaK Ll B Apyfuxcryqa.flx, corrpoBoxlarvcb HerrpepbrBHofi nolenrnnofi uo eonpocaM BpeMeHIt, xapaKTepa vrv MexaHIt3Ma

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vHalre rpr43HaBiulcr BceMH BeAyqt4Mr4 cneuuiurr4crarr,ru (Comga 1963;1972;1974; I978;1980; Dumitrescu1963; 1980; Dodd-Oprilescu 1978; 1983; Dinu 1974;Dragomir 1979;1982; Moeua 196l; l98l; Mosura,

9e6orapeurco 1969;36eHonnq 1976; Anthony 1986 ra rntr. run. 4p.).14 exparqe o 6ecrcpafiuux rpocropax rora Bocro.luofi Eeponrt. Brcparqe, [ocKonbKy o6cro.srertHttfi 14

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Ka cyrb npo6leuu MolKHo cQopnrynrapoBarb B HecKoJIbKIzx fipeAnoxeHlr.rx.OcHonnlre ALrcKycc:zrz BpeMeHn 6urru ce.ssaHbr c orKpbrrlreM, BrrAeJIeHueM a o6cyxAeuaeM coorHorxe-

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'WoIrert a rveuodg feuued -er,r4tr-oeH€ oJoHrrero rqhreJcuc ruHsr rzHou BrrV euHeh?H€ eoHqrfehrattsudu Kelnorewu '<<rqdfrqr.,{x !o)crlox4elN)Hor^reuarircsH )eJ nJcoHJceh a 'trqeexaexVedll 14 ur€>ts€) oJoHuerc ?rr4rroeH€ xed.(rcufv o coduos rclrurco'rsuodag goHhorcog eror d,(rsufx u)r{Jer{ercr4c exrogedeed g nroHege r{rgg€rlc eerlogn€H sr4 L,{trHVo 'eYond-ett oJore nnnexrrodu ]recg eH oln'{ntot x oueazdu hw?)l4HJrlll€u LurH)cehHoffecou euuexedgeuedu eog-rJou r4rhou'(en.rfdv erroHlr vr 166I '"'rsd,{rsr,(x enHaedfi''9):6L6I or4uu]heH '.9761 aauru,(141) aocxerr-hroy xIqHHaJd,(y xrcHrveQQe xlsrrsdvro ogrcaxoHr\r eH rdronceH 'orh 'qrnrel lro oH rf,qrrer '[teuoxu11

'KuH€sosrc4reox nrdoQ xr4ycehVosorolc oHHesJceln,{lruedu - rqHot Keca rrv xuxcer'nQutl-enJ ylaHeHedrcoduced orelnol{Yercou u ruHesoHvHHeos edrHeItane oJoHVoxcH oHqfferncoHro sororoexdusvuedt,(xr,or oretrxdearVou or.rJcoHrrou 'r4rceugo KoJe s vlrtrelrctlrr-vnauc utturfdV nruu.rorlt n (7961) o>t

-nedre11 '1'y'('Verc n 1tZ'VL6I$uqlqg) HHeveg';;1 '('tserc v t1l'016I) nlruaxrefl'14'g eoHHEXdeVVou

v (ZL6I :eget :tg1t) 4oao>ragug 'Z'A eonnesodhr,{ltdoQc oHuou eeuogrieH 'euHeHW ore 'rqlruos€t z Iqu

-odag 4our'orcog eJOFI nueJc - uYemoff nun€)urce],{oV 4our'nadeu BJcer r unfruture)or o ecoduos a aoJou-oof,oel?u enHeHr^r 'trzHeHrruoc ena 'onrg urdeude6l 'y'H t4lanuefruoy uVonderr oJoHqrrerrirV oJor€ vv.He>r<tsL

-odu necs EH AemaesosrcVoucoJ aodorxeQ xrqHx(€s rfl hruHVo ou, 'rrnaegov eH rtgreH ,{ltoHHeee>rc y'(dY u t86I :086I :Vtet:Ztet i9961 rdeudery) roged xuoac rn xnroHhr oa wordeudentr 'K'H xrqHH?a

-rqsoHOogo onrudxonVoex 'uexrug a rqgeu.{[og-oruudey d'(rqrfv xuvcehcueVenruesedaedV nzHeaoeedgo-edu s r4JcoHtrtgo Bore ne[eJr4coH rruod o ecoduoa a oH 'r4rcoH[ngo 'Hrcergo Ko)rcohr4dorcn-oud,{rsr,(>r 4ou-r{rausedV - aLIeJc ruV Konr'uQnrreilc rrlHe>t<orc ucoduoa o)qffor eH rcre?c?) uHe[eJO gouaud s osJcsrer-BoJOgo oJ€ oJh 'qmnr NuHr\loueH '(tg-eS'666I uDleruesseA) erdeudel4'y'H HunuenHov gosotpg rqnn,{seoceHroilg pllltig vllk't Hreveuaoc o{<rJcoHuou uvu uuseodrcou xt4 etqHaoH3o 'llt,{c ol 'orh 're€hol,{ro oHredx-oHVoeH onnenadgoHYo 'sodorse xrqneed xenexc e yuhedos.tlrodu rexuxgo 'eldsno ltoxcer.rzQedlondorcuweosc s ?trJo) 'Hlzvewecc€d 'g'64 aedr fltoreoll 'erdsuda;41 'K'H lar4fiDennoy .,(,rosedu zruYxdeaJYo[ rsg

ote 'tN I lnwnlol

20

caMofo M.fapauraur4Ha, raK n Apyrnx rcfocJlaBcKl4x ctrelll4zull4cron (Garabanin 7971; 1973; 1974:' Brukner,

Jovanovid, Tasid 1974; Jvanovid 1979,381 H cneA.; Tacuh 1983).

Pr,rc. 6. Haeepurua c SanraH: 1 - Cyao4on, 2 - Pexeeo, 3 -flpaua.

MeNIy reM, yxe B HaqaJre 60-x roAoe pe3Ko MeH.rrer cBoro roqKy 3peHns. B aHTeptrperaluu cKl,InerpoB

[. Eepuy. Eqe ueAasHo KareropuqHo orcralrBar HX Bocror{Hoe - crellHoe npoucxoxAeHl4e, c saqalou 60-xfoAoB A. Eep.ry rpaKryer pearlrcruqecKr,re cKunerpbr KaK uso6paxeuue co6arc, a ux npol4cxo)Iq4eHl4e orHo-

cvrr 3a c.rer greftcrco-anarolnficKax BJrurHuft. 3ro MHeHr{e BrrepBbIe BbrcKa3blBaerct B MoHorpa$uu, orry6tu-KosauHofi s 1961 r. (Berciu 1961, 129,148,536), a 3areM, co BceMH apryMeHraMn, B cneuHzultuofr cra.rse,

BKrroqarcqefi n noruyro rryr6rnrarluro clyuaftHo safiAeusoro e 1960 r. 6,ru: Pexteso (puc. 6,2) n EonrapuzHoBofo peanucrauecKofo cKr4rrerpa (Berciu 1962). Karc cre4yer r43 KoHTeKcra 3TLrx pa6or, ocnogHofi npwrv'uofi pesno lr3MeHnBtrrnxcr BrnrAoB 3Toro aBTopa sBmucb npeABapr4TeJIbHbIe pe3ynbrarbl pacKonoK Ha ro-ceJleHr{H gepuaro4a <Dealul Sofiio, Mareprrzrnbr Koroporo 4eficrnnrelrHo o6HapynotBaror cLIlbHbIe aHaro-

tuitcrcue r4rrr{ BocroqHo-cpeArceMHoMopcK}re BrntflHvs (Berciu 196l; 1962; B.pty 1962). OAsaxo qerKoe

pa3rpaHraqeHze MHoroqucJreHHblx pa3HoKyJrbrypHbrx KoMIrJIeKcoB 3Tofo rIaM.srHHKa ([pHBeAIxee K BbIAeJIe-

HHro rpex caMocrorreJrbHbrx Kynbryp t{epHano4a I, r{epHaso4a II u tlepHaBoAa III) npousourJlo HecKoJIbKo

no3x(e (Morintz, Roman I 968; Berciu, Morintz, Roman 197 3).Arcrleurrapyq BHr4MaHue Ha ro)KHbrx - ereficxo-aHarornficxux BJrnsHr4rx B KoHl-JloMepare KynbrypHo eue

HepacqneHeHHbrx MarepklaJroB) yr{HTbrBar HepaBHoMepHocrb reppHTopHzlJtbHofo pacflpeAeneHut cKfinerpoB -rrrrb Ha 3anaAe, oAr4H Ha Kasrcase - !.Bepvy cBq3brBaer HaBepuur PyurutHzu, MarceAouuvt a Eolrapuu c ve-crHbrM KynbrypHbrM ropu3oHroM 9epuaeoga-Esepo-[oHrs Ctaruna. K srolty xe KynbrypHoMy roph3oHryaBTop orHocur A caMV norpe6alrubre KoMnlreKcbr x3 Kaculrvn, .{eeHr u 4p. 3a cqer to)KHbIx - asaroluir-cKHX BJrr4.rrHufi, nepegae[ruxcr uepe: Kanxt3, o6'stcus,er aBTop r{ HaxoAKy pearucrurlecKoro cKlI[erpa u3

Tepexru-Mexre6. O6parqaer na ce6fl. BHnMaHue [oJrHoe yMan*vrBaHvte B 3Trrx pa6orax cxeMaruqecKax cKI4-

rrerpoB (Berciu 1967, 536; 1962; Bepuy 1962,395).3ro uuesue aBrop coxpaHrr Lr B rocneAyrouux pa6orax(Pippidi, Berciu 1965; Berciu 1966).

fopar4o 6olee nocleAoBarenbHbrM B cBor.rx y6exAeuu-ax oKut3iulct B. flyuurpecrcy.lI B crarbe, rAe oH

KoMMeHTr4pyer orKpbrrtre rorocnaBcKofo cKurrerpa (Dumitrescu 1962), ra B flocJleAytotlrl4x pa6orax, B Koropbtx

1i.rurbtBarorcq [ocneAyroillfie HoBbre orKpbtrlrfl, B. lyuurpecKy no npe)KHeMy BVLlztr B peall4crl,IqecKl4x cKI4-

nerpax nso6paxeuu-r JrorrraAu, no-BltALrMoMy, B3Hy3AaHnofi. OH paccMarpr,{Baer I4x KaK tBreHae, cBt3aHHoe co

crerrHbrMr't cKoroBoAaMV, Axrvrpyer r,rx BpeMeHev Kyryrenl A, so:rrlo>tcuo, orqacrH Kyr<yrenr AB. L{x npplcyr-crBne B apeuure 3eMJreAerbqecKax Kynbryp anrop o6r,rcH;rer KynbrypHblMlt e:aulaoAeftcrBklrMr4 srnx o6qecrsHa ypoBHe csxseir a B3anMoBJrzsrtuir - B cn) {ae Kynbrypbr KyrcyreHr-TpzrroJrbe, vrvl }Ke KaK pe3ynbrar rny-6uuHrrx rpoHktKHoBeuuir - B cJr).^{ae KyJrbryp HzxHero llo4yuanrr u Balras (Dumitrescu 1963; 1972; 1974,258 u cnep,.; 1980; Dumitrescu, Balomey, Mogoganu 1983, 116 v cneg.; Dumitrescu, Vulpe 1988, 40).

s

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-eglsfl 'll'g woHHeuovced 'etrzua>K s 'J S96I s oJouHetr4eH'(g'rundl '96I '0L6I selnqurrg) tg erroladleVoudeu (1'g cud) JeJ Hoxcsoeadeg ,{ rnnerecon c dreuuyc Hlrxcehurarrlexc n ro€Hr,rwour{ erssdeua ex eHC)

'scorugumo eH nrrce 'urercy '('dV a 6L6I :LL6I :qt.t;t'Et L6l i9161 selnqung) cerfgr,ural'yq roged mor,{grad-re wlqHHel^ledleH rcrl4soHuJc 'nuYtuYedJ- 4onuetdfu gorlervcoH 'soxaHYgcs Veu?s-oJor z Vuuee pH rcxnfrr-o{pJIzsV ,ftrros or,,(sdeu xralnorfdprdrco{uua 'sodrerurc ewer udreudery'f'H rrroged 4ore noYoxrss J

'xerogzd xaoac xzlnor,{Vercox xocs os sresvstpd reV,{g dorae ,(ysorxedr Xre n (gt-S1 '9961 rderr-deru) y sHer,(xXy fYoudeu oJetnoilsrcrosJooc '<<Yeue0-oJol u Jo{ ?H Honerru xlxcdowoudenzdl-odeaec un,(d..lr

xlqHqffofto ruHexnsVodu> oresued eorroglreH esrcqffereYusc )e) - ecseH,{YoLI a H xeH?yri"g en eunesudr:r-odlcud xH e 'sodleunxc (xtzxcennrewexc n) xnxcer'arcuuued uuHetrxoxor4odu noHr,orcos - nroHleJc o uHr4Hernr

-edu-1 '141 ra ,(xcedrnlt(X' 'B enHeHrr reesrDKdetdfou oHnedes,( rdaude141 'y'g 'nnrsuuvu r4wnrr, reJerrouc€d'Gtet) enaxtr,fi1 'g'g 14 RoaeHXVzL"H'1

eroged q H?cHUo ongodVou lller€s B '(I'8I'cud'991 'r,rradg 'Og'VL6I) erdendetr4l 'y'11 uz|udroHon s HBsodL

-udrcorrrz rlrg etsadeua dreuux3 'rqdxo u)Irerco edrernyc uH rceumslrnsdxoc u urgalqtexX ore eH oHHe€-co) 'Kerc€ugo fo)cao:edeS 14 novcsemrsgUK>I aqr,nnedrou en eHerd.,(x o.rossem,(dtud tq'rr9 orYXg xe>l

'uuVoxcuodu a soVoJ x-gg ,{xVoxeu olftrger'fffc urffs?rcVedn (1'7'cud) dniunre€xe ex Kraxcaemrrg4,{y

'narmdaseH c enuagadrou '27 uetd(x'edexdy - p-7'4a$w {uycsemrcally - ; :rsxuosou eil urmdaee;1 'L')ud

'('Verrc u 0I '9961 ae

-aHVd6 'Hrrhru3) ruHe[soJoJtt4 oJoHrcen ],ltezleYtLt rorpruho dreuu>rc e 'ruou{otudoJ hlrqHr rreHaedY eaueg-ed.rou rorrreYeduo youoxced rqdorae ',{>rvoxeu r,(dzurenno>l'(V-E'L'cud) rurdoQ foHtruaen4s Vr(coc 4nn-nuexdv or.uxdeVoc (Z "trt) xrsdoroy tu eeH)KaH'rrlrreged.ror xu.rfdY€aV oJemseaededeu'1 oy runegedlor(17 aefiK>t) o.toHHerdfv rderHesnz rrerooc a rr-rYoxs 'oHrcesen te>t '(7'7'cr.rd) dreuuxc ur.rxcuadexdy

'e)I{tou olqro)Ic-eH xlqHHesoxnrgfuo'lrdexdy eH r{ rer,{w oJo)csemrqgg,{y en xedreunyc o revu rae4'(9 I'5961)urdeudey4l 'K'H eqrero s rasfiuwdoQHn KousrerudesVedu oL rqHrcesrr4 vuelJ'ereedu woHr]eJc - woH-horooa s xlsHHeV4eH 'xnlcelzrullrexc eed rore eH 'sodreunxc uyvoxeH erqsoH eaV errHYedeng

'('Verc vr 6V'Lg6t :Oge t :grcI :VL6l '.7761eSwoX) ummoy'g xerogd a u utusted oHqlrerrorcorlEc r.l enexdaVtou LeYKg godreuHyc ruhereduderHu 6€HgoVoIf

6

t(e '-tN 't lnwnlo/l

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cKoBbIM (1971, 192, puc. 2,4), z ocraBrrreMc.l 6eg roqnoro pucyHKa A orvaaHr4t (flauuneHrco,lllv,arr'iir 7972,

8, puc.2,4).B anrycre 1970 6rrn orKpbrr uonrrft peanncruqecrcufi crcnnerp, npollcxoAnu\ui,t a: norpe6eHut7 rcyp-

raHa 1 (pwc.9,2) sropofi rcypraHuofi fpyrnbr y c. Cyeopoeo (p-u Vzv,aut, o6,r. Olecca, YnpauHa). @par-MeHTapHbIe AaHHbIe o6 srona HHTepecHoM KoMnJ'reKce pa:6pocaurr no pa3HbrM HcroqHHKav (LUuauu[,tlepHrrcon, Arercceesa 197La,234;19716; lauureuro, lllvarnifi 1972,5; Arexceeea 1976,178;1992,26 ncle4.) a rcpafiHe flporuBopeqnest. K co)KaJreH]to, t433a HH3Kor-o ypoBHr Qurccaqun Marepr.raJroB npn none-B6rx pacKonKax, Borlpoc o xapaKTepe 3Toro norpe6eHur (rpyuroeoe, nepeKpbrroe 6olee [o3AHHM Kypra-HoM; KypraHHoe - _ocHoBHoe r4nr.r BnycKHoe; coorHorxeHne c KaMeHHbrM KpoMnexoM r,r [p.) $axrnuecrcaOCT€LIIC' OTKPbITbIM .

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Puc.8. Haaepurn vsapeana Kynbrypbr KyryrensA-Tpranonse 51.1- Eepesoecxaq l-3C,2 - Surpneneu:ru, 3-4 - O6srpu:enu 1-2,5 - Quruoueuru, 6 - Moroueulru,

7 - Xopa ge Cyc, 8 - PyxuHoaca.(MacLura6 - xpole 1-ro).

HaxoArca 3Tofo BbIpa3I,ITeJIbHoro oKr,rrrerpa flocnyx(Hna rroBoAoM Anfl HanvaaHrzr Lr3BecrHofi crarrH B.H.,{auuleuxo, cyilIecrBeHHo aKTyaJra3uponanrueI Bonpoc o cKunerpax. Crarss 6ul,ra nepsoHaqaJTbHo ony6nu-KoBaHa Ha yKpaI4HcKoM .n3brKe coBMecrHo c H.M. Lllvarluen,t ([aHnneurco, Llltrauifi 1972), a qyrb fro3x(e, cHe3HaqplreJlbHbIMI{ a3MeHeHHqMu,6slta IIeJIHKOM BKjrroqeHa n nonorpa$r4ro rro 3HeonHTy Yrcpauusr ([anu-

' Eyayvn B Te foAI'I 6lz:xo cBq3aHH6rM c I4.A. Alercceeaofi, qacro KoppeciloH1t4pyl, Mory 3acBrlAereJrbcrBoBars, qro B

1910 r. eil enepaue B xl43Hll npurtLnocb caMocrorrenbHo Konarb KypraHbr trpn troMor{li 6yru4osepa, Muorne r73 Haetlpolxnl4 qepe3 3To I{ 3HarcT, rJTo 3To o3Harraer. He r.rveg HaBbtKoB, 6eg onrrtHttx rroMouIHr4KoB, h.A. AaerceeBa ucnbt-TLtBaJ'la HeMaJ'lble cJ'IoxHocTI4 n tpuxcaqnz MarepnaJloB, qro n cKa3aJrocr ua c-na6oi .rloKyMeHTrrpoBaHHocTr{ BbrrBreHHbrxKOMI]JIEKCOB

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-edvf rsINdoQ etsu[oxc l(zxou-tsuurcelrll erqgeHr{ody erqunanzrr,( 'naerftg ersHvLraorcedy lsoxzrodv uunffefuc uvauheHov?H etqnqrol,(edr irsdonor erqgeHnedy arsuneaoSzurnVou ersHqro.r,(edrtrou) rru<,(do ltdoQxlqHYoxc '4Lruegedrou xtquHerdfv t4vr4'u xlqgorHfdr xqurrour,rVo eHHorfsrou :oHHehrr.{ E 'eJHtrooH€ oJoHUorcesrcHl4Ye woudfuqri,{v u uuxedgoeosc o erdeudetr4l 'K'H oreVr4 xnlnoretrxdesJVol zrcouufxogoc s ,sor-enderen 4udolerux xHvcehl4Jouoaxde xrcHredvHov dryouc ror qceB resodnlruwfcodn erqgdaua ,Hr.{c oil ,ex<

Hg '('dV tz uvseHxedeg 'eduxdy) rrxroaol ar exuHrrr\luu 'rqHodorc 4o.r,{dv c e '('dv fi osoHfucraa3-odreg'exsoul4H€troaog) rraodueHvolf 'rqsodorc foHVo J'vwe>rLlHLvw?u c phwzc?)-osodoar(3 socyeffuwo) orrJc-YoxJ eoH4er'tqssadF eH euHe:rt.AHa ruredgo ogoco erssdeus oxnerzHufi' 'H'B oJh 'or 'owHvo ,eouaerl

'(foeeecxeuv'I fl ou - L)'cderHeeHr oJe u erHegedtou aoudeg'2 eruegedtou';, uetdA,;; oeodoe{3.6.cxd

'uwrreJ?gotr-ercca nwut(dY t4 acvIJesq€ftvctcg ax,( 'orcetr{a wv vJlcoHilfeVro ox 'rnHex<ouolt Hre ecg '((rliHeaoH)LfoJc

elqHHeos etqudrrXled) xnmaeslqstqs 'r4r4nedoaurodu xrqHqrpznoc yuveuuc( ccefiodu fogoc rorfdnoaffoq-mnc 'soV?rrx l,l socvelrtrwov xlqreJog r renHoltsroil u yuxc(do oJoHr]nJoHr€d lrevHauud.lcoduced lruyodum cAdvden'I4rcaug l4AHJvIJHt4 vux 'tqdleuuvc eH€rru woHst?HIIoc B 'rqvte goaoxdaa rrv erzH?sotqroucl4 ee uuV-?mor gouuer',(dradu Hetllerrrr xIqHUoJc K eur*men qogoc ror,{durHeltfyoV 'anLorooroereu 14r!lcHH€V c KYyd-eH 'tsdreuuvc eHEIru htoHHearcareox-oHdr(rsrXx g 'dflsr-r,(x xrqruerc ueroJtrcoH r414cHeuc>t€ fi raHeaoHxltH-odu rersu.{sed - nevreg u naeu,(Vo11-oruuduy er.eede lrtoycencueYerrner s ellarcr,{cHdu xz e '(rnHevx-oxcnodn oJovcf,?va€)-o)cuLIucevHdu eenr,or>> 'enHouatr eoHhorcog og,(,r{c - rqdreuzxc iudoger-r oroHnevg,(o.ronnewed eunexudgoro -- rqanrow erqHqrurHerlreudo elqncrerrlHffouo[ lnEemor rznexedgoon - (enxcer.-t{Julllexc H 'euvcenurczreed n) t<dreuzlc :xr,rH eH erqHs?rrJ 'cerKgltnl 'JA[ e)urcuuLtrc ) extllJg - rarconnnd-oJoJe)l ou e 'erdefldohl 'K'H I/!€[ltuJ€s tqHn,{aeoc oHroflrr edorge lrVourrg ',,(rcuruultetrc ,{noVxey oHJces€H'so)HHFIealcamYedl xI4JoHr r rrzHeHW rgec B 4emaedgoa 'nroged Kore ezH€xdeYoJ 'GO\-ZA'p761 oxnev

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roBbre noABecKH (uo B.H. laHuleuxo - ncurnu), xort I4x $yuxuuoua,rbHat rpaKToBKa He rloArBepAl4[acb

frocneAyrc IllHM H OTKpblTLlfl MLl.

HarcoHer1, B.H. [anr,ueHKo BnepBsle o6parnl BHI4MaHae Ha ro, qro 3HeoJIhr Iofa BocroqHoil Eaponrr

HJrr.r (cJIo)KeHHe ApeBHegvgofi SHeoJrr{Tuqecrcoil o6lacrr4) Brurroqaer e ce6q ABe orHoctirerbHo caMocroq-

rerbHbre esaH1{oAeficrBy}ouue Me)rqy co6ofi JrnHprlr pa3Barut, xors ax apryMeHTaUI4q BecbMa pacrlnblBqara

14 BocnpuHl4Maercr c 6orlruulr rpyAoM (,{annleHrco I914,3014 cJIeA., 87 n clel.).llocneqyrculee AeclrrHnerue o3HaMeHoB€utocb Aalssefiunlt 6rtcrpsttll pocroM qncfleHHocru cKl{rlerpoB

(Ta6n. l). B 1972 r. ABa HoBr,rx cxeMarr,rr{Hbrx cKunerpa (prac. 8,3-4) 6run orxpurst clyvafruo Ha rloBepxHo-

crrr pa3pyrxeHHofo )KranHUIa roceJreHlrr repr4oAa KyxyneHs A2-3 O6trprueur (Brudiu I975). Ha era xe roAbl

rrpqxoAr.rrcr orKpblrue cxeMarurtecKoro cKarlerpa u3 Ertp,releurrr (przc. 8,2), naitaeHHoro clyuafiHo 6ru:rocereHuq c KyKyreHcKofi rcepanrurcofi ueyrovueHHoro replioAa (Brudiu, Coman 1979). B 1980 r. rry6nrany-

rorcr ABa HoBbrx peiurr4crl4tlHbrx cKurrerpa, o1vtH l.r3 Koropbtx (puc. 6,3) - ctryuaituaq HaxoAKa 1973 rola6,ras c. lpawa e Eo,rrapnu (Ghetov 1980). Bropofi cKnnerp ag @uruoneurru (pnc. 8,5). OH 6lln HafiAeH s

1967 roly 11pu pacKonKax MHofocrofinoro naM.r{TH}rKa c Marepniuauu KyryreHl Az-r - fyuenruu\a Az,

MoHreopy u rp. Ho caM cKnrrerp o6napyxeu n 4ouHofi qacru {MbI rlepuIoAa Ilareua (Harfuche, Bobi 1980).

B 1978 foAy orKpbrr H BcKope ony6lurconaH cxeMarl,rqecnufi cKltrlerp (puc. l0,l-2), npoucxoAnqzfi u: no-

rpe6enur Il! 108, llepeoro XsansrFrcr(oro MorI{JIbHurca (Aranoe, BacHrEeB, flecrpurcora 1979, l5l 1990,44;

puc.2l,5; Baculr,en 1981, Ta6r. 20,18). B 1980 roAy cran H3BecreH o6lottot< cxeMaraqecKoro cKlinerpa

(prac. 11,1), uail4eHHoro B 1969 r. Ha floceJreHsn KoHcrasruHoBKa (Krzaurrco 1980,25), ouy6lurconauHurfi

HecKoJrbKo rro3)Ke, BMecre co cryvafiuoi uaxoAttoil (puc. ll,2) 60-x foAoB 6rug r. Pocroea (Knaurrco 1988).

B 1983 f. BBoArzrc.s a uayvustil o6opor cxeMarnqecxnft crunerp, clyuafiHo safiAeuuufi s 1964 r. y Moro-

rrerlrb (pnc. 8,6) e PyurrHzu (Dodd-Oprifescu, Mitrea 1983, 69 r,t c,re4.). t{yrl nosxe ny6,raryerce cxeMa-

rnqecrcufi cKlrnerp (puc. 8,7), saftAeuurrfi B rMe Ha rlocereHnI4 rrepl4o1a Tpuno,rle B1-Kyrcyrenr A2-3 Bepx-

uze Xopu e Mol4aeun (leprauen, Coporcnu 1986, 54 rz cne4.). B nocleAseM crtyqae, 6laro4apx uuQoplra-

q7i,dB.A. Kulurr<o, BTopaLrHo BBoAr4Tc.fl e o6opor pauee ony6lltrcosaFlFlstfi,3a6snttit, HecKoJIbKo cnoeo6pas-

Hrlfi cxevaruqecxufi cKunerp uz fiauuttozrcu (Tana )Ke, 58, pac.2,ll).

;iit \'it ,

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Puc. 10. l-pyHroaui MornnbHtaK XsanurHcr 1 . 1-3 - norpe6eHue 1 08 n ero uHBeHrapb,4-18 - t4HBeHrapb fi3 pa3nuqHbrx norpe6eHntl MoruflbHHKa.

'ornnuenHo) ee pH I,tIfBro 9ed 'eneuu vul4 \eL'prs,LeLJ lrre a9o 'tslterg-odt-t nr,{c ou 'olexV6 'cerfglna-1 '14i xeroged g godreunyc yoaorvedr xlqHHehnree,{adu ovcrovceH cedEu

s fercovuov ro scaIrBXdeVX es (ru 'qSOt) ntsur>lodo3'K'g Korelruo>r c rqral 'QA-rc '886I €e4lntr'ncseiudg-ppoq) wurczrrunlIeuc Wr4)cHrqm,{d ougoVoil 'oH 'qu4JonJo oH rtq[oH H oHuiltrogo{l1 'ooHYotrcou 14

'qHetr L{ec

on 14 orac s BcJoBJco Hrcdoroy '(p'cvrd'8S '9861 Huxodo3 'aene.rde[) zrxuQ oJot{hxdegoduoeu ,{ruc ler-ro)f xr4)roHrqlrfd olzseYo{ugeH ,(nore nteYudu wrsrnxodo3 'B"g KoJeurJo)r c rqr\r 'd,{rqr(v xuvcohrru4rJoeHerqreede uH rcdreuftxc ercHrHeudeaoHsud auxoreH 'o11 '('Verc 14 88 't86I) rdru6 '14 t'r ,txcets,adug-VYofi''V euHunr4Ha ututedgo r-tlrtrqadeu 'ruHeHwoc eng 'rqaeHfvoll-oreldey rlllud.{nu,{l urturcehrJhlloeHer4hrrqHhr.trJred c sodreuayc xrqHrH€LrdeaoHeed alrHemoHrooc r,\roHqrer4dou.rdder a vunuvxed eg '('dY n 8L6I17761 eluoa) aodreuuxc rune oxcrzodu ?Hesr oJoHYoxcz oJoHx(ohltos xex '11 JoJJ KL{HVed3 rsd,{rsr,{>r

B)rcl4uc oJore rfi euHeho{r,?rcn v d(tctr() xh)roeharzrroeHe eoreedu oHqrerncoHro sodreua)rc xlqHuLtJoH

-r,ed uullBtulruyorl ennarreVaduo eo)Jeh or€ xrqJ€rc xHJ€ rr rres€€H 3€h4ec r tqgorh 'eoHg€uJ 'xqguuY olqlc-oHhorBJJoVeH xrqHHsrr€rss 'soJHerrlor! xlquHelrcur'edeu emrss fihnurnew,(ldz nrcovl€rtl 4etngo ndg

'(Zg'gg11) rEemor - eedgo e>t< ror u tlnVo rorexzdgoro HHo eJ3

-eng oH 'ercHF,ndore - ea)tcehlllcureed e 'atqHvoxcz eh)cehnJ?wexc-oHHer[gogo xtsdorov eu 'eodleuuvcuuKd.r xtaego qJcoHHeJol\ror eg prrnufucrqs rqn eqreJc nrsuuxodo3 'K'g c fem?H B '?rHeIîEHdo o:oueedgo-lI oJowuc Foxe,{dleH 4oxcehnr oroJ- rloHHerfeVeduo oHxowgos c <soxudouor xfivcehl4lroannc eVods orh-eH) qcoueYflg hludorge nure xruHexedgoera e)K xlr)cohr4J€wexc g 't4)€Hg etqHt leroJ 'oH>l(otr{tog 'u <<uvt\eu\l

-HedeQQnY noHqrur4noc rquoBmac) '<<ar,celrs rqlrosflac) - rnlrxHr(Q xt4 e'HYemor rnHax<udgoen elrHdouc

-cog et qcrruaeHtHdu rzmdeseH eu)oehltrcl4reed 'eJc>terHov r roHaVe a xr4 uuaaudrenccud 14 bJox 'vl4.Heta'v

4o9oo ,(Vxen eteHHBEBao eH y€) lqdrerayc eu)cehr,rrcrlteed u enxcehfir€Iruexc arBJI4hc aJelrlro) auxcHtcl,N,{d

'xst4r,t4rcted xu)rcehl4JotroQdon ?H er,rHeIArHHa rfdnrHenyu 'o11 'xunVoucoil evgodureV g vtNvuhvrltted nwlqdor-o)leH c 'er4)cehfircureed nrexeH 'HnuHHed oerog oygrro)roeH rumdeseH eu)IcehllJ?wexc l4reseHondu ('Veric

u 6g'9861) rutsnnxodo3'K'g gorelflro>r c lqw n'('Verc 14 88'886I) qedrzlq'7 c,(xcellnduo-VVofi'V 14'rsd,,(rquKv KovcHIsregx uINrIJeJLi coH c aodrellnvc xure

sersc ot,{HVoxcu Br nruu.,(rcrqs osr,ytdo.rere>r rur (19'9961 uuxodo3'aer'e.rde[') nrlruzxodoJ'K'g c eqrerc

WemEH a '4eurleltdoQnn emrsa 4ouHerex,( reJerouJed '(drrultesxe Fa)csamlc94,{y) asxuoaog woxcdew

-"J I oJ-aVJ aodreuHyo xn)coharer{exo eIrHeaoHyI4HeoB eoHr(ow€og ut qcaregrqt€)ctqa oHx{odorSo um<toes

(91'rrurzdg '66-6g'tg6l) ydtnyll'14 u ,{ycefiudlg-VVofii 'y 'ruuegedrou oro)lcHHduxdy BI]He)t{orou oroxc-ehHJotioHodx nnsereVeduo g I4t\rlrr4HeJhoHeed ,{xuor c et<ul49c HJcehJo 'edlauuxc H e)HHqruJot t WoxcHIqr

-€sX o 4enlrultdoQHn reJ€rJoucud e11 'Ar4ueYilt xHJ€ enHotrxoxczodu ooHhoJcos €e scttl?t€xolss tr\llqHfi)

-odo3 'K'g {oJerrrroy c rqn u 'nLeulfo>t euycHrslN,{d u 'esouLed r,noxcgen,fi'-oruudey a 4nmdeaeu xnxceharc-uLrued ra xh)cehhJ€wexo v evHe1efiqoedu eoHnesJcehnffor aoHVnseho reazdesoro 'I,IHeuerc qouaed g

.WKHHEXOIIOU

wlqHsoHco ou tsHnr(ggoc eHUoLla 'xrHnpruged xrqHrcuh xtcdoroveu udu 'Aet:e:rc xnre aodorae trVoalss '(xItH-nu:roauead 0I H xl<rHhfirer{exc E1 xrrdorox sn 'edleunva tZ - 9961 Hnxodo3 'aer'u.rde[' ixtsnnurcurceed

0I H xr4ycehnrerrexc 6 xrsdorox sa'godleur)rc 6I - E86I ee4ltr\l'ncseiudg-ppoq) xovoxsH worcnh ^lcHsod

oHqfferlaoHugudu reLz:rouced 'ederxedex oJetrrgo eerrog nqruJc esY urusaes 'yoVox€H xur€ HJcoHHeIrcI4h'JJ x-gg ,(rur'eu x 4emcodeos oHrer rue ndu 'rrdoyg eurxdeg 14 qrmetrtoJol4i u4 Bodreul4vc 6HrtB)I4ug,{lJ

'{uo[ eu €o.r-ood 'r ehug - Z 'e)soHhl.Hel-3Ho)l - ,'Arceugo l{1o)lcEoJ-cod er 64mdaeeH 'r|cud

)

97' z"tN Ilnutnlo/l

26

Cxo4uyro [o3r,rllr{ro, B Ayxe B.H. {aHHneHKo, 3aHr4Mzrll Ha [porq)KeHr4v 80-x roAoe [.f. TeteruH, pB-renvB:l.rkrir cKunerpbr Ha rpr4 orHocr.rreJrbHo caMocrorrer'rbHblx rvna: A - Kacuvqa-Cynopooo, B - Apxapa, C

- XnzumrHcrc-KoHcraurraHoBKa (Telegin 1987).Brrcryna.a nporl4B KoHqenqrzu M. fzrvr6yrac, pe3Ko rrport4Bononoxuyro roqKy 3peHr4q tro Bonpocy o

cKurlerpax saHsr A. Xoficlep. Orpuqax paHHrolo A KoMnJreKcoB us Apxapsr r.r Cynopono, a c 4pyrofi cro-poHbl, cofiocraBJltr (HecouocraBl4Mble c rurroJ]orr4qecKofr u $yurcqnouan6Hofi roqKr4 3peHHr) KoH+r{rypa-ualo cxeMarlr{ecKxx KaMeHHbIX na epnufi c KocrgHbrMlz rIoABecKaMn c nzo6pa:xetrs.Mv ((yroK> Lr3 Morr4,'rb-

HLrxa Cre:xee, A. Xoilcnep npeAJraxr4n paccMarpuBarb cKrrrrerpbr KaK rpy6sre vMMlaTagHA noc,reAHnx. Yqz-TbIBat KonzeecrBeHHoe pacfipeAeneH].re a orHocr{TerbHo paHHroro Aary 3K3eMnnflpoB r: 06orprueur n Bup-JI3JIeIIITs, aBTop ctruTar 6olee Bepo.flTHbIM rlpoilcxo)KAeHlre cKnlerpoB rz3 Kapnaro-lloAyHaBbfl c nocJre-

AylorglrM ax pacnpocrpaHeHr.reM Ha BocroK (H2iusler 1981, I l4-ll5; 1982,107-l13; 1985, 33-36). MHenne o

3anaAHoM npohcxoxAeHua cKliflerpoB c nocneAyrorqhw vtx paclpocrpaHeHneM Ha BocroK 6uro elrcrca3auo uB.A. CaQpoHoBbrM (1989, I95,196 r cnes.).

Ouepe4urre HoBbre HaxoAKrr cKznerpoB 6rr;ru orrcplrrbr LUn ony6:ruroraHbr Bo nropofi noroeuHe 80-xroAoB. Cpegu rrocneAHrrx - paHHee orKpblrbre, y)Ke ynoMrHyrbre, cxeMarvqecrzfi cKrarrerp c KoucraHrunos-cKofo roceJreunl (puc. 11, 1) u raK)Ke cxeMarr{qecrcufi crcunerp (pnc. Il,2)6ez roqHbrx yctloznir. Haxo}KAe-

HHq, fiocryrtustnuh g Pocroecxufi nry:efi e 60-x roAax (Kzxurxo 1988). ,{ea uoesrx cKr{rrerpa - oAr.rH cxeMa-ru'tecrcvit unropofiycnoBHo-peilrr4crr{qecKuit(puc. l2,l-2) -6lrwrorKpbrrbr e 1985 f. Bpa3HbIXnorpe6e-HLIqx 3HeoruTnr{ecKofo fpyHToBofo Mofr{JrbH}rKa Ha XronKosoM fopoAnqe (Manor 1987). B rov xe roAyeu1e oAHH cxeMaruqecrcufi crcunerp 6rrn orKpbrr y .{xaurap, e KanN4rrrcuu, B 3HeoJrhrr{qecKoM norpe6euun,coBeprrreHHoM B ecrecrBeHHoM BcxoJrMJ]eH]ra, corrpoBoxqqaBrrreMcr pasuoo6pasHblM KpeMHeBbIM IIHBeHTapeM

(puc. 13,1). Kolrrr,reurupyr 3Tor KoM[JreKc, aBTop pacKonoK oBr3brBaer ero c r]aMtrHuKaNrz HogoAaHVJIoB-

cKofo rlrfla. Kacaqcr )Ke cKr{[erpoB B qeJ]oM, B coorBercrenu c co6creeHHofi rcosqenuuefi o6 Hrqoenpoleil-crcoii npapo4uae, B.A. Ca$ouon onpeAeneaHo cKroHqercfl K MHeHr,rro o6 ux sogFrLrKHoBeHI,In Ha 3anaAe c tro-

cneAyrorqvM pacflpocrpaHeHneM Ha BocroK (CaQoHon 1989, 196-197).

t#-:_!J-krf

Pnc.'l2.,Qea uaeepuuc 14 cocyA XeanutHcrotz Kynbrypbt t43 pa3Hbtx

norpe6eHufr rpyHroBoro Mon4nbHhKa Ha ropoAuUle Xnonxogo.

3aaepruar xapaKTepucrl4Ky r4cropvr vt3yrreHn.r cKrrrrerpoB B KoHTeKcre o6uux zuartuit Ha fipors)KeHnll3Tofo Ar'nrrenbHoro rrepnoAa (60-80-e m.), uem:.r ue o6parurr BHvrMaHufl Ha oAHo upuHllllnnanbHo BzDKHoe

o6croqrertcrno. HeoAuoKparHbte, IleJreHanpaBJreHHbre norrbITKH rro aHuur,r3y H ocMbIcJIeHlIIo cKl4rlerpoB

([aunneuxo, fllvar,'rifi 1972; laturreHKo 1,974; Dodd-Oprilescu, Mitrea 1983; lepraven, Copoxran 1986),

rrplrBenu 3Trrx uccJre4oearelei K BbrBoAaM, BrroJrHe Bnr,rcblBaroullrMcr B KoHllenqurc H.M. Mepnepra, M.lrar',r6yrac r,rJu4 Toro xe M. lapauranuua B Borrpocax o ponr4 crenHoro $arcropa e npeo6pasoBaHuu 3HeoJILI-

TzqecKtzx ApeBHe3eMneAerbqecKux Kynbryp Kapnaro-floAyHaBb.rr n Barrcan. HerarzsHoe xe orHolxeHve ro-ro xe A. Xoficrepa (Hiiusler 1981; 1985, Ap.) utu B.A. CaQoHona (1989) r< cauofi KoHuenulzz M. fuuSyrac,KaK u ecrecrBeHHo, [pr.rBeno 3Tt4x rlccneAogare,'rei K rrpnHlluflI4ulrrbHo rlporr.rBorronoxHblM B3fJrqAaM B TpaK-

': : i : ; ;i: i i i t, tli I ti i i i;i ; t ; t t t tii't: ! ! ! : :: t : |i: i : : : i i.' i

",' ii ii ! ! : ! !: : #:/

-fuve 'r{ruesxedrr ou 'eYonden oJoJ€ zrrHoxnodu en 'rqae{vo11-oreudey H Heyrrug erauoeHe 4nreed xruc-ehHJoffoexde rusemoHLooJ vlr4r;rLrducoa a xorogedeud xrsHgarnsolt 'xrqsoH osJcey(oHru eu rdrowcell

'u'l tt ''V'l v "' AVHe>KorVedu xrqnrconxdesou 'xrqueucodoyc deeg Eo.rfdv c e

'4uueuw xtqsrerudorss ucxnmsrorcK <<rprtteeuuouoHorlreV> - rqgodorc EoHVo 3 '(eouredgo - oy[od u) I4x4r-€IleJ {ovcl4eilodaeoHl'orcoa,(xrogudoed a sorculrel4freuc xrsHVeuet)eucvth oJernquog eca er,rHeho{rxa - KoJ-,(dV c e 'aodVey xrqYorolt )or.ro uru sorcnl?Ilnelrc xrirHrlquo xI4JoHW nla,roroexde gt,r Voxf ntcHHeVx,(HIsgI,I[I4 4lsHHOsJcOJcO 'tqHodotc KoHYo 3 'xorogudsed xrcHsrB{ruer|Hox 14 soyuHhoJca xrqHHerrnoxes aauudrzHeIrcI<IIIcoedan zuvr rHHeffcrq]\rco eccerlodu rnlexnoucHerHr,l orcen reer^rH rqsodorc 4ol,(df C '(I'rJgeJ)sodreuzvc xlsaoH rI4HeIruoxBH ewurd oletnoildnccedrodn oJorllec 14 oHHeflrcrosrooc e 'HuHeeoverc-cu xlqseffoil ?Neqgo orusetledvoc ,ft,roveed v oreszdu ore 'rqsodoro KoHVo J 'oxqror eH r,r EsrcH€drcoduo.touc4euodaeoHhorcos nnroroexde eH 'nJcoHuegoco tl 'trcoLemsuredro ltoeedgo Nrchtrdu 'dJJC oJemsr.rgnoVeuced c elqHHetrsc'trnHeHemf,n ezvcehrrruffou-oHqff?hnoc rgoc a reedzga eVondeu eneedgoeoa3

'cerfgwul '141 utultuehHox FoHHonnedulr Koso€?g - {olruec x r4eroJusoVerJccr.r

eVrd weuselnoHro I uqHsvreJeH o)ilro)c 'godteuuxc xnhtec ltezger,,{eu nlsHser{tr,{dxc oxqrorc eu 'oyeHvo'4ouueaeua 'fvsorvufu xH BH aoErff.lgg r4nneendrrol 4oxeed Voudeu ore 'tr{er c arceng 'noffen s godreunycewergodu v sorcfiIreHfieuc wocederHa mrqr\]eu)rcc]reH rd rro)llHhoJcl4 xlqgoH lÎeuH€guffI]€yeH r rumzeHsrEvrcraXsudervedux Voradell 'rerr SI-0I onHYercou eH rcrzvoxndu sodreuuxc annen,(sn g Voudeu qundl

(tcEor r-06) 14,r-0 UorarU 'e'l

'({eourp 'U'g ou) deruexf { uuuaged:ou eil cderxeexil q]oeh u ermdaeeg 't ! 'or,ld

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' alalreu v LY t eV eerfi o{,{ve rcs Iarmedeu otqrcoHltor rur'edognrodu anmyun€og n YoxVou ror€ oH 'IqrtnflHv.Idu erqHeud 'rqYoxVou erqneudo16 '(ourreJHcoHJo el lsces (laueYetrs) rsdorse ure rEltrqdorox) eodreuluc xnw€c untterednderHu 4orrH-ndnefngo 'oJ-Illefflgo s 'o{urradueH x ufinuefrHoy r,ro>tcer'udorcrz-orrdrfuqrrfu qelflgo ]rrcoweffweuduen ro -weHYeucou g 'unltzredudeuru xLr x gorur,rdeJur r ro riffm rqdorse eer,Kttc noadau g 'aodreraxc xr4r ruc exaoJ

I

LZ Z 'rN 'l lnrunlol

30

6ore seueqKlrx KoJrJrer (Govedarica, Kaiser 1996,97); oAprH rr 3aroroBKa BTopofo cxeMarllqecKl,Ix cKnrlerpoBn:_ norpe6eurfi lroru;mHnxa Xearlrucrc II, pacrcorraHHoro lI.E. Bacarseeum (2002 , 72. pvtc. 1,25) (puc. 16,1-

2)' cxemaru.{ecKr,lfi cKurrerp, rl4eHrH$nquposaHHsrfi B.C. BoqrcapeBbrM u H.fl. Mepueproru cpeAl4 KoJIJIeK-

UHH MarepuanoB 3anoBeAHHKa <Apxaun>. OAuravr u3 nocrreAHr4x crirJr H3BecreH e 1998 f. pezurlrcrlrqecnuficKl,{rlerp (puc. 15,1), cryuaftuo o6uapyxenHslil 6nus c. Kafipar<luq Ha rore Mo,rAoesr (Pyccea 2003).

ffi:::::fr

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MEHf, HAXO,IIKI,I.

ne ony6ruxoeaHrl. flolusyrcb cnyqaeM, Bbrpaxaro rrcKpeHHroro flp]r3Harenb-xlr3Hr,t 14.E. BacnrreBy,3a Bo3MoxHocrr, npounnrccrpr4poBarb r,ruTepecyrcrur4e

Puc. 15. |ocnegxre il3 HaxoAoK: 1 - Karaparnnn (no H.!. Pycceey),2 - BnHqyn 4e Xoc (no 5. [-oae4apuqa).

Puc. 16. l-pyHroeurra Mofr4nbHIK XeanurHcx 2"Haxogxn ta3 pa3Hbrx norpe6enr,rri (no 121.5. Bacranueey).

I^lodJeuuxJ ,\ll4r€ c rHoI{ oJemsuhro}?Hro oHsogo{ri ',{l{o}csodrouu 'Ol'OI qJcoHstioJ€H€r4dl olexudrsg ,

-ed a ursl(Hrwonf ',exerulrdg s rcr4urlrHedx 'nrcuugo qolcHsrcdJcv s xedegno;q ^

ur,rHogedrou oJoHHdm-fdeed su dreuuvc Huvcehzrcl4reed o16 'edreuuvc edrsrer, elne edew Heu4edx ou rqHrcosrv uffelrc 'unlre:or!-doQHra I I€trBH?)I wlsHsed ou 'euodag r4oHhorcog ou sorcr4reulelc uVedc rorl 9-g euHYoffcoil s 'oJor enrody'(t'l 'ld 'gL'L66I nuecrnj 'ncsauggng) eaoYlroyl 4oxcnr<w.(d a gy sHfr,{xXy evoradeu 'eceoun>rcf.4 vtru-elrecou BH soVoJ x-08 )oxo)ced tu oHilfferv)KououYadu 4uYnuYoxcuodn '(3'g 'crad) dreurzyc r4r<rHhr4r?nexc

4t<unuaodnrHelt.redQ excxer e'(I'gl'qqv 't6 '9661 -resre;1 'ecuepelog) unueatuncHudl s cox eV r,ftnngu,Iilg nr<rHHeY4eH oHlz€hKuc'(7 '91 'cud) dretruvc r4:nlnhr4r.;cvlr.eedrodogo 4rsunfeu I rcrrtroas 'JJ L66I-766Ig'(V'il'cnd) zrcergo 4o>rcVedJoJrlog s Hovcaoxnr;;1 edor,{x tt4ug t anuegedrou nosuzld,{y s J 6g6Ia ulsrtqdxro 'dJeuu>tc Ku)cehlzr€nexc l,trssoH re,(lurig&r (V1AD soyr.rHuer) 'W'g

"VoJ eav rucXl3

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orfrirg oH)Kor,{ 'qcor?r?) 'fre z(l{ercuJ 'lqr\rercas 4oHwodlo 4oJe 4ec8 rcHea€ erqHvoxcu rsrrrdxro n fflsgeqxuosou 8 rqtrH?hro) 4oHrrPrs oJe 14 ssesur4csg'g'lItwyvrHusoYeusclj'JJ x-08-0/ g'(rroJHer{alre)xhre qrcoHHefcah nrzHuouoV oHHesrceffi,(c rzrrqdxro erqseffou eutnor,{Vercoll 'sutnated nJcoH-HeraedueH u HrcoHJcorefr ae g (,(wercuc) rf€Hroco H o{ufrHeYHer ffusorf oHdea ir[er?soYelrcc]r oH'rqltuHuVe oHsueax.,(g orelt eu4edy offl<rg socxerurroy xrqHrrreHaedV xHHHed aerogueu 'eHHox<otrouore reaodzri,{nrdoQc elssders rdeude141 'B-'H BVJox '€selteds os orh 'weBH€ rqhr eHlilH '(gZt'286I :gZt'VL6I:09-6V'896I rdeudery) (oJo neHoy - urod Kore w,{}r rder.,{ e'E\reLE orr€heH re.,(neweHs dorxeQHlzfnolbreVeduo a xv enHerfi?daedg 'er4HerreYlss ee orrec ror?ar4[a€uc(go n nJcEUgo goxcenndorcn-oud,,fucr,{x 4ecs ou rcJo{rffsrodl arqdorov 'rqrHeweff€ enfflgo eJ ro]rrseJcoc>> 'qrcourngo Xre 'ee oJh'friXlrrdoQ rrdoraoil oHfloucoY u onredyonVoeH rdeudentr 'K'H eEoxYou oJoHr^rerouc eHaod,( eH A:aID-rrrcrqw '(rrcourngo) srcergo orfxcenudorcu-oud.(rqr,{y or,{snyeHsedtr (orosc) r,(dzruen,(.rdy

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[na qelstx cxeMarrlqHblx HaBepIIIHs v, BHe coMHeHur, 3aforoBKa rperbero (puc. 10,2; 16,l-2; Ta6t.2,l\lNl 17-19) rpoucxoAqr Lr3 pa3Hbrx norpe6eHufi 1-ro u 2-ro rpynroBbrx Mo-rHJrbHuKoB, AaBuHX Ha3BaHuecaMofi - XgarutucKofi rcynsrypel . Mrr nprrHaMaeM r,r AocroBepHocrb HaxoAo R,2 v LtxycnoBnr Haxo eltls,, AHX KynbrypHsrfr r<ourerccr.

Ta6n' 2' Caognste AaHHbre o AocroBepHocl4 KynbrypHbrx KoHreKcroe r ycnoeur,r HaxoxAeHur naaepuur,r'- cxeMarhqecKlte, . - peanhcruqecKne; (..) - B 3aKpbtrbrx norpe6anuHbtx KoMnneKcax;.. Vl - c nocenetnri u r43 KynbrypHbtx cnoeB; .. - cnyvarlHute HaxoAKt4.

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Ma ycnoBHoMy - MLtHlrarrcpHoMy przcyHKy B pa6ore .{.-f . Telenuna (20006 ,21 . puc. 3,26), a BTopar - noycTHoMy, H 3a AaBHOCTb}O BpeMeHU, Her{eTKoMy onHcaHH}o pa3HbtMH KonJIefaMa.

Oco6oe BH?IMaHHe 3acny)Kl{Balor ABa peanr4crr,rr{Hbrx 3K3eMrncpa n: Cynogola (puc. 6,7,Ta6t.2, J\b 8),Cenxyqa (puc. 3,1; Ta6t.2, ),{b10) ra o6rouox cxeMarr4qHoro HaBeprr4q hs KoHcraHrr{HoBKr4 (przc. 11, 1;Ta6r'. 2, Jtll 8), vepe: Koropble ptA aBropoB orrpeAenrlor BepxHroro xpoHonorr4qecKylo rpaHr4uy 6snosaHrrqsc efr c epuu cKr4rrerpoB.

Yxe orN{eqiulocb, vro Cyno4oloncrczfi 3K3eMrrnrp [por4cxo.Ar4T c 3HeoJ]vraqecKoro uoceJreH!1a, a ror{-HbIe yctroBl,tt ero orKpbITL4fl He 6rtnz saQuxcHpoBaHbr. M. faparuauriH, a BcJreA 3a HnM v hpyrvre crrer\r4arn-crbl, orHec 3ry HaxoAKy K rIo3IHeMy fopr43oHry KynsTypbr Lllyn,reueq-Baxapuo-fyMHo, rpyrna IJpHo6yxa.Ho rcax [oKa3zulfi nocneAylouule pacKonKr4, IIoceJIeHue 3To MHotoc,roftgoe r,r BKJI]oqaer rarc 6olee [o3AHHe,rax n 6olee paHHae 3HeoJlllr[qecKl,le cJrov. Ha :ro o6cro.sre,.rscrBo crrpaBeAnrrBo o6parutm BHLTMaHVe Bcaoefi pa6ore A. Aoaa-OnpnqecKy uLl. Murpt (Dodd-Oprilescu, Mitrea 1983,82). A Ao 3rr4x aBropoB HaHeAonycrnMo rto3AHI,IIo Aarl,rpoBKy 3Toro HaBepruux o6parr,rJr BHr4MaHHe B.H. .{aHuleurco (.{aHulenrco,lllrraar,'rifi 197 2, 7 ; laHuleurco I97 4, 94).

llo relt )Ke rIpaqHHaM, o qeM TaruKe orMeqarocb paHee, orKpbrrblM ocraeror t,t Bonpoc o ror{HoMKynbrypHoM KoHTeKcre o6HapyxeHa4fl, peanvcrr,rqecKofo 3K3eMnnrpa c MHofocnofiuoro [oceJreHrntCenrcyua.

I4uan curyaquq c KoncrasruHoBcKnM 3K3eM[n.spoM, rrpo]rcxoAnqr,rM a3 oAHouMeHHoro rrocereHnr.llpexge floceJteHtae, qepe3 cKulerp, Aarr.rpoBanocb BpeMeuelr Tpunolse Bl-Kynyreuu A. B noc,regHue roAbrc paspa6orrcofi xpouolorr4v rr nepvol.n3a\r4v MarepnirnoB <Mafixolcrcoft rcyntrypbr)> c Koropofi Koscraurz-HoBKa o6uapyxnaaer MHorlle cBrr3t, ece 6oltsule c[erlHzrJl4croB BbrcKa3brBa]orct sa 6oree rlo3AHtorc Aar[I-poBKy nocleAsefi. OqeenAsrte nporuBopeqAs. B AarvpoBKe HaBep[vfl 14 MareprtzutoB caMoro r]oceJreHur, or-pDKeHHbre Bo MHorwx pa6orax (Knxrurco, flonrearco 2000,253-256; TpaQoHos 1996, 46-47; 2001,78-i9;Pegeurcus 1996,53 u Ap.), sce 6orrlxe y6ex4aror, qro BKrror{eHrie sroro HaBepufvrfl., rcax u o6louKa Kpecro-ru4Hofi 6ytasst, e crofi floceJleHht, Bepo{THee Bcero, Hocur eropuuuufi xaparTep utu uao6opor - 3THIlpelMeTbr rrpeArxecTByroT cJ]oro llocereHu.s.

Kar< 6rr ro Hu 6rtlo, KynbrypHbrfi xoHrerccr 3Tlrx rpex uanepurufi ocraerc.s orKpr,rrbrM, a loceMy oHr4 HH-KaK He Moryr l4crloJlb3oBarbcr B KaqecrBe aHArrKaropa Ans, onpeAeneHnJ{ repxueft .qarrr ecefi aepvn Hanepruui.

Bes yrouueuni.t - c [oceJ]eHI4eM go,raafironcxofi xy"rurypbr cBr3brBaercq o6ror4oK cxeMarr4trecKoro Ha-Bepuuq vz flcelesas llor.sFra (Ta6l. 2,Ns22). K coxaleHalo, oHo t\4He H3BecrHo Jrarrrb rro MnHprarropHoMypr.rcyHKy e pa6ore A.A. Hexaesa (1992,82. puc. 4).

Ocra,rr'uste HaxoAKU npLrxoAtrct Ha apean Kynbrypbr Tpnno,rre-KyKyreHb. Ho ynepeuHo orrpeAeJrrerc.rrrcyrsrypuuil KoHTeKcr nnltrb Anfr Tpex HaxoAox: o6rovma cxeMarlrr{ecKofo HaBeprx?rr (puc.8,7; Ta6n.2, }&7) a: Xopa ae Cyc (xrraa c xepavunofi Tpunolre Bl - Kyryreaa A2-3), peuuncrrrr{Horo HaBeprxttt (puc.3,2;Ta6n.2, J\b12) n: @e4e.neureur (xrarmqe repuoAa Kyxyreus A4) u rnr orr{acrH rroBpexAeHHoro cxeMarr{-qecKofo HaBepupr.fl c rocereHz.s y Bepe:oecrcofi f3C (puc. 8,1; Ta6n2,Ne 3).'

[pyrat rpyflna uarepruail BKJlroqaer HaxoAKrr, ycnoBa.s o6uapyxeuur Koropbrx He 3aAoKyMeHTupoBaHbrTotlHo, Ho Koropble, TaK vJTv HHarre, onpeAeneHHo cBr3aHbr c ttoceneHlt.sMn Kynbrypsr Kyryrenb, H ((rro aHa-JIOfHH) c paHee ynoMrHyrbrMH TpeMq AocroBepHbfiitu, urpu6yrupyerc.fi locle4Hefi.

3ro 4na cxeMarnrtHblx cKl4rerpa za O6srpureHs (puc. 8,3-4;Ta6t.2 NeJ\! 12-13), uaft4eHusle clyuafiHoBMecre c ApyfI'IMh MarepvarlaMr4v KepaMvIxofi Kyryrer*, A3-A4 Ha rroBepxHocrt4 rroceJreHnq, Bo3Mox(Ho, Ha[oBepxHocru pa3pylxeHnofi uloulagKLr-xliJrr.rula. CxevaraqecKoe HaBepruve v3 Eurplelerurr (puc. 8,2;Ta6n. 2, JVI 4) HaftaeHo B ((3oHe flocereHa.s Kynbrypbr KyreHb)), [peAnoJro)KZTeJ]bHo orHeceHHoro K rre-

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anbHoil ocTaeTct npo6 ynbTyp B fipe aHaI.I ApeBHe3eMneAelbqecKofo apeana'

pa3pa6arbrBarorrfas,cfl B B no AaHHofi ara5anin I99I;1994; Tasid 1991; 1995;

bcsedy r994;Kahcz r Lichardus, Lichardus-Iten 1993; 1998 u Ap.). Buecre c reM,

pe3Ko nporyBorroJro)KHofi roqxu 3peHuq, c [o3r4rrr4u aururuu6y"racxofi KoHuerIuH14 o ponu crenHoro Sarcro-

pa, no rpe)KAeHeMy rpnAep)KuBaerc-q A. Xohcnep (Hiiusler 1994a; I994b; 1996; 1998 t4 Lp') rz A' Marcrcafi

tn4unuy lgg4). Pe:rcue r43MeHeHr.rr B orIeHKe crerrHoro $arcropa rpol43olllnu 3a sror KoporKl4il nepl4oA Bo

B3rntAax l. To4oponoi, rcoropaq B KoHUe 80-x - Har{zue 90-x roAos eule nnczula o6 <einer groJJen

Steppeninvasiom (Todorova, Georgieva 1993,777), a B nocneAyrcqnx pa6orax aKUeHr qBHo craBur Ha rpu-

ro-flo4yHanbq npt{3HaBaJtvcb B TeqeHI{e 3Toro rlepu

tggt; i994a-b; 1998; Roman, Dodd-Oprilescu, Janos 1992; Roman 200I, 174 HaSoIIi, Popovici 1992' 79,

Hagotti 7991 ,I19 u ap).OAsarco,, " Pyror"vvr, ecilv cyAt4Tb no rAerbHblM NlouorpaQuqecKHM (Mantu

tgOa) ralr o6o6ularoulllM zccrleAoBaHl4flM (Petrescu-Dimbovila Ap' 1995;1999 Istoria rom1nilor

200I,120,166), suaueHne BocroqHofo - crerrHoro $ar<ropa, B CpaBHeHIrI4 C rlpeAlrrecrByfolrll'{MH Aecqrhre-

Tkrfl M LI 3aMeT HO Irp H H It)KaeTc fl. v llvt B o Bce yM arr{vBaeT at'.

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Haq apxeonoru.s. OHa aMelOT B OcHOBe ABa InaBHblX, Ha Mofi B3rJltA, O6crOqre.rllCrs'

fleproe n3 Hax cB.rr3aHo c uHreucu$urcaquefi aHaI'l4Treecrcnx paspa6oroK no ocMblcJreHl4lo I4JII4 nepeoc-

MbtCJreHhlO paHee nnI OTHOC]IT9JIbHO HeAaBHO BblAeJIeHHblX apXeOJ'lOfI'IqeCKUX KynbTyp, llx OTAenbHbIX KOM-

noHeHToB 14114 Tt4rIoB fraMtrHr,tKoB. Conponox4aqcb MHoxecrBoM HoBbIX, KorAa 6o,tee, KofAa MeHee o6ocHo-

BaHHbrx rpaKToBoK L1 fipeAnoxeuufi, rpe6yrourr4x cepbe3uoil repuSrzKaIII4]I ra anpo6rzpoBaHHfl, Irpouecc 3Tor'

KaK u3BecrHo, KocHy;rcs [paKTur{ecKn Bcex KynbrypHblx o6pasonauufi, a touHee - ecefi apxeororltt{ecxofr

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A;1er vo 3Heorgrll{ecKprx rraMerHuKax crenefi Cenepo-3anaAHofo llpravepHouoprr (Alercceena 1992; fler-

peHKo B.f. 1993; Levifki, Manzura, Demcenko 1996; Govedartca 1998 u Ap'), H o naMf,rHllKax.{uenpo-

loueqrofi, Cpe4ne cnofi r aHblx Kynbrypax llo4uenpoBb.x alu ,{Henpo-.{oueqxoro rvreNgype'rs'r (Te-

rerl.rH 1990; l99l; 2000a; Telegin l99l; TereraH, Tntoea 1998; Te,qervH v Ap.2001; Korosa 1994i,

2002; Rassamakin 1994; 1999; KHquIKo 1994; Heriurafi,'Io 1996; 2000 n Ap.), u o raMqrHurcax flpe4uafrrcon-

cxofi n Mailxoncrco7 rcynlryp llparcy6aurE.r, CenepHoro Kasxa:a n,'Iu 3axaeKa:u (TprlQonoe 1991; 2001;

Hexaea 1992; Kopeuenigzfi 1993; 1995;2001; fefi 2000; Kyuruapena 1993 tj MH. Ap.) H, pa3yMeercn, - na-

M-srHuKax Cavapcrofi, XsaFrtrucrcof, PennHcrcofi n uuslx Kynbryp crerlHoro I] JlecocreflHoro lloBo.rl)Kbt

(Merpert 1991; Mopryuora 1995; IOArau 1998; lpevos, IOAuH 7992;Bacu:tree, OeunHHaKoBa 2000; Ba-

cr4,'rbeB, Ky:ueqon, Typeurcuft 2000 r lp.).BropOe o6crOsrelrcTBo, coAeficTByloqee o6rqevy ([epenonoxy) B oUeHxe cnequQl{Ku 3HeoJlara

crengoft 3oHbt, Hocnr, .r 6tt cKurzur, Ka3yucrhrtecrcrafi xapanrep. Ouo cBt3aHo co c[eul4zulbHblMl4 lIccJIeAoBa-

HtrflMLt qepe[a nouaAu rs ,{epeuexvl, ilo3AHs,A Aar}rpoBKa Koropofo cHarliula Bbl3BitJ'Ia HeraruBHoe orHolue-

Hlle Ko BceMy KoMrrneKcy ocreoJrofnqecKplx ocTaTKoB paHee npu3HanoE - AoMecTItllnpoeauHofi JIoIIaAn 3To-

ro roceJ,reHua (Levine 1990; Anthony, Brown 1991). 3aren roA coMHeHue 6ul rocraBreH carvt $ar<r o Bo3-

voxHofi AoMecrlrKaU12'A troura1.1 B 3[oxy 3HeoJnrra. Z, r rcoueuuoM cqere - caMa npaBoMepHocrb tlzuleo3oo-

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(Benecke l994a-b; Levine 1999; Spassov, Iliev 1998 u Ap.; Tenerl4u 1997; lly'rrcoe, Xypasnee 2001)'

B conorcynuocrn o6a orMeqeHHbrx o6cro.srerbcrBa npeAorlpeAenl{nll nolsuil pasno6ofi Bo B3rrflArx

cneuua,THcroB, KaK Ha ypoBHe Bocrrpu.rrrnr apxeororuqecxofi TaKcoHoMI4H, ee HoMeHruIarypbI I4 coAep)KaHHq'

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nporuBopeq uft nsuo rpoAon)Kaer Bo3pacrarb (feft I 999)'

Kar 6ur ro Hrz 6ulo, Becb gror rcoporxufi [epuoA pa3BopaquBiucfl tloA AoMI4HaHTofr rpa4uquoHHux

uleh H.A. Mepnepra (Merpert 1991; Mepuepr 2003) ra M. f rau6yrac (Gimbutas 1994), HaueArIl'IX MHorhx

rooneAoBaretefiu 11o Bonpocatr cnequ$urcu, ceoeo6pa:I4.t creflHoro <Mupa>, u B tloHnMaHI'IH efo I4cxoAHbIX

r4croKoB (Xnalrrnglc lloeolxre), ?r B BI/.A}H:'1.?- o6rqeft HarrpaBneHHocrl4 KyJlbrypHo-reHeruqecKlIX [poqec-

coB (c BocroKa - na aana4), u B oueHKe ponr4 crerrHoro $arcropa n npeo6pa:oBaHul'{ ApeBHe3eMneAeJrbqecKo-

ro apeurna (Ky:rvnHa 1994; 1996-1997 ; 2000; 2004; Telegin l99I; Tereruu I99l; 1997 ; 1999; 20006; Tere-

fr.rH r.r Ap. 2001; Heuurafilo 1996;2000;2002;Bacumes 2002; Bacnlrer, OsqrHul4rcoea 2000; Bacursen,

Ky:ueqor, Typeqrrafi, 2000; Anthony 1995; 1997; Anthony, Brown 2000; 2003; Dergachev 2000;2003 u

' CvNy no nrl.IHo[ 6eceAe s 2000, 2004 rr.

38

MbI 6bt,'tl4 BbIHy)KAeHbI rloJlb3oBarbcr BTopHr{HbrMH LrcroqHuKaMh. A 3To, KaK y)Ke orMeqaJ'rocb, KpafiHeollacHoe Aeno. JlrcArM cBoficrBeuHo ourn6arbcr, To nv npu rr3MepeHHn, To JrLr npv o$opMreHlau pyKo-rrvct4 A ee v31aHvru. Kax noKasar aHarv3, oAHaxAbr AoilyueHHag ouru6Ka 3areM Tupax(apyercfl v3 oAHo-fo u3AaHtu B Apyroe. flpunogulrsre Bo MHorlrx pa6orax MerpuqeaKue AaHHble 3ar{acryro HenoJIHbIe HJII4

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flosrovy, An{ yroqHeHue 3TVX MoMeHToB B cryqaflx, KofAa HaxoAKa ocraJracb He AocrynHoh rtts.lzqHofi 3apt4coBKI4 14 t43MepeHut, aBTopy flpamrlocb npoftra Aluunrrfi nyrb lo ecefi ueno.Jme - or [ep-nofi ny6nnrcar\I4w LI cBepKe ee AaHHbIX co BceMrl nocneAyforunrvu ty6lnKar\nsMLl,locrorHHo BbtBeptr ttcorlocraBJltt pa3Hble reKcrbl Me)KAy co6oi r4 rrapanlenbHo c yKa3aHHbrMn Ha Hnnrocrpaur4flx lracrura6a-Mt'I .4o oKoHqareJlbHolo, 6olee I4JI|,I MeHee yBepeHHoro, BblqcHeHrll neo6xo4zM6rx AaHHbrx. A xax noxa-3an AH?dIH3, OCHOBHbIMI4 14 BIIOJ'IHe AOCTaTOqHbIMI4 Anq peanlr.{3AI\Ah I4HTepeCylOtlII4X HaC 3aAaq OKa3anI,ICbcneAylotqve napaMerpbl: MaKcuMaJrbHas AnvHa HaxoAKLr, AnnHa ,ruqeeofr - nepe4Hefi, npoloqeuHofiqac,Trr, Bblcora uocoaofi u za1ueit (ycnoeHo - (fonoBHofi> na4erc) qacrerZ, MaKohManbHa-s ro,quluHa.Cxeua cH.lTu-fi pa3MepHblx AaHH;IX cxeMaraqecKHX r{ peanprcrl.reHbrx HaBepruwit npeacraBJreHa rpa$zue-cKU Ha Przcyurce 17.

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B 1939 roAy, Bropuuuo ny6luKyt cxeMaraqecKoe HaBeprxr4e zs Bra4uraBKa3a, aBropbr (Gallus,Horvath, 1939) conocraBJlttor ero c 3K3eMnnrpoM a3 Belenr, Barca, He 3arpafuBar Bolpoca o peanzcruqe-cKl'rx HaBeprunx. 14 ua o6opor. !. llouecr<y (Popescu 1940) u rro3)Ke A.A. I4eccen (1952), rry6lwrcyx HoBbrepeanl4crvLrecKlje 3K3eMnnflpbr v3 coorBercrBeHno Kacllrqz z Teperclz-Mercre6a, xorb l,t 3Haror o cxeMarh-rtecKHX HaxoAKax u: Apr'ryru4 u BaleHt (uo He c Bla4Hrcanxasa),t o6xo4xr ux B l.r4cKyaarorrx. flolnocrlroyM€tJ'lqrzBalorcr cxeMarnqecKr{e HaBeprxuq B cepHu crarefi, ony6lnrcoaaHHlx !. E"p.ry rro Borrpocy o peanH_crl4qecKllx, [pt4yMHoxl{Btrl}Ixct rc 60-u roAaM, HaBeprxurx. 3ro ga6ruo Aaercfl. }r Ha orafle ]rHTeprrperaqr.rr43rux HaxoAoK B Kar{ecrae n:o6paxeHl,It nouraAV v wx BocroqHofo trpot4cxoxlenrzr (Berciu 1954; 1954a) wIlo3x(e' KorAa 3roT aBTop KapAHHzL'lbHo MeHteT cBolo ToqKy 3peHLIt no I4X HHTep[peTaqrzu (Berciu 1961;

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xrqHHeraurctredu u nrnhexuQaVonr Hmrsdoroxen c H eenud Nrqnriedogo.ro 'rueuufd"t nedr ex wer x nev4udrr'eheHw utrv >rEL 'lqw 'rqnrfdJ ersHredx rceufno{uhl4uted s^YKguu-oxquo)c ?H xrr qrl4)I(orreed o{qffen scl4ms€Vuc

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14IUf IVTVXOU Xt4X9l hl4dlt1 r 1414htsUf ddO)fsoHco vH 4ilmdrEVH sl4hv)14o14ccvu)l 'z'lll

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r4rqHH€soHco 'nnmdesuH uuietuSnccurDr Vorer\ HnVo eme nee.rerYedu '4zuer,rfcudoYeH xrsuxonrtoa errH€)r{egtaoa ',{rruoreog 'derxudex 4rqHsuue:tgfc rncos 'eheHr4 uuw >[vL 'xrcdorov eunereVeduo oH 'ureresoVauccu urrqrroJo rlrcr4s?t noyuren xsdoroy qner,edeu 'golenc€d xr4fnor,(srcJ.earooc 6ffV .{nndreru s xrqHHo)Ko[?t 'xeyeHtzduo o)quo)c 'HoHxorc oHsrreYedrr n 4orcodl u <urqg J€xow redorox 'u;tssl uruerannQQeo>r ncud er'ftrdoQ o ox-qfforc eH JeVr,r qhed'vo)ro9ed9o FoycehlrrczJurc xr.r r.r soyeHeudu umlrctutrewdoQ KoxlrVomn J€eV€us omodoxoJv (xer rqsodorc oc sud rore eH 'eV 'rcreewfsed eexr4Voraw goHH?aotqroucr4 y rr4H€her{€r uIr rsrn(or r€og

' qJes"yoV qcou?sogodJ t4 orh'eHdeg ?Woxc reHHontrevr4Qlaccerx'rHhEHt'ror€Vuusoc 'ett'ttsvHe l,IhleYoren umtsugud eIsHHeF,fffott 'tqVoatqg eed V 'gumdeazn xI4voehI,IJ?I Iexc oHHos

69z tN 'l lnLunpl

Rpvistn Arhpolnoiri .lprip nouh

Zrarc, paccvrorpuM coorHo[eHr4e rrerbrpex ocHoBHbrx Merpr4qecKr{x rroKa3areJrefi cxeMarr,IqecKux v pea-

JTHCTUqeCKUX HaBeprXHfi B HX pa3nuqHblx COqeTAHVrflX, B COBOKynHOCTT{ XapaKTeptr3ytoulnx tIpOnOpqUU [IcTaJlucTHqecKae oco6eHHocru 3Tr,rx, Ka3zurocE 6br, caMocrof,TeJrbHblx KareropHfi HaxoAoK.

Ha Pucyure 22, ua KoppeJrrquoHHoM rroJre conocraBJreHbr ABa ocHoBHbrx MerplrqecKlrx noKa3arerr: MaKca-

MrulbHac E:rr'Ha uaeepnzfi (puc. 22, fopa3oHTirJrb) z uarccuua,rbHar' Nwt:aa r4x rrepeAHefi - nuueBoft tacrw (puc.22, yepruxutr). Kax cneAyer r,rs rpaQnvecxoro oro6pa)KeHn r, rro orMeqeHHbrM Merpr,rqecKr,rM rroKunareJl{M rir

cxeMarllqecKlre u peaJll4crrzrtecKlre HaBepilns nporBnqror ce6.s rcarc orHoclrreJrbHo KoMrraKTHbre rpynrrbr, rlMero-IrIHe Bblrf,H),ro-DnvncoBzAnyrc KoH$r4rypaqrao. O6e rpyr[rr4poBKu r.sroreror K eArrHofi nprMofi ';.uuuu (ocu),o6napyxHnatorqefi Hx [pcM]'ro B3aprMo3aBr4ct4Mocrb c rroJro)Kr4TeJrbHbrM KogS$uqHeHToM Koppenqquu. Boreerofo, o6e fp).T[br B cBolrx rconQr,rrypaunxx 6oree qeM Ha 2, 3 neperpbrBaror Apyr Apyra, o6loe4lattss, e ce6e (n

erovr lole) noAaBnrllouree 6oruuuucrBo n cxeMarr4qecKr.D( npeuwlcrvlqecKlrx HaxoAoK. Ilttutru croeaMlr, o6efpynrrbr [porBnqror ce6.s rcar pa3Hble rroAMHoxecrBa oAHofo Lt rofo xe MHo)r(ecrBa.

Hanpanurarouluecr r4HTep[perauuw. Cnegyx cKoppenupoBaHHbrM roKa3arer-flM, cxeMarrrr{ecKne A peum-crI{tIHbIe lg.aBeprn:al. n QyrxrryloHzrJrbHo-TLtrroJrorlFrecKoM orHoureHr.ru oAHopoAHbr, foMoreHHbl. Our,r o6Hapyzcra-

Balor eAuHoe qApo 14 eAr.rHyro o6lryro 3aKoHoMepHocrb n HanpaBneHHocrb pa3Br4Trar. yqI4TbIBzuI creneHb B3aI4Mo-

[epeKpbrBarorlefo noJrt 3J]JIHII0OB, HaBepru[IJI B qenoM oAHoBpeMeHHr,r, a, Qlile[ys HanpaBJIeHHocTa ocl4 (or nepe-

ceqeHr{Jr ocefi rcoopAuHar rc nepra$epvrv, K BepxHeMy rrpaBoMy }Tny Koppenqrlr4oHHor-o norx) nsauuonepeKpbl-Barouluxc.fl gJrJIlIIIcoB, o6urar reHAeHuzJl vu.pa3Bkrrvr. or Mzlnopzl3MepHbrx K orHoclrrenbHo KpynHbrM.

Puc.22. CoorHoureHue Haeepururi no MaKchMaflsHofi 4nuHe (ropusouranu) na gnrany nrqeaorl vacru (eepruranu).1 - peanrcruqecKr4e, 2 - cxeNrraril.{ecxre, 3 - HaBepuJr4F oco6urx Qopru (pacuuQpoara HoMepoB cru. - Ta6n. 3).

Ocu-crpenxa - HanoaBneHHocrb pa3Bhl4F.

O6paularor Ha ce6q BHaMaHr{e, BK;rroqeHHbre B KoppenrqrroHHoe loJre cBoeo6pa:uue HaBepIxI{t us !a-HIIJIoBKI4 (puc.22, Ne 23), I4rpeHs (Ils24). flo ngqrllM Merpr4qecKaM napaMerpaM oHH rronHocrbro BbIrIaAaIoru3 ((aKTHBHofo rroJrr)) rrro cxeMaruqecKltx, qro pealucrl4qecKux Hanepruzfi.

A6corrcrno uAeHTnr{Hyro Kaprr4Hy, a, coorBercrBeHHo, 14 cxoAHyrc uHTep[peraqaro, o6uapy)KldBarorcxeMarur{ecKue r{ peanl4crl4qecKlre HaBepruus B r4HoM coorHoilreHr4r{ Merpr4qecKux noKzuarerefi: rcoppenil\Lrr4MaKcLIMzInbHoil 4lvHrr nepe4Hei, lzqenofi, vacrz (ropn:ouranr) c MaKcrrMzrJnHofi errcorofi, nepe4Hefi uo-cosofi qacrn. Kax cre4yer a: PucyHrca23, to 3TlrM rroKa3arerqM o6e sra pa3HoBHAHocru o6napy)MBalor ryxe rauefiHyro rpyl[prpoBKy B Tofi )Ke, oAr,rHaKoBo opueHTupoBaHHoft, 3nnr{ncoBr4Auofi rcou$uryparlrrr4, cB3arIMHo nepeKpbrBaroulzMcq eAHHbrM rroJreM. Hanoneq, KaK r.r B rrpeArxecrByrouleM cryqae, floJrHocrbro BbI-

naAyr no B3qrblM napaMerpaM a3 (aKTr4BHoro)) rroJ.rr HaBeprxr4r us .{aHnronxn (J\! 23), I,4lpew (Nb 24),. u e

sroM cnyqae HaBeptuue u: Ko4averca (Ne 25).3arrerurte pa3nwrut o6uapyxunarcT cxewarwrecKile n pearyrcruqecKue HaBeplrnut ilpu Koppenflr\uLr IByx

ApyrHX nap MerplzqecK]4x noKa3arelefi. B o4uou crytae,3To coorHorxelprc 4r'uHs luqenofi uaclu nanep:lrzit(puc.24, roprl3oHTanb) ua nucory ee :a4uefi, roroeHoft (puc.24, neprarans) qacrefi. A eo nropou cJD/qae, coor-

'5vtj,[aeed qrcoHHeusedueH - rlxuodrC '(0 'uge1 - 'nc EodanoH e)sod*r4mced)rtdoQ xrqgoco chmdeseH - e 'en)cehhrenexo - Z'ert\cannrxvtupod - 9

'(suarrrdae) suereeerou oJoHsouoJ lrocrcs eu (suerHoerdor)urceh [osehhu aHruv 4oHcuey{t4cxen ou 4umdeeeH enHenloHLooJ'vz'Jud

'Bnr-r4sepd crcoHHeusedueH - e)uedro-ccg '(t 'ugel - 'rlo sodenoH exsodQumced)ndo$ xrsgoco srmdaseH - t'au)cehr4rev\rexc - Z'eillcehnrouueed - ;

'(suernrdae) foeocoH fuocrqe eH (sueruoerdor)uJ-ceh 4oEahhu exruu qroHsuenr4gxer,r ou 4umdeeeH ar4HamoHroo) 'tz'cud

'uysoduuur{dJ elilH<uferborcol,llec eellog oH 'elqHVlraociluffIfe oIiIHJ)Bru to>t oHqIJeJficoHJo vu>t rgec

rolrlrgrodu xrroil xrqHHovfirffeddox us xrch{rc xl{ogo g nxe}rendr eI<IHHeheI Iro 'tlcolteeler'oconl4e€g os l]rnrn

(rrernoeudot'g7 'cud) (oJoHsouoJ) ^rocrss

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Ha Bbtcory ronoBHoro noKa3arefle (eeprnranu).1 - peanuctvl ecKhe, 2 - cxeMat[.{ecxne, 3 - HaBep[IJl4n oco6utx $opttrt

(pacur,r$poeKa HoMepoB crr,r. - Ta6n. 3). Crpenru - HanpaBneHHocrb pa3Bl1rl4r.

Ho .rro [prlHuunuzunno. Bo-nepBbrx, B o6onx cnyquux 3JIJII{[coBl4AHbIe rpynrlnpoBKll [o-ilpexHeMyB3auMHo flepeKpbrBarorApyr rpyra, r.e. o6Hapy)Kr{Baror eAHHoe [oJre, eALIHoe tApo. B nepnou cryqae 3oHa

B3auMHofo [epeKpbrBaHvte 3HasvrerruHee (pnc. 24), yo BTopoM oHo MeHee 3Har{ureJlbHo, Ho oHo rlpt4cyrcrBy-

er (przc. 25). BropuM Balr(HbrM o6cro.flremcrBoM flBrsercs ro, tITo e o6onx anyqanx 3nJII{[coBuAHbIe rpyn-nripoBKn rro HarpaBJreHHocrn oceft rarc 6sr egaIavHo pacxoAqrcs azroo6pasuo, 6u$ypuupy{ or o6Irlero a4pa

r4lru B3avtMHoro HzuroxeHr4r K BepxHefi - npanofi neprarfeprau Koppentq[oHHoro rIoJIt.

Baxuocrl orMeqeHHbrx o6croqrerbcrB 3aKJrroqaercq B ToM, rrro nMeHHo Ha ypoBHe KoppentIIHI{ cle-quQuvecnnx pa3rur{HTenbHbrx MerpI,IqecKI{x noKasarerefi cxeMarl4r{ecKne L{ pezrnucrur{ecKne HaBepuut Ha-

fnrAHee Bcefo nporBJlqroTcg KaK ABe pa3Jrr4qHble pa3HoBt4AHOCTV, pA3BABaIOilIUeCt, OAHaKO, q3 eAI'IHOTO qA-

pa-ocHoBbr B pa3Hbrx HanpaBneHH.sx H orHoc[TeJrbHo oAHoBpeMeHHo. flpuuent, ylqvrbrBafl B3a]IMopac[ono-)KeHHocrb rpy[n u ux luueitnyro opveHTarluro, o[peAeneHHo MoxHo yrBepx,qarb, tITo Idx o6rqee sApo-

ocHoBa HaxoAVTc.s B froJre B3auMoHzL[o)KeHI,rq fpylln, B 3oHe oTHOCuTeJIbHO M€UrOpZI3MepHbIX nanepruzfi u eAalunefiuelr 3BonroqraoHupyer B cropoHy yBenvrv,enns pa3MepHbIX nonasarelefi.

Kar a [pe)Kle, r,r B 3Trax AByx cnyqarx o6paulaer ga ce6g BH]tMaHI4e ucruIroquTeJlbHoe IIoJIo)KeHHe Ha

KoppeJrrr-lnoHHblx rroJrrx uaaeputi nz lauutrosrua (Nr 23),LIrpeur (J\b 24) 14 B MeHbrtefi creneuu - us Ko-

AaqeKa (J\b 25), Koropr,re, c yqeroM r,rx naopSo,'roruqecKor-o cnoeo6pa:uf,, orMeqeHHoro paHee, onpeAeneHHo

AoJrxHbr 6uru ucrclroqeHbr rr3 paccMarpuBaeuofi Kareropur4 HaxoAoK.

I4rarc, no4neAeM [peABapr4TenbHbre ATorH. Koppelxqur v aHaJwa-vlHTepnperaunq ocHoBHbIX 3aKoHo-

uepHocrefi fiporBneHuf, 6agostrx MerpuqecKrix rroKa3areJrefi cxelraruqHblx n peiulucrt4qHblx HaBepIIII4fr, xaK

a6conroruo aBToHoMHbrx napaMerpoB, rro3BoJrqror cQopuylupoBarb cneAylotuae rlpnHulrtrvanbHble BIIBoAbI.

1. Hecnrorps Ha crvtJrvrcrur{ecKrle pa3rvqul, cxeMaruqecKue A peaJwIcrl4qecKlae HaBepIxHt n Qyurcqno-HILIIbHO-TI,InOJIOTHT{eCKOM OTHOIIeHHLI OAHOpOAOBaq, rOMOteHHaq Kareropull, oI.vIH Tr4ll, npe4craeleunHfrpa3HbrMrr rroATHnaMu:

2. Ouu o6HapyNrararor eAHHoe rApo, eAr,rHoe r.{cxoAHoe 3BeHo, cocraBrtq caMocro.lreJlbHble Mop+ono-f Hqec KI{e v IV cT t4IracTaq ecK He n}jHwt pa3BATVA ;

3. O6e pa3HoBnAHocrn, orrroqKoBaBrrlllcb or eAHHoro s,4.pa, B 4alrHefiureM pa3BllBalorct caMocroq-TeirbHo, oAHoBpeMeHHo Ir B pa3nvr{Hblx cTtrJIt4cTI,IqecKHX HanpaBreHuqx;

4. Haptay c paHee o6HapyxeuHoft eAunoii HarrpaBneHHocrbro rraop$olornqecKofo pa3Br'tvs cxeMarvr{e-cKlz'x vt pe€uLlcrr,rqecKhx HaBepruufi (or [peAenbHo npocroro, o6o6rleHHoro, K ycJro)KHeHHoMy, Aerzrn]r3upo-

'soreudeJuhr xlqwe?sqdruhlcced r.{udoJeJ?) err roretr€rrrqs oHHeffefoduo rurrere€exour'ruxcer'r.rdrert oII 14 htl4xcehr4Jclilrfirc-oJoroQdom ou u 'qcorer,ewro ex,{ uex 'etsdorox '(xer,u[oy 'snefuy4 'ulaorl4uef)wdo$ xngoco <rumdeaes) oumolrraprcYadu 'uxhoJ ndr lsHer,orrxJr.r - xetrr{rger xlrre s ruHeHoilr€x orqHHOarJHrVa r

'sorHer lor r xtsr{eemed oHsueJeaoVerc-orr oJodrc ovcruo)IceH reeho{rxs H ornduHehc fltour,rve ox rilg yey rcrof€r4maed ?d^Velodu ure uwe3

'LlelfeJ?gevol xuxcauudren ruHetreson nrcoHder roHoxet erqwe?Vo{ugeH oHilre,,(tlrrr oHHes-rcVedcouen uH (xlsHHesodureddoxc) xrlHneceHrooc 'src4osc xlsHcrp,{rcyorHo) vuLr 'A xr.rxcehuJcarurc-oloroQdolt - xl<IHHearcehs) xrqHv I4trv xel- e;hrrzHe ?HoJrr[o[ oroneedgoeosc esJcehey s qrnx,{ffc r{V,(ghremgeHqlrBv q ercdoro\ '.(VZ-ZZ 'cud) uwrnlredrcortllru vwrqHrcearfl err,,( rcrue,{squoucos orore rlr['

' nnlrelrdoQur4 cpH gerno{fcederHr 4entr-rreddox 4oxcennQedr qorcodu rclrur'used:o rqlr sceVo'urcoHVrlrreH noHqrewuc)€w ruHohoucogo xrretra 'oxenVg 'etvvere eYorenr oJo)cehrrrclrr?rc-oH<rrpwdoQ xulrendu xrsHsud s 'fwoH€d-ol uHeffsroa[n,(coiruirg rexow 4ercondewoHo>ter ces xutnorfcederun enuqdxced u uu\rctu$udes 'qcoruaewro ex.( xey

'deuedex 4ruru>rdeaoduoes - 4rsr,ftrxwur re?J-edgo arcsreretuxoV er lerczc oJh 'reeheHto oJe V 'xrr-{Hexedrss xH lroHqre,{rcxoJHo) a rr

"loxcehntrcr4rIkr:rc -oronoQdow s u 'nrovcehvdrew s u :eueuderurr oJo)conuduuwe rHneusrodu erqnrconrn,(c ecs BH rcrerH-edrcodnced u dsrxedux Unlngo e'(4uxcenudrelt) FoHrcoxcotruoHVo - 4uHuodorcoHVo eH rncoH qrcoudelr

-oHo>tuc pnec orh 'qruheHoo reVfg Ferere€e)ou eraHetreilsoc eoneeYuxo ore 'r,,rrer o eJcer rs o11 'zrcondew-oHo)?€ erirHrcearu exf sruYdesrtrolr oHyffoV 'rqHodolc KoHVo c '4uIueEner wrrJer?te)on lttsHmd ou xIsH-nen,,ftrot elrHetsBuaoc 'eeur(nc no)er s, 14'qeue:;et?xou xnxceaudrelt xrqHrcestu enerctzc s xuHVercol euH

-eVesoil qredrowc,(Yedu lrexon eeuedeg rstrN 'esJcl4orlc H ?rlrcehev fcoduog .,(wossuV eulnorfarcresJooc oH

-reayetr? suffeveduo osrxaddoy u cod[os cuu 4Hlnorfcedeuru qoHu vfivr ror seaodur,firdoQc oHqffagedu 'or'oxdeg eHeffetreduo srcoHdelloHoy?f, ?r€ otn 'ungoucK vtdu u 'qrcogdsnoHovug yelal'lawesorc unr<rHl4

'rnHeYegou xli qrcoHxol Itoa qreVugVedu z rsrHer rer€ ontrlorrrsercoc BH 'q.l-cosdenosoreg,{re 'ee qJusrqVurycced 'sresodureYot,t 'e'l 'qlesodu|rfveY Jerrorrf,orr orh 'l{er oH}€s egec ou ontuc 'sodl,am-udeu xrsHHeaoduszreHeodn eu ,{lnrosYo ou qm}rrr xrqnseretredrro ex?V src.(x 'EercoHdewoHoxut gJerflgo

eHH?Hr og 'ruhxfVHn or€ - xrqHH€V xuxcennduuwe aunetngogo 'xrqHHuV xrzvcenudrew - xvvcewrdulltenrcoHu,{yosoc uutteredlldernz r,r rr,rHefflgogo arerqrr(eed s rqHoffsrrqa I4rcoHdewoHovee weH elqHrcesstr4

'rHer row ArsHsuevtrvrnsndu Hr4Yo erne rcreesr4druwcodu onseuetseduo ed,{venodu pore a 'lter fExe141' arcosdeltonov?o'nr€drelreden lu.r.r{dE ou HoHHelrsrr<a'ax,,( 4oH

-Jcesrpl nn[uxuQHdes osrcYedc eoH)Kor^rsos oHHearcHHVe - irrce srcgoac xIsHsrefucveJHov v xl<IHHesrceh

-e>t el{Hehelfazdu uplHemoHro wo>tcehvVoren g fworeou oHHer\rH 14 'urcoHdel IoHo)€€ alsHVoxc 'unIlsatrHerersH[oxc rruxfdeHgo oH)croV orqrcoHx(eg€hea c Hlttssdeu c xr4HVelrcou el4HemoHrooc 'oHqueresoYerrC'aot,?Aderew xaxcenudulw€ xrqHvoxcv ex xer gJc4osc xrsHsrre^rcverHo) r4Itv 'kr xlqHHegrcohuv - xlqHrc-oHIn,(c xrqHn xr{JoHr r H hrrrreretg)olr wl4re eusrcresrooc eoHlfou aeHew vfiu eexog ro{uJuffouVedu otqrcoln-rlvoxgoeH c urcosdeltoHoxec wedrenedefl wnxcer,udren ou erirHHereVeduo 'udoudne orh 'I tror a oue['

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oHsnslrunrrHudu c (4ererueexou xvycenudren - eer,firc wem?H a 'e'r) sJc4oac 4ercoudeltoHovet xIiIHHer-grlqs 6uV xrqHHzao0quolcH ex,{ LtuHemoHrooc eH ucstuodrc oH><troY uHo 'Hr.,fu orouuedgcn ro on}tcnaut-eu 'oxeHtrg '4ercoudelroHo>t€t emrqs xlqHHeher rro rznnexuQndes vrcoH)Kor{toa elqHtsd ror,{arcetn,{3

'FanHevHer-HarcoudemoHoy?r xrqHHersrrqa fyuredyHov qrrqdvced oHs{rerev rclteedercou cBhIec V

uvnv\van3 cvrD{ 14 14 h v) il o 14 d aE un d3 LtAd)l' 8' | | |

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-Borcohr?c oH 'rer,edogurodu eH o)quor eu 'xrucoudonoHo)Bs 'xruDHeYner xlsHsoHco xu a 4Hmdeaeuxnycehnrcnrceed u xuycehur?rrexc 4erer?t€>tott xzyceundrem xl<Iso€Bg xedlsren KnHurehoc xI<IHha[-teduw\tuteddox eccerlodu s erqHHersrrqs'eHaodr( woHHelngogo Ilow?c eH elqrrcs'ruoeedgo IILIveJ

' sodertsgd xtc HHeHrr(dxX

eerrog nrumdeaeH x gumdeaen xlqndensedol,.ew ro - yur:ua;tod xu orulsaVHor gercoHYtzsoHeed xl4re xl4ogo

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ELe 'tN 'llnwnl0l

74

1. Ooplry,rnpoBKa Bo[poca - onpeAeJ'reHr,re lrcKoMoro. ZcxoAsofi noclurnofi sAecr Mo)Ker rrocnyxr,rrb,rrc6oe u3 yrBeplr(Aeuwit - KaK BepHoe, TaK A orua6oqHoe, n6o o6rerrr4BHocrb Merpur{ecKux noragareleft c

Heu:6exsocrblo npeAnoJrafael B ilepBoM cny{ae no:nrr4sHrrft, a Bo BTopoM - orpuqare,'rlnrtil orBerbl.2. OnpegeneHue Kaqecrs fi csoficre, aAeKBarHo coorBercrByroruhx peueHr,rlo KoHKperHo cQoprvrynnpo-

BaHHoro Borrpoca. llpoule foBop.rr, peqb LrAer o vopQo,toraqecKlrx A)vrrv KoHTeKcryzrnrHrrx csoficrBax, Hau-

6o,ree [o,'rHo coAep)Kaqux e ce6e raHQoprraaqulo, ueo6xop,rrMyro Ane orBera Ha trocraBJleHHbre BottpocltFlalo, paccMarpuBaeMafl Kareropu.fl MarepaanoB xapaKTepr3yercq BecbMa ofpaHuqeHHbrM crurcKoM qrorr,ropSo,roruqecKltx, ttro KoHTeKcryztrlbHtIX ceoficrs. Ho, c 4pyrofi cropousl, Mo)Ker 6ttrs uneuHo nogroMyoHH, 3TH KaqecrBa u ceofrctna, KaK yBIIAI,IM Aaree, MHofo3HaqHst, no,ruuuQopMarl4BHbr r4 3aqacryrc cnoco6-Hbt (oTBeThTb) oAHoBpeMeHHo Ha pa3Hble Borrpocbr.

3. .{e4yxqrzfl urv rrpolt1e - MoAen]rpoBa*ue Bo3Mo)KHoro noBeAeHUr orceneKT]rpoBaHHbrx r(aqecrB r,I

cnofrcrs B nore Br43yzulbHo ua6rioAaenrbrx rro MerpuqecKnM rrapaMerpaM 3aKoHoMepHocrefr.4. CoorueceHr{e, BKrrroqeuue oro6paHHbrx Kar{ecrB H ceoficre B (fror'I}IfoH) H3BecrHbtx 3aKoHoMepHo-

crefi vt oueHKa flonyqeHHbrx - 3pr4Mo Ha6ruoAaenrrx n rpa$raqecKoM r4cno;rHeHzrr pe3ynbraroB. 3Aecr sos-

Mo)KHbl ABe cnryarlnu. -floluoe r4Jr4, cKa)KeM, qacruqHoe (ne 6yaeu sa6rtsarr o6 orpaHnueHHocrl,I - c,'ra6ofi

perrpe3eHTaraBHocrr{ ncroqHzKoBe4ueorcofi 6a:rr) coena4eHne BBeAeHHbrx B Harrr noJrr4roH KaqecrB Itceoficre B ocHoBHbrx reHAeHIILIsx rlo orHorxeHuro K MerpHr{ecKprM. Bropar cl4Tyar\us. - He coBnaAeHae reH-

AeHrlll4. A sro osHa.raer, qro ru6o upoqeAypa BbrilonHeHa HeKoppeKTHo, lu6o ucxogHoe yrBep)KAeuue 6utroHeBepHblM x Hy)KAaerctr B KoppeKTupoBKe. Kax 6ur ro Hu 6rrro,He3aBnevvto or Bo3Mo)Ksofi rcoueqHofi ca-Tya\w4 Bcr 3Ta lpoqeAypa Ha Bcex ypoBHrx cBoero [poxoxAeHr4fl vr, B oco6euHocrn Ha 3Tarle oqeHxra Qu-Ha-rrbHbrx pe3ynr,TaroB, HeMuHyeMo npeAfionafaer HeoAHorcparuufi Bo3Bpar K I4cxoAHoMy MarepnaJry, a rro-pofi - r.{ Bbrrror'rHeHHe ps.Ia AorroJrHr{TeJrbHbrx aHilrruTr4r{ecKax onepaquft, Koropbre 3apaHee rpyAHo [peAy-cMorperb. Z ero ecerAa cneAyer yqurbrBarb s 6lrtrs K 3ToMy foroBbrM.

ltt uauarra flpoBepr.rM xpoHono]-flqecKyro HarrpaBreHHocrb pa3BrlTur HaBepuuft. Cnegyt [posBneHLIIo

ruerpnqecKnx rroKa3areJrefi, t,t cxeMar]rqecKue A peuil4crwr{ecKze HaBeprxpr.f, pa3BnBarorcs napaflnenbHo tloep.uvoit 3aKoHoMepHocrr4 or orHocureJ'rr,Ho M€urbrx Qopru n yKpyrrHeHHbrrvr. Ha Bcex pncyHKax 3Ta HarIpaB-

JTeHHOCTb OTptDKeHa OCeBbTMH CTpenKaMH COOTBeTCTByIOUIAX rpynnr4poBoK, llAyuIHX oT JIeBofO, HUXHefoyfna KoppenrIlHoHHblx nolefi, rc aepxHe[, npaeofi nepuQepuu.

flocro,rsry peqb uAer o BpeMeHHoM [apaMerpe, To npoBepry:rofi 3aKoHoMepHocrz, ecrecrBeHHo, sJIe-

Ayer ocyqecrBuTb Ha 6ase xpoHonofnr{ecKnx AaHHbrx. llpuvenr, Arq 6orsflefi Har,r.sAFrocra AocraroqHo Hc-

froJrb3oBarb AaHHbre o naMqrHzKax, 3aHr{Malorqzx rcpailue orAzrleHHbre Apyf or Apyfa xpoHonorl4tlecKl{e no-t-

3ur]]jr4, T.e. ApeBHeHIrlte - no3AHeltmve.Mu pacnoraraeM AaHHbrMr,r o qerbrpex 6eccnopuo ApesHeftruax KoMrrneKcax, coAepxal{I4x LI}ITepe-

cyrcque Hac HaBepttrt,t.r. Bce oHr,r cBr3aHbr c XsarrrrFrcxofi rcylrrypofi, 4rx xoropofi HbIHe ]r3Becrua 6oruttra-flceput a6cotrorHbrx 4ar. Barxuo, r{To cpeAu 3TVX HaBepruuit umetorcs H cxeMarvqecKl4e (Xnalstttcr 1, Xsa-J.rbrHcK 2a, X,rorxoeo 1) rz I4aH peanvcruqecrcail (X,louxono 2) erserrlrlapu. C apyrofi cropoHbr, uosAHefi-rtuMu rro orHolxeHuro rc Xeansrucrcofi KyJrbrype Bbrcryuaror, BHe coMHeHVfl, Bce KypraHHbre LIn14 KypraHHo-xo,'IMoBbre norpe6eHra-r co cKlrrrerpaMu, orHochMbre HbrHe 6oruusucrBoM cfleq]tan]icroB rc HonoAantzroe-cxoil rpylne. Cpe4z Hr4x, K cL{acrbro, TaKXe flMercTct r{ KoMrrJreKcbl 14 c pezlJlr,rcrnr{ecKuMn (Kacnu.ra, Cyeo-pono, Kor<6eper), 14 KoMnJreKcbr co cxeMaruqecKr,rMr4 (lxaHrpa, lllrqxoecrcofi u nosAueftruuuz - Apxapa)HaBeplxl4Mr4. K nocre4urlM, BrorHe Nro)KHo orHecrr4 a <Kyil6unescKr4fi) 3K3eMnJrtp, TaKxe, [o-BI'tAHMoMy,

np o l4cxoAnrl nit az p aspyn eHHo f o KypraHHo ro norpe6euu.u.Ecrs Aevoscrpr4pyeMa.s MerpvqecKuMr4 rroKa3arerflMla 3aKoHoMepHocrb B HanpaBreHHocru Haaepruafi

BepHa, To coorHeceHHble c xpoHonofltqecKzMp{ AaHHLIMH Apeeuefiuue KoMfIJIeKcbr c HaBepuLItMu AoJI)KH;I3aHqrb B coorBererByrourLtx rpyrrrrupoBKax Ha Haurax pncyHKax rcpafiuee HrDKHee (reaoe) noJroxeHne, a

ro:4nefrurze - rpaftuee BepxHee (npanoe) iloJto)KeHueO6parrzlrca K Hnnrccrpaqurlr (pzc. 26-29), coAep)KaulnM Koppenqur4lo rapHblx (paccruorpeHHux nuture)

Merpar{ecKHX noKa3arer'refi c oroeopeHHbrMr4 xpoHonorr{qecKuMr,r fiapaMerpaMu. 9ro o6uapy>r<ueaercq? Karc

u cneAoBano o)KuAarb, e KDKrofi t43 rroAfpyln Hanepuruft sau6oree paHHr.re xpoHonornqecKne KoMrrrreKcb!

Xna,ruucttofi r<y,rlryprr, coAep)Karlpre HaBep[r4fl, gaHglrvt KpafiHae JreBbre - Hr{)r(HVe fio3Lrr\trkr, a nosAHefi[HeKypraHHble KoMrlneKcbr - xpafiuue rpaBble, BepxH[e [o3HIrHLI. CreAoeareJrbHo, BbrtBJIeHHag tto Merpnqe-cKHM rloKa3arer.f,M HanpaBneHHocrb pa3Bnrrzr HaBepuufi nepua, u6o oua AeficrenrerbHo orpoKaer co6oroxpo H on otpt qecKyro 3 B or'rlollnro srux u aaep ruufr .

t To ecru, peql, hAer o roM xe fipaeMe, qro 14 npr{ nepefpy[flrrpoBKe KoMnJreKcoB Ha rrpeaMer LIX Tl,IroJ]ofrFtecxofi yno-ptAoqeHHocrr.r npn o6pa6orxe Qopn,ta,rrHo-crarucrltrtecKr4 M 14 MeroAaM14

xI'I rBglqd)IJo'tr{Hvcehl-Irel4texc WlqHqrruJco ) o{nHemoHJo oil (gI '/I "N) rsdrrultes)e euycHrirrusx erirHvox-Jn - evmvensodV xrer'firc xecs og 'ur,rarer eulnor,(Verc ovHur il4Hs Bgoc ?H roretnedgo 'wHre c A€rsc g

(euser-^""oo"o,fo'lffi :ft','i:3ff :i,X'i;,'J,X'"Hl".q"r,""n,renexc-r.'erm4auUeou - q'ehmuaHsadU - e

:t4nuua.l.eee)ou trnl4xcehhlouotodx c (suelrrdee - fosocoH fuoctqe eH'cuel-HoetadoJ - r4rceh 4osehuu ennuV) eodrer{edeu xuycer,rdren auHemoHroo C 'LZ 'cud

'(lt o11) euvcehurcflreedu (OZ "trf)

ea)cehrzrur^rexc oHHesrcgoc eH (7'1 oaoxuory) rydfrrrf>r4or€ xeu?J€ xunVeou eH or-eYJ sco{,(no{rIrgregrea0?d 'orudec or,(ycennlorouuJ o{cs rotesrqdyro n oHHes-Jcgoc (St "N) Z )cHIqII"sX I,t (/I "iV) I vcHr<rl?rrx uumdeseH oHHenz xan uradc or''xrsdora og'4odfurrfxItoxcHI<IIrEaX c oHHeI Ifi qrusrirersc re,,(Veuc 4umdeauu azgeY>xoxczodu oltec ot,r, 'xrssdeu-og 'soYostsa xrqH-xee Vrd etfle rcre?aumedueH oIqJcoI IltEoxgoeH c glrHemoHrooc ex xvr;e aH - oHqllerueexou ott 'og

'ct utaeed qrcoHxeueedueH - eluadrc-scg'(0 'uget - 'rrrc eodenou eleod$rmced) enrcertnrcrueed - Z'ev\cel'vrenaxc - L

'eumf eH?eou - q'ermIeHsedV - e :Iy\t6uareeerou un]t)oeh[Jouolrodx c(suerurdee - urceh 4oeehru {snuV es

'quelHoe[doJ - eHruV BeHcuer{u3)eur) eodreuredeu xrycar'rdrey\t euHemoHl.ooC 'gZ 'cl4d

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16 Revista Arheolosicd Serie noud

psA, B A€rJrbHefirxeM ronyaralor rrprMonnHefiHoe pa3Bhrne (puc.26; 21; 28 JreNs 17, 18,20). Pealncrzqecrcue

HaBeplIHt TaoKe AeMoHcTpI4pytoT [IptMonHHefiHoe pa3BuTlae, HO CaM MOMeHT IlepeXOAa oT llcxoAHofo 3BeHa

(Xb 17,18) K co6crBeHHo peurJ'rucrqecKnM - BecbMa cxeMarr,r3npoBaHHblM (N114), nepBoHar{arbHo KaK 6yaro

6ur ceqgaH c HeKoropbrMr4 MoAr4OlrKarIr4qMH pa3MepoB B cropoHy I4x yMeHbueHLrfl(puc.26;27;28, Is l4).

,{auurte 3TI4 BecbMa [oKa3arerrbHbt, Ho floKa qro oHpt flpocne)KeHbl JIHII]b tIo eAI4HutIHoMy cnyqaro.

- 1-C-2 -d

b

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l0 crn

Puc.28. CooraoLueHue MerpilqecKux napaMerpoe (4nrHa nnqeeota qacrh - ropl43oHranbHa Bbtcory ronoBHol4 - BeprhKanb) c xpoHonorhqecK4Mt4 noKa3aTenqMu:

a -4peeHetiure, b - nos4HeiLuue.1 - cxeNaaru,{ecwe. 2 - peanhcrhqecKile

(pacuraSpoeKa HoMepoB crrl. - Ta6n. 3). Crpenru - HanpaBneHHocrb pa3BHrtle.

A cefiqac [poBepuM Apyfoe o6cro.srentcreo. Karc xopottro lr3BecrHo, B cBoeM pacnpocrpaHeHl{I4 I'I tro

cTunHcTpIqecKUM pa3HoBr4AHOCTf,M lr fro qI{CneHHOMy COOTHOTTTeHUTO HaBepIXr4.tI OnpeAeneHHo pacrlaAaloTcg

Ha ABe KpyrrHble oaMocToqTeJrbHbre reppr4Topr{anbHbre 3oHbr, pa3AeneHHble ceBepHblu flpnaaoeueu n flptz-qepHoMopbeM, fAe 3Ta HaxoAKH rroJrHocrbro orcyrcrByror. OAga H3 3Trrx 3oH - BocroqHaq, Blolloqaer Aocra-roqHo pa36pocaHHble HaxoAKr{ H3 CpeAHefo u Huxuero llosorxr.s a Cenepnoro flpe4ranrca3bfl, o6uel.uts,s,

13 cxeN,raru.{ecKprx tr Bcefo nHrrrb rpll pealprcrur{ecKnx HaBeprxua..{pyryro,3arIaAHyIo 3olry, flpeAcraBrqlorHaxoAKlr u3 Kapnaro-flo4yHansr u EarKaH, rAe 3aperr4crplzpoBaHo l1 pea,rncrrzqecKux 14 8 cxeMarnqecKnx

ranepurufi. llpuven, B 3ToM cJtyqae, ecnu cxeMarrzqecKue HaBepnvs fipt{xoAtrat fJIaBHblM o6pa3oM Ha ape-

an Kynbrypbr Kynyreut A - Apzyurg-Tpulo,re Bl (cenrs a: nocsltu). To pe€Inucrt4qecKue coorHoctrc.fl [pe-rzMyrrlecrBeHHo c apeai'raMr.r Kynbryp fyuenr,Huqa-KapaHoeo VI u Kpnno4ol-Cs,rryua (ceur H3 oAHHHaAua-

TV pearvarr4rrHbrx Ir Hn oAHofo cxeuarauHoro).Karc useecrHo, uMeHHo r{HcJIeHHoe coorHolrreHae rlocJry)r(Hno Iz eule rtpoAoJtll<aer c,rry)KtlTb frIaBHbIM ap-

ryMeHToM, c oAttoil cropoHbl, AJrr BbrABrrxeHr4.rr zurbrepHarnBHbrx rorreK 3peuvfl. B Bonpoce npoucxo)I(AeHruIqro cxeMarr,rqecKnx, r{To peaJrlrcrulrecKr4x uaeepurufi (eocror-sanaA). A c 4pyroir - Anfl AonyqeHnf, Bo3-

MoxHofo caMocrotreJlbHoto Bo3HI{KHoBeH}t.g orr4x cKr4[erpoB u e :anaguofi, I4 B BocroqHoh goFlax

(Govedarica, Kaiser 1996; Burt[nescu, Turcanu 1997; MaHsypa 2000 n ap.).flponeprzu [ocreAHee r43 Bo3Mo)KHbrx AorryueHufi. OAHoepeMeHHoe I4JrI{ pa3HoBpeMeHHoe, Ho caMo-

crosreJrbHoe Bo3HHKHoBeHHe u pa3BVTve cxeMarlrqeclKklx vl, Lrnr4 peanl'/rcrl4qecKfix uanepuafr B pa3HbIX Becb-

Ma BecbMa oTAzlrreHHbrx pefr{oHax, Aa K ToMy xe B pa3Ho_KynbTypHblx KOHTeKCTaX, HeMHHyeMO IIpeA[Ona-raer 6olee nJru MeHee 3aMerHble pa3nvqvg. B r4x pa3Mepax,' t4, Lrrvt B vrx fipottopuuqx. CreAoeareJlbHo, ecJl]l

cooTHecTr4 3Trj rrpocTpaHcTBeHHbre - KynbrypHo-3oH€urbHbre lapaMeTpbl c MeTpHqecKuMI4 IoKa3aTeIqMU, TO

I Bcno,rasar,r no sroMy rroBoAy rrpr.rBeaeHHylo Bbl[e urlTary ra: pa6o'mr <D. BypraHecry n C. I{yprany o qro66r pa3nilet4flx B (pa3Mep-

Hbtx KaHoHax)) cxeMarhqecKilx HaBeDLuuil.

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-r(eed 'org '4nmdeaeu (xuxcenzrcurceed H xa)cohltrur{exc u) xlsHrrerco xecs rIrv LtnrqHvoxca ezmszxfrrc-ou'rtv'rdoQ elsHHerrgogo oHcuevedu'etqlcodu euused eouogr4eH org'lrdo$ xtquEoxcr.r rumdeaull .1

'rsmr(d'I elsFraoffc,{ edtsJ,et' uH - ol,Dlcehprrcwreed v ekDtcehrler\]oxc 14 - ramdegeH ecs h&ruevre d,emtremîty'wrqsdaltsudosnfdy y xrqrew ro - r.{r{HemoHro rlro)Jenadrew

a e 'nendoQ wIqHHeH)KoIrc,( v xtqsnetnoduf xrqrcodn ro rcJo{e€nsc€d rqg orv,{g yey rumdeseH 'w€)tuHtndrlr,{uxcehl,IJotroQdow rKVeuc 'qcorghel lro exf xev 'ogS4 'tnyvaeHor rtt4 l{rcHdeweed xu ahmdeg€H arcoH<r[eg-e4des foaolfl4rc ol4arcregJooc ote 'evdegodu rzxorVou eodoroy 'ogrcqfferroJcgo eorr>("a 'aeu[erco11

' rr>KUoaou aod,,{rc[r{y4olcHIqIrBgX c fqH?0rgc 'KL]HoHI.{oc eHa 'xlqdotov a)oJcn '4umdeaeH xzr€ uefferv)oH ],1 r4eIteJjeYaoc nehc-Hellc)e nuu weulrcdJul I xlqHHegttqs 'x?cce[odu - xBgJcqfferrorcgo xl4ycehzdorcu 'xlqHqreuloo xr<Igoco or-xfi)I€) s qrexcl4 re,{Verc 4umdeaeH xHJ€ HHHeHedrcoduced woHs|Jur4dorudder a4unnuted euHeHcrirgo oJh're,,(Varc uVo{cro excx"J 'lnexenendn (,{noudfurrfx) finro.r,{dE ou a (,{r,ronsrerzdorudder) .{wosEo ou rd rqH

-nVe uuo'oHqreresoYelrJ 'bcreehorlrxca xerc>teJHo>t xtqHdr(rsr,(y xrsHged g xuHot xlsHsed a 4amdeaen ruu-egoHvHHtos oJoHqfferrorcon€c nrcoH)r{o^€oq o ezHefflr{uov - oHVo Jeuh?Hto ore V ')oYoxeH xrsHdewged-oHu,{dv uVedc u xtcndewgedorelt zYedc a ror'{grcr,(czdu zxVox?H elqHtrBrr€€ u etfrHhorcos H :€HEo xrer,,(rcxecs oB rufIHeVHeJ retngo V 'HI4nHeYHaJ KeIngo eHaodr( €H qrTrnrr ctnY(c waxow rqn aorezderult zxdogrsallrcoHqlforl4haHteH ef,-€rl orh 'sleatrgee re,,(Verc eH oH 'socuuffre xutnorr(arcrearooc hrcuh 4oHqredruattuttu xttu4udeQudel engzdx s - n?xVox€H wlqHhorcos ) o{r.rHemoHro ou xrqHVetrur nasereVeduced woHHea-Jcehlllrox s. uut uuted etsdoroveH qrI,IJeê0 oHxon 'aoyH,{cad sr.I 4IqtDKe) s roqrevrrJs oHqfferer ruHs urce'e>K oHheHo>t'efl '4umdegeH uufd: xnvcehlrrcnrr.rrc Bcxulro{rtreYrqs &r 4otrx{") xrsHHusomdgo 'aocllrrreuLrHaxrrodl mecs 3H eunereYeduced eoudewoHged oHq[err4coHro ror,(dudrcHor{eV fiytrox€H elgHhorcos r.l

elcHVetr€€ '4erelut?>lou xuxcer'tzdren rrrHerer'oc elsHduu ersHs"d xfirrrorrrsercVedu 'xrur-,Krc xedrcreF, xecgog '(€t-08 'czd) arcKoac xu)cehndran z xrqHcrcudouadder vr.rueceHJooc lNerersff,{eed x rcnuredgg

'snrueeed qrcoHneueedueu - nyuadrO (t 'u9e1 - 'nc eodawou ereodSrmced)'ar4)rgehulcr4uead - Z 'eilr3ohnrey\raxc - L'ermIeHUeou - q 'eumrpaueadU- e

:ilwBUeL-eoexou 14nr4xoehulouoxodx c (sueruoendoJ - [oHgouo.r fuocrce eHquev ilrdae - r41ceh taoeocoH eroctse) eodrawedeu xrxcer'udreyrt ehHemoHJ_oo J' 62' ru d

lUJB

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sruHeudu rer{Verc euseln,{uoV eoHYoxcrl 'xearcoxonlrVon - xuysodlruu.{d.r lrrtrreretp>tou ar\rnycenndralrxIsHHeaosdgo s 4euere€?)oil xtsHqrezdorHdder-osd,{rqrr(y nznereVeduced woudeltoHaed oHqrerncoHrondu's'r'eeF'(uc lroHgurod[ g'a)sodu[u,(d.l erqsqrerrorcow?c oHqrrerr{coHro )u)i (arcexouwVol en fnoYx-ex ol) xrrrou xlqHHoLrnrreddov eH ycs;"u>K(dengo rsH)Kfotr erflHt4 uuu >tel-VvVoxuH orqHhoJcog ]t orsHYellet

lti ' t,d;'oz,

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LLe rJ^l-Tlnlanlol

78 Revista Arheolosicd. Serie noud

Meercq, HaBep[uq r.r3 MomJlbHr,rKoB XBzrnbrHcK 1 u XBaIbrHcK 2 (puc. 19,I, lZ I4JIH tlo [pI4Hf,TOfi, eAHHOfr

HyMepaur4r, NeNl 17-1 8).

Prc. 30. Corxoulexue MerprqecKrx napaMerpoB (uarcnnaanuHaA AnvHa - ropr43oHTanb

Ha AnhHy nuqeeori qacrn - eepruxanu) c reppyrropuanbHo-3oHaflbHbrM nonoxeHheM:a - BocroK (Bonra-flou, flpe4xaexasue), b - 3anag (Kapnaro-flo4yxaaue).

1 - cxeuaruq ectAe, 2 - peanucrr4qecKue,(pacLuu$poeKa HoMepoB cnit. - Ta6n. 3). Ocu-crpenKa - HanpaBfleHHocrb pa3Brrt4f,.

2. Hau6orce y[pouleHHbre v rils p.sAa cxeMarr4qHbrx 14 Lnfl. ps.ra pearacrur{Hblx HaBepIxHt o6o6ilIeH-urrx Qopna. Llz pxaa cxeMarnqecKlrx croAa no[aAaror HaBep[rflr, nropQonorzqecKn nau6olee 6luerne K xBa-

,'IbIHoKHM. 3ro n:Aelvr c rroAoBzIJIbHbIM ceqeHueM Ir rpaneHuofi noAKaHHenlopoeaunofi rloBepxHocrbro(Buplenenrrl r.r O6slpureur 1 - puc. 19,II, 3-4, coorBercrBenno JtlsNe 4,I2). YcloBHo cloAa Mo)KHo, no-

BHArrMoMy, BKJrrorJHrb r{ HaBeprr}re zg Bereur (Nl 5). Hz ptga peartr.{crl{LrecKux B 3Ty rpylny flonaAalor HaI{-

6oree ynpouleHHble HaBepnuq ug X,ronxoso2u Apny-a (puc.20,I, l-2, uJllr coorBercrBeHHo NIJ\b 14 u 1).

Pnc. 31. Coorsoureuue MerpuqecKr4x napaMerpoe (gnuua nuqeaoi qacrh - rph3oHrarbHa Bbrcory Hocoaoi - eeprraxanu) c reppilTop[anbHo-3oHanbHbtM nofloxeHreM:

a - Bocrox (Bonra-floH, l-lpe4raerasue), b - 3anaA (Kapnaro-flo4yuaaue).1 - cxeMarnqecrue,2 - peanrcrilt{ecKne pacuJr4Qpoexa HoMepoB ou. - Ta6n. 3).

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Coorneceune 3Tyx ABlx noKa3arerefi npeAcraBneHo Ha Pncysxax 34-37 - Karc cle4yer I'I3 cKoppenupo-

BaHHbrx AaHHblx, o6a orueqeHHbrx flapaMerpa o[peAeJIeHHo o6uapy>xuraror oAny u ry )Ke cxorHylo reHAeH-

BeHHo cxeMarr,rqecrcnx. 3ro HaBepuru.q ns Errple,reurru, O6ltpureHb I'I BsreHr (Taru x,Ne)\b 4, 12,5)' Hr't

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Ocu-crpenra - HanpaBneHHocrb pa3BilTl4n.

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Beprnr4q pa3BaBaruab or npocrbrx K cnoxHbru Qopuau, a B MerpuqecKoM orHoIrIeHHLt - or Mzl.JIbIX K yKpyn-

HeHHbrM pa3MepaM. Ho o6a gr17 rrapaMerpa a cnoefi sBonroquil vtMelrlr orHocuTeJlbHrtft xaparrep, AonycKarc-

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'(1 snemdlrgg) 4umdeaeH xrrycehrrJ?r rexc oHHesrcgoc rrV nusHr,zexde c <ercenrs)) -(7 suemdrsgg) eznfrc ,Nodors oz e'(7 oaoxuouy) 4oltdorp 4zmdeaen xu)cehr.{rcnrceed wV 4ounHexdu goH-netnodu,( c <rtoVrd>> rsHeVF?H (1 oaoxuory) sur,rtrc wosdeu s erHeudes o.roxcnzdexde rnmdesen Hneruedgort eum4eHVeou 'lsg qcorpsex 'eVr 'qsemdrsgo (rvHeuecott)) i v e\nHquLlJoI I oJovcsoxoux c Hr rexYox?H -unlelo(rcc rw,(str rcreeY>r<degrYorr eHrrors osrcqfferrorcgo or€ tr4 'xrqHhuJcnteed eYud zu oJr' 'xrqHhulur rexceflyd eu orr' nmuvudoQ zmlsnr'orr$relrodu kruvvrrnHHed c,(trrduH qresosrcelflr(coc urroln eHroua rsdrffumeo-ve xv elqHqravJo oH 'Hr{esurow ur^rrqHqrBruemeudo Hr rrqHHeH)r(orc,,( eeroguun c rumdeseH rcro{rffsr xrirH

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a-npeAenbHoo6o6u.lenuute,b-ycnoxHeHHbre,c-nepexoAHute,d-cnoxHbtecpopMbl.1 - cxeuaruqecrue,2 - peanucn4qecrue (paculr$poBKa HoMepoB cM. - Ta6n. 3).

Puc. 38. OroHqarenuHaF cxeMa rttnononilA uaaepuui, rx reHerilqecKofo 14 xpoHonoruqecKoro coorHouJeHue.A - ucxoAHure, npeAenbHo o6o6uIeHHure $oprr,rur (XaanutHcxufi eaphaHr);

B - ycnoxHeHHute Qoptttut (a pcay cxeMan4qecKux - BapraHT Sutpnsneu:ru,B prAy peanrcrrr{Hbrx - Bapr4aHr Xnonroeo-AphytuA);

C - nepexo4Hure Qopruur (e pn4y cxeMarhqHbrx - ycnoBHo KaHHenppoBaHHbtet4nn BapuaHT KoHcraHruxogxa-BsneHu, B pFAy peanhcrxr{Hbrx - Bap[aHr - flparraa-Oe4eneuess);

D - npe4enuHo ycnoxHeHrure Qopvur (e pnay cxeMarrvHbrx - ApxapnHcxni eapnan,a peAy peanncrrr{Hbrx - BapuaHT Kacuvva-Cyeopoao).

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'4umdeaeu r,rn.rououprr rznergrodu (6g'czd) oJoycehuJorosodx- oJoHqlrBxurdea tu u '(1 urdey) oJoHslrurHoendor - oJoHHosrcHedrcodu ez u roreufrcrqs otqrcoHvnseho4ecs oc ssrcqlrerrorcgo are tr4 'Hevtt€g z rendey oV 6t4xce) H krJrrog ro lruodag 4oHhoJcog.{soo or.,ftrxoro{cg eH zvcehnrvedu vcrutmdl.;coduced erHet,lrow oJoHHe[eVed:uo c untuated neoac s urqdorox v r<I)([osoIIoreu[ed3 uwuuo4ed c oHstrsc orodorov ennellxodes 'neltoueQ 4rsudfurrfx UrsHr4ye enlnorexedro )e) 19-ec ro{38l,Ix(,{dengo rumdegeH vI I?H elqneegudrewccud 'ol4Heffsrodu ,{lNoHsrendorzdder H nuho{rose Eoyc-ehI{JoIIouHr rfVero 'vttt€goffc vwrc:Hll 'ruHeaoH)HH€os xu fHog or^nvoxcl4 14 ff?srqwsxo oHereveduo '(euxc-enzrcureed H el{vcehzr?I Iexc oHHesrcgoc) BIIr4J[ou xrqHqrorrorcowec oH<r[eJr.rcoHro osY eH natrexzQ-Nnud vt;rueYencud xH eJHewoW i'yttr:usledxu ccefiodu orn'qrefxdesr,( oHxor,{'esxroaoll lteHved3 a nrorfarcrXcudl '(1 oaoxlrory gTey'<aemlsggr{)) - 6 "N) eamzeHvsor oHsueurhorrxa '(7 oaoyuolrx- tI o}f'1 erdey) 4umdeaeH unlrcxuSuYon euHVtou eeriog oHquervcoHro {xsroycoll 'Voana 4odorg 'aufiuxnQ-uYow eHHYtorr eellog oHqraJucoHro <InHU Joruhotlrxa Hno Xysuoycor 'EwrqHhadora rcJo{Krrgr qumdeaeHxl<IHhHrclrreed z 'xtqunuruwoxc u uu:oettedlrcodlrced IqHot erqHqrerco eca orq)Krosoll ,{weHYed3 ) o{HHerrr-oHro or'xtsadeu-og '€Voslss xlqHslreJrorconoc usV qresodzrflrdoQc rerrrosrou sorrpuderunr eunersrodueoHgoVolf '(C-g'l erdey) xeHuxli"gen H esseH,(Vo11-oreudey s HJcoHHegoco s H'eqrexsexVedl'enoft! uI4JIrog xr<Isofl.{H s - I-IW?IIeYedu ore €€ overuE 14 r<Drcrosoll oleuved3 esozedodyuw woHHeh€Hrogo s n rqH

-gffsercVedu vHo Hl4HemoHrooc woHHesrcehl4rfo)r woH€?d e'xyulreudes xrqHced g 'uumdeaeH xrryoohrrrcr.rrr-eed u xuvcahurel^texc oHHesrcgoc nnfiexvQzVor,r erirHqrcJco ecs rgec rorr[srodu e:.tzHvr onemdaao3

'4ufiexuSuYow xu xlqgoIrr runanedrcoduced olatnor,,(Vercou ro owrrourrureH 'xlsgoy€r xE>I

4zmdeaen sutus,ted n Bvtlaevsyou l,rodrHelz[6 wrqHYoxcv vt-tu ueudotuddar 4oHVoxorl reen,{rclss v 'n:-(corr 'trqxroaog o.reuVed3 Horaedodxunt erdev uH LrrirHHeheHf,ogo 'ouuearcresJooC 'ren znmdeguH ruHeHedrc-oduced xeHol4.Iad xnrfdV a votroxeH xrsHgoVou xrqHl4 '(Ot"ltt) 9Z ycHrqresy - rumdeaeH ex( oJoHgotrou'oHx(oru€os 'u)soroJes exVoxBH H BxlnVoxprdl Ho4edod>rvw e)K rore

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oJoHrercocer t<uo4ed olqHx(o{ eH rcrrtroxndlr xrsdoro) sn e9o'(gt"J,f) aZ xcHrqrusx'(rI"N) I xcHrqtresx

- ulrievtsoxeH rltr{sY oJeca IqHeffaercVedr ung 'ltdoQ xulnor,{Vercor xecs w4luated oHes€ eoHvoxcr4 uutr-exuQIEccerx oHceIIJoc xvlno{rffsercoc 'uxr4u9o oJo)cHrquesy HumdeazH xrsHuetngogo earrogr4u,H yvfiieEuu-uxolf - erdex 4ouaausercoc s eLIH€Ilu4Hrr rgec BH reelnedgo o*, 'eoade11 'rircoauhHer rttt goxcehvJoronodx-oJolJoul4r xu (i urduy) nr.rnexraQracczrx ererqu.(sed s uoHHetrsoserc,( worer'f c HumdeauH xrqHhr,rJc-uveed n xnvcehllr€nexc u ruueuedr;coduced 4ordex rcrueK€qroucos uh"VB€ 4oHHersercou runemed rufi

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rueuufi, o6texrusHo rrpucytrlr4x aBToHoMHo paccMorpeHuofi nauu Kareropl,lu MarepuzrnoB.

Mrr noxa r{ro He 3HaeM Hu Hcrr,rHHy}o KynbrypHyro OyHKuuro grr,rx o6texron, HI,I coquanbHblx I,IJIIa Ilc-

TopuqecKlrx o6croqrerucrB, Bbr3BaBrrrnx nx [otBJreHHe r.r ul4poKoe reppl4TopuulnbHoe paclpocrpauenue. Ho,

6naro4ap-r pacKpbrrr.to rnx BFryrpeHHprx csqgefi, Mbr y)Ke 3HaeM r.r Mecro Hx rlepBoHaqzulbHoro nogBJIeHIat H

ocHoBHbre KaqecTBeHHbre 3Tarrbr ux nocJreAyroqero upocTpaHcTBeHHo-BpeMeHHoIo pa3Br4Tkl[ 14, qTo IIpIIH-

uunpra;rbHo, To, qro, pzBBlrrue sroro $enoMeHa orrpeAeJreHHo pa3BopaqnBtulocb c BocroKa - us CpegHero

flogorxrq - Ha ror v 3ara!\, oxBaruB co6ofi Becb ror Bocroquoft Enporrr, a raKxe qacrb perl,Iouon IOro-BocroqHofi Eeponrr.

14 s saKnroqeHr4e fJraBbr - Bonpoc o KynbrypHoM KoHTeKcre vrJrr4 nynrrypHoi nplrHaAnexHocrrl HaBep-

uufi. Peureuze Bonpoca, AyMaro, HanpallrvBaerct caMo no ce6e u3 Bcero ur3Jro)KeHHoro Bbl[re, n6o, Heo4uo-KparHo Harr?rcaHo u xax,qui cflerlvuurucr 3Haer, vro $urypupyrcu?re noA Ha3BaHueNr Xeanltucrc 1, 2 lnaxol-KH, rrponcxop.sr u3 MoruJrbHt4Kon, nepaui r43 Koropbrx AzrJr HiBBaHue canofi - XsanrIHcxofi - r<ynrrype. A9To o3Haqaer, qro r,rcxoAHoe 3BeHo 3Tux HaBeprxuil zapogulocb B cpeAe ItMeHHo erofi rynrrypbl, B To BpeMt

KaK Anr Bcex ocraJrbHbrx - ruo6sx Bo3Mo)KHbrx Kynbryp, HaBeprrur gTH f,Brqrorcq BTopLlqHbIMrr, [puBHeceH-

HbrMn. O4uarco, HaM 3Toro Ma-[o, rro3Touy o6parr.tltcr cHoBa K HaTIIITM I{cxoAHbIM AaHHrIM.

HanouHr,ur,r, qro 6raroAapr npoBepKe ycroeufi o6napyxeuu.r r.rHTepecyouvtx Hac uaaepurufi, Mbr Aocro-BepHo 3HaeM, r{To ntrb I43 Hrrx flpor{cxoAgr c rIaMtrHr,IKos Xsammcxoft rcymrypbl, a urecrb - c naMgrHItKoB

HosoAaHuroBcKoro ruta.Tpu Apyrax z, c 6olturyfi 4orcit BeposrHocrn, eule ceMb HaBepruilfi cs-ssrlsarcrcq c

nocereHu-sMr.r Kynr,rypbr Kyxyreur-A - Tpnlolre E 1. Oano HaBepurze [poucxoArlT c rloceneHl,It <Aoruafrxol-crcoft> Kynbrypbr. EuIe no oAHoMy n3Aenr4lo v3BecrHo c rpex uocelenufi pa3HbIX Kynbryp. Ho a 4nyx cn) {uux -Cyeo4ol, C:nrcyua - noceJreHur MHorocJroftHrre z ro.{Hrrfi ypoBeHb KyJrbrypHofo 3zIJIeraHI-ul Hareprunfi He vg-

BecreH. B rperren )Ke cnyqae - KoncrarnlrHoBKa - HaxoAKa HaBepul4r, cne4yfl HeKoropblM cnelluuulllcraM 14

fro Harrr4M AaHHbrM, orrpeAeneHHo rrporuBopeqlrr xpoHoJrofr4r4 Kynr,rypHoro cJroq, B KoropoM ono 6ulo uafiAe-

uo. Bce ocrurrrbHbre HaBep[rr{Jr flpeAcraBnqror co6ofi He3aAoKyMeHTrapoBaHHbIe cryuafiHue HaxoAKIz, rlpoucxo-

Asx\ue r,ts apeirJroB pa3Hbrx Kynbryp. ,{eramnrre pacruu$ponKrz K cKasaHHoMy 3Aecb 6sIru ugroxeHbl B rlapa-

rpa$e, [ocBruIeHHoM Kprzrr.{Ke r.rcroqHuKoB r{ orptDr(eHbr s Ta6nnr1e 2, ynoptgoueHHble AaHHbIe roropofi Alr6onrureft HaurqAHocrn H c AorroJrsprrellHofi un$oprraaquefi upo4y6ru4poBaHHbl n Ta6n. 1 1.

Crc1yx grr{M AaHHr,rM, Nrs. peureHr4r Borrpoca o KynbrypHoil npaua4le}r(Hocrr4 paccMarp}rBaeMbx HaBep-

ruuit, n [oJIe HaIIIefo BHvMaHurI HeMVHyeMo floflar(aror, no rpafinefi Mepe, rl{Tb-ruecrb Kynbryp: XnarltHcKa.fl,

[aM.flrHHKl4 HoeoAaHunoBcKoro rur]a, KyJrbr]?a Kynyreus A - Tpznonre E 1, Kynbrypbl Kpznoqon-C3nKyuKofo6lorca, Eonrpa4-A,r4en;-fyueluruqa-KapaHoso VI -BapHa, <floruaftrconcKzur)) Kynbrypa vI or-uacla KoscraHru-HOBCKZUI, T.e. BCe Te KynbTypbl, KOTOpbIe, eCJII.{ He Ha ypOBHe IIaM.flTHI4KOB, TO Ha ypOBHe CBOLIX apeanoB BKJIIOqa-

ror s ce6s ro vfirurvHoe qr4cro pa3HoBapuaHTHbrx HaBeprxrEfi. 3ro o6cro.f,remcrBo orr{erJll{no o6napyNzBagrc.fl He

ToJrbKo rB AaHHbrx coorHorxeHwr uarepuufi c pa3HoKynbrypHbrMu KoHreKcraMv (Ta6,r. 11), uo v vB rry coorHo-rrreHnlr c pzl3HoKynbrlpHbrMu apeulerv.u (Kapra 2).

Ho nycrr Hac 9To rrepcrreKTlrBa He cMyuraer, H Bor noqeMy. Bce Aelo B ToM, uro c uu$opvarnruofiTorrKra 3peHnq xapaKTep rrpacyrcrBrzx uazepruufi B KoHTeKcre [epequcneHHbrx Kynbryp coBepueHo pa3nvq-Ht,rfi. Pa:nzqnL,rMrr rBJrrrrorar a coorHorrreHrrr apeuuroB caMr.rx KyJlbryp.

B clyuaax, cBr3aHHbrx c XsansrFrcKofi rcynrrypoft (Xnanrrncrc 1,2 a,6, Xlonxoyo I,2) v ilaMfl'tHnKaMpl

runa Hoao4aHHJ.roBKu (flxanrap, Lllrqxoscrcoe, Kox6epex, KacHMea, Cyeopono, Apxapa), xapaKTepHble AntHr4x HaBepttrur o6napyxeHbr HerocpeAcrBeHHo B 3aKpbrrbrx KoMrrJ]eKcax - n norpe6eHr4rx, nplt norpe6eH-urx. llpuveM apeirnbr [aMrrHr4KoB 3Tt4x Kynbryp He rlpocro corrpr{KacrrcTcr, Ho or qacrr,r AUDKe B3apIMonepe-

KpbrBarorcr (Kapra2).flocxomxy BcrKoe norpe6euue ecrb pe3yJrbrar oco3HaHHoro aKTa ApeBHrix, cana Qarr [putc]'TcrBl4t

3TI{x HaBepuuit (6ez orHocvreJrbHo or Lrx xynrrypnoft vnu coquanurofi Qynxqrau, roropofi MbI erle He 3Ha-

eu) n sarcprtrrx norpe6aJrbHbrx KoMnJreKcax, 6e:oroeoporrHo BbrAaer ux opraHrrqecKyro - KynbrypHylo cBs3b

r4rrv, t4Hbrvla cJroBaMLr, r{x HerrocpeAcrBeHHyrc QyHruuoHzurbHyro HM[nr4qLIpoBaHHocrb B Kynbryptrylo )KH3Hr

Hocurenei grlrx prBHoKynbrypHbrx KoMrrJreKcoB'. 3ro c oAsofi cropoHbr, a c 4pyrofi cropoH;I, gro xe o6-

' flpnnquunarbHble pa3nnqw. uayeplltuir rro xapaKTepy KyJrlrypHoro KoHTeKcra, nx cocrotHlls. u HanpallrurBarorqefoctorcloAa BbIBoAa B [onb3y Bocror{Horo npoucxox{Aelazr.g'fprxuzaer.uir 6rrru rranofi orMeqeHbr eqe n pa6ote 1986 roaa(,{epraven, CopoxraH 1986, 61). Kprarnvecxu KoMMeHrrapy.fl r\4o[ Ha6rrop.eHnfl.B cnoefi neAanuefi pa6ore, Z.B. Mau:ypa(2000,254 -255) npo4eruocrprrpoBan [oJrHoe He[oHr4Manze pa3Hlrrlbr Mex(Ay aHQopnrarznHocrbro (3aKpbrrofo> 14 (or-KpLIToro> KoM[JIeKca. ,{a, nocenenr4e, KynbrypHrrfi cnofi, Toxe Moxno paccMarpvBarr B KaqecrBe (3aKpbrroro) KoM-[JIeKca, Ho I,Iepapxnlecxufi yponeHb raxlrx KoMrrreKcoB coBeprxeHo uuoit, u c MeroA[qecxofi rz naQopuarznHofi toqxn

'(s16 r-JcgeY oJoHHpHgooo oJoHHonredsoxJedx,oJoHJ,)eoHvo eHsodf eH

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' (exaornuuVoaog) {nesVecoc - flro.lfdV'(xculrruay) ercxeurox oJondfrsrfyoJoHVo EV 4vrroVtv xtsur'uQufierrc qilorc nr'eYedeu 'uultyuctlvdr qrcoHxowtos xlamgnhencogo '4etrac 'd,(r-qn,(x xnvcer'nroroaxde xrqHHBarBH xlrego sovrzHrrlltuu LrI{rIfeJIicoH ulNvuNEJ fVxelt u t4t)Bac 4oxcehl.{reHeJ-osdfuqr,{v geoveH evrflIrreH Je?Vrss osr4ffrehro '(xecxerlnroy xrsrlqdxet g eagror,{cudu) oarcquorroJc

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f'lpnpogHure gouur: 1 - pxHae rpaHhqa necocrenh, ll - roxsas fpaHilqa crenu, lll - rpaHhqa nony-nycrblHvl.

Apeanur Kynbryp x xapaKTep naMFrHt4KoB: 1 - florpe6anbHbre KoMnneKcbr 14 noceneHus XeanutHcxoi xynuryput (Ha rapre'lA-CpegHeaonxcKaq, 1B-Ceaepo-KacnrticxaqhlC-Bocro,{Ho-KacnrfrcKaerpynnbt naMtrHl4KoB); 2-florpe6aflbHble

KoMnfleKcbt h KnaAbt Hoao4aHunoBcKoro KynbrypHoro runa (Ha rapre 1A - BocroqHag, B - sanaAHac rpynnut).

Apeanur hHbtx Kynbryp (Ha xapre): 3 - <,QorvrarironcKar); 4 - Cpe4necroroBcKaf,; 5 -KyryreHu A -Tpunonue B1;

6 - 6enrpaA-An4enu - l-yrvrenbHhqa - Kapaxoeo Vl; 7 -KpraeoAon-Cenryqa. VcnoaFtute o6osHa.leHilR 4nn uaeepulutl:3 - cxeMaril.lecKue u peanrcrrvecKhe HaBepuJt4s B 3aKpbtrbtx norpe6anuuurx KoMnneKcax; 4- taeepu.lns c noceneHnti,5 - cnyvarir.rute HaxoAKl4. Crpenxra - HanpaBneHHocru uopQonoruqecKoro n npocrpaHcrBeHo-BpeMeHHoro pa3Bxrhfl Ha-

aepuruft (no Pnc. 39 u KaPre 1).

Coneprueuo nHbrM:a npeAcraror rrepeA HaMH HaBepurrrs B KoHTeKcre [aM.srHHKoB Kynbryp Kapnaro-

flo4yuasr.a nlu Ceeepuoro fIpeAKaBKa3b.n. 3Aecr osu o6nap eHbI (<rrpocro) Ha noceJleHnsx vnu 6rv3 lelax

(Errpn:nerurb, Mofotueurt, O6r,rpuleHb 1, 2), cpegu KynbrypHblx ocrarKoB (Aplry-A, PyxuHoaca, flceue-

Ba.fl llonsHa), ua noceleHr,rrx c pa3HoBpeMeHHbIMkt KyrbrypHbIMI4 ocrarKaMlz (Ce,rrcyua, Cyeo4o,r, KocraH-

raHonrca), B sBHo nepeornoxeHHoM cocro tuuu (@uruoHellrrb - rloceJleHrre Kynbrypbl Kyrcyreur A, no n lueJ.rareHcKofo epelrenu).

Eolee rofo, uMeHHo Ha apezrnbr 3THX Kyrrbryp flpnxoAtrc.s nce pa:6uure vrv (nopqeHHble) HaBeplxuq

co c,,reAaMr4 BTopr.{qHoro r4cnonb3oBauur (BrrpneJlerrrrb, KoHcranrunoBKa, MafiKofi, flceneBar llon*ra). Cro-

Aa xe BrrtrcbrBarorcs, v eILuHcrBeHHLre rroKa rpr,r HaxoAKr4, [poucxoAqulvre vB )KuJrvxI Kynbrypbr Kyxyneur A

- Tpunolre E I (Eepe:oscxa.fl fOC - or6ar, (DeAeleuresb - nepeo6oxNen) vrJrr xe H3 .f,Mbl (Xopa 4e Cyc -no.noezuxa). Zusruu cJroBaMu, npr4MeHr{TenbHo K rraM.rrrHnKaM vnu apeuraM srHX Kynbryp MbI HH B oAHoM

cnyqae He HMeeM cvrya\vrv, AocroBepHo yKa3brBaroqefi sa Bo3MoxtHylo HenocpeAcrBeHHyto KynbrypHo-

QyuxquouanbHyro HMnnarrrapoBaHHocrb 3Tr,rx nasepruuit B MecrHylo KyJlbrypHylo cpeAy. 14sce 9To rIpHroM,rrro apeuurbr Bcex ornx Kyrrbryp, noMrrMo uasepruuit, o6uapy:Nuralor B ce6e, e 6oluuefi vJII4 MeHrueit 'ruc-

'urcoHirreHor.rlrxnfQ ultergodu - ItnHesoVeuccu fiemuH s JBm 4ur[o{,{veIi3'I IHH v rcwendea efne lsm eereV z IqHHeg

-rcetnfc Br rqces 6r,rHe)r{olfolttredr ure o11 'aoruuder?n xrqHHegodeenueHeodu emlss tLI Kcevtflolusumedu-eH 'ruHe)KorouYedl qmr4u oJ6 'rsYosrqs eH efrte org 'rsaeH,(Vo11-orerde) v rgoe)sexYed11 d,{rsu,{v xuvc-ehgueveuwegeHHed Isffeede eH onnesoduureudo olllg'anuudu xrsnrceagnas r(unc s 'so)HHrtrweu xfivc-sorruHeVosoH FeueJHOoH er4HeH€drcoduced eoHHesJcHedrcodu otr' - 'tqudorc 4o-r'(dv c ? '(E A Z tsYoa

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s eur4J oJoycrroruHuvosoH I4ytIHJrhrEU 'xlqsdeu-og orn 'olrnrcr(uoE eHUouB 'e€nr(rc No)eJ a 7 'ecce[todu

oloycer,sdorcu-oHd,(rsr,(y otowec srooHHerrs?duen or,{rngo re,{dprrxer{ed zHeuerc foHHeueVeduo s

'(7 erduy) erdeu Aonneusercoc en 4umdeaeH xnre KnHersrodu oJoHHeaJcHedrcodu srcoHHeusedues o*,'or,rzrcXuov eHrofls ol 'rqccefiodu olosd,(nu,(x oretngo ,{vzror otfxsHalruw rgec s reuduga o{qJcoH<I[er

-e;.rgo c 4eosc ur,(c ou 'rsd,,{rsufrt rHer rerf€ 4I<II rHhuH€ sY,{gux oxilroxc Uvr>ttrcs orn srceF,{ arce 'oxunVg'gumdeauu HrlreH xrirweeaudrunrccud yutusted oJo)cehr,rJorroilur ilrcoHHeffsudues ot,{vcer'uroroHodx-on-Hearcuedrcodu lren eerrog eH 4o9oc ree>xedro oHazrxeilgo u (7 erdey l6E 'cud) eavuvHv o.retuorfsrcelrY-edeu su BHnesoarcwkre;'otqselr(Vog-oruuduy y rrrrr, ,{eexaey v rq)KlroaolI olaHVed3 lqd{rsrXv Ko)cHI<t[-esx soyl4HJrrrBU ro ror?fnorruareseed 'eyuedrc 7 er;deSl ?H r€HHeceH€H orh 'ol4Huntntts orutnedgg

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-eVadlo '(fYedc orXnd,{rsff,(x orfnrcelr s urcoHHerrodnttvrunfi xLI 4oHqlruHorztrxuf{ eHa oa) 4umdeaunxur€ xltwec u'UumdeaeH xt<rHHeney o{uHeIrsoJoJtu or 4u\tuVedt xu)cHIgu€tlx HelferulxfioVodu esrceh€xa loreuXrcrss xrsdoroy vuerucoH 'erur oro:rcaoruHeVosoH so>tvHJrv\el, u (L'g'g'Z erdey) rraeH,{Vo11

-orzuduy '(t'Z erduy) r<eexaexvedll dfrsr,(x xeteede s eHgrcrfcudr eoHnenedaoHYo'V'IA osoHPoe)I

- ennHsrrel\lfJ 'Ig esrouudl - y snel{xfy dfusrufx xzvcer'qraVerltesenned nwetreede c ecsuH,(Vo[I-oJ

-eudey s - aVBtrBr eH u 'rsdfrcu,{x <4oxcl-rox4elto['> woruede c - eqtuvasvVedl ra arHzg,(xudg woHuerc s -eJoi BH oyeruv 'rcHodolc 4o.1,(dV c '€ 'soyr4HJrr!?u xlivcHlqrcsx ltoreedu c qcnlruxet\ledeu u scl4recexndroc

onnesrcEadcorreH lrorrqdx nusYo 'rluuesedrcoduced neosc s 'etqdolov 'errur oJovcsortiH€trosoH ao)HHrrw-eu Ulrre:.;;acoH Eoxr4go a ((rcrorrdveng) rnmdeauH Hre 'xyufiexupuf,ort ev< xuJe s 'onHewedsoHYo 't

' (<aemrr gAr(y>>) runeaoeedgoedu oletnorKveucou

ee xeuuJe EH 'extou erne oHxor rer,e u (7 '1 oaouuory) xenere xl,tHVtoil ee eH lsd.,trsrr(x 4oxcutrruay eruede

a rcJo{errltseed z qresouirg ro{e}(ffoVodu yumdase+ nJ€ 'xrnfl€vnQrzVolt xztnorftreucoil xuoao g'Z'(vI'2, erduy) rqd,(rqrr{y Kore soxuHrrner 4ouufdr Ko>rcxroaenYed3 c rcro{"aliltrsc

osneraveduo aso 'lreyVoxzH I4lrgHrces€n eHIqH rXYeuc 'wer,ud11 'rqd,,(rqrfv novcHlqresX 4elJerucoH xudVes

s HrxrlH€os'(er<rruatngogo oHqffevedl) ernoQ goHYoxcr4 Keosc s'rumdes€H I4IIeH olqweuaudruwcce4'1: eetnol,(Varc' tqVo gtqg

Kone€VorugvH Eu vceufioruanmedueH oHHesrcHuYe'4amdeauH Llufio{roae 4onnelnlodar4oycehl4Jolfourlr o nnerercur(eed ulttqHHexortn emrqg 3 eIsHHSv I4re gurnensoc

'soJ)ecgo xlrF|r,lQalt-erc xrqweesndrer rccud 'Uaue:.ucoH sI,I oJoHYo xex 'ptrzJ oJoxcsorltHe[ogoH v>THHLBINI-I] vwvc rt '[tJcoHHeu

(7 erdey) wulrcKrnc-onHearcnedrcodu z

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90 Revista Arheolosicd. Serie noua

tv. o ovH Kql4oHAnbHocTl4 HABEPIIJ h'1

lV.1 . flpeABApHTEnbHbtE 3AMEqAHL'|fl

Pacrcprrrue KynbrypHofi Synxqr,ru(ufi) a crarHuQuKarnBHocrvl, T.e. ugefino-o6pa3Hblx :uaveHtlfi, 3aJlo-

xeHHbtx B r,rHTepecyrculHx Hac KaMeHHbrx HaBepu,rflx, BHe coMHeHI,Ifl, cocTaBJ'If,eT HaLIoOJIee CnOXHyto llTpyAHopa3perxuMyro rzccJreAoBarenbcKyro 3aAaqy. 3ro o6r.flcHqerc.f, TeM, qro Ha ypoBHe apxeMbl Bce ocHoB-

Hbre Bo3MoxHbre xapaKTepvcrvKvt nro6ofi coBoKyrrHocrlr KoHKperoB Hoc{T BbIBoAHofi xapaKTep. klustwucJroBaMH, B3.STbre B KOHTeKCTe VCXOAHbTX )"rpaqeHH6rx KynbTypHbrx r{ coqraaJlbHo-HcTopl{qecKl,Ix KaqecTB I,I

cu:efi, paccKpbrrr4e rrocneAHzx Bo3Mo)RHo nI,IIIrb rlocpeAcrBoM JrorIlqecKVX pacyxAeHufi vt, r4Irv qepe3 npl{-BJrer{eHr,re cropouuefi rzHQoprr,raquu (K,'refi H I 99 l, 3 5 1, 3 5 6).

BnolHe Bo3Mo)I(Ho, r{To uMeHHo B cLrny orMeqeHHblx o6croqrerbcrB, HecMorpt Ha MHo)KecrBo Llcro-praorpaQravecrux pa:pa6oroK, Borrpocbr KynbrypHofi QyHxquu(uit) nanep:ll:afi u vx cMbIcJIoBofi <Harpy:rcr>,KaK flpaB]rno, BaerAa H Ao rrocneAHero BpeMeHa cBoAun]rcb K npocTblM KoHcTaTaIIUtM-AeKJrapaI\vsM, Irlj-rrreHHblx M€Lno-M€LrrbcKl,r HaAne)Karqefi apryrueHTar\vu 14, vlrv o6'sl'claeuuit Mex<'4y reM, perreHl4e npeArlona-

faeMbrx 3aAaq lrMeer rrpuHrlHnnalbHoe 3HaqeHvte, Ta]K KaK or r4x paccKpbrTur np.flMblM o6pasou 3aBncHT npa-Blr;rbHoe Bocflpnsrve KaK caMHX uanepruufi - B KaqecrBe KoHKperHbIX apxeoJloruqecKl,rx o6t,exron, rax uoTpDKeHHbrx B HI'X KynbrypHblx, corlt4alrbHbrx 14 HcTopr,rqecKr{x [poqeccoB, xecTKajl rsaunroo6ycloBJleH-

Hocrb Koroprx c seo6xoAr,rMocrbro rrpeAnoJraraer B3anMocoruracoBaHHocrb IIX Bo3Mo)KHbIX TpaKToBoK KaK

Ha ypoBHe KoHKpeTa, TaK Ha ypoBHe corlHzrnbHofo, HcTopr{qecKolo.

fus.uauuru o[peAenrrMc.s c ocHoBHbtMH HarrpaBneHr4qMn rror{cKa v flocneAoBareilbHocrb]o pemaeMblx 3aAaq.

Hcxo4ntrv, orrrpaBHbrM rryHKToM wtn - Do JI.C. Klefiny - (nepBa.[ cry[eHb 3HaqeHvA apxeMbl) flpeArlona-faer o[peAeJreHne QyHr<qzouanbHocrlr, r.e. QyuxuuoHa,rbHoro Ha3HaqeHu-s AaHHoro apreQatcra - (ero TIpHHIII-

ru4zurbHoe coorBercrBrre BbrrroJrHeHmo raxofi-ro Qyuxt4uu>> (KneiH 1991,354). B cs.s:n c 3THM, HanoMHlo, tlro,

ec;u4 B ucropuorpaQzqecrcofi uacru pa6orbr Mbt, BcJreA 3a HarrruMa npeArxecrBeHHzKaMu, ceo6o4no olepnpoBalllno orHo[reHuro K uHTepecyrorqefi Hac Kareropr4u MarepvuroB TaKI4Mrl nowtrtAr.Mvl, KaK ((cKn[erpbD) IrrII4 ((xe3-

Jrbr)), To, flprrcrynnB r< pa:pa6orrce nx uaccn$uKarlnu ra rrzlroJror]ru, Mbr orKa3aJrucb or gTlrx IroH.urllfi, ncnolrsyr6olee y:xrafi rro 3HaqeHnro repMrzH - (HaBeprxnr>. IlpuereueHze 3Toro repMuHa, KaK y)Ke orMer{zulocb paHee,

onpaBAaHo reM, qro oH xapaKrepr,Byer oAHH u3 TexHlrqecKrrx lapaMerpon Qynxquu HarrrHX o6rerroe - Ltx KoH-

cTp)'KTHBHOCTb, BnOrHe OqeBUIHITO An-S Kzl)KAOfO CneqnZUIr,rCTa, 3a 'rCruIIOqeHVeM,

nOXa,,qrui, JIIrrub CaMOfO II.C.Knefina (1990). Mex<ay reM KaK TepMHHbr cKr,rrrerp, )Ke3n o6o3Haqaror corluuubHbre KareropurLt - vlnct4rHnu Bra-crr{, a caMo no ce6e 3To KartecrBo etue HurKofAa Hr,rKeM He aprryeHT}rpoBaJlocb.

Bcq nocreAyroqar [porleAypa alnarvsa uarepruufi qenr4KoM 3aBVcLrr or oKoHr{areJrbHoro olpeAeneH}tcr'tx QyHnqr.roHulnbHocrt4. Ecln anpuopn (a sra anpvopHocrr QaxruvecKr4 y)Ke 3zlno)I(eHa B caMoM Ha3BaHvpl

pa6oru) npeArrono)KuTb, qro lrHTepecyrcqlz'e Hac o6rexrsr AeficrsurerbHo npeAcraBrqlor co6ofi vIHcr4rHAA

BJracrl,r, T.e. Hocrr e ce6e 3HaKoBo-cuMBonnr{ecKyro Qynnqrzro, To coorBercrBeHHo r,I HanpaBneHHocrb nol4c-

Ka B pacKpbrruv vrx r;'taqetuir n cMbrcJroB rronHocrbro 6yaer npeAorrpeAerrflTbcfl cnequQuroft u lorurcoft,ceoftcreeHHofi sHarcoelrM cncreMaM. A rarcosrre, orMeruM cyry6o npeABaprrreJrbHo, rrpeArroJlaralor rIoucKlaupacuz$poeKy, no xpafiueh Mepe, Tpex ocHoBHbrx rapaMerpoB - Syurcqufi (KnefiH 1991,355).3ra onpe4e-JreHr{e no6pa:urerssoit utru HKoHZT{ecKoi Qynrqnra vrv yrHbrMV cnoBaMr4 z4euruQrararlraro o6pa:a }I(I4Bor-

Horo, BbrceqeHHofo B HaBeprxurx. Bropoe - 3To paccKpblrae co6crgeHso 3HaKoBbIX Qyuxqzra - zHaqeHni4 ucvrrcna(oa) uaeepuruii, BKJrror{r4TeJrbHo: KoMMyHl,rKarr4BHbrx, caKpzllrbHbrx, coquzurbHblx H np. 14 nocleAHee -orrpeAeneHl4e 3cTeTuqecrcofi QyunquLt r4nv, [poue roBopt, - BoccraHoBJleHue I43Har{€t.IbHoro sHelxHero o6-nuKa HaBeprxr.rft - rcarc eruorpaQravecKux o6rercroe.

1V.2. <DyH rqnoHAn bHoE n pEAHA3HAr{ EH14 E HABEpuJ 14 14

unh - nPocTbtE KoHcTATAqr414

B orrlu.{tae or Bcex paHee paccMorpeHHbrx, Borrpoc o Kynbrypuofi QyHxquu - [peAHa3HaqeHr4r{ LIHTepe-

cyrcqvx Hac KaMeHHbrx HaBeprxldfi (u cxelraruqHbrx v peanrlcrr4qecxux) - eAlrHcrBeuuufi, rcoroprtft, 3a eAv-

HHqHIIM hcKrlorreHrreu (KreftH, 1990), BcefAa u y Bcex ficcJreAoBarerefi noryurzn oAHo3HaqHyrc rpaKToBKy

- c KuneTpbl, Ko Ma HAHpcKhe xe3JIbI, I.JHCr4lHrrLl BJI aCTI4.

MeNAy reM, KaK y)Ke orMer{anocb, rlpa o6ulev - eAIrHoM - cofJracprrz rrMeHHo 3Tor acrreKT npo6rertrtHanepruufi HuKorAa, Hr,rKeM n HvqeM He apfyMeHTr,rpoBzurcq. O.rear.rAuocr - ?. Ho sa rIeM crpoeHHa.r? llpo-cras accouuauufl. - MoHapx, cKunerp u aepxaza? Bosl,roxno.

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'ernlroeH€ a I,l eluuoeH s 'tsdreuuvc auu tcu€e>< xe>t

oHhlilgo xlqHHesodzredudeurz 'sorer rYedu eueedgooneud u srcoHrrerlcr{h reercedeoa oveed oHHegoco<ecfuerc oJoHsrBunoc oJogoco nennr Alzue[E:a xrqHHesJce)KoEr(x ogoco srcoHx(euVesudu esrrod

-ea eH[ous)> 'dorge reex<roVodu 'o11 '<<ueaorc,{ ewscea '"'erlrffoereu oreHxdes r1nrreYa,r xrqHruco) xrirHHesrc

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-nenzrY.,{ o6 'rruodag goHhorcog ra '4onEeue;laer;uuoereu oJeHYrou rrrY erqHrcesau ovodum '<<Isd.reuHxc>>

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H elqHHelrcr4hoJoHr r 'rcreeltfeed 'roteatqdxro voVoxun xlDrer )ocltuc rlzHemoHro I lovoehl4Jolfouodx g'I4JcB[g UkrHJkrcHvr - orcodu nru sodreul4vc 'golf

-€ex esrcehey s Iqryeqgo etsHcrul{derew erqHCBd qreaoryedr oHHounrreiltr€teg orh 'L{rhou exeou u tseHodg

oV €rHIIoeI,?Il ro gercergo xlrHeed EV weJ'cvltreurleilc Jeruos[ou orh 'eefllgo oHx(ofirtos oJhoH qrIrHeIIh

-rss rcnresderJou n wrumdeg€H-w?rxes,go r rkrmeH xrrHgoVou sHanedeu 4nxredx Klsw?o wudroltcce4'LrLtyuHerereduo-ultrurrHorr Hr\rrl)€r rudrceu ou<reax,{g ru,roroexde 'oHrcestv >rB) 'wer flore6l

'Iucdea sL{ HeHVetrcol rer'edos-urodu onneraYedlo 'oJonn?€Bxc ez refVeuc )ev 'zHo y 'vosorvedr xtgHv(owtoa qrcoHHesoc€rJoJot HetsreeJeffouvedu o{qrconuYoxgoeH c gocceltodu xreHqwr4troc-oHd,(rsr,{v otvtt>ts,{Q ,tre <xvmsuvodou)) I'l

4umdeaeu annxx,{Q qrcoHHeusorc,(goowzeos ye) yuJ'xrqrcodu tu eH o)eretr zumdeseH xLrr€ I4LI[uH,(Q 4oH-dXrsr,{y o coduos orr' 'qleaodurercHoy H>ler qrrro rcruVoxzdu 'Humdeauu xrsweesl4dJeltcced uxgorvedrro urcohtl4cvae; s eurflo{exr4H€oa 'rur'edogurodu etsHVI,IseF'o elsrcodu r,(dnrercsox 'woeudgo wH)?J

'(eenev 'lrc) urcera uvtHJvrcHvr - rlJce u uHo oJ eH 'oIzseduV uu ',&tewgo uH 'exeYoduun ruxervol eu '('dtr eLrJoHW u eYtudeYes,ol 'g 'uvuewecc"d 'y'64 'nurerej-'y'Y) wrlzHeslqsuxcrsa sd.,{red

-eurff rr nrrsHHeHedrcodlcud oroyodum nxeduoe 'v:rceus vvtHJLTJHV elarfdV elqgolr H vux 'tsdtenlrxc ,(vsuoxc

-ou 'x€dleuu)rc xr4r r€c s oyirffoyc 'yorcos eH Herrere)KdeEodreunvc xvre aunenedrcoduced xnlnoreYxdear-Eou 'gJcqrerevusc xu)cehl4Jouoexdu xlqHu elasrcr,(cro a eH eogos - 4,'ftruxol n 'o>IquoJc eH rcreeduuXcoduog 'eer,r(rc nor€ s 'y 'xolcoa eH q)vruvnedrcoduced '€V€rrec c tsdreuuvc Hre xtsdorov ,ftrnc s 'usrcqueJ-rorcgo vrwec KJ:rrtelco uwlqwuHcr<rgoeH oHHemdegoc een,{rc wore a og 'arcelngo xar€ Hrcorzgeed qHes

-od,( grtrrsruHlroc Kruoorsg srugodurnew,{rde oHxow - ulwdreuu)o - }Ihtlr or '(d.(rsu,{>r xfi)cehqlreveffwe€-aHsedv evedc a) aodreupryc ruHeYxoxcrlodr orosVeuee sefrHexdesudu uulrzeon c srnVoxclt ev{ HIIcg

'settsffetr?usodrauuvc

xar rec HyH?rco Ir xnlnexdevoc ercHr, r ror g '4unegedron xtsgorHfd.I t4rl4 xIqHHS.tdXx lllosrcev<oHl,rtr 'qree-exc ex,( oHxon 'rcree[xdesrYou eaffotls V€rr?t eH ?yorcos c sodreunvc sranenedrcodnced nncdeg 4or€ aorr, 'eerog neJ 'Hxnrroawuc 4osoyuHe foHilfer€geH€ouo-oggurexnn,(ltlttov 'oHHesrcJoarooc 'v vl,Seus,4oH

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-Hor4cHurrc)e ,ftrec reeYxdesrVorr oHqrreJrorcon€c rs9 vu:r H trcleeslqcails otqrcoHrou 4elreracos xn tqd,(r

-yfdrc HoHsruurroc goHHurrosrrHerdooyocrss 'sodlour4xc yvrhv[eH eseg €H 'ouues€ndl 'ettfiuvmedeJ 'lAtr I4III'I

oxHeruuefi''g'g'cerfgr{erJ'W'erdeudeyl'K'H rr€vsorvedl sresoVerc nrcg'oHqlfereeu}Iou orh oH'AVUeytv xure rnHetr)Koxcuodl oJoHhorcos - t{ucdeg s r4 x€J 'orouYeuee - vucdas, s v€v 'uereluo

-oH xl{ nrcoHHegotunerdo 4oHsreuloc sHeaodf gnxocrqrr BH oJelflorusrsgevf 'erFlem.,{rde oJoHserJ earcehe)s qcoffrrseJcrqs 'uniryH,(Q zrlc ou 'HnuqHH?sodurHer{,(.rde unKYKg eH 'sodleuz)c el4hvlreH oHHeIII4 'rogedxIsHHus€yK exr( eesud esrcHumilrog en refVelfc )ru)r 'oror aarog 'wereresoYerrccl4 wrqYv€) qco[Bs?H0oco

eHrrouc 'exoxou 'oslcqrelrorcgo ore 'rvroeH€ - eN< ocs ore - Isdrertv)lc ]Im€H e 'woxdeHolt 'or xdenol41'graHJHcHr4 xr.rr€ 4effeJacoH Hroorr4aeed 4oHsruunoc rHgodf nurtereduderHu s rlaalcYeucou el<IH4?hlsaeedn

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I6z .tN t lnwnlol

92

Caxrrtur 1 n Ap. (Kpafinon 7987a,l9, rIBerH. Soro - crp. 80; EorAauos 1992. pnc.2). llprzrvrevareJrbHo, r{ro

npu .reuofr KoHIIeHTpaIIuz e Bocro.ruoft llpz6anrlaitcxoi't 3oHe, Bce 3Tr,r HaBeprxvfl)Ke3rrbr c n:o6paxeHnflMHroJroB MeABeA.rr vtrr4 rrocfl. rrpr4xoArTcr Ha necFryro 3oHy.

Puc. 40. KocrsHure HaBepl.ur,1fl - xe3nbr. 1 - nosAHui naneonur, Bruniquel;2 - aeonnr, OneHeocrpoecruri worunuHux; 3 - Torcran cronHKa.

(1 - no A.Leroi-Gourhan Ne 207:2 - no H.H.l-ypnxora; 3 - no C.B.5or4aHoey).

Pnc. 41. KaueuHure soolropQHure HaBepuue necroi, Bocro.{Ho - flpn5antuicroti sor-tut.1 - <Duunnr4ua, 2 - Kapenvs, 3 - r. Pocroe-Fpocnaecrnri, 4 - ApxanrenucxaR

o6nacru (1 - no A. Hdusler, 2 - H.H.fypuxoi, 3 - fl.A.Kpafi xoey, 4 - A.F.6procoey).

Apyryto 3orry c [lrpoKuM pacrpocrpaHeHueM HaxoAoK, arpz6yrupoBaHHbrx K vHcvrlavtflM BJracrlt, co-craBrqer JrecocrerrHas n s oco6eHHocrr{ creflHac qacrs Bocroqsofi Erponrr. flpnvev HasHrrfi 3rrurleHrpnau6omlrero pa:uoo6pa:ur nogo6Hbrx HaxoAoK onpeAeneHHo npuxoAr.rrc.a na pafioHu Cpe4uero llosorxr.flu cBf,3aHbr rrper.rMyulecrBeHHo c Heo-3HeoJrr4ToM. KaK 14 B npeAurecTByrouleM cJryqae) B 3rofi 3oHe TaK )Ke

Bcrpeqalorcfl orAeJIbHbIe HaBep[rl4.g xe3Jlbr c uao6paxeHnflr.r'kr Jrocr lrJrn MeABeAq. lloxagareruHa B 3ToM or-HO[reHHr,r HaxoAKa Kocrf,Horo [ocoxoBnAHoro )Ke3Jra, cxoAHofo oneHeocTpoBcKoMy, c HaBeplxueM B BI4Ae

'unaeYuorys (S-7'tl 'JEL'07, '2002 Le?eBreC) rsrmar,0ffid,ftfi'Exr4Hqnrror r V vunegedrol. tr4 ALfinvyoxct4odx'(E'py 'cud) IqwHogo ersueudgoorQ,ft,t er<roroe zdr rsJ€v€H urrrg orodoroy srrox'(d €H 'tr{oxlrHhoHoxeH r rr<ra

-orod c vzrodV stuucur,udu refYerc 'trvHeHr{oc esg 'raudo.rer"x goHqrruHolrtrxn,,(Q Aomeeaudrer,tcced y'(g'79 'ctzd '16'966I eaon,{.rdoyrq) <aoroex-aodrexu)c)) esrceh€) s xrqHHusodureduderHu ox( yur

'voHtrorc xavcehurutfoeH€ 4o)cxzue.rd,{1 Lr goycsoHesl{ c erqHrceaxu'(7-y'yp 'cnd) yuueytu ersneedgoetlur-3u elqHH€soQnrm eIqHHeI lex (wc Ol-0E oV 4onurY) elcHufdy rqHeHrouriul edaueln FoHrz s oHemdeao3

'(4oeeaereyl' LA' J - g'orHeeC'11'd - 9'{eoueUrog. g.C - 7,{uraxh{[. g.3 - g"dtr n AantygÛ'C'U -4'AunVgtr 'kl V ou - ;) ouuUsuvr.leg- 9

,eUdag .d n4ecceg - 9';1 rcdooao;1 - t '{eg)V - g 'ceu{x->ry euHeuacou - Z'e\H6orc Be)ceoa!\touoedeg - L

:(9) rrceugo 4orhanof v1 (9'V-) ccxuoeoLloJeHxtaH'orauEed3 en rqdreunrc-s[mdeeeH otcHHenex ersn$dourroog' Zl' au d

v

'(1'71'cud '8S "N

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c

LL6I es,eesrelq) oueu (i) u[4ue Iqaoffor eYHs I eumdeseH '(E'7p 'cud) (7 ':iad '9I86I uraxn,t;f Kucxv spr ezmdeseH

'cud) (7'1'cud'VI'0002 aoHeVrog) l excdooaoH 0u HxYoxen enuger',ftrc qresr?H oHxonr 'oJoHroaaxgo Ilu<IHHexcdrsg oxreh eeHew c oH 'erltuoeH€ uoxotte c xlqHHetrgc'KwowvYlas - ou 'ex< yBJ aolftex

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us xarfdV tl4'0'6'cnd 'gg1 'Zg6I 'dY t'r ttutugfrfi) nwtcetud'11woudeae3 a cen,,$r-xy rsd.,trqr.,fuIqr"sx rLlHelrecou c oJefflr['oxcnodl '(7'7p 'cnd) rzmdeaeH oJo)cehuJerllexc >toworrgo aufiexuug,ftre roreslqtrac rYemor ltoeudgo J'(Z-t'EV'czd) n1 e)He)r<rgelf u 1 excdooaoH rr{ HWe)VoxeH eanHed

gwon{ ax,,( u 'wouuJ llr{eH r rrirweesudrenrccud ersHHer,esrcVedu '(eeteY 'wc) uVemo[ IqgotroJ eEI,Ifl

oHHearcelnfnuedu or€ 'oy( woHirrr?Jco B '(ll 'cud'791 '8861 HrzVO{) uxHrorc Koxcehr4Jr4rrocaesltoroQdeg x (lZV 'cHd) Bvos[en lqsofoJ ',ftror,uzVr.rs-ou côuHe)r(?d9ofl.r c eumdeaeH eoHHehl

xur u '( 1 'cnd '7661 aoiluV.rog) eir>xtroset nenVed3 I (€'0t 'cnd) nnHercou wovcvoJ eH roor IqsorJ

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94

Prc. 43. KaueHHure HaBep[.lJt4fl B BilAe uso6paxeHnra flolrjaAl4, c orBepcrt4cMV Anfl HacaAa.

1 - cnyvatiHafl HaxoAKa us Hoeoopcra 1 (no C.B.Soraaxoay);2 - uaeeowue c noceneHhn Ile6qxhHra lV (no lzl.5. Bacrnseey).

Puc.44. Xe3nsr-crmnerpbr npocrbrx $opu. 1-2 - lzleaFroecxan vTyprauraucKafl croFHKt4(no H.Il.Mopryr-roeori); 3 - flxypxyneutrut; 4 - Kyrynyr | (no [email protected])

(1-2 - xaveHu.3 - rocru ,r 3ofloro,4 - ve4u).

O6parqaer Ha ce6r BHvMaHr4e rIoqrLI rloJ'rHoe orc),TcrBr,re rloAo6Hofo poAa HaxoAoK B apeiulax paHHe-

3eMJreAerbqecKlrx Kynbryp Heo-3HeoJrtrra lofo-BocroqHofi Erponrr (ne cvura.a, pa3yMeerct, paccMarpl{Bae-

Mbrx HaMZ Hanepurzfi). PeArcoe ncrurlor{eHue cocraB;r{ror KaMeHHbre vlrv rnvrHflHsre soontopQHble HaBeplxu-s

Mzurbrx pa3MepoB, orHeceHHbre rc Bunqancroft rpynne [aM.flTHuKoB, Ho xpoHoJlofl4r{ecKa.[ no3lzulu Koropblx,oAHaKo, He coBceM acHa (Heolr.rr..,1968. 55 J\bl\b 11,9,125,140). B xauecrne coqna-nbHblx cvtMBoJroe Ars erofi30Hbr o[peAeJreHHo Mo)r(Ho Ha3Barb opHaMeHTHposaHHrrfi naeAslrfi Tonop-Morblry c uenbHolnroi pyHorrroil(pnc.45,1) ng Ocnxexa (Tasid 1995. Plate fV) z, ecrecrBeHHo, o6rqeu:necrHbre HaBeplxu.l-)Ke3Jlbl H3 rlofpe-6enufi 4,36 (puc. 45,2) u 43 BapueHcKofo MorurrbHr,rKa (Ivanov 1988, 49 .Abb. 23-25,29; Marazov 1988,

67. Abb. 35-36).

'(ZSt 'qqV '6IZ '886I .to1o>py) exrzHqrrrrrow oroxcunudeg orodorg g uuueged.rou a u '(96 cud'961'9961 eaod-ovo1) xerfuuud,(f eruHqnrJortr oJxcohr4rr4rrooHe SZe tanHegofuou s Ia r<rHetrKeH Lrrr.rg Br4mdesun orqsoJod orqHYoxJ

'Veff3 14 E\Z'986I ettomVe1) quamdaaeu xrr)zr rr,r oHVo ,(nratnexdavoc 'uhseffory €u o{aHegedrou ot rtr,(c ',(r-I-rlroeHe x lsuu,(dJ vorr€,6r4ueY€u rrcoHro HeffeJesotraffccrd osrcHrzm<rrrog rrox 'orqrcen r4eHYedeu 4oHQdonr-oo€ ltoHHeaodagurewexc oHilffuc c zzmdeaeH-sodolor eurr,{dr eHeHrourqs euilrc hloHn s oHemdeao3

'(1 'cud 'tL'Lg6I oxmr11) enulrtxodou?t BH rrrouorelrt s?r r.r (1'g 'crad '0L'696IguxcHulefg) rrouodeQwll3 [I4u9 4zHeHodoxee xrqnHerdXxVou xrsHwr sr4 (e) rzmdeseH - rsdfuusufxcolqHQdowoilodruu-oos eIqHHeI luv (Z-l'LV 'cad) ennezdgoeoac ro{€wr4He€ fYrd ruore s orcow eogoco

'(7'7'cnd 'Yeuc H gg'2007, aotreus,{y) eqx(rrorret noxcdene3 a 1 >l(rfu-,{y exunrrAJov\I V usurd,(v rnnenodoxet oJoHr rr oronqruduren sr rsnrdoQ AouYvt aororotr-oHHeHuvYf^ (y'py'cud) rewYadu 4tsuYew (tncL'8V euuvY) ltl<IHsacc€w HrqHHesowtrgfuo oHaBVeH cedeuru rorraurcvedl 'fdfu-sr,,{v oI^HINY vg YctYVoxndu votroxuH c?H xufrro{fcederHrz srrouh remqrog 'ouuearcerce }I orr, 'oxenVg

'(79 'cud '99 'Lg6I4oaody 'ea-ode3) edrceHfi'en eoncudy'c f geutrx,(drcsox 4ounraedev ]roHxorc oc eserdfy a ranegedroil oJoycehriJ-H[oeHeeHvtou tH AvlnKYoxJl|.|odu 'nltevg€rcg r4rusHvr4sovsosJ prhrrsHver,,{ c ezmdeseH-rorow qoaorod .'(g'Vt 'JeI'W '166I ,tepe8req) 1 fxnefl evuHqrruJow rzuegedlou oJo]crrorec,( ororerog €r4 usm oJoHuerhrrAev\rcLwtIu c ezmdegeH eoso.lod eosu,{dv euH€r^rrrHs reexergudu sceVs rquodsg Fonhoroog uror rr['

'rseHodg 4euued - uJtruoeHcEnHox Isdreuuxc-rzmdeseH r4[r4 rsurex-yumdeseH nWeH Vedeu rorercVadu nrursumdgooueed eeuenr eg

'(V8t'gget'"erpadolfcug) enlrrc,&r 4oxc4aYApl s edefrau a olonue[4eH 'eYerxEA (t'g7'czd) aortox xtsHdo.r ur re:taouoJ orfrrru c dreuuxc HrsHVer r gorr4roHirffett ex< yer - rsnodorc Ho.r,(dvc V '('8lC 'St'9L6I setlue-rg) eftegedny tuug eued14l,rloHVpilet-odeae3 a g1 deczl-elel f u[dosv HHrBs-sed su '(7'9p 'cud) xlqHrosux( rzltudfrrzQ rczztrorur,neg 'dreruyc gorl{ffoHirron grsHYen sreHsr4du oHxowoHUoIra oH[nser'o exoJcog orenaedfi' sodreur4vc-4umdeaeu aotreedgo (xr4)cehlrccslu) esJceh€)I g

' (1' p' cud' 092-6VZ' 0007,aoHoQudl) euedpl noHYeret-odesac s neVdul HJ ,( III enerd,(y ruuegedrou *r (I '9V'cud) ealr gosororeflHo) moHvo

"H scgl-IfnorehHea dreunxc '4lrnneaodafforus oHirrrere[nr 'arquuew?] grsHYuaeHxderc (^c tg)

HIsHHLITV auHulruuHs lrgec eH reetnedgg '('Verc v 0r'966I) olovcsodronll 'OI'OI eroged s o{^HHedronccedoHsrel4heuc 'Vemg - eHerdfy oJoxcyiloy4elnl ru Hllteysercudu hl\nqrouot r4nlcHverneH c ,(aeu.,(g orrftrgelr-ev orXrou sr,(Hrr{ouf oH>xow 'aoyunrtrnr€L xr4xcrroy4ery KrrY xrsHderyedex 'uJcers UlaHJlzIHLT uVed3

'(nozereyl'; ou) gg 'rou 'eudeg - 7 l(prse1 'p ou) raxuc6 - L'9t'oud

96z 'tN 'l lnwnlol

96

pt4c.2-4) (puc. 48,3), BpeMr zx 6rnosaHr.rq Bepo.srHee Bcero npuxoAlrrct uapaunufi repiloA 6poHert v s He

HcKJrroqaro, rrro lrx cJryAyer cBr3brBarb c HocurerqMu surlgroit Kynbrypbl. Eolee roro, MHe npeAcraBJlrlercf,,qro B ocHoBe nx uso6pa)KeHnl raKxe HaxoAr,rrcr cr,rJrbHo cxeMarl43l4poBaHHblfi o6pa3 roma!.V. [Ba AyflIXnoAo6nrrx HaBeprxvr [poucxoAqr c reppnToprzn Pyvrlrruz (puc. 48,I-2). K con<a,reuuIo, o6e HaxoAKI,I cny-r{ailHbre (Horedt 1945,539,4tbb.2; Mdndrescu, $tefan, Maschio 2000, 106, fig. 1). Ho qro rlo6orblrHo, Bce

orr,l rpu 3K3eMrnqpa o6napyxnnaror 6rugr<o cxoAHbre aHzrJrornn B HaxoAKax zs [arecraHa (Mopxoer.rn 1958,

162, puc. 12) u uz MapnynonrcKoro My3er (puc.48,4-5), ua uro, B cBoe BpeMq crlpaBeAnuBo o6parnl nulr-MaHr,re B.H. [anuneuxo (1974, 105-106, puc.69,I). EuIe Aea KaMeHHax MoJrora-HaBeplrut c oTAaJIeHH;IMI{

soouopQuvecKr4Mu qepraMr,r (prac. 48, 6-7) nroNno Ha3Barb orrrrb raKr.r c reppl4ropl4ti Pytr,lrtuun (Mtiller1964, 54I; Boronean{, Boronean! 1992,92, fig. II).

I

Puc. 46. Cxranerpur ,[peeuero Bocrora. 1 -Cra l-ypan lll (no B.A. Tpr$oxoey);2 - Vlypeilcxan nycrbrHff (no - Encyklopedia Archeologie); 3 - Tene-l-rcap (no B. Brentjes).

Puc. 47.3oo-aHrponovopQrue crarysrKr4-HaBepul4n (?) us norpe6eHhri cNrFrori Kynbrypbr.'1 - CrruSepononu (no A.A.llenuHcxotriy),2 - 3narononu (no C.M.Ilnuro)

ottY'id1 'soucxvre vlvt*ehentltorcodrwowucaeuxr(do aau'e|.Ad:-yuyftdo eHrzore 'esznderoJore HHH-SI lHHoIr woHHevlsgo s crcouderzuzrfen xu 'gorer rYedu xure eyHeno s rureYrss r r<r9 oJ,r, 'eoade11

'yoVoxeH xn)cohHJotroexduxrHrxeQQe wm xn>tdu oeHeN es or,(rcene€ Iqcc?N AoH<rrrurco eu yovoxen orzdec or,,(nueucuusdeu reruevrqaolh 'eousreLvft.*rur,o h eetrlgo or qruraYeduo rcweedurcor a lroxdogrya uoHHelraercVedl rcruur,nuedtg

'prrcoHheHoxceg oV sruxuoEodu oH)Kon solewYedu eVod o.rongoY-otr xocnfic orh v?J 'rzx,(do soVt4s eld KogorIt Lr exyou'rqr{oYer4Y ertHeedgooueed u sreufucrqg r4ffJow ,rqv

-xevo KBLIdF'J eH 'Hro?rs tALtl:.JlaxHvt egrcehg) I 'goxltHhoJcu xlilHHel lqczlenned nneweds ou xuHv0ou eerfog[I4 'oHrcestu omodox v?v 'oJor oalrog '(7g cud) uodl eu (]) €Verrx urcu eYevx o.loxcgudecceg r<douor 'wex-v>rt'HUV Isd,(Js[{v KoHglruorl€rev godouor rv eHJoHW,{voaor ,{wore ou r\laHWoucB 'Ho)lrrHelreHdo KoHd,&,-Iqa eeHel\r vuw eeuog c wdoQ xIqHHeHXo[cf. uuu xtqrcodl] rsrouow-rsdouor H rsaer.(g eYod oJoHr,uvzed vt

qrr4horrrxa oHlKow eHrous )ocHuc Jore s '(ZO0Z'dr u o1qco1;) aorcrarulrneuc nYedc orruadu ole xex 'rroy'ttvVoxeH ersnrxeQQe eeuogueH zredgtra IqtrAI 'lrrc"ua vvHJncHn ersHsreHfroc - edum uvyt tcdlreuuxc 'lqtr€ex{)?)I oHhlqgo xtcHHuaodaredlderHn 'soJ,eruEadu xrsueedgoeoec ,(rlzHedea or,{rrerl zffedrol^lcced rqw 'ye

')IoVoxBH xar,{dtr wosJcex(oHr r qrr,rHrro[oY oH)I(ow rore yocHrrc 14 '0X :Izt 'td 'Vg'Lt6I uosse3)eHor,rd,(y ezIrg edlray eH e>t(v?r gIsHHeVgzH'(1g'czd) Iurrr wer.rHo dgoeu c dreluxc Hororroc zHewedgor 4uHVtou eallog rIIrH BuoHceh vufixeffrox eia 'udlny c eaeuKg-eumdeseH oosomJe '(Zg 'ld'6961 4eW)rurPtr tr 0H (09 'crzd) eVdeuoeu oJeI[oIBJtqdu eYus s dreufivc-eumdeseH ooHHer r€>t Jo{esrq€rso Uevr\reEnrrvsLfir4ovcHevulN J 'GV 'czd) (qgy Iq€I 'I tI'0L6I merguag) e,ldnrua - rznnedg ssnodg r.rxou€ aoxaHrKneilrrrtr u IsHJceseH lsderHeLr wv eVdeuoeu uwsnHe>r<rzdgo;Lr c rsdreuzxc-rilmdesuH erqHHer rey ersHsrevJo

'(g aurod>r - ger-mcef! ) '(tettnn '3 ou) emrog-cHehuo) - 2 i(iueauoLog'3 ou) {Hernrrarlg - 9l(oxueurue['H'g ou) 4ee{ru 4nlrcsuouludeyl - g i(Inraeoxdoyyh'g ou) nercale[ - y

l(enore7e4 '7 ou) uneeuoy - g :(1pato; 'y ou) uru6rl eguv - Zl('dU u ncsepugy\ 'C ou) ueheHdoy -;, 'uumdaeeu-rqdouo-r ersxQonoog 'gt 'cl4d

L6e 'q 'l lnMnlo/l

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Ioflycrltrb, r]To u3.f,ulHo o$opuuenubre KocrqHbre rraJreoJr]rrlzqecKr4e qlra Heo;ruluqecKlze :oovopQar,re no-coxoBrrAHble [peAMerbr MorJur 6rnr ucnolb3oBaHbr B Kar{ecrBe npocrofi [zuIKr4-KonzuKH, KonbeMeraJtKu r4IrA

KaK oxorHuqbe uJrH 6oeeoe opylKbe. Toquo ra e rpyAHo npeAnoJroxnTb, rITo B oxore LInv B 6rluxuena 6orc,c npocrofi - npaKTr.rqecrcofi roqrcu 3peHr{r nro6ofi (craHAaprHufi> rcalreHnsrfi ronop-ruoJlor I4JIIT rDI(eJIat tra-

tu\a 6snn 6rr nenee AeficrseHHrrMr4, HexeJrlr rqarenbHo orAeJraHnbre ronopbr-HaBeprulr's. c n:o6paxeuar-Mr-r rex vrv vrHbrx )r(HBorHbrx, rpe6yrouqne ctreuuiurbHoro MacrepcrBa H AJII{TeJrbHofo I]3roroBJIeHut. Vlax,3To He o6uvHue, flpocrbre yrunrrrbr - He opyAus rpy1a, He opyxne, a Heqro usoe. LI sro, rlHoe, c roqKn3peHuq grHo-3HaKoBofi SyHxquu KyJrbrypbr, Mo)Ker 6nrr luurs Helrro, orHoc{uleec.r x cQepe caKpanbHoro:

per'Iarao3Hofo, KyJrbroBoro, puryanbHot-o, a, cJreAoBareJr;Ho, H - K 3HaKoBo-cr4MBoJII4qeCKOmy (Eafi6ypr,rH

1991,32 u cne4.).

Prac.49. KaueHHoe HaBepurile-cKunerp ut3 Crararpya (no C. Renfrew).

Pr,rc. 50. Kaueusoe HaBepuue-cKunerp ta3 Marus ( no Fr. Matz).

Eue 6onee :Ha.{nNaofi [peAcror4T nepeA HaMr4 HeopAnHapHocrb paccMarpvBaeMblx HaMI{ Ir3AeJIui,t, ecr'uorreHnrb r,rx c ror{Kl{ 3peHur oBeqecrBJleHHoro e Hrax o6qecrBeHHoro rpyAa. I4nst*ru cJIoBaMIr, peqb I{Aer o

TEX CAMbIX ((KOJII4I{ECTBEHHO-KAI{CCTBEHHbIX)) 3ATPATAX qCJIOBCqECKOIO TPYAA, KOTOPbIC, KAK NPABI4IIO, 14 BbI-

craBJrnorcr B KaqecrBe rJraBHoro Kpnrepr,rq B orIeHKe oco6oro corlktiurbHoro craryca nrc6ofo apxeonofnqe-croro o6rexra, KoMrureKca, ruo6oro KynbrypHo-ucropnqecKoro Qenouena. A n 3ToM orHolxeHltu paccMar-pHBaeMbIe HaMlt Ir3Aenur. s6upator e ce6.s 6ynna-nrHo Becb crreKTp Bo3Mo)KHbrx 3HarruMbrx corlkrilrrbHbrx Ka-qecrB. 3ro u orHocnreJlbHat peAKocrb rr, coorBercrBeHHo - IIeHHocrb ucnoJIb3oBaHHbIX Marepr4arroB B

-uedxc rIrV xIqHHeh€HtBHYed[ rr4HeHr roc eHs r,r vumdeseH tzwzH xrqwefVerJccLr yuY orsHdeDr€dux 'ulteQuen clqu,(rctsa elruneaoQurrmroeH ersHHedrowcXtredu oHsrruutterrc ex larr4 'xrrzmdegeH xIqHHew?>I I4III4 xlqHrrcoxBH rcel4rflolemz 'Iqsurdeac rrdosoJ Iruor€ 90 'KI,IreVsu xr4)cehulrrfurel I t4ukr xtaln:,lcoy xrqHHerrrIoJoJtI,IoH-sre[r xrrcoHHegoco xtqHsurv,{drcHo) s 'soreruVedu xure xedenrged s oHe>l€drss osrcqreJrorcgo ore .e}IH

-adeogo uH 'texor 3H IqHerllhcced uno ecs orh 'or oJ€ 'gol?ude.t€w Andorerex xIqHH xrrJoHW Jo xI4 oomoleh-I'IIrJo <weJ c eJcows 'e 'LrNVoxeH elilHHerclrhedeu ecs eeho{rHzver,go 'oalcrreJrorcgo eoHy@s eo.r,{d[,

'(uosse3 'g ou) eduu; c (7) dreuraxc [orouoe ra (;) eeeufig-eumdeeeH aosol-elv .rg 'ct4d

' I,IvhrorlWnc 4o8ox€Ht'4outruufioc lterr(gadre v sorehrtredrr xvre qrcoHrcehudu reeYxdesrVoil oHqr-feJrorcoruBc orh 'qrcowrheHtorfnsurueffuovefflgo xl,r eH Jeeslqeexr( oaunehro 'rpdree xrssoV,,(dr 14 KercoHHeIr xrsHqrpudereru firer.go ouxIqHiIIrervho{IDIcI4 xerawVedu xnre s er,rHehoroYedcoc - rxeQ wal 'soxvm4erur-aoderczr r - KeuervsoJoJrvxu sHesod,( gIqH<III"HoI4cceQodu ul4)ocrirs ogoco roreJerouvedtt (t-Z'9y'cud - ,{delrudu x) xlrdorox ur.rrryr{d-rcHo)l eIiIHHeHXorc{ 'raumdeagH xpucehvrrruJ.er r - xrqrurroHq[ofr H rcreece) r4Herrerc 4onaed s eeHVeucoll'ulrel;eY ersHdoilezHraw elsHnudJer rNVc orodrc erirH)r(orc ou4er,treeedh evbo{?holrxg or,(,rceF,ee 'aoQesredxlqHHeheclila uxaotpnrmro - rlvreVro 4oH<rrerelnl 'prouqreJ4rV oeHew oH 14 r4yrogedgo 4onxodorco '4oH-qIIoTHIIV xztnorfgedr 'xeVodol lxeVodor xrqHHer{€y xrsYdesr xdesc a aoeedgo xrqssew.,{Ee€ o{vHefnoffuosou uvlqgeH - IIeHo)?H 'p4'otretuxororeu-,(derceru .,{ruoYxuy en oyareV eoHHesrcqosc 'ogrcehe) 'oJoHJosn)<eeedgo o.rouHesodztllrslllexc r{rn oJo)cenutcnreed oJoHr,r Hrnr oJor ornHexcedgoro <.(lrosnesrcexoY.,(D) ousoxlqaBH eukrvue}l - rxerce 4lqHHesrcehux 4or,{d[' '4Iamdeaeu xlqrouot I4ULI xrsHEerr xrqrvrroHsrllerl aehfrcs - eeuog weJ-'LI Hl/|tyufiey.l,1'rt-il.re r4wrs.Louoe nuv nrurqnYer,r eVod orosr,uvmd c goreHderew xzre uuHerelcoa u[H (rrYodon evt:l'tehnrrlerczdv ersHdo.I oHhrqgo - euytred oHqrrorucoHro) 4umdeeeH xlqHHer rey seafirc

z ..tN.l pwryo/l

100 Revista Arheolosicd. Serie noud

IreHufl. K yAnuHeHHblM pyKorTKaM. A npeAHaMepeHHoe r43foroBreHhe oco6o rleHHbrx npeAMeroB, K roMy xeC[eIII4anbHo paccqvTaHHblx Ha ftOKZt3, Ha 3KcrrOHr4pOBaH[e, HeMIrHyeMo cBaAeTenbcTByeT o ToM, qro +yHK-

un.fl orux [peAMeroB 6sula paccuuraHa Ha Ko.[JreKTHBHoe (norpe6JleHl{e)), Ha onpeAeneHHoe [cHXoJIorI4qe-

oKoe Bo3AeficrBne rrJra HHbrMlr cJroBaMI-r - Ha orIpeAeJIeHHbIe coqll€IJlbHble fpyrlnbl

Puc.52. KaueHHute qepeMoHuanbHbte ronopbt ns Tpon ll.KnaA <L>. (Der Schatz aus Troja. Katalogbuch Ausstellung in Moskau 1996/97).

lpyroe BzDKHoe ceoficruo, [pucyrlee, 3a orAeJrbHbrMrr r{cKJrroqeHlaflMla, [oAaBnqroulemy 6ollruzHcrByHa3BaHHbrx r4rn npohnnrocrpl{poBaHHblx LI3AeJIHfi, gro sootuopQz:nt nJII,t 3oo-aHrponorr,ropQu3M, 3aJIo)KeH-

Hrrfi s eeH.{arcuefi qacru uanepuruft. 3oonlopQrasn, r<oroprrfi) eerr4 yqr4TblBarb rlplrpoAy nepno6rnHofo ((Hc-

KyccrBa)), caM rro ce6e strAaer ry vrnr HHyro, Ho orrpeAeJleHHylo cMbIcJIoByIo Harpy3Ky, o[peAeneHuylo pe-

Jrr,rrr4o3Hyro, KynbroByro 14, vJrv nrc6ylo HHyb, 3zrnolKeHHylo B grl4x HaBepruuqx cotll4anbHylo caunoluxy. Aoro, c yqeroM oroBopeHHbrx Bbrlle KaLIecrB, c Heu36exHocrbro o3Haqaer, rITo Bce gTV npeAMerbl - 3JIeMeHTbI

utm arpu6yrbr pr4ryarrbnrrx Aeficrsrafi, coqualbHbre 3HaKr4, npeAHaMepeHHo LI3roroBJreHHbIe Il [peAHa3Ha-

qeHHbIe Anq 3pgTenbHoto H, B KoHeqHoM cr{ere, - IIcHXAqecKofo Bo3AeficrBvIfl, Ha ry Arr4 HHyro' Ho onpeAe-

rreHHble coIlHzrnbHble fpynnbl.

LUII )Ke B B!{Ae Clyuafiu;tx HaXOAOK, KOTOpble, B CBOIO OqepeAb, TaK Xe OUeHHB TC'f, KaK COCTaBJI'}OqI4e 3JIe-

MeHrbl pa3py[reHHblx [orpe6aJrbHblx KoMrrJreKcoB. A ero vroxer o3Haqarb JII4IITI ro' qro HocHTe,'IsMt4 wJrv rep-

x(are,rrqMH noAo6srrx [peAMeroB-cr{MBoJroB 6r,tnu orAe:rbHbre hHAtTBHA)4/Mbl, orAeJlbHble npeAcraBure.]rH Ko'r-

r'IeKTIiBa vIwI cot12arbHoil rpynnst) nn1ia, HaAeIeHHble I'I 3aHuMalorque oco6oe coUI4aIIbHoe IIoJlo)KeHHe'

r4HTepnpeTHpoBarb uHTepecyrcq ve Hac A Ll{;;re HaBeplxut B KaqecTBe )Ke3roB, cKI4rIeTpoB AnL't IdJvpe - couH-

Zl,'lbH bIX 3 HaKOB-Cl4 MBOJ'IOB.

Tarcoetr BbrBoAbr, Ha[pa111zBarcult,recr r{3 3MnLrput{ecKoro cyMlvlHpoBaHH.[ l4cxoAHbIX Habn]oAaeMbIX

Kar{eCTB, KOTOpbte uO3BOJ,IqtOT aBTOpy ttOnHOcTb]O llpnOoeAI4HIITbc.g K MHeHuto cneUuaJIHCToB' HHTep[pe-

Tl4pyfoulnx Bce 3Tn Marepuanbl B KaqecrBe ugcurnui,t BJIacru' B Kar{ecrBe coul4anbHblx 3HaKoB-

"rt"onou, n 3To o6crof,TeJrbcrBo a paeHofi orerleHl{ orHocl{To{ l'I K 3ooMopQusrrr'r HaBeprxnqM' paccMar-

puBaeMbIM B 3rofi pa6ore.MeNay reu, arpu6yrr.rpoBaHr4e rrHrepecyloqrlx Hac 3ooMopQHblx naeepurufi K KareroputM colll4inlbHolt

ctrMBorg4Kl4 - cKr.rrrerpaM arrpt.{opu [peAnonaraer qelslfi KoMIIJIeKc rlpl4cylllHx HM coqao-KynbrypHblx Ka-

qecrB 14 cBorcrB, paccKpblrlre Koropbrx BHe KoMrrereHlrzu apxeonofhr{ecKux MeroAoB aHaJluga' 3ro o6croc-

TeJIbCTBO U UO6yAU,'to aBTopa o6parurucr K fIuabNreHHbIM ITCTOIIHIIKaM' KOTOpbIe B orJIIlqHe or apxeonofnqe-

aKr.,x) Mofyr coAep)Karb e ce6e u oueHKy couururbHofo 3HaqeHut eroil czNleorvKA 14 otrvcaHv\, cB'fl3aHHblx c

nrtr pray*ou. lrl u 3ToM orHorrr ertnn uau6olee 6,raroAarHblM lrcrorrHl4KoM oKa3aJlc.r foMepoBcrcui snoc'

O6parqaro BHr4MaHue r{urare,.It, rtro Anq MeHg - apxeoJlofa, foMepoBcKl4[ snoc fle 6olee r{eM cpeAcrBo

pacno3HaHu.r o6uleft MoAenIl rcy:rurypuofi Qyuxqfiu cKhnerpoB KaK TaKoBbIx, 6egoruocHTelbHo t4x KoHKper-

Hofo 3THoKynbrypHoro KoHTeKcra. Mo4elr,, Koropaq, c reMu I4n[ LIHbIMI'I ofoBopKaMI'I, BnoJIHe rlp]4noxuMa

,pr{ oueHKe corrr4anbHbrx flpoqeccoB, cBoilcrBeHHbIx ApeBHL{M o6ulecrsaN{, H3yqaeMbtM no apxeonoruqecKlzM

ocrarKaM u o6HapyxzBalo[ll{M no4o6uyro cHMBonLKy'

V. KynurypHAf oyHKqilf cKhnETPOB 1,1 MOnEJ.lb 14X BO3MOXHO]4

APXEOfl Oril3Aql4 14 (no EnH n ul M ToMEPOBCKOTO SnOCA)1

( .u 6o3b.Mu y Hux no )t%ny om KotteHo, om 6cex

u.Mt Hanuluu Ha u{e3re eeoD.

HavarbHuaoe ux no KoJteH&ut, deeuad4amb Jrce3tto6, u xatrcdozo

Bemxuil 3aaem. Vucna I7:2

BeoAFloe

CsoeO6pa:Ha.s 3HaKOBaq CL1MBO,qI'IKa, onpeAMerleHHa{ B pa3Hofo pOAa I{tX' cKuneTpax' )Ke3JIax'

3HaMeHaX v np., cosTaBlqeT HeoT'beMJIeMylo qacTb o6uapnofi cl1cTeMbl o6qeHnq nJII4' no M'K'

llerpoey (1991, 39 r'r c,rea.), coqHoKoAa KyJ'Ibryp rer{Hrb KoHTguyrjrerHocrb - Herlpe-

pbrBrlyrc )KH3HeAe.sTelbHOcTb TOfo I4JIll 11HOpO COq BO BceX CsoficreeFlHrtx tz o6q:are"Is-

Hbrx AIq unx sqeftxax BocIIpI4fT v1fl v fiepe1a'ru rau$oprulaqun oT flpoulnblx x 6ygyufuu noKorteHnlM'

o6leve oHa peann3yercr na11rb c rrepexoAoM K rrpoll3BoAll{uM Qopnaarra xog.sficrsogaHat, KorAa erleuldutvt-

3a1,nr npou3BoAcrB, pa3BlzrTle peMece,t, TopfoB,'Itt, a Bc,qeAcrBull 3Tofo - HaKoEreHue 6orarcre I1 Bo3HIlKHo-

qefi u pernaMeHT!{pytoulei pa3BopaqfiBa}oulnecq coqualbHble npoqeccbl Bo Bcex ux npotBnet:nflxLl Ha Bcex

ypoBHqx csgsefi (ll-{enanrcrcuit 1969, 1 15 n cne4.).

O up_eusruafiHofi sHaquMocrn o[peAMer{eHsofi coqualsHofi caNlsoJlliKrr B XLI3HI4 ApeBHHX o6rlecrs,

HaxoAruluxc.s Ha pa3Hbrx craAnflx lepexoAa or poAo[neMeHHbIX K [peAKnaccoBblM I',IJlI',I KJIaCCOBbIM OTHO-

' tr4g,raraevsrfi e erofi rnaBe Marepr{alr paHee yNe 6rt,r ony6luxonaH B Blrae orAenrnoi crarbu (,{epraten

2004).

Volumul l. Nr. 2 103

flepnoe Lr3 HMX Kacaercr caMoro xapaKTepa [poIt3BeAeHHfi enoca. <<LlstuaAa>>, KaK ll3BecrHo, npeAcraBn.fler

co6ofi cKa3aHHe o TporHcxofi BofiHe (AH4peeo 1998). 3ro BoeHHiul 3lrorle-s, coAepN€qaq o[pIcaHI'Ie orqacrll pe-

anblrbx, orqacrr.{ Mr,r$onorrr3r4poBaHHbrx, Ho KoHKpsrHbrx, c roqK}I 3peH}IJI caMoro foltepa, co6brrl4fi, fAe, rloA-

qepKhBaro, B coorBersrBuu c BoeHHoit cvtryaryuefiorHoureHr4-f, MexAy pa3nuqHblMl4 yqacrHI4KaMH co6blTlafi crporo

Hb1;1 paHroB, crapefoluHbl, rpoarbre BouHbr. oe Aeno <<OAuccet), [peAcraBn{roqag cBoero poAa [pHKrIor{eH-

.Iecxraft poMaH, lolHufi <$auracravecKr{x) curyatgfit, paccKzBblB uufi o cyal6e oAHol-o 143 I-JraBHbIX rcpoeB u

ero <Bosepauleuuu>>'. Hegaeucurlo or Bo3Mox(Hofi cuMeoruxr,r o6pa:a O4Iaccer v caMoro npou3BeAeHu[, Nr[' Hac

axeftcr<oro o6rqecrna. I4rtstwu cnoBaMrz, s <&Inva1e>>- nofiua, a e (OAnccee> - o6rlqua.s Mlap*afl )KI{3Hb'

Bropoe o6cro-sre,Tscreo cyry6o ncror{Hr4KoBeAr{ecKoro ceoficrsa. Ono xacaerca aepuQuxaLMr4 vtcIToll},-

3oBaHHbrx HaMI,I LiaroqHuKoB 14 [paHqrblx B Hr4x o6osxaqeHnfi uurepecyrcurLtx Hac cI4MBoJIoB, c IreJIbIo I4c-

K;rloqeHgt Bo3MoxHbtx orr<,ronenuii or lrcxoAHoro - fpeqecKoro reKcra, He)KeJIareJIbHbIX Ans Halrlefo no-

cneAyrculef o aHzL[ r.]34.

.{olxeH oroBopr.rrbc.s. Pe.{r uAeT He croJrbKo o coAep)KareJlbHoM auaJwr3e coorBercrByrcIqax rpeqecKlrx

.{,rr cpanuureJrbHoro coflocraBr'reHuJr, noMHMo [puBreqeHHofo AJlt I-lIrrHpoBaHH-'I pyccKofo rlepeBoAa

CsoAnrre AaHHbre o6 ocHosHurx o6ognaqeHr,rtx coql4tulbHo 3HaqaMblx cItMBo.[oB B rpeqecKux reKcrax

<<]1'tua1u>> rz <<OAncceu> u ux coorBercTByroull4e rrepeBoAbl B IIcrtoJIb3oBaHHbIx aBTopoM Bepcl4.fx npeAcraB-

rreHbr Ha Ta6nrqe 12 (<<kl;rualu) u 13 (<O4uccer>).

Ka, 3a ucKJrrorreHr{eM urpu6ytallocefiAoua - tpinrvcv, o6rr.rso Quryprapyer B AByx eAnHcrBe x o6osuaqeHr'Itx:

orafztpov u prip8ov (n-uu c,loxuococraBHoe or rrocJleAHero - 1puo6*ppofiq). O6a eru repMI4Ha o6Hapla<unaror

p€BHoe, Ho, BMecre " Tt, 3arlacryro oAHo3HaqHoe wru 6lrugrcoe no cMLIcJDi 3HaqeHue. Tan, n qacrHocru' H cnoBo

or{nrpov, H c;roBo a irip6ov, KaK cnelyer r43 coorBercrB},}orqn( KoHTeKcroB rIpoIsBeAeHVil gnoca !I a3 HcIloJIb3o-

BaHHofo c[paBor{Hr4Ka (GEL, 1562, 1609), B oAHr/x cn}qiurx MoI-},r o3Har{arb npocrble 6ltrosrle [peAMerbl: rarlKa

(onopnar), no"o* (crpaHrmca), TpocTb, TpocTb A.rt noBJM pu6ur. Bvecre c reM, B Apy cny{aJlx o6a sru closa

Mor-,'r o6oggaqa15 pa3lrruHbre vHcvrHru4 wrvt u6yru, [peAHa3HaqeHFIbIe H ucflonb3yeMble ]rx Aep)Karen-[M]4 Anq

rrchxtfqecKoro ulu Qnsu.recKofo eo:4eficraul Ha oKp)Dxalo4nx (xesnrt, cKl4lrerpbl, uorrue6HbIe rpocru-nalo'lcl),

T.e. [peAMerbr, Koropbre no[aAaror B Karefopmo couuaJlbHo 3HaqI,IMbx cLIMBoJIoB (Ta6n. \2;1'3)'

TepMraHbr oxr[arpov , fApAon B3ar,rMo3aMeHreMbr, a olt4aretsl,ru o6ogHa'{eHl{bx rpeAMeroB MoryT 6lrr u moAu

- cMeprHbre, H npeAcraBnrelu llarrreona. A eor Ha )?oBHe o6osHa.{eHl4g coIII4aJILHo 3HaqHMbrx OLIMBOJ'IOB l4crloJ]b-

3oBaHfie1ex )Ke repMHHoB B TeKcrzx <&Inua1t't>> n <OAucceu) oKzt3blBa t crporo pa3fpaHl4qeHo. O6,raAare,rql\ala

oroirmpov, noAltepKtaBa]o, KaK 3HaKoB oco6oro rroJlo)KeHuq, Bbrcryfialor roJIbKo noAl4 cMeprHble - KaK ]KI4BbIe' TaK

rz yMeprrrr4e - B qaparBe Arzaa. O6naaareJu{Mu Ne frip8ov Lr, wIV cJlo)KHococraBHofo or Hero - lpuorippuzrq. rcar

cnequ$nuecxranru o6rercraN,ru so:AeficrBus Ha cMeprHbrx, s o6oID( rlpot43BeAeHutx 3[oca Bblcr]mafor ronbKo npeA-

sraB4TerrvllaHreoua. ZN,rerorc.s nqrxb ABa HcKJrroqe n3 3roro llpaBzna. O4uu crryuafi, KorAa Qopna orcrfnav{rrr

BeHHoe o6ogHa.{erue rpfarvav (aHu., pW. - trident, pyc.- rp*y6eq). Bropofi cnylptit, rcor4a $opna oraintp(rl nc-

1o,,rb3oBaHa ArLs o6ogHaqenut urpu6yr4 rpncyrqerc Bory (I1. VI, 159). Cttytair. oco6ltfi, u fllae 6epycl ero KoM-

MeHTr.rpoBaru. Tena 6olee qro conocraB,'IeHr.le rpex HMerorultxc-{ nepeBoAoB o6napyxrmaer pa3HoqreHI4JI, r{To' oqe-

Bg.rtHo, o6t.f,cH.qercq cJrox(Hocrr,lo caMoro HcxoAHoro reKcra IdIn K MII-To AplrI4MI4 rrp]rqaHaMlz.

' O cnNreoJrrarce o6pa:a O.uaccefl H npor43BeAeHr{r B ue,ToM - cl,r.: Apror 1997. Jlto6olltrHy}o BepcI4Io o ctlMBoJII'IKe 3Tofo npol43BeAe-

Huq BLtcra3ar auropy B.A.Eor{KapeB - reva <flyreuecrBrle u Bo3BparueHfie I43 ilorycropoHHefo Mltpa))2 ilo,rr:y.rcr cnyqaeM, Brrpaxaro cBoro rrcKpeHHtorc npr3HarenLHocrL, KoJIJIeratr M. Alexianu n B.ll Hurcouoposy 3a HeoueHl'lMhle

KoHcyJ,rsrarruh no ap."r"rp."ecKoMy r:nry. CepAe'+*rfi noxron raxxe B.A. Bourapeny, IO.IO. llnorpoBcKoMy, IO.A. BHHorpaao-

By, 3a none3Hble 3aMeqaHl,rs tt coBerbl B npouecce peaaKulrl4 pyKonl4cl4.3 I4cno,rugoeaHo v3aaHue <fouep: l4tual,a O1acceqrr. Cepal - <Erz6rrorera BceM[pHoil J:rareparypbr>r. Llsn. Xy4oxecrBeHHafl rn-reparypa. M. 1967o Homer. The Iliad. London. William Heinemann Ltd. I - l9B8; II - 1976.

'Homer. Iliada 1-3. 1999; Homer. Odiseea. l-3.2000. Ed. Teora Bucuregti.

Volumul I. Nr. 2 105

Kax 6u ro Hr4 6brno, Bo Bcex ocrzrnbHblx cnyqa.f,x y[orpe6neHl,Ie repMHHoB ol$itltpov n i6p6ov, n r'rx

rIpotl3BoAHbIX AJrf, o6o3HarreHnfl. pa3JllrqHbrx coqvaJrbHo-3HaLII,IMbIX cHMBonoB He BbI3bIBaer coMHeHlIt.

nls uaruAHocrr4 HaMr4 cocraBJreHa ra6ruqa (Ta6r. 14), rcoropar BKrloqaer Bce Bcrpeqalottluect yno-

Mv[HaHufl.r4HTepecyrcq[x Hac repMr.rHoB rr r4x npor]3BoAHbIX. Ta6lnrla paz6uraHa ABa crol6qa. B resol\d uo-

ne noMeuleHbl Bce cnyqaH }rcl1oJlb3oBa],j'v:fl yKa3aHHbIX TepMHHOB B 3Har{eHI,Ili collhanbHo 3HaqLIMbIX CI',IMBO-

JroB c r.rx pa3fpaHprqeHr,reM Ha arpu6yrlr, csoicrseHHbre cMeprHblu (lenuft cron6eq) u arpu6yrlsl xapaKTep-

Hbre rrpeAcraBr4Ter.sM flanreoua (npaatrfi cron6eq). B npaaou nole rofi xe ra6luqu floMeuleHbl Te xe rep-

MqHbr, npuBneqeHHble B TeKcrax Arq o6ogHaqenug rrpocrblx 6rtroerrx [peAMeroB c coorBercrByroul]IM rloA-

pa3AeneHr.reM Ha rrpeAMerbr, HaxoAsu\vecs. B noJIb3oBaHI,It4 cMeprHbx (leeufi cron6eu) vrlr B pyKax rlpeA-

iraszrerefi 6ox<ecrnegHoro. Bce repMzHbr u o6pasoeauHble lrMH rIoH-f,THq, Ant Bo3MoxHocrI'I eepnQuxaquu,

AaHbl B HCXOAHOfi, ITCIIOJIb3OBaUHOfi n reKcrax, $opue.

Ta6n. 13, TepttnHut o6oaHa,{atoque, coLlraflbHo 3HaqrMble cuMBonbl u

npocrbre npeAMerbt B rpeqecKoM TeKcre il nepeBogHblx Bepcuqx "O4ncceu".

(Kypcueou danat mepuuHu omcymcmeynuue I opueuHane)

oAr,rccEt IIEPEBOI flplrxa,qnexc-

H Lr cTL/

Jlep)KaTen6KHxralcrpoKa

O 6o:llurtrenre B.A. Xyxoacxoro Ge. Mumu

I1, 23 l oKrlTrtou/_oq clrr4rpoxocxsrir A6crp.'i(-)qrrc.

v,9 .oKllzxoD/-oq cIJrnrpoHocHbIfi HCT

III,4l2 oKlltttpov cIiJ{nrp oHo cHbr f.I scetr lrti Llecrop

VIII,41 oKqT[ro\]Iot cKI{nTDO[ epxaBHEIX de sceptu AnicrHoii

oKlnf,ouzol chf tIrTtt otr eD xa B I{ EI X cle sceptl BnaIIlric.- c-vjlltr

II, 37 o K1l ittp ov cKlrneTp scepELr [-naru./Tenerur trx

80 oxll'lrpov cI.HneTD toragrlvT ol oxI?rapQv xae3IIoM sceplnl llru Trjpecltl.t

569 o K'n lttp ov CKI{NETP sceprnr ['epor"t Jr.:lttxoc

IV. 64 orirto0vrov cKL{rITFOA epXaBHbIX de sceptu A6cran'| 77 cRunentp

w,686 sceptntl

v. 48 pop 6 ov x(e3n vargA ['eprrrec

49 we3noh4

87 7J)uo opp0?rr tie3rra 3, cu varea d a

louocippo.ri.q xie3jra 3. cu warga d. a

JJ I, Tpuodppo.n( ,"KelJra 3 L'u \.alga d.a

XXIV,2 od0Eov we3JI nun

x, 238 oil0Ec: xe:'Ia cu varga Ulrpqea

z>) p(rp6qr ilie3rIoM cu var€la

319 pdBDrp Xie3IIOlv{ cu jarda

389 6cr0 E ov xE3IILTM cu v,uga

xtll,429 b&liD(r, TDO CTI,TO cn varga AdnHa

XVI, I7? rSoBDrg xe3tIoM vatga

456 15a.B6<rr TllocTtI cu varga

IV,506 rPtttLVAV rpe:v6 err 1ridentril floceft4orl

v,292 r l)lt[WClV rp e:y6 uelr hidenbrl

flpocrrre 6urros gte npeAln erblvIT a<1Ltt- LJ I oqtjo(D yAa b eldie Prr(rtrx

XIII,438 o ]i1l 7.tpov nocox toIag .Arllrrt a/O All cc eli

XIV,3I oKllfitpov nocox bi! OAlrccefi

XVII, I99 o r(117rrpov natlKy b4 Cgnn./OAnccei'i

337 oxlzt6g.evog nocoxoM bat Ogrtcceir

xvIIL 10i oKllfirpov flanrc/ -torag O.qric,\I'lpoc

Volumul l. Nr 2

Karc cle4yer u3 cocraBneHHofr Ta6rurlbr, Bce BcrpeqarcIqvecq B TeKcre repMfiHbI 6Krl7r"pov, He3a-

Btrcl4Mo or $opMbr, ynorpe6neHHbre B 3HaqeHHH couhaJlbHo 3Har{IrMbIX cHMBoJIoB, flpl'IxoAsrct Ha nep-

eslfi cror6eq neBoro norq u Bcrpeqalorcs roJIbKo rIpLIMeHHTeJrbHo K cMeprHbIM. B ouuque or Hero,

TepMHH fripaoy H ero [pou3BoAHbre, B3{Tbre B ToM )Ke 3HarreHl4n, rtpuxoA.srcq rorbKo Ha npeAcraBlt-relefi llanreona H 3arroJrHr{Jrz eropoft crol6eq rofo )Ke J'IeBofo nor.s. CIoAa flonaAalor u yrIoMuHaHI4t

arpu6yra flocefrAona (tp[arvav), xorr B oAHoM cnyqae na o6o6ueHHoM ypoBHe, B BaAe I4cKJIIoqeHHt,

eror arpu6yr o6o:uaveu n Qopue oxriacrv[rrr.I4Hoe 4elo, Te xe repMlrHbr, no e o6o:narreHuu npocrbrx 6lnosrlx npeAMeroB, Koropble B pa3HbIX

vUrv B OAHHX 14 TeX )te 3Har{eHI4{X BCTper{arOTCr t{ y CMepTHbrX) v, B OAHOM CJIyqae, y npeAcTaBljTeJTfl

llanreona (Ta6r. l4).Tarc qro pa3rpaHrar{HTeJrbHoe r4c[olrb3oBaHue repMrrHoB oKliTttpov l.r pdp6ov KaK coIIHaJ]bHo 3Ha-

r{trMblx cHMBoJroB e o6osHaqeHr4r4 rrJtocKocrefi <qe;roseqecKoe-6ox(ecrBeHHoe)) [peAcraBrqerct BnoJIHe

oqeBrrAHbrM u 6eccnopuutr.t.Mexc4y reu, o6uapy)KeHHoe qerKoe pa3rpaHuqeHue B ncrroJlb3oBaHulr B t-peqecKHX TeKcrax rep-

Mr{HoB orrizrtpov, vr, ww pdp6ov, KaK Ha ypoBHe o6oguaqeuzt lpocrbtx 6rtroebtx rlpeAMeroB B or-JIHr{Ue OT COUUaIbHO 3HaqUMbIX CHMBOJIOB, TaK U Ha ypOBHe pa3lpaHHqeHur 3eMHoro - rrefloBeqecKo-

ro - or 6oxecreeHHoro, B oroBopeHHbrx Bbrure nepeBoAax 3rloca qacro HapyIUeHo uln clta:auo. Bpasuoft creneHn 3Tr4 orKJroHeHu.s or opvl.vHana Bcrpeqarorcfl v B aHr,ruficxoM nepeBoAe <Z,'luaglt>A.T. Murrey, u s pyccKr4x [epeBoAax H.14. fHeavrqa rz B.A. Xyrcoecrcoro, L{ B pyMbIHcKoM rlepeBoAe

Ge. Murnu.3ru ornloHeHur or oplrruHana o6rqcH.srorcs HecKorbKHMV npnrtwlaMv. lleprar v3 Hvtx - qacras.

noAMeHa (Ta6l. 12-13) HMeroxleroc.rr B oplzfl,rHane repMnua cxilntpov H ero rpoLI3BoAHbIx Ha rxo6stcrrHoHrrMr{qecKoeanr,ruficrcoe staff (s repeBoAeA.T.Murray-Il.I, 15,28,234,245,374;II,786, 199,

265,268;lII,2I8 u ap.); pyccKoe crcesn (y repeBoAe H.I4. fneau'ra-VI;ir.I,75,374 rarpr B.A. Xyr<oe-

cKoro - OA. XI, 91); pyMbrHcKoe toiag (y repeBoAe Ge. Murnu - Il. I, 233,279;VII,277 Lr l,p.; Od. II,80/114)' r.r Aalxe - cdrjd (n rorr,r )Ke rrepeBoAe - Il. I,28,374), rplt oAHoBpeMeHHoM qacroM coxpaHe-

HHH UCXOAHOTO, 3a?TMCTBOBaHHOTO rd3 rpeqeCKoro, rIIHpoKo I4cnoJlb3ytoulefoct B coBpeMeHHbIx t3bl-Kax: B asuuficxonr - the sceptre (y A.T. Murray - Il. I, 279; II,46,86, l0l,206Ij MHorI'Ie apyrae),pyMbrHcKoM sceptru (y G.. Murnu - Il. I, 245-246; II, 46,86, 101 , 199 u Ap.; Od. II, 37159,III,4121552;VIII,4ll5l,41166 HAp.)HpyccKoM cKunemp (yH.lLfneAu.{a-I4tt.I,28,234,245;Y\159,VII,2'7'7,412 u nuorne Ap. AnH y B.A. Xyxorcrcoro - OA. II, 80, 23I; III, 4I2; IY, 63 u tp.). flpuueu,Aa)Ke B cJryqarx, KorAa peqb HAer o6 oAuou r4 ToM )Ke KoHKperHov o6rercre, cKa)KeM, oxrinrpov xpeqaXpnca B oAHoM cnyqae y fHegzva oH rrepeAaH qepe3 HcxoAHyro rpeqecKylo Qopty- ((cKHtIrp)> (Zn. I,28), a B AByx ApyrHX cryqa.sx, ror xe cxrintpov o6osHaqeH repMLIHoM (xe3JI)) (I4tt. l, 15,374).I4ttu,cKaxeM, rrpr,rMeHr4reJrbHo K cKrrnerpy Araueuuosa. B oAsor,t cnyqae y Murray cro staff (Il. II, 186,

199, 265, 268), a, B ApyroM - sceptre (Il. II, 46, l0l, 206 u l.p.). Vtu y Murnu orHocl{rerlbHo cKHrIer-

pa, AaHHofo Telenaxy fnarxaraeM: B oAHoM cnyrrae coxpaHeHa HcxoAHaf, fpeqecKa.f, $oplaa (Od. II,37159), a, B ApyfoM - rrpr{MeHrerc.r Sopura toiag (Od. II, 80/1 14). V noAo6uue cnyqav oAHoBpeMeHHo-

ro r{crroJrb3oBaHu.f, pa3Hbrx repM}rHoB npHMeHUTeJrbHo K oAHoMy Lt roMy )Ke KoHKperHoMy o6rerryBcrperralorcr u B nepeBole A.T. Murray, I't B rlepeBoAe Ge. Murnu (Ta6n. 12-13).

Curyagnn, oAHaKo, ycnoxHrercr eule H reM, qro B pyccnofi a pyMblHcKoft repcurx repMIrHbI

J{esr pr toiag tpuyler{eHbr He ronbKo Antr 3aMeuleHur LlMelotqerocs B opllr}rHane repMfiHa cx{ztpov,Ho 3ar{acryro r,r Anr [epeBoAa repMlrHa pripbov u ero cJro)KHococraBHofi rfopnru yptc6ppunrq (1poo6 -flpr.rcraBKa-3rr]rrer, o3Harraro[1r4fi <<sonoroft, soloraa>). Ho sror repMrrH, B cBolo oqepeAb, KaK yxe or-Meqarocb Bbr[re, Moxer o3Haqarb H rrpocrbre 6rrroerre rrpeAMerbl (rpocrr, nalna), v rrHcvrHkrvr BJIacrI,I

t4rru orlvsvr (e currcle - xe3Jr, r4nr{ pyM. - toiag, aHrr. - wand). B rerccre 3rloca repM}rH pdp6ro

JtHtrrb eAr4Ho)KAbr BcTpeqaeTcr B 3HaqeHur4 npocToro yTVnvTapHoIo flpeAMeTa - TpocTt' An{ noBnH pbl-

6u, a4exnarHo orpoxeHHofi r,r B rrepeBoAe B.A. XyrcoBcKoro -yra -yAor{Ka (Od. XII,257),u B rlepe-soAe Ge. Murnu - bildie (Od. XII, 2511252). Bo ecex )r(e ocrarrbHblx cnyqa.sx repMI4HbI pdp6ov unu

26puo6ppanlq npuxoAqra.s Ha upeAMerbl, o6laAarorqne Marnr{ecKuNau ceoficrBaMl4 sogAefrcraux Ha

cMeprHbrx Anv vx Ayrrru. A o6laAarerrAMV 3Tktx rrpeAMeroB Bbrcryrraror roJrbKo npe.qcraBlaTeIrv 6oxte-

crBeHHoro - fepruec, AQnna rz ap. B nepeBoAe H.11. fnelur{a repMLIH pdBbov nepeAaH cJIoBoM -

I B oepcr.rQlrqlrpoBaHHoM rrepeBoAe <OAucceu> Ge. Murnu rryMepauur crpoK rpeqecKofo reKcra I{ nepeBoAHoro Bapl,l-

aHTa Hapyueust. 3Aecr rr Aaree qrrcJrrrreJlb - HoMep crpoKrr no ncxoAHoMy reKcry, 3HaMeHareJIb - HoMep crpoKl4 no

nepeBoAHoMy BapilalrTy.

l/olumul I Nr 2

OoxecraeuHoM - Ha He6ecax, B BoAHoM rrpocrpaHcrBe OKeaHa vrrr B rroA3eMHoM uapcrBe Anga, n na3eM,.re - B MIZpCKOfi Xn:nu.

Hecuorp.r Ha vuoroo6pa3ne Qopr, B corIIraJIbHoM rrJraHe uau6o;ree 3HaqHMbIMI{ Bblcryrra}or ABeKareroplll4 cIrMBoJIoB. OaHy r,r3 Hr4x rrpeAcraBnqror cKr4rrerpu (rp. oxriatpov), Koropbre, 3a eAr,rHHq-

HbIMlz I4cKJIIor{eHaqMu, o qeut 6rt:ro cKa3aHo BbIIIIe, csoficreeuubl JIITIITb cMeprHbIM, KaK B 3eMHoft, tarI4 B rlocMeprHofi xugur.r. Bropyro Kareropt4lo npeAcraBnrror )Ke3Jrbr, cBoficTBeHHbre rrpeAcraBr4reJrflMflaHreoua z o6o:naqaevrre o6rrqHo repMuHou pdp8oy u efo [poasBoAHbrMrl. B ery )Ke KareropnrcnolaAaer raKll(e arpu6yr lloceftAoHa, unrercu1ufi cBoe crrequaJrbHoe Ha3BaHrze rpiarvav.

B o6uefi c,rIo)KHocrLI aHTepecyrcurrre Hac )Ke3n6r 14 cKnfierpr,l H upor{3BoAHbre or Hr4x repMuHblflp.flMo I]n]I o[ocpeAoBaHHo - e o6oux npon3BeAeHn.flx snoca Bcrpeqarorcr B oKoJ]o 60-ru cly.rarx: 35rI3 HIrx npuxoA-srcr ua <<I4nuagy> (Ta6n. l2), ocralsHble Ha <OAnccerc>> (Ta6,r. 13). (u$prr 3rr4 r1o

orHoIIIeHHIo x o6reuy [poH3BeAeHHfi secsN,{a He3HaqureJrbHbr vt, K ToMy )xe, AocraroqHo orHocHTerb-Hrt. ,{e,lo B ToM, qro, KaK yBlaAuM Aaree) Bce yrroMr,IHatufl n<e3roB I4 cKl.trrerpoe $axrnvecKu npr4xo-AflTcs. sa 15-20 KoHKperHbIx o6rexroe. Ho rrucJro o6laAare;reft noAo6usrx peralufi 3HaqnreJrbHo6orrtlre r.r 3ar{acryro refKo onpeAenqercr rro KoHTeKcry rrpor,r3eeAeHuil.

flpncrynar K aHanu3y LlHTepecyrcrunx Hac )Ke3noB u cKlrrrerpoB, rrepBoe, vro o6paulaer na ce6gBHHMaHI,Ie, 3TO pa3nuqHa.g qaCTOTa BcTpeqaeMocTrr 3Tr{x TepMnHoB H ux npoH3BoAHbIx KaK IIo Ka)KAo-My n3 [pov3BeAeHnit, rarc fi orHocuTenbHo Apyf Apyfa.

Tar, a <<lrltuar,e>> ceoficreeHubre cMeprHbrM cKllrrerpbr 14 rrporr3BoAHbre or Hrrx noaflTns yrroMaHa-Iorct B 30 clyva.rx, a xe3Jrbr flpeAcraBrzrelefi 6oxecrBeHHofo, He3aBacuMo or ux o6oguaqesas, yno-MVHaIorcs Bcero B lrflTla cny*aax (Ta6n. l2). B <OAaccee> xe csoficrBeHHbre cMeprHbrM cKnnerpblyrloMl4HarcTcq a 10 cJlyqatx, a )I(e3JIbr, B pa3nr{qHbrx o6osHa.{eHnrx, r 14 clyuarx.

EAzucrseHHslNa o6t.qcHeHueM TpexKparHoro npeo6,raAaH:as, ynoMqHyrr,tx s <<VIJrvaAe) cKr4nerpoBH rIpoH3BoAHbIX or Ht'tx rloHtrufi nporza <OAncceu> Mo)Ker 6urr o4Ho - cneqrz$rzKa crox(eroB co-l]ocraBJ'L{eMbIX [polI3Bepenwh: BoeHHoe cocroflHI4e o6rqecrea, KaKoBbrM oHo Bblcrylraer e TpoxHcKoMullK,'Ie, IIp14 KOTOpOM, r]TO BfIOJIHe JIOl-ur{Ho, COUI4anbHa.q CIZMBOJIITKa I{MeeT 6Olee pa3BeTBneHHyrOcerb Ii, coorBercrBeHHo, paccMarpaBaeMaq repMr,rHorotnq Bc-rpeqaercr qau1e. <OAucceg>> rt<e xapaK-Tepv3yer rcax 6st o6stuHyto, xors. A BecbMa HacbruleHHyro rrptrKnroqeH],1^s,MA, Ho - MrzpHyro )KH3Hb, fAect4MBonaKa 3Ta raK)I(e 3HaqvMa, Ho HN{eer 6olee orpaHfiqeHHyro crpyKTypy v, co6crseuHo, ynoMuHa-eTcs pexe.

3ror xe BbIBoA HatrparrrtaBaercs, v pI3 coorHorrreHvrs qacrorbl BcrpeqaeMocrtr repMI{HoB, o6osFra-qalolqflx pa3HoypoBHeBble finocKocr]I 6rtrw, To ecrb czMBonaKy 6oxecreeuHofo t4 cr,rMBonaKycMepTHbrx.

3alrerHoe npeo6,ra4aulre cuMBoJrrrrcn 6oron - )Ke3JtoB - n <oAuccee)) fro oTHoIIIeHIIIo K npucyrl,HM6orant cKnnerpaM 14 x(e3JIaM - s <<Unvare> (npa roM, q19 o6renl 3Tr.{x rrporr3rereuui't naxo4urcr n o6-paruofi rpo[opul4lr - <<Lltuaaa> 15.693 crpoK, a <<O1uccegl> l2.ll 0)l ruoxHo orHecrr4 3a cqer :xa:ripa<<OAucceu>, rAe rJIaBHrrfi repoft [ocro.{HHo nonaAaer B pa3Horo poAa nppeaJ]l,Hbre fina [ceBAopeanb-HbIe cI.ITyaIII4ll, KoTopbIe MoxHo o6rqcHzrr ,rrHUIb BMerrareJlbcTBoM ne6oxurelefi.

Ho uecrurparHoe npeo6na4aulre repMr4HoB (cKranerp) HaA TepM14HaMrr, o6o:uavarcuvMu xe3Jrbr6oron, e <<LItuage>) foBopHT caMo 3a ce6.s. 3ro fipeporaraBa cMeprHbrx - cMeprHbrx, HaxoArrrtrrxcfl B

cocro-sHLIr.l aoiHrl . Boeearu n [oJ]b3oBaJrHcb cHMBonaM]H [rro!'vt, a He 6oru. flocleAHue xorq a BMerr]tt-BaJIHcb B Aena ,rrogeil, ofiepfipyt cBoLiMIt ]Ke3JIaMu, Aenanz. oHa 3To rrvtr.b noroMy, qro caMll r(eBororctrtae Halerwnw ux ce6e no4o6uuna KauecrBaMa u arpu6yrauu. BclouHkrM Bo3MyuleHr,rq [ogroMy rroBoAy caMofo 3esca Oluunzfiqa:

<Crpauno, KaK cMeprHbre JrroAl.r 3a Bce Hac, 60108, o6er,rH.sror!3.tro or Hac, yrBep)KAalor oHH; Ho He caMr.{ Jrrz qacrofu6err, cyar6e BorrpeKr,t, sa ce6s BoBneKaror 6esyucrrou?, (Oa. I,32-34).BaxHo o6parurr BHVMaHHe, qro BbrBoA o 66nrnei 3HaqlrMocrrz sHaxoeofi cuMBoJrlrKH o6urecr-

BaM, HaxoA.f,uleMct B BoeHHoM cocroqHnu, [oATBep)KAaercfl v AaHHbtMr4 Berxoro 3aneta, B KoropoMTaKhe 3HaKOBL'Ie cI'IMBOJ'IEI, KaK 3HaMeHa, )Ke3JIbI LIILI AK[ileTpbl, qat[e BCefO yIIOMUHaIOTCfl B TeX TeK-crax, B KoropLIX o6rtqso HAer perrb o6 oprauu:aqr.rn BoeHHr,rx noApa3Aenenui't (I4cxog), o Ha3HaqeHrlL.lBoeHHLrx [peABoAI,ITenefi (r{ucna), ycrauor,leHvru t4lt4 yrepe BoeHHoro rrpeBocxoAcrya (llcaux).

' flo H.A.@nopeHcoBy (1991: 55) coorBercrBeHno 15.790 u 12.096.

Volumul l. Nr. 2

cMepTHbIX'3eacy,co|JIacHofouepy,AocTaToqHoABu}KeHV'..'*acecurrnoil pyKr.r) ( . IX, 687;XIII, 243).Kyaayx raM roy1apaxe3rroM.

Prc. 53. flpe4craeurenlt Onruna co cBor4Mr4 xe3naMh: 1 - 3eec; 2 - llocera4oH;3 - l-epuec. <Dparveurut raeo6paxeHrari Ha rpeqecKrlx cocyAax Vl-lV ee. Ao H. o.

- (The Metropolitan Museum of Art Buletin. 1994).

A sor BTopoe nlrqo 6par 3esca lloceftAou - cBorrM )Ke3noM-rpe3y6ueM Mo)r(er HaABoe pacKonorr, Mo-ry'ryrc cKulny (Oa. IV, 506 n cle4.), rusnarr 6ypro (Oa. V, 291 z cle4.) unn (togpa3yMeBaerc.s) corp.rcrzcaMy 3eMnlo (Oa. V, 365). I4u )Ke, KaK [3BecrHo, 6rrlu paspy[reHbr z aaM:.z creHbr Tpou, Koropbre flpexAe oHxe H crpoltn (Un. XII, 15 n cne4.). Bltecre c reM, cBor4M )Ke3JroM os cnoco6eH rBopr4rb ra 4o6poe, BceJrrtcBe)Kae cI{JIbI B yroMneHHblx A.srcos ( . XIII,59 a c,re4.). Ilo6onsnes pkrryut eos4eficren-fl xesrol\4. BofHeBe, pacKanblBa.s cKiuly, flocefilou yAap.{er rpesy6qena o cKarry (OA. IV, 506), a, noAAep)KHBzur cMeprHbrxr-epoeB, oH nr4rrrb rrplrKacaercr K H]iM ]r(e3JroM (Zn. XIII, 59-60).

ZHoe 4elo KynbrypHble $ynrquu )Ke3JIoB ocrzurbHbrx npeAcraBuTelefi llaureosa. OHa raK)r(e o6la4arorlraruqecrcofi cniloit, Ho cHJIa zx, oAHaKo, He pacfipocrpatfl,ercfl Ha crHXLtA npupoAbr, a ro,,rbKo Ha cMeprHbtx:xr{Bbrx H yMeprxHx. A fnaeusre l{x cgoficrea [epeBonnourarr, lpo6pa:oBblBarb.

tr4Hrepec lpeAcraBnter )I(e3n fepveca, rBzDKAbr yroMqH]Tbrfi z <<kltuage)) a r.srb pa3 - B <O4uccee>. llocBuAerenbcrey forvrepa, rJraBHbre ceoficrsa efo xe3Jra:

(...y cMepTHbrx, no eole sceclrlrHofi,Cnona custrcaer oH oqu r{rrfi orBep3aery cnqlIlux) ( . XXIV, 343-344; OA. V, 47-48;XX|V,2-4).E,rarogapr 3ToMy caoficrey, feprr.recy yAaercq He3aMerHo rrpoBecrr.t craporo flpuarvaB narepb Axulle-

ca !.ns. BblKyna rela fexropa. B saKnloquremnoft r,rase (OArzcceu)) c rroMotubro roro )r(e xe3Jra 3nlrnft -I-epvrec ornpaBn.ser Ayrun y6rzrlrx OAncceev )r(eHaxoB s AuA:

<I4v oH MaxrryJr, 11, croJrnrcb, rroJrereru sa Oplruev reHaC nn:rolr, KaK Mbrrrl4 reryqne, B HeApe rny6ororl [eulepbr...Tarc, 3anu3xraB, loJlereJrz :a 3pvueM TeHa...D (Or. IV, 5-9).Maruqecxnua, lpeo6pa3ylourlzMr,r ceoficrsaN.ru HaA cMeprHrruz o6,ragaer )Ke3n-Tpocrr A$unbr, Kaca-

HueM HJrl4 yAapoM Koroporo oHa nepeBonJloulaer O4uccer, o6laropaxuBar ero eHeurHrafi eu4 (Oa. XVI, 173z cte!.), vru )Ke rlpeBpalqat ero B (xaJroro craprro (Ol. XIII, 430-434; XVI, 456-457). CxoasstMu Kaqecr-naua o6ragaer v )Ke3Jr-Tpocrb uapo4efircz I{upuen, [pzKoaHoBe:u:aer wrv yAapoM Koropol-o oua cloco6na

3

Volumul l, Nr. 2

MOXHO yTBepXIaTb, qTO B Cnyqae HaAeneHHocTI4 STI,X repoeB CKr4neTpaMr.r HaBepull4.fl rrocJreAHr,rx AonxHbr6rum 6tt I,I3o6paxarb ug ce6g, Heqro oco6eHHoe, cBoficrBeHHbre K oMy Lr3 ornx repoeB KarrecrBa: Quzuue-cKHe, rrpoQeccktoHzrJrbHbre r,rJrr{ rcuxuqecKue. 3ro Mouro 6sr 6lnl nrc6oe [pocroe I4nH cJloxHoe aHTpoIIo-

r4nr4 3ooMopQnoe n:o6paKeHue utu tro6oir zHofi cnequSlrvecrzfi rpeAMer, roropuil, B coqeraHl{u c Apy-rnMU BTopocrerreHHbrMu (o6reuHuMr{, qBeroBbrtrlu) eleneuraMlr, B IIenoM c MaKcHMaJIrnofi uoluorofi or-poxan 6st uuguyugyanbHbre oco6eusocrz cKr4nerpoHocr.rrer.fl. A uarepuaraMlr An{ r4x orrpeAMeqr,rBaHlr-f, on-peAeneHHo 6yuttt 6>t peAKrze [onyAparoueHHbre [opoAbr KaMHq, MerarrJrbr Anlr AepeBo, yKpaueHHbre npe-crlt)I(HbIMI4 6pocruuu a[rIJI[KaIIrtMtt, BcraBKaMr4 c peAK]IM]r KpacnrerqMu.

Bropoft MoMeHr o6ulero rropf,AKa - 3ro Borrpoc o cneqz$raKe KyJrbrypHofi $yHxqzz cKr,rrrerpoB.

Paccllarpunat Bblrrre xe3Jrbr 6olon, Mbr rrpurrrnu K BbrBoAy, qro rJraBHuur ux Qynxqu.r - aro Marr.rqecKoe

nos4eftcrnue Ha cr4Jrbr nplrpoAbr r,r Ha caMr4x cMeprHbrx. Ilustnru [peAcro.sr t43 grroca Qyuxqrzu cxlruerpoa. OuuHoc.sr B ce6e cyry6o o6rqecrneurryro - qeroBeqecKyro Harpy3rcy. Xorr HaJwtrrvrc cKnrrerpa, qro BrroJrHe ecrecr-BeHHo, 6ylur y ero o6nagareJrr qyBcrBa caMoBJrro6reHuocrz A caMoBo3BbrureHr.ur (eunagu Axrura nporlzBArauelrnona). 3ru clrMBoJrbr paccquraHbr Ha oKp aroulr4x, Ha yrracrHrzKoB pLrryana - qJreHoB coBera, )Aacr-HI4KoB co6panua 14 Bcex oKpy)Karoqrx B rroBceAHeBnofi xugurz (aax<e npri norpy3Ke r<opa6rx - plrc. 54). LIna-MH cnoBaMH, cKlIIIerp - oAl4H r,r3 ueHTpanbHbIX, 3plIMbIx o6rercros pl4Tyara BJ.racrH. Kcraru roBopt, Iz3 3ToronoJro)KeHr,rq Ha[paurl{Baerca npocrofi rorh.{ecxufi BblBoA, a aMeHHo, rrro Bc.f, 3Ta cucreMa gHarcogofi cr,rMBoJrrl-

KH a3Har{uulbHo 6rna BBeAeHa uMeHHo rrpeAcraBuTeJr.rrMr, $opnaup rqefics BJracrLt 6egorsoczreJlbHo or $oprllI4nlr coep [po.flBneHr4r raKosofi: rpaxAaHcKoit - a\r:,tuttucTparrrBHofi, BoeHHofi vnv penvr]ro3Hofi.

flortrsyrcr o[peAeneHH.{r\av B. Tepnep (1983, 33 z cneg.), Mo)KHo cKa3arb, r{ro, ecJrr{ cKrrnerpbr Bblcry-IIaIOT B KaqeCTBe plrryZrJlbHofo CLIMBOJIa, TO pr4ryUurbH€Ur TeMa B HarIIeM Cnyqae - CaMa BJraCTb B pa3nUr{HbIX

ypoBH{x coqzamnofi }Ku3Hn. A ecln [p]r 3ToM BJracrb eure ]r 3aKoHHaq, To Karefopun cKnrrerp - 3aKoH -Br'Iacrb Bblcry[aror KaK oAHonop.rIAKoBbIe, oAHo3Har{HbIe IIoH.TIT}tt. CoorsercrseHHo, cK}Iflerpbl He rrro HHoe,

KaK cLIMBonu, z4eHrnQuuupyrculr4e 3aKoHoAep)Katetfl) cuMBoJr 3aKoHHo BnaAeroruero BJracrbro e npracyuefto6ulecrny coqualruofi nepapxzrvt u, go6aeznr, B KoHKperHbrx ycnoBrrflx ee peanv3a\wt. OAuzx, cKzDKeM, B

ycnoBfi.sx vnpHofi xu3HH, h, [peAIIoJIo)K]ITeJIbHo, coBeplxeHHo HHbIX - B ycJIoBI4tx BoeHHofo BpeMeHI4.

Pnc. 54. l-lapu Aprecranai co cKunerpoM, Ha6nrc4anu1ui sa norpysrori xopa6nn.l,4so6paxenrae Ha naKoHcKori .{aue ( no M.lz1. Maxctaruoeorz ra T.B. Snaearcrori).

V.4. Crunerpbt B ycfloBrf,x Mt4pHot4 xl43H14

Paccuorpau AaHHbIe o cKrlllerpax u cKr4rrerpoAep)Karenqx [prlMeHraTeJrbHo K ycnoBu.ru uupuofi >KH3HLI.

, orI,I AaHHbIe BecbMa Qparnrenrapnu. flpaueu [peAcraBneHbr oHH xax 6u B AByx BpeMeHHbrxKax: Ha MoMeHT lroBecrBoBaHvfl r4Jtv )r(e, KaK rrpeArxecrByrorque orrlrcbrBaeMrru co6rtrurlr. flepnue us

il3

KaK v cneAosaro 6rr o)KI4Aarb, nprrxoA.srct Ha <<O4zccero)), BTopbre llpvcyrcrByror KaK B (OAuccee)),

Volumull.Nr.2 tts

Vcep4no rpyrsrcs cKt4rlerpoHocHbre r{JreHbr ropoAcKr,rx coBeroB-craprleB. B oAHoM cnyqae oHH pac-cMarpuBaror rrx6u AByx cnopttyux (LIt. XV[I, 500 t'r cneg.). Crapqu l4rarcu o6cyxgaror, rro HacrornttoTelevaxa, 6ecnoprgrca, TBopHMr,re xeHHXaMu lleHelonsl B AoMe orcyrcrByroulero OAraccer (O4. II, 9 ucneg.). Ho qro lro6ourrrno, v34a orcyrcrBr,r.rr fJraBHoro cKr.InerpoHocqa - Uapf,

(...H4 coBeT He cxoAHjlacb HH pa3y c Tex [op, KaK oTcfoAaI{apr O4ucc eil. . . y aastulct>>

- nplr3Haercfl oAnH I{3 ueHoB coBera (Oa. II, 25 n ctea.). A orcyrcrrosar OAncceft, KaK r43BecrHo, rre-,rrx 20:rer.

OAuaro aAeKBarHoe coorBercrBrre noHgrufi cnrfnerp - 3aKoH - BJracrb sau6otee rroJrHo orpiDKeHo,IIpI4rIeM, ABDI(ArI - B oAHoM cnyqae B ycrax Menropa (Aorepennoe Jrrzqo OArzcceq n I4raxe) Ha coBere crap-qer (Oa. II,230 u cle4.), a Bo BTopoM - B ycrax cauoil ASrzHlr, rroKpoBr.rrenbHlrrrbr O1ucces, e ee o6paqe-uun x 3ercy:

<Kporrcun, 6larnu u rrpvBernr{ernr 6url y)K Terrepb uu e1unu.irI{apr crcunrpouocHufi He AoJr)KeH, Ho, rrpaBAy rr3 cepArla H3rHaBurH,Kax<Aufi rrycxafi npnrecHrer lro4eft, 6eg:arcoHcrsyr cMeno) (Oa. V, 8-10).Zs npnregeHHoro $parl,renra orqerJrlrBo rrpocrynaer MbrcJrb, rrro orcyrcrBlre cKurrerpoHocrra-qap.s -

3To orcyrcrsHe caN4ofi rlpaBAbr, T.e. 3aKoHa, a 3To paBHocHJIbHo xaocy - 6essaKoHuro.Tarcoert ocHoBHbIe, BecbMa QparnrenrapHbre, Ho AocrarorrHo Bbrpa3r4TenbHbre AaHHbre o coqxarrbHofr

Qynrcqun cKHnerpoB B ycJloBlztx vrHpuoil )Kri3Hrr. 3Haqarelrso o6beMHee rrpeAcralor cKr,rrrerpbr KaK cHMBo-JIbI BracTLI B ycnoBHtx BOeHHLIX co6uraft Tporucrcofi orlorleH, rAe oHH o6uapyxunaror 6olee nacHuleuurrfiu pasuoo6paguttfi xonreKcr, rrro caMo [o ce6e npe4nonalaer 6oluuyro ax 3Har{uMocrb.

V.5. Crunerpbt B ycnoBilFx Tpogncrota eot4l-tsr

Bofisa ecrr sofiHa. Tev 6o:ree soilHa (Me)KAyHapoAHa.rr) c yqacrneM c rcaxgoft cropoHbr AecrrKoB ro-poAoB-focyAapcrB, MHo)KecrBa (nJreMeH r,r KoJreH)), coreH - 6onee rbrcrqu (1186) ropa6lefi ra n o6u1eficJIo)I(HocrH oKono 100 rsrcqq cpalKarox{Hxcr (Knefiu 2000, 2l). Couacso fepo4ory (VII, 20), ,rarur Kcep-Kcy yAalocb crtycr.fl croreru.fl co6pars 6oluruee soficKo Anf, iloKopeuux llepe4uefi Azuu.

OpraHn:aqul, o6ecleveHlae v y[paBneHr.re croJrb MHoroquclennoft aprr,ra4oil lpeAnonaraer r]erKy]ocrpyKrypy BJlacrH I,I [o foptr3oHTiuur, u rro BepruKasru..VI gra crpyKTypa, HecMorpc Ha Kan<yIr1yrccq Ha [ep-artfi n:u.r4 avropQHoct (c,ry.rafi Axnn,ra, roropsrfi us-sa rcouQlvrKTa c AraneptrouoM AoJrro Bo3Aep)Kr{Burn-ct or yqacrkrr B cpzuKeHurx), nnolne or{eBLrAHa.

Kax4stfi, KTo xort 6rr pa^: npor{HTzur foMepoBcKr,rfi gnoc, yBepeH, [oMHr4T, qro Bce rrpeAcraBr4Tenrzaxeficrofi KoaJII4IIHH $opnranruo H ge$axro 4eficrnoealH rroA o6uluvr [peABoAr4reJrbcrBoM Aranreuuosa -rJIaBHoKoMaHAyIoqefo o6r,e4nHeuubrx cHJr. Co cropouu rpoqHqeB HocHTeJrrMl, :rux $yHrqufi s;;rcrynaetlexrop, cuH llpnalr a - \aps. LIluoua.

C,re4yroulunal4 ro HllcxoAsulefi vAyT \apa, BoxAI,l - rpeABoAt4retu 29 ryyllfi ropa6nefi. HaAo nonN-Marb, rtro oHu rapre paruKl4poBaHbr MexAy co6ofi, BeAb r{r,rcJto rIpHBeAeHHblx r{Mn r<opa6nefi BapblrpoBnno or90 - Hecrop, 80 [uorr,re4 ntul4gorvreuefi, go 12 - Oluccefi, I I - 3sN{er, vJrv raxe r.r roro MeHbrr]e.

Hrz:uryrc cryleHb B 3ToM pflAy KaK 6y4ro 6rr sauHN{anr4 BoeBoAbr. Ouu nrrcrynaror KaK [peABoAr{Tenr4orlenbHblx fpyrtrt rcopa6lefi, corloAr{r{HeHurre o6ulenry [peABoAr,rreJrro. llpunaep roMy, Kopa6nu uuprr.rugo-nrH (50, no 50 rpe6qoe-noaHoe). Oura npn6rrnr4 rroA o6rqprru npeABoAr4reJrbcrBoM Axulleca, Ho HaxoAlrJrucbnoA [pqMbIM pyKoBoAcrBoM qerbrpex pinnr4qHbrx, cnerrr4zrJrbHo rrocraBneHHsx AxnlloM, BoeBoA (I,In. XVI,168 n c,rea.). Cne4yer IloJlafarb, rlro BoeBoAbr raKxe 6ruu pasHux paHfoB. LI6o, ecrtu B nocneAHeM cnyqaeHa KiDKAoro BoeBoAy npnxoALrnocb rro rr.f,T[, rcopa6nefr u coorBercrBeHHo no 250 BoHHoB, To, cJreAyr cnzcKyrcopa6lefi, Ha KOI(Aoro Hs eoeeoA-6eornfrqen nprrxoAunocb B cpeAHeM no 10-12 xopa6nefi c Jrr4qHbrM cocra-sola 6oree 1200 eonHoz (Vn.II,494 w crreg).

lloruulro paHxllpoBaHHoro no Beprr,rKruru <oQnquarbHofo)) Kop[yca BJracrr,r, Ha rrepvoA soeHHofi rcaN{-

raHuld Aeficraosan cBoefo poAa (BoeHurrfi coeer)), co3blBaBlruittcs, to uepe neo6xoAl{Mocrkt rJIaBHoKoMaH-Ayloull4M -ArauentuoHoM LtnH IIo IrHrrrIHarr,IBe qJreHoB coBera. t{lenaurl coBera flBrrflrorcfl ryqilrr4e rr3 nyq-IIIl4x: Ilapn, BoxI[, repolt v npr41nwKeHHbre rJIaBHoKoMaHAyroUefo. Baxso o6parzrr BHLMaHHe, qro r]JIeH-

crBo B coBere orlpeAeJltnocb He qncJroM rrpr{BeAeHHblx trMr4 rcopa6neft (cxaxenr, A.srcc Terar,toHr.rA rrpr.rBeJl

scero 15 xopa6,refi, a Oguccefi eqe MeHbrxe - l2), cKoJrbKo ero aBTopr.rreroM, oco6brMr4 ruqHblMn Kaqecr-BaMV BolKAe - npeABoAllrenr., z, KaK yBt4AUM Aaree, He B rrocneAHroro oqepe ar - 6luzocrbro K flepcoHe fnaB-HOKOMaHAyTOU{efO.

Volumul I. Nr. 2

aAMIrHItcrpaTaBHofi - fpDI(AaHcKofi Bnacr[, fAe KaxAbtitt cav no ce6e vr He3aBvrcLrM or ocrilrrbHtx. lpyroeAeJ'Io, BoeHHat KaMnaHus- o!.Ha, o6qar, Ha neplroA noropofi cKr4nerpoHocrlbl BTIOJIHe MoTJIH 6rt 6rrrr cna6-xeHbt cxoAHbIMI4 no z:o6paxeHuro cK{4nerpaMr4, rr}icrb AzDKe c KaKVMt4-To oco6bIMI4, BTopocTerIeHHbIMn,aHAHBhAyanE,HbrMH qepTaMI4.

Ceoeo6paaHbIMI,I, AonlKuo 6rnr, BbrrJuAerr4 r{ cKr,{nerpbl BeerHLIKoB, Koropbre, B oAHoM cnyqae, nAgH-rr'r(pr'rqrapoeanuLT2es KaK npeAcraBtTeJrn rporHcKoro, aTat|m6nr - KaK.rp"4ituurtort axelzcKoro craHoBprJrll vx ((IJTaBHOKOMaHAyIOqITX).

ArqeHrupyt BHI4MaHue Ha 3TI't o6croqrerrcrBa, Mbr AoDKHbr rroMHHTb, qro B roMepoBcKyro 3noxy o[o-3HaBareJIbHar, ngeuruSilLll4pytoqat 3HaKoBat cr.rMBo;ruKa 6ula upe:nrrqafiuo pa3Br4Ta. Bcnovnnlr, * npr-Mepy' pa3nurIHTeJlbHoe oQoprrllenze HocoBbIX qacrefi r,rJrz oKpacKy puuHbrx rpyn[ rcopa6left, npu6rreuzx nArna4y B orlHcaHnla Eepunrz4a (V$ureuut e Aelu4e, 235 a c,re4.). Bcnounrlrur rlgeHraQvqqpyrotqfle r,r3o-6paxSeHu.r Ha Il(HTax eoxrefi A Irpv3HaHve crapuKa Anrnrone B ApyroM rrpora3BeAeHulr rofo )Ke aBTopa:

<<A suxy Ha uJ[Tax aso6paxeur.rBsr,r.ruye Ha HHX, .s y3Haro soxAefi) (@nHraxururcn, l4l ra cne4.).Clegyroulue ABa acneKTa, Koropbre noAJIe)Kar paccMorpeHzo, - 3To Bonpoc o nuqax unv opraHax, Ha-

Aenq toqr4x cKr4 nerpaMr r{ rr o;r H oMo rr vI flMLr cKvfirerpogepxarel e fi .

Cne4eHn.r fonaepa o JIItLIax, HaTervIBuur4x AraveuuoHa cKrrrrerpoM, rrporrrBopeqr4Bbr, a KacareJrbHo cKr,r-rrerpoB ocruulbHblx eo)KAefi - qneHoB (BoeHHOfO COBera) BOBCe OTCyTCTByIOT.

O nponcxoN4eHrll'I cKl,Inerpa AraueuuoHa fovrep Aaer rpu BepcLrr4. Anrop qerbrpe)KAbr yKil3brBaer, qrocKHrlerp Aralteuuony Aan, (AapoBan), yAocrotut Lrecrv caNa 3esc (I4r. II,2A5-206),nlz Kpourzou Olnunn-eq (I4r. IX,37-38;98-99), qro oAHo LI ro )Ke. B AB),x rxe ApyfHX cnyqaflxfoBopurc.s o6 <orqoecKoM, BoBeKprue ru6HyureM cKurlerpe, (kI:r.II,46, 186). Ho HMeerc.a eqe rperb.s Bepcvs, Koropyro Mbr rrpr,rBoAuM rroJrHo-crsro. ByAyvH a3roroBJreH feQecrou,

<Crculrp ceft fe$ecr AapoBan MoJlHeHocHovry 3ercy Kpoungy;3enc nepe4a-n Bo3BecrzreJruo fepruecy, aproy6rzfi r1e;

fepnrec Bpyqrn yKporrzrenrc ronefi lleloncy reporc;KouHrlx llelonc [epeAaJr BnacreJrr{Hy HapoAoB Arpero;C eit, y tv.up at, cr a1aMn 6orarouy npeAa.n Ouecry,14 Quecr, HaKoHerr, Arauenruony B poAbr ocraBlrJ'r,C e,lacrrrc HaA rsnaoff ocrpoBoB n Ha4 AprocoM, rlapcrBoM rrpocrpaHHrru> (Zl. II, 102-108).Ha Ta6t. 15 lpe4craBJleHa poAocnoBHas. pola Aravenruona 14 (poAocroBHas) el-o cKrrrrerpa, h3

rcoropoil BIIOJIH€ oqeBI.lAHo, r{To [epeAar{a cKutterpa, cne1yfl npzurrofi feHeaJlort4l,r, llJla He no npt-n'tofi pogcrneusoil lrvHr4u, a nz6wpare.JrbHo: or 3eeca - cbrHy fepvecy; or lepueca - cbrHy 6para TaH-raJra' rrjleM.sHHHKy - lleloncy; or llelonca * cbrHy Arpero. llocle4ulrfi nepeAan cKurerp ceoeuy 6pa-ry - @uecry, a 3ror -- ueMtHHrzrcy (cuuy Arpea) - Araveuuouy. ,{anee poAocnoBHar o6p"reaerc",n6o, rcarc u3BecrHo, Sfnct, csrg (Duecray6ust Aranreunona, He3aKoHHo rrpacBolrB ce6e u ero qapcrr.rficKHnerp (EnpHnug, 3lercrpa, 320 u cne4.), a 3rzcr, B cBoro oqepeAb, 6rrn y6ur Opecron - cbrHoMAravevruoua (Ta6n. I 5).

Kanofi uz nepcuir orAarb npeAnoqreHze? KoHeqso, r{nrareJrb, KaK [peAraral fepo4or, BoJreH BepHTblro6oft H3 HLIX. Ho ltHe rlpeAcraBnterc{, riro B 3noce c aHbl ABa pa3Hbrx cKlrrrerpa. LIz npusege"oao ot-pbIBKa coBepIIIeHHo oqeBI4AHo, tITo per{b HAer o cKl4nerpe Arauelruoga, rroJryqeHHoM IrM B Kar{ecrBe qapt.Ha sro yKa3blBaer AoIIonHeHue <C enacrblo HaA rrruofi ocrpoBoB u Ha4 AprocoM, uapcrBoM rrpocrpaHHbrM)).V zaecY, onocpeAoBaHHo, qepe3 r,slLto - @Hecra - 6para orqa AraueMHoHa, BrrorHe BrrlrcbrBarorcr ynoMrHy-Tbre Bbrrrre ofipeAeneHr,rr (orrtoBcK]rft, nonercu He ru6uyrunfi crcunerp>.

Zuoe 4e,ro cKlrrlerp, KoropblM AralreuHou 6lrr y4ocroeH B KarrecrBe <(rJlaBHoKoMaHAyrorqero)) BoeH-uofi rcoaluqueil nporun Tpor,r. gecrr sra 6rrra oKa3aHa elry 6eccropHo 3eecou Oruunnfiqeu. Ho He 6oleeqeM r{ecrb. H6o crcunerp 3Tor 3aKoHHo uor 6rrrr BpyqeH eMy ronbKo HapoAoM - efo [pe/IcraBrzreJrrMkt, T.e.\apflMld - BO)KrlflMa - coBeToM, rIpllHtBrxLIMI{ peneH}Ie o cauofi eoeHHOfi sKcneAVUr.rU axeflH.

K cvacrrrc, MexaHu3M uz6pauun [peABoAI,ITeteit, a coorBeTarBeHHo, H HaAeJreHrze HX cr,IMBonaMu Bra-crv orqerJlHno o6uapyxvBaercs e <<6aftre>>, paccKa3brBaenaofi O4racceeM nacryxy-cBHHonacy Enlrerc:

<C l4AonreneeM, uapeM MHorocJraBHbrM, or Kpr4TrH 6tul us6pauf. c rcopa6txMt4 LIAT:a rcVtmouy; u 6ruo orper{bctHana HesogN4o)KHo: Mbr BJracrbro HapoAa oKoBaHbr 6smu>> (oa. XIV, 237-23g).06 sroN'l )Ke paccKuBllBaer !{ Meuerafi, o ce6e a o cBoeM 6pare - ArauerrHoHe, B TpareAr,ruEspunnna:<C AraveuHoHoM - 6parou, gnp< repoea?Be: noxeanr6ll cKasart Mory: B TaKoM

Volumul I Nr 2 119

(...3eBc npo3opnnBblfiCxnnrp AapoBan Iz 3aKoHbr . . .) (LIn, II,205-206).Bo nropov cryqae Qopnay,ra 3Ta 3Byqllr B ycrax Hecropa:(...rbr rrapb, H re6e epyuul O:rnlrnueqCxzurp H 3aKoHbr, Aa cyA ra coBer rrpon3Hocntxb HapoAy) (Hn. IX, 98-99).tr4tarc, cnuuerp - 3aKoH - cyA rr coBer. ,{yuaerc.r, KoMMeHTapvH 3Aecb pr3nvrLlHr4. Kar ra B cnyqae c

LIapcKI.{MH cKHrIerpaMH B ycnoBlagx MI{pa, cKlrrerp B BoeHHofi o6craHoaKe ecrl cl4MBo,'r fIoJIHoBracrHr eroo6ta1arets.. florHosnacrnr, Bbrporaroqefoc.s B rrpaBe cKlrrlerpoAep)€Tenr rrpnHaMarb peIIIeHHt rI orAaBarbpacnop,rlxeHrar (rnopnrs rarcoH); npoBeprrb Lrx HcrroJrHeHrre, [oorqpsA t4rrvt HaKa3brBaq ucnor.rHuTerefi (rno-pr,rrb cyA), co3blBarb fi olpeAenrrb cocraB ((BoeHHoro coBera)) u, go6anurt, caMocroflTerrbHo BbrrroJrH.rrb

xeprBorlpltHouleHlr.q H Bo3rrltflHrza 6oralr, T.e. BbrrroJuurrr Qyuxqr,rn )KpeIIa.O6par4aer ua ce6x BHr,lMaHUe ro, r{To s o6eux rrpzBeAeHHbrx Qoprvrynax cJroBo (cKunerp) cro}IT Ha rlep-

BoM Meere, T.e. flonyqaercr, qro lrMeHHo 6raro4apl Hillrnqr4ro cKl4rrerpa rrasHllfi vB axer'H - ArauelrHoncraHoBuTcr [paKTuqecKu eAuHoHaqaltbHI{KoM, o6laAaroulnM BJracrb}o HaA BceM vBcg.Il{rorra rloJlyqaerct,r{To I{MeHHo 6laro4ap.r cKr.rflerpy oH HaAen.f,ercq aBTopoMlasropavn,6orauu, Eav cawuv.H cnoABtDI(HaKaMpl

TaKllMl4 3III4T9TaMI,I, KaK: (IIaCTLIpb-BnaAbIKa HapOAOB), (MHOfHX HapOAOB qapb) llJII4 (IIOB9JIarelS n'tyNefi

rlpocrpaHHo4epxanHufi)), (crporzreJlb para axeficrofi> LTJTLI ((BJracrr,ro BepxoBHsrfi>>, <gepxaBurtft>, (cJIuIIr-

KoM MoryrrlecrseHHbrft)), rrJrrr ((My)K coBera) n np., Koropbre, pas6pocaHHbre rro BceMy reKcry <<I4tuaast>>, cpa3HbrMr4 HroaHcaMI4 orpaxalor ef o, cKlrrrerpoHoc qa Araueuuoua, rloJlHoMor{lr.fl .

lle uesee 3Har{L{TeJrbHr,tlru 6u,ru [oJlHoMoqr4fl ocrzulbHblx cKrlrrerpoqep>xare,refi - nyLIUTHX I43 nyqrrrux -upu6,ruN<euHbrx K hanHoiuy - qJreHoB coBera. PasHnrra Jrn[rb B ToM, qro oHu BJracrHbI HaA BceML HI{xe-cro.{urnMn tro paHry, Ho rrpfi 3ToM rroJrHocrbro HaxoA.srcr B roAqaHeHvrr <<fnagHoro)). Bc[oMHI,Irt rcouQrurcrAxutleca c AraveusoHoM r{ MyApoe HarroMuHaHrae Hecropa:

<Tsr, Axlrlrec, Bo3Aepxficb ropAenr4Bo c rlapeM nperrrlparbcr:...MyxecreoM Tbl 3HaMeHur.. .,

Ho calrsefiurufr:4ecr oH (Aranellnou - B.!.)r, (LIt.I,277 u c,qea.).Heocnopnvoe npeBocxoAcreo Arar4eMHoHa orKpbrro npH3Haercs caMr4M Axarlecopl, KorAa B orBer Ha

rrpegnoxeHue Klureusecrpbr noAarr efi pyny rcarc 6y.4yuefi rerqe HII o qeM He BeAarcuui Axur,rec orBeqaer:<9ro nonopnrur? ... MHe ocrop6urr, qap.r,

Pyrcofi efo Kaca-sc-s cerrbrHu !) (Enpznu4, I4$ureuut e Ar,rn4e, 833-834).Bepxoneucrso AraN4eN{HoHa HaA BceMt{ cKr.rrrerpoHocuaMu HeoAHoKparHo noAqepKfiBaercr Bo MHo)Ke-

crBe Apyfax curyatlui,t, He r.rcKJtroqa.s H cKHnerpoHocHofo 6para Meuela.r:<9ro Ne MHe rbr npaKoxerrrb H KaK rroBeJruurs, Alalretruou?> (I4n. X, 61).kI aaro [pl43Harlc.q, qro K qecru cKarrerpoHocua AranaevHoHa H oKpyx(aroqux ero cKnnerpoAep)I€Te-

lefi, uecvo.tpa ua o6urnpHocrb rro,'lHoMoru{it, ouu BnoJrHe cnpaBn{rorct c HLrv'rr.flpovrure LItnagy. Caivocroqre rrbHo vtrv coBMecrHo c upu6ruxeHHbrMn - qJreHaMr{ coBera, oHu crpo.sr

parn, <eo:6yx(AaroD) eofiHoe; sa6or.f,cl o 6egoracuocrv erana, crporr o6opouuremHrril poa c qacroKonoM;

B;ICLITaTOT na3yTqhKOB; [przHuMaroT nocJroB ]i3 Apyofo cTaHa; BeAyT ileperoBopbr c Axzrneconr; o6ecnevu-BarcT nocryuleHr4e BHHa a [poAyKToB; salorsrcx o norpe6eHnri yco[rxnx, BpaqeBaHr,rn paHeHbrx. flaneHcr-Byfl, HaA BceMpI, AraueuHou nocToflHHo co3brBaer Conerrr, pacnop')Kaerc.r{ qepe3 rJIaIIraraeB 14 BecrHrlKoB,

nplrocraHaBrrlllBaer cpoxeHue 4rr norpe6euut y6urstx, crpaBJrrer )r(eprBonpnHomeHus n Bo3;rr4;rHz.a 6olalr,ycTpanBaeT rrLrpbt, JlHr{Ho yqacTByeT B cpa)KeHurx 11 rrpoqee.

O6paularor ua ce6s BHrzMaHUe 6ln:r.<airnne x AranrerrsoHy cnoABr.Dr(H:aKH - cKfinerpoHocrlbr (BTopofopaHfa). Osn ero fraBHbre coBerHnKlr, oHrz BcerAa B fyrqe co6l;,ruit Lt B craHe, u B cpaxeHu.sx. OnH x(e [ep-Bbre Ha nupax. LIz ttnx xe ns6aparorcq roconbcrea (tr4tr.IX,79 ra cle4.). OHa nepesrMr.i Bbr3brBarorcr coBep-txt4Tb onacHylo HorrHyro Br,rna3Ky (I4tt. X, 219 vt c,reg.). Ouu xe, HaKoHeu, KaK r{3BecrHo, BoIIIT'IH B KoptrycAepeB.sHHoro KoHfl, o6ecne.rug B3.{Tue Tpou. V Bce 3To npuxoAurc.g Ha cKr.rrrerpoHocrreB, 6rzxafiuux cnoA-BLI)KHHKoB Arar,reltroHa, a 3To Bce re xe - Hecrop, MeHelafi, O4uccefi, o6a Arr<ca, I,IAouesefi, !uolre4,Opa:uue4 A 1pyrve.

Ho qro lrc6onrrruo, npu lpaKruqecKn HeorpaHr4qeHHofi srtacrv o6na1antre cKnnerpoM flpeAnonafaer H

MHorIze oco6rte KaqecrBa - o6.gsarerucrBa, Br;rroqar foroBHocrb )KeprBoBarr co6ofi u 6luxttutnlr pa1u ya-nexa o6ulero Aena. floxa:are:rrHbr B 3ToM rrraHe o6nuHeHn.s luattega, o6parqeuurre r AravelrHouy B Mr{}ry-TLI efo cla6ocru, srlseaHuofi ycnexaM}1 AaHafiUes u foroBHocrbro AfaMeMHoHa orrrJrbrrb B oreqecrBo:

<!ap luurr eguan;it re6e gapoea.n xr{TpoyMHbrfi KpoHzoH:Crcnnerpou Bracru cnaraTbcr AzrJr oH re6e nepe4 BceMlt,Tnep4ocru )K He Aa-r, a rcoropoft BepxoBuar BJracrb .{enoBeKa!) (Z:r. IX, 3-l u crc*).

Cnegyr pa:pa6orrau B. Tspuepa, a raKxe yqnrr,rBas paHee BbrrBJreHHbre corlr4zrnbHbre fiapaMerpbr axefi-CKHX CKl4[eTpOB, MO)KHO yTBep)KAaTb, r{TO IIOCJ'I€AHU€, nO CyTu, BblCry[aIOT B KaqeCTBe AOMkHaHTH],IX pUTy-aJlbHblx cI4MBoJIoB, a KoHTeKcr t4x pezrnu3arlr4v-caMpvryan BJ'racrrr, Pnryan BJtaervr, Koropbrfi, B cBolo oqe-peAb, crpyKTypHo npeArlonaraer MHo)Kecreo 6oree Apo6usx, KparHbrx paryanoB, B coBoKyrrHocrtr opneHTI4-poBaHHbIX Ha ycnelxHyro pea,'Ih3allLllo qeJIOfO Ll, COOTB€TCTBOHHO, [pegneAyeMlX qe,refi.

3rz 4po6ulle pl4Tyzrnbl (co3Aarcr) ueo6xo4nlrbre ycJroBr4.rr An.s BbrpaKeHrr.fl ((onpege:reuHoft>r KoHKper-Hofi TeMbI (<<uocrylarrr r4lru une:a)>), nepe4aaaelrofi rocpeAcrBoM pnryzrnbHofo cIzMBoJla B coqeraHr,ru c on-peAeneHHbIMI{ xecTaMII, cJIoBaM}I v ApyrvMkr cpeAcTBaMI4 ro:4etlcrnzt Ha oKpy)Karoutl4x. Y.{zrrlna.fl rroJtLr -ceMaHTutlHocrb pHryaJIa u caMoro pl4ryanbHofo caMBoJra, rroApa3yMeBaercfl,, qro Lt rleHTpanbHat Surypapt4ryana' H npoque yqacrHfiKH t]ocJleAHefo, a oco6euuocrl4 aApecar pvryara Aon)KHbr 6brrt e pannori crerre-HH cBeAy4ll B ceMaHTI'IKe cIzMBoJIa, Aa6r,t aAerearHo BocnpnHuMarb 3urJroxeHHyro B pr{ry4ne reMy.

Hecnaorpr Ha ornocltreJlbHo orpaHuqeHHoe qlrcJro yrroMr{HaHzfi crcanerpoB, roMepoBcxufi gnoc B rIeJroMAaer [peAcraBneHue o AocraroLlHo pa:Hoo6pa3Hblx pvryalrax, B KoropbIX cIlMBor'IHKa Braarv 3aHnMaer oAHoI{3 IIeHTpanbHbIX Mecr. Paccquraussle Ha oKpy)Kaloqux, Bbrcryflar B KaqecrBe KoMMyHHKaUr.toHHo-TpaHcntqaoHHblx cpeAcrB, 3pltMo coo6tll rlax pilLt npeAy[pe)Klalorlr4x oKpy)Karcuux o BbrcoKorr,r oQrnqz-iuIbHoM paHfe Hnh nonHoMoqutx efo Hocr.rreJlr, cKllrrerpbr flBlrfltorcfl HenpeMeHHbrtr arpu6yroM, Hzullrqecr-ByrorllHM Bo BCeX OQnqna-ntubrx Bcrpeqax, He3aBr.rcuMo or trx xapaKTepa u ypoBHr.

Vcroeuo Bce 3Tu oSnqzanrnble Bcrpertu Mo)KHo o6ogHaquru KaK przryurnbr npeAcraBureJ,rbcrB. flolo6-Hoe o6osuarleHve, Bo3MoxHo, He caMoe yAaqHoe, Ho, c rortKla 3peHLIt aBTopa, oHo npn3BaHo orpa3l4Tb ABy-ypoBHeBoCTb BJTaCTH Aep)KaBuefo B cBolrx pyKax cKznerpoHocqa. {e,ro B ToM, .rro ac.srcufi, ua4ereauuficKallerpoM, no cyrI4 rcax 6u Bblcrynaer B AByx unocracflx. K nputrepy, cKa)KeM, Arauentron, errgregurufi cooKrzflerpoM nepeA axedqauu. Bce 4ora4trBarorcr lrJlH ToqHo 3Ha]or, r{To oH rltaaFmrfi fipeABoAr.rrell. Ho qe_pe3 cKHlerp' o KoropoM oIItrb-TaKI'l Bce 3Halor, qro AraruenaHoH HaAeJ'IeH HM Jrlrr{Ho 3escoNa (napo4ona), oH,Aralteltuou, Bblcrynaer rcan 6rt He roJrbKo or cBoero Jtl.rqa, Ho H or nvrra caMofo Onranrnr.rfqa KponroHa(z,ru cauoro uapoga).

Lrttu, cxuxerv, cttyuait c BecroBbIMV, rrpvtocraHaBJllIBaroulvvrl cpa)l.oate rrpa rroMollrr cKkrnerpog. Bo:-Mo)I(Ho' cpDKaloql4ect 3Haror JIuqHo uI4les - rrraruurafl Tpo.sH, uTat$n6us - Hraufarafl, axesl. Ho cxuner-pbl B r'rx pyKax qepe3 cBoro ctrMBonr.rKy onpeAeneHHo yKa3brBarcT cpDKaroqLr Mcq, r{To nepatrfi [r3 Ha3BaHHbrxrlpeAcraBnser caMofo fercropa, a eropofi - caMoro Aralrentroua, u cpzDKalon1necfl. rrpt4ocraHaBrasalor 6ofi(I4n. VII,274ucrcp.).

K puryalan'r [peAcraBuTenbcrBa orHoc.rrrcr, 6eccnopuo, uepeMoHrzr4 cKpe[neHr4.s AofoBopoB, o6uqr.ra-nl43lzpylotullx [oKopeH]re rofo I4nLI I,IHofo HapoAa, aKT rrprr3HaHuq Hosofi B;Iacrrr. Bcnotftrnnr Bcrper{aroqne-c's B snoce Bblpax(eHHt ((rIoA cKrllrerp efo noKopnn ux Kpouuou, (kIn. VI, 159). Crola )Ke norraAa]or o$zqra-uL'IbHbIe Bcrpequ MecrHbIX sracrefi co cryvafuo 3aexaBlrnM (HHocrpaHHbrM) rocreM (Oa. VIff, 4 n crc1);<pa6ovue> 3ace/iaHzrfl, ((coBeroB crapefiurrlu), npoxon.sultrx BceHapo4uo (O4. II, 8 u cle4.), a B ycrroBqrxBoeHHoro BpeMeHIa - Bce oneparlrBHble 3ace,'aHrrfl (BoeHHbrx coBeroB)) ullz <o6rqesoftcKoBbrx)> co6pauuit,Ha KOTOpbrx pe[a[oTc.r{ ocHoBHtle Bo[pocbl MoMeHTa.

Cxunerpavu npuocraHaBJlplBalor cpa>KeHrq (I41. VII, 275 u cne4.); rroA cKnrerp Aol-oBaphBalorcr o

flpoc'qr a yMon{Ior (Llt. I, 12 u cte/..). Hanoueq, cKunerpoM Mo)KHo 6sl,ro <o6y:Aarb) ns6ynroear utuxc,x(I4r. II, 198-199) n ocnop6lrrcrlux rJIaBHor-o cxznerponocqa ( .II,265,268),ucnoltb3y.s ero ilpocro KaKyAapHoe opyAue.

cro c6opa coBera crapefiurua I'r HapoAa. Onzcsrear yqacrue Terelraxa e pa6ore coBera craprreB I4raru, fo-Mep aKlleHrvpyer, r{ro (ceJl ou (Tenenaax - B.A,) Ha Mecre orrloBoM) (Oa. II, l4), uz qefo creAyer, qro Mec-Ta Ha arope 6rt:ru znaeHHbIMI4, corJlacHo paHry 14 noJroxeHuro. Ha qeHrpanbHyro trnoqaAb ropoAa co3brBaer

Mecrou coBeplxeHut pvlryana uor 6rtrr AoM caMoro \apfl, '.y1a

(An," yroule '.,s>>

trpLrrJ.ta,,,€uorc.s rocruH Bce ((cKI'I[TpoAep)KaBHbIe)) BraAbIKvl Lr cy!.bLt (Og. VIII, 10 n cle4.). B co6crneuHlrfi xre AoM npr4Hr4MaerTeleuaxa rlpecrapeJ'rbr I Hecrop:

<Brrrue4 r43 crrilrrbHn, oH cen Ha o6recaHHblx, fraAKl,rx, mrrpoKl,rx

Prc. 55. Crearhroaurri <ry6or nphHqa) us Ahafpuapa (no Fr. MaD).

Bor AraueruHou co6lrpaerc.fl Bbrcrynr,rrb rrepeA axefi qalrn :

<Bcnprury,r Arprzl. . .; Boccer oH l,r MrrKr,rM oAencr xHToHoM,Hoalrv, rpeKpacHblM, 14 cBepxy ua6pocnl urr4poKyro pa3y;K 6eluu HoraM rrpr,rBr3urn flpeKpacHoro BHAa rrnecHr.rrlbr,Cnepxy paMeH nepeKr4Hyn 6tucraretarrrft ueq cpe6porroe4urrft ;B pyxu x(e B3rBtrrlt orqoecrcuft, BoBeKu He rz6nyrqufi, cr<unerp,c uuv ororrreJr rc rcopa6rlu MeAqHoAocreurHbrx AaHaeB) ( . II, 4r-47).Vrax'. ece HoBoe, [peKpacHoe, 6,rec'rrtqee. . . A eeAr 6s'l y ArauenrHosa eqe <<senvK'lrir.. . 11na111 rrypny-

ponrtfi> (I'In. VI[, 221).llpuxpofire uaga u noo6parure, (HMarr4Hr.r:upyfire>, KaK cKa3an 6u M. O;1uap,-e'.Ho not, co3BaHHbIe ':ralnrtaflMr qJIeHbr coBera u (unu) HapoA cxoAqrcfl. Paccaxzearorcr Ha (yqpex-

IleHHblx Mecrax). flpexge paccarl4Barcr <6laro4yl,rHrrx crapefiulzn> (I4,r. II, 53). <<Boe4uHo co6paelrzcr>(kltt. I,57), rcorga <co6pauue cAerzulocb rroJlHLIM)) (Ol. II, 9), uaurarafl ((r-racoM fpe MruIlrM, foBop Mqre)K-usIfi>> cvap.rror (I4n. II,98). Moxno HaquHarb. flo4pasyuenaerefl, qro Bce cKurrerpoHocr-lbr cr,rA.rrr rro cBorlMMecraM, rlplt cBoltx per&nl49x. 9ro6u BbrcryrILITb, oHH rrolHlrMarorcr co cKrrrrerpoM B pyKax, (BbrxoA.sr rre-

oqeBrzAHo, coBer - rrauturair, coBerHr,tK (Zn. XVIII, 505; Oa. II, 3g).Ho sor co6paune Haqu:naercs:(... Boccr[u] AranenaHog,C qapcrneHHblM cKrl[rpoM B pyKax, oflzunufiqa feQecra co3AaHbeM) ( . II, 100-101).ltI Aatee cneAyer rIoJIHat, paHee rrpHBeAeHHa{ (poAocnoBHar) cKanerpa AraveunoHa, o Koropofi, calro

c avo h noApa3yMeB aer c fl., y)Ke xopolIlo r{3 BecrHo BceM rrp t4 cyrcrBy}oul}rM.Ho nrtcrynaer rJIaBHoKoMaHAyrotuI4fi. A on, cneAyfl fouepy, BecbMa H BecbMa 3a3HaB[ra.f,ct $urypauIlapb, (Berlzrn K BocceA.tIqLIM axetM)), ((onnpaqcb Ha cKHnrp> czoit (kIst.II, 109).A sor Apyroft KoHTeKcr, Apyroe uryMHoe co6pauze:<... Ho BoccraJt OAnccefi rpa4o6opeq,C cxznrpou B pyKax; H npr,r HeM cBerrooKa_f, gena,flattaga,B o6pase BecrHHKa craB, noBeJrena vMonKHVTr9ro6 z e 6rLDKHax prAax,,

" 4-"r.r" rcrlir"Cruuralr peqa ero lr rocrafHynz pa3yM coBera)) (LIn.II,Zlg_Zg2).Boo6pa:nre ce6e cqeny: KpacoqHylo, IxyMHylo; o6rqeusaecrHrrfi scev Oaucceil, Aa erre rrpn HeM caM

o6pas 4enlt llaana4u! Yqrure nplr groM eu{e onpeAeleugrtfi roJlocr HHToHaqraIo, xecrrrKyJlrlqfiro, il He BfiocneAHro]o oqepeAb - cyrS caMHX npou3Hocr.rMblx cJroB, AA h CAM BnA BbrcryflaroDlero oAucce.fl.

<on, 6larovbrcJrr4r norHufi, szruficrson.n... [epeA coHMoM) (krn. lr, t|3).

Volumul l. Nr. 2

V.7. HnpcrAf, BnAcrb t4 cKrnETpbr B cl,tcrEME (HAcnEAoBAHt4flD

Bolpoc o cucreMe BJIacTLI 14 rIpaBHJIax HacneAoBaHr4r rlapcKoro caHa B roMepoBcKolr o6qecrne HeoAHo-KparHo paccMarpaBanes, B crleUuztrlbHbIx pa6orax (Jlocer 1960, 9l v cre/-; JleuqlraH 1963; Bnaaarcrar1966; Asryees 1976, 46 u crc1,.). Hanouuuu, qro B [pog3BeAeH]rfx fouepa Her r{eTKor-o orBera Ha Bonpoco cilcreMe HacJIeAoBaHu.r qapcnofi BIracrH. C oAnofi cropoHbr, r.rcrorrHktK roBopr.rr o HacneAoBaH7rj cbrHoMqapcnofi BJracrr4 KaK o qeM-To caMo cauofi rroApa3yMeBarouleMcfl:

<<B nolruoo6rxroirklrarce, no BoJre KponuoHa, 6yAerurHauruna uapeM, e vv'es, Ha ro rro po)KAeHblo u [paBo)) -pernnKyer Telelraxy AHrrzHofi - oArrH h3 )KeHHXoB lleuelouu (oa. I, 3s2-383).B qpyrux cJlyvatx HacneAoBaHHe uapcKor-o caHa orua flpeA[oJlaraer orrpeAeneHHbre yarroBLrr, KaK oro

BbITeKaer ze naccaxefr, nocBqrleHHbrx MHoroqucJreHHbrM AerrM llpuaua aJru efo BHyKy, cuHy fenropa(I/ln.Vl, 403,478;XX. 180. 303 vt cres.)r.

Ho sl\4ecre c reM, KaK cneAyer tr3 BbrcxunbrBaHvIfl. Teleuaxa<H o u ex axeityamu e oru H o o 6 r.s r oir, I4r arcu sait Aer c sMHoro 4ocrofiHefiruvrxBracrvru crapbrx r{ IoHbtx; Mex H}rM}rBsr u:6epnre, KorAa y)K He cr€uro uapr O4uccex>,orpeAeneHHo npocMarpvBaercs Bo3Mo)KHocra uz6pauut Apyroro HoBoro qapr (Og. I, 390-393). 3ror

)Ke BbIBoA HarlparllnBaercflvI H3 Bonpoca caMoro Oguccet, aApecoBaHHoro csoefi MarepH, reHr rcoropofi onBcrpeqaer e An4e:

<I-{apcruail lrofi cas coxpaHrdrrcr nv vM? (Te,revaxou - B.A.) I4-rrr gpyrofi yx Ha MecroUz6pau voe...?> (Oa. XI, 175-176).Koneqso )Ke, qapcKaq BJracrb Moxer 6rnr y:ypnvrpoBaHa, KaK gro cAenan 3rucr, y6uenuit AralrelrHo-

Ha. Ho STor nocryfloK IoAJIe)KLIT HaKa3aHr.to, u 3rzcr B KoHqe KoHrIoB r{epe3 ceMb Jrer rroHec ero, 6y4yuuy6urrru cbrHoM Araueuuoua (Oa. I,295; III, \97 ,250 u crcg.,305).

Ho .no Anfl Hac - apxeonoroB - BilKHo, TaK sro ro, rrro qapcrlrfi can (u ue rolrxo) onpeAeneHHo HacJre-Ayercs B rlorycropoHHeM, noA3eMHoM nrupe Auga. fonep np|,IBoAt4T ToMy MHo)r(ecrBo cBr,rAereJlbcrB, Hosan6oree qerKo 3To o6cro.srerrcreo c$oprr,rynupoBaHo B ycrax reHu Axnlleca, Koropblfi c rpycrrrc [p]r-3Haercr O4zccero:

<Jlyvue 6 xorel x xHeofi, KaK noAeHururc, pa6oran B rroJre,Cnyx6ofi y 6e4uoro ilaxaps. xle6 4o6trnars csoft HacyrqHsrfi,Hexeru 3Aecb HaA 6e:4yruHrtnrn MeprBbrMr{ uapcrBoBart, vreprnrrfi> (Oa. XI,489-491).MolreHr - npvHlllrrll4alrurtfi, fouep roqHo 3Haer, rAe HaxoArrrcr BXoA B rlapcrBo Aura - Ha caMoM

Kpalo oKeaHa: <Tavr KuMMepI{tH rleqzulbHafl o6lacrr,.,. HI,rKorAa He .rrBJrrer orcy mo4efi TaM Jrrzqa nyqe3apHo-ro fe,ruoc...> (oa. x, 504 kr cre(\.,Xr, 12 ra cneg.). Ho cau xe fonrep, Aa u Mbr 3HaeM, Lrro zcxoAHofi roqxofiornpaBKll e AIa4 tBrtercq coBepfireHue norpe6amnoro o6pr4a, 6e: xoroporo ryAa - e AzA - no[acrb npo-cro HeBo3Mo)KHo. OrcroAa IrocrotHHat sa6ora o reJrax norn6ruux Bor4HoB KaK o ((cB.rrroM Aonre)) (LIn.VII,408 rz cnea.), o veu raK rlacro foBopI,ITc.[ B 3troce. 14 unaeHHo grzla o6r.scHsercq ro, rrro oAHr4M r{3 rrepBbrx,xoro OAzccefi ncrpevaer y Bopor Auga, ABrrflercfl TeHr, He norpe6euuoro Elrnenopa, Ayrxy Koroporo rrpo-cro He BrlycKaror n Au4. Z os nacrofiqzso [pocaT - yMon{er O4zcce.r no Bo3BparqeHnvvc Au4a corep-IxI'Irb HaA ero reroM norpe6amnrrft o6pr4 (Oa. XI, 60 ra cne4.), T.e. rpeAarb ero reJro 3eMJre.

Mut ee4l, apxeoJlott{, xopo[o 3HaeM u no acropl.rvr, 14 tro Hauefi rIoBceAHeBH oi4 >xmsnu, qro (ypoBeHb))norpe6allHoft o6p.r4uocru uenl{KoM H noJrHocrbro 3aBr{cprr or couururbHofo paHfa norpe6aevoao,

" rto ot-sernlzBo orpzDKeHo 14 B caMoM Srloce. locrarovHo cpaBHHTb norpe6altustit o6pxA, coBeprrreHHstit ua1TenoMflarpoxra, u o6ptp,, o KoropoM MoJrlrr yrroMrHyrbrfi srrtrre EllneHop.

HanouHIzu, uro llarpoxl He lrapb, He Bo)KI6, a Bcero nurtrL Apyr Axulla u noA Tpoefi ue o6la4al gaxeco6crseHurlMll Aocflexarv.u (Vt. XVI, 130 rz cne4.). Tax eor, Anr coBepu""r" .ro.p-6alrHofi o6pr4HocruHa.4 efo TeJIoM

<Crparunyro rr eca rpoMaAy cJro)KrrB,... cJloxrrJru Kocrep, B rxnpr4Hy H Anuuy crocrynenHtrfi;Cnepxy Kocrpa rloJiro)r(HJrLr MeprBoro, ...MHoxecrno ryqHbrx oBerl u BeJII4KHX BonoB KprrBoporux,flogne Kocrpa 3aKoJroB, o6ptautm......a KpyroM pas6poca"n o6naxreunue ryrrru;

1)5

' Cn. rarxe An4peee 1976,57.

I4nocractx: c oAHofi cropoHbl, B Kar{ecrBe rlaps MuKeH r4 Aproca, a c Apyrofi cropoHrr, B KaqecrBe Bpe-MeHHofo rJIaBHoKoMaHAyIouero H coorBercrBeHHo, no scefi rornKe, AonxeH 6ul 6u 6rrrr o6.uaAareJreM

AByx cKlrflerpoB - UapcKofo, AepxaBHoro H uMeHHoro - Ha nepr4oA noessofi KaMrraHr4kr. llpuvev, nep-srtfi a: Ht,tx - qapcrcraft cKlarlerp, yql4TbrBaq HeupeAcKa3yeMocrb rvropcnofi noeusofi 3Kc[eAur-U,IH, Bepoqr-Hee Bcero, AonxeH 6rt,r ocrartct B focyAapcrBe, B qapcKoM ABoprIe ArauetrHoua (.rro fi [o3BoJrrrJro3rucry He3aKoHHo npucBor4Tb ero c MoMeura y6uitcrsa AraN,{eMnoHa). 3ro noAo6Ho roMy, rax oco6oIoporue csoefi uaM;rrblo nyK H crpenbr

((...He 6pan c co6orcZx uurorAa OAuccefi na eoftrry n rcopa6ne vepuo6oxou:...BepHo xpaHr, nx 6eper oHB Aorle cBoeM; Ho B orerrecrBe Bcroly HMen npn ce6e nx> (Oa.XXI, 38-41).A rocy4apcrseHHttfi cKa[erp Bce xe He nyK. I4uenHo raK rrocryrraer H caM Kceprcc, nepeA BcrynneHr.r-

eM Ha 3eMrIz 3;r,'Iagu [epe[opyqflsuIufi cxznerp cBoeMy A{Ae - HacraBHHKy Apra6arry. Bor ero o6parqeuzeK nocneAHeMy: (...l{crIoJIHI,IBIIrHcb MyxecrBa, xpaHn voft Aotr r.r Moro BJracrb. Te6e o4uonry rr3 Bcex q nopy-qaro naofi cKhrrerp) (fepo4or VII, 52).

Ha4erccs, KoMMeHTapHla v3ItAIJrHtl 116o eo Bcex cnyqa.qx rr4Tyn (cKurrrerpoHoceq) - uMeHHoe o6osua-qeHl4e. Turyn 3Tor He pacnpocrpaHqercr Hr4 Ha npeA[ecrBeHHaxoB, HnHa rrpeeMHzKoB.Aa,xe ecnu cpeArzHl.{x Lt 6rIra raxoeble,3To He hMeer 3Ha.aeHLrs, gro ocraerct 3a KaApoM. A znaenuofi 3uarc, ulreunofi TVTyrr,KaK y)Ke oTMeqaJ'Iocb, HeMI,IHyeMo AOJ'I)KeH 6st,r corpono)KAarb Lrocvrerg TaKoBoro He ToJIbKo B )Klr3Hvt, Ho HrIocJIe ero cMepru. Karc ruryl roro caMofo Arca4eunra vrvl vHcvtuuz 4o6aecrLt B rzx cuMBonr4qecKoM no-rpe6euuvr. 14 sa ero HeABycMbrcneHHo yKa3br Baer v carr,r fouep B nacc e o Bcrpeqe O1ucces, c reHbro cKu-nerpoHocrla Tupecux r Az4e:

<Cxopo rpeAcrzur flpeAo MHoro nTupecwn Quncrcoro o6pas:Brur os c ,Ke3noM (cxznerpou) :o,rorrru, l.r MeHr oH y3Han...> (Oa.XI, 90-91).A zuas xapaKTep uorpe6alruoro o6pr4a BpeMeHfi, 3To o3Haqaer oAHo - rrpv coBepilreHfir4 cox)r(eHrit

rpyfla yMeplxero fipopl.Iuarent ero cKLrnerp (xe:l) Haxo4urcs flpu HeM - prAoM unu cBepxy. B nporunuoucnyqae Hr4 reHb Tupecux, Hn o6pa: efo cKarrerpa (xe:,'ra) ue 6stu 6u Aorryrqeurr n An4.

I{tarc, nttaoA oA}rH. Cxunerpr,t B KaqecrBe uMeHHbIX c}rMBoJIoB Braervl, no4o6Ho,.rnqHoMy opy)I(Hro, B

cnyqa.sx cMeprLI HX Aep)Karenr HenocpeAcrBeHHo BKrroqzurltcb B puTyzrn norpe6eHrla B KasecrBe conpoBo-)KAarculero uorpe6a.nluoro nHBeHTapx. LIx co)K)KeHr4e 14 nocreAyruruee 3axopoHeHue ocrarKoB co)K)KeHV-so6ecnequsano ABa o6cro.sre,'Ircrea: I - [epeHoc reHH yMepuero z o6pa:oB, BK;rrorteHHbrx B pt4Tyan neu1efiB qapcrBo Auga, z 2 - nepenoc orMeplrll4x oJreMeHToe xnsofi )Ku3Hr4 lrnH KyJrbrypbr B Karefoprzu cyry6oapxeoJloruqecxofi HoMeHKJIaryprt, u6o npr 6laronpurrHbrx o6croqrertcrBax BcrKoe ApeBHee norpe6eHueI'IMeer nasc 6lnr 3aperncrpl{poBaHHbrM B KaqecrBe apxeonofuqecKofo KoMrrJreKca, $parvenrapHo co-Aep)Kau(erc u ocraHKl-i HocnTenr cKurrerpa, Aa vr oerarKu caMoro cKznerpa. 14 cqacrle apxeoJrora, qroApeBHHe HapoAbr TIpaKTHKoBaJII-I He roJrsKo cox)KeHr4e, Ho Ir, 3aqacryrc, o6p.r4 Tpylonono)Keuur.,6taroga-p.s KoropoMy cKllnerpH, Ia v ocraltsotZ trHBeHTapb, KaK a ocraHrz uorpe6eHHofo, rroABepranr4cb MeHb-txeMy pa3pyrrreHfiro.

V.8. Mo,qen b Bo3MoxHoro AEnoH rpoBAH r4F AXEt4cKl4x c Kil n ETpoBB APXEONOTilqECKI4X KOMNNEKCAX

HanovHau ocHoBHbte, ycraHoBneHHble u oqeBr,rAHbre Arg. Hac, KaqecrBa a csorlcrga axeficrcnx cKlllrer-pon, ueo6xoAaMble 4lr pa:pa6orKa MoAenu HX Bo3Mo)KHofi uarepaaru3ar\Av B KaqecrBe apxeonoruqecKlrxapreQarcron.

B ron'teponcKoM 3rloce, ocBeularcIueM opraHu3arruro 14 rrpoBeAeHze soeuHoil 3KcrreAr4rrillr nporgB Tpon,3HaKoBbIe caMBoJ'lbl B BHAe cKIrrIeTpoB o6napyxuealoT AocTaToqHo piBBt4ryro cTpy py, Qnrccupyorqyrc fiorpaxalouylo crporo paHxlrpoBaHlryrc cl4crenay noeuHoii BJlacru. 3ra gnaxoeafl cvcreua opr{eHTapoBaHa HancuxoJlorHr{ecKoe Bo3Aeficreze Ha oKpy)€rcIqux B rleJrrx rroAAep)KKtl vr peuru3a\un cavoit crpyKrypbr Bna-crl'r qepe3 MHolKecrBo pa:pa6oraHHblx crepeorrdrlHbrx pt4Tya!'roB, BKJrroqaloqprx a MHoflre vHble 3HaKoBbIecrrcTeMbr - c,.IoBa, xecTbl u np.

Crcunerpauu e eoeHltofi cvryar\LtLl HaleIrflJrLrcb nu\a, o6talaloxtue oco6r,rlru BoeHHbrMl-{ Kar{ecrBaMu,no4 oco6ste, crpofo o[peAeneHHI'Ie nonHoMo'tug. OHu - cKl{rrerpbr Bbrcryflaror B KarrecrBe r{MeHHbrx 3Ha-KoB, I-{AeHT}l$zqrapyrorqnx paHr, 3aKoHHble rrpaBa u o6qzaHHocra er-o Hocurerrfl. flpe4lo,raraercs, r{To cKr4-flerpbl KDKAofo KoHKperHoro colll4iurbHoro paHra MorJrrr 6lrrr cxo4ubrMl4 B vx u:o6pasurelruofi qaarr4 -

Morr{ny vrn )Ke rrpocro Bbr6porxeHHbrM. HO rrrfl. Hac, An.fl apxeonofoB, BrroJrHeocra-lrcr rAe-To B Mr.rKeHax, rAe-To B AproccKofi seNane.

oqeBlrAHo, r{To 3TOT CKlIIIeTp

Ta6n. 16. cxerua ABr4xeHue cKhnerpoAepxarenefr ile Axeil Ha Tpoo r,r o6parxo14 BO3MOXHbte MecTa (oceAaHVg)> ttx CKhneTOOB

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2'-3. Hecrop H ero uapnufi crtu (Dpasnue4/Opacunreg (Ta6n. 16,2-3) He qricJrrrc;r cpeAz ()KeHHXSB))F''regu. FIo Hecrop - qapb flzloca, olLt:gtr3 aHl{I-lharopoB noxoAa ua Tporo. O6a_ aKrvBHbre rroMorrHrrKt4Aran'tenasoua. 016urs u3 flu,toca, oHn 6,rarononyqHo rrepe)KhJlr{ BoeHuyro KaMrraHzro 14 Beprrynucb Ha polt4-Hy, Ha no6epexle MecceHcrcoro 3uuIHBa (MHM. 2,213). Talr oulr, no aceil Bepo.rrrHocru, u 6rwn B cBoeBpeMt norpe6eHlt BMeQTe, CneAyer [oJrararr,, co cBor4Ml.t cK]arerpaMu. flo rcpafinei vepe, o MofHrre @pacu-weAa 6tuz flznoca H3BecrHo L,r3 cra1erenrcre llascaH w (yr. 36,2).

4' VlAornesefi - rlaps Kpara (Ta6n. 16,4), oguu a: 6r,reulax )KeHuxoB EneHu. ornlru c Kpnra. fepou-qecKH BoeBan noa Tpoefi u 6larololyqHo Bepnynca ua Kpzr, Ho c Kpzra 6rrl u:ruaH u oKoHrrur cBolo)KH3Hb Ha Iore l4ratuu - s Kana6puz (MHM.1, 489). Ero qapcxufi crcuuerp, AoDt<Ho 6urr,4ocra-rcfl t43-rHaBIxeMy efo c poAI4HbI upeeMHl'lKy. A nor <rpo.aucruft> csofi cKr4nerp oH BrroJrHe Mof B3-rrrb c co6ofi e Ka-'ra6pnro' Talt on, oqeBI4AHo, t4 ocriulcq

" seNane. Ho ue peKoMeHAylo ncKarb ero lrMeHHo raM.

5' [roMeg - L(apb @panuz (Ta6,r. 16,5), oguH u: 6srnuux )KeHhxoB Eleusl. Byayvn qapeM @parcuu,npeABoAurerbcrBoBal r<opa6tn'ru u: fepltaoutt, Tpesena v Ap.(VIn.II,560). Tar.rro B Mope oH ornpaBvJr-

(rperbe CHI'I3)') fi nore Bo3Mo)KHoro oceAaHr4r cKHrerpoB, He BepHyBrxr4xcq B rryHKrbr or[paBneHHr (NoN 6,7)vilu )Ke ycnelxHo BepHyBtilLixcq Ha poAlrHy, Ho BnocJreAcrBlru oKa3aBrrrzxar B Apyrrrx Kpaqx (JvlNl 4,5). J[u]ts.nuco crpeilKaMl4 yKa3blBalor aApeca ABDKeHI,L{ fepoeB I43 HcxoAHblx nyHKTots ua Tpoto u ux o6parulrfi nyr.

Kar cle4yel u: ra6luqst, ns 15 Bo3Mo)KI{brx cKunerpoAep)KaBr(eB Jrr4rrrb qerBepo BepHynucr 4olrofi, ocenua npexuefr poALrHe: Aralreiunos, Hectop, ero cbru @pa:rltre4 (NlJ$l-3) n ycnoBHo BK,TrcqeHHbrfi s cnr4coxC$enel (Il, 15)' lna crcunerpoHocua 6larono,ryuHo BepHynzcb Ha poAalry, Ho noror\{ [epeexana a K)NHyroWruturo - I4loverefi z luowreg(xeNe 4,5). He ua Kprzr, anaCutlntrnrc Bep c.a MepuoH (Nl6). @r.uoKrer rroflyru Ha Tporc Ha4o,uo 3acrplJ'l sa o. Ilevsoce vrrr Teue4oce v Bepr{yJrcr He e fperlzro, a a lOxnyro Lltartnro,TaK qro ero cKI'I[erp Mor ocecrb unr4 Ha ocrpoBax, utu n ?Iratan (Nl7). B 4opore na o6parusrfi uyru noru6Arnc Ournz4 (Ilb 8) f4e-ro B Aopore yrpanvn cgofi cxunerpAguccefr,4ocrurlrurT, oAHaKo, cnoeil tr4rar<n (J\b9). MeHe,rafi Mor )irparl4rs ceoi.i chMBoJr n o6parnoft Aopore, Ho Mof u coxpaHhrb efo Ao caMoro aonaa (;19 l0).OcraluHrle qerblpe cKunel'poAep)Karerrr - Axa,rlr, ilarporu, AqKc TeraM oHt4r Lr llporeculail fizutu noA Tpoefi,U ?rx cKzrrerpbt ron;,r(Hbl 6r,rnz ocrarbcf, B TpoqHcrcoi gevle (Taffi. 16, Nl_tvl 11-14).

Tarcav o6pa:ola, u: 15 crcrnerpoAeplKare,rerZ, ornpae?rBuruxcr co cBolrMH cKr4rrerpaMz ns AxeH n Kpu-Ta' B KoHeeHoM cl{eTe YeTBepo BepHynl'Icb 14 ocTartlltcb s fpequu (Ta6t. 16, }lbJ\!1-3, 15), .rereepo ((ocerh)) BTpo.aucxoi 3eMne (NeJ\ei1-14), o4uH - e Cur\unua (Ne6),4na rAe-ro e 3rer-rcxona nlope (NsNlS,9). Ocrae-uJnec{ ABa cKl4nerpa Morna 6ltrs yreplrlbt B Aollore (NoNl7,10) H.lw xe oAr.rH BepHylcs n Axero (J\110), aaropcrfr ironan e lOxuyro l4ra,rnro (Ns7).

Bor nau, Korrefu-apxeo,Tofr.r, Morenb Bo3Moir{Horo rrpocrpaHcrBeHHoro pa:6poca cKunerpoB axeficrcuxnpeABoAl'Ire-nefi. Ouesr4uocls:roii avryaL\wr4 eule 6olee Haf:r.rrAHo Br,rcryilaer lr3 cocraBJreHHbrx Kapr.

Ha Kapre 3 uaHecentt MecroHaxo)K.IIeHV\ cKt ilerpoHocueB, a, coorBercrtseHHo, r.r cKr4nerpoB, B MoMeHTol'IIpaBKI4 [rpe/qBoAl4Te,reii r Tpoe. Karc cneAyer u3 Kaprbr, Bce N{ecroHaxo)r(Aen}rr o6Hapyxnaaror qpe3Bbi-

'rafirryrc Kol\4uaKTHocrb, a I4x apean BKnloqaer llelonoHHec, I-{enrpa-nr"Hyro fperlurc ra ocrpon Kpur.

TenetroHn4a, 14 - llporecvnas, js --CeeHena;2 - lAcxogaati apvan cKilnerpoB; 3 - Tpon.

Ha Kapre 4 npe4clas,rei{o Bo3rvlo)KHoe pac[pocrpaHeHrie c*r.lrrerpoB B KaqecrBe lpeAnonaraeMbrx ap-xeo'ofl43r{poBaHHblx oSlexroe. Paz:tuqux oqeBuAHbl I,r tsecbr4a Bblpa3l,ITe,rbnu. HcxoAnuti apeal cKurlerpoBo6te.tluHrei qeTblpe uirlz, Bo3Mo)KIro, rrrrb o6r,eKros (Kapra 4, J\bJ\b1-3, 10, l5), a Bce ocr:urbr{bre cK}rflerpbr

'fanonst Bo3MoiKHbIe pe3ynbrarbl apxeonof[qecKoro AerroHupoBaHur cKr{r]erpon axeilqeB, cneAy.q ycno-Br4tM yc[erxHo|o 3aBepueuun Tpoxacrcofi eofrubt, xauonofi oHa npeAcraBreHa B foMcpoBcKoM 3ltoce.

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Volumul|Nr 2 133

IrapcKl4x), o6Hapyxununx TeHAeHIrI4lo K lxnpoKoMy reppnropr4zurbHoMy pa36pocy 3a npeAenaMa HX trcxoA-ttot7 soHst ll3roroBneHI4t; MoAerb, Koropaq [oJrHocrbro a6apaer s ce6s npocrpaHcrBeHHo-BpeMeHHoe pa3BH-Tue Halllllx 3HeonuTplqecKI4x cKt,tlrerpoB, o qeM cKa3aHo paHee. A ero o6croqremcrBo onpeAeJIeHHo yKa3br-BaeT Ha TO' t{To IIILIpOKOe TeppI'ITOpI{aflLHOe pacnpoCTpaHeHHe HarxUX SHeOIATHqeCKUX CKLIIeTpOB I43 Cp"A-Hero flosor)Kb.s Ha IOr - Ha Kasxa: q, wl4 3ana4 - e EarxaHo-flo4yuanre cneAyer o6r.scH.flrr KaK pe3yrrbrareoeHFrofr 3KcnaHcHLr. Ho x eronry Bonpocy Mbr eule BepHeMcr A€uree.

Vl. O SHnKAX-chMBonAX t4 Bo3MoxHocrrx rx pAcult4opoBKt4

VI.1. O 3HAKAX 14 cl4MBoIIAX, KAK TAKoBbIX

Bulryx4eH noBTophrbcs. llo arrerouluMc.s pa:pa6orrcaM, cour4rlrrbHas 3HaKoBaq cr{MBo,rrvKa cocraBJrrerHeoreMJ]eMylo qacrb o6urrapHofi cvcreMbr cpeAcrB o6qeuur aJrlt coql4oKoAa Kylb-typbl, rpn3BauHtrx o6ec-fier{uTb KoHTI4HyI'rTeTHocTt, I4nlI He[pepblBHyro )Kt{3HeAe.[TeJrbHooTb lro6olo coqrzzl[bHofo opfaHH3Ma (fler-pon 1991, 39 u cneg.). B ront )Ke 3HaqeHvH 3To MbrcJrb orr{errlrBo o6o:uaqeua v ailo3r4t\uvt coqr.ronora (I!e-naHuct<ufi 1969, 115 a cleg., 127), cortacHo KoropoMy pa:uoo6pa3Hbre onpeAMeqeHHbre 3HaKr{ - cr,rMBoJtbt,Bblcry[alor B Kar{ecrBe o6tsarerrHux, cnoeo6prnHbrx o6re4rzH.arcu1rlx ,rrodyro corlr4anbHy}o rpyrtfly (rIeH-TpoB), (Koropble aAeuruQuqvpyror rpynrry, cocraBr.rror MarepLrnJ.rbHyto z zgefiuyro ocHoBy ee cyqecrBo-BaHI4fl n pA3BIjTUq,>>.

Blaro4ap.r accneAoBaHltsM grHororoB, rpencropllKoB HblHe Aocl'oBepHo ycraHoBneHo, qro 3HaKoBatcp{MBOJIHKa Bo3HHKaer eqe Ha 3ape lrcropr4Lr 14 B AanbHerimeM, rrocreneHHo ycnoxHrrcb, 4uQSepen\upy-.f,cb IIo xoAy 3Bon]o\vv n ycno)KHeHl{.fl caMnx couuzurbHbrx orHouteHr4fr, ona.qeMoHcrpr{pyer vpe:suvafi-Hylo npeeMcrBeHHocrb B orpDKeHuH cyxrHocrHbrx acteKToe o6pa:Hofo Bocrrpurruq pearbHbtx arHo-KynbrypHblx t4 counarlbHblx rpoueccoe (flauoe 1983; @ponoe 1991; Bait6ypnu 1991; Bulruxyxuh2002,263ucrcg.,aAp.)

Crclyx erue o[peAeJIeHVro g. Ift,rpca, noA 3HaKoM o6uvuo noHr.rMaercr (r{To yroAHo, qro orrpeAenrerHerITo Apyroe (czoit uumepnpemaum), KaK orcbrJrarouee rc o6reHry, K KoropoMy no4o6Hr,rtr xe o6pa:ou or-cblnaer oHo caMo)) (Ilrapc 20A0, 93).I4u xe BnepBbre Ssrlo nee4eHo pa3AeneHue Ha 3HaKu - lrKoHofpaQraue-cKae, 3HaKI,I-UHlqeKCbI w 3HaKId - CZMBOJIbI.

I'IxouorpaQnqecKue 3HaKlt o6nquo nocrpoeHbr Ha HerrocpeAcrBeHHoM SaxrnuecnoM cxoAcrBe c H3o-6paxaelttttrl o6terrott. B ouuque or HI,IX, 3HaKfi-uHAeKcbI t{ 3HaKI4-cLrMBoJ'rbI ocHoBaHbI Ha accorrr21q4flx.Ho, npz 3ToM,3HaKLt-t4HAeKcbl crporrc.s no npl4Hur.lly oro6paxeHr4;-gacrLr qenoro. Taxofi 3HaK (c seo6xo-AliMocrbro rlpeAnonaraer 4eicrenreJlbHoe co[pncyrcrsue o6osHaqaeMofo [peAMera) (f,no6coH 1972,83),qro co6c'rgeHHo H rto3BoJlfler orHocltreJrbHo nerKo pacno3Harb, 3uuro)KeHHbtfi g Hux o6paz u cMbrcJl.

ZHoe 4e,lo 3HaKI'I-cHMBo.nut. llo4o6Ho rrpocrbrM 3HaKaM, oHr4 TaK )Ke yKzl3brBaror Ha HeKoe aHoe coAep-xal{ae u []pr4 3ToM Moryr eo6parr e ce6r re vrvr uHrle csoficrBa orpuDKeHHofo B Hl.rx npeAMera, Ho 3To -uHoe coAep)KaHae, 6yaer I'IMerb B 3ToM cnyqae ceoe co6crseHHoe, rrpHqeM, KaK rrpaBano, fopzl3Ao 6olee3Har{uMoe, caMocroqreJlbHoe 3HaqeHL{e. <3Harc BcefAa MeHbIrIe, qeM npeAcraBJr.f,eMoe }tM rroHtrTkIe, Toua KaKcl'lMBoJ'I BcerAa 6o,rsrue, rteM efo oqeBnAHoe 14 cpa3y rrpr{xoArulee Ha yM 3HaqeHqe)) (IOur u rp. Igg8, 4g).Eolee rofo' KaK npaBuJlo, <<Cet3b Me)K,qy r{yBcrBeHHo BocIrpIzHHMaeMbIM o3Hcvaroulll,vt c}rMBoJIa H MbrcreH-Ho nocraraeruun't (nepeno4ulvrltna) o3HavaeMbrw 3Tofo cI,IMBoJra ocHoBaHa Ha cornacoBaHHofi, sayueHHofi,npzrutuuoft accoquallnlr> (.[ko6cou 1972,83). Ho nueuno no 3roMy xe pacKpbrrr4e 3aJroxeHHbrx B qrMBo-JIax 3Har{eH}Ifr a ctrrtcloB llpeAcraBn.rer rcpafiue cno)KHy}o uccJ'reAoBarenbcKyro 3aAaqy, s oco6eFlHocrz, Ko-|'4a peqb flAer o clrMBoJlax ApeBHocrlr, T.e. KorAa o6ycroueHHrrfi clmrcl (o3HaqaeMoro) yrpar{eH H3-3aBpeMeHHoro pa3pbrBa n raHQopvaqua.

OgHarco, HecMorpt Ha orMeqeHnote o6cro.sreJlbcrBa, AyMaerct, qro, uycrb r{acrur{Hoe, npw6luxen-Hoe' Ho Bocrlpl4tT'I4e 3aIO)K9HHbIX B l{HTepecyfotlll,lx Hac caMBoJIaX-HaBeprxH.flX 3HaqeHufi u ct,1srcla ace)Ke Bo3Mo)KHo, ecJIh A,'It 3Toro onl4paTbcs Ha KoHqerlTyatbHble paspa6orrca caMoto ttoHtTlts czMBoJI, t{xcaoficrs n zHa,reHuit.

llr.s sroro Mr,r BocrroJrb3yeMcr pa6oralru A.(D. Ilocesa., flo o[peAeneHuro A.o. Jlocena, cuMBon - <<ugeituan, o6pazrtax utu uaeiruo-o6pazuax crpyKrypa, co-Aep)Kaqaq n ce6e yKa3aHlle Hare LrIrt4I4HbIe, orJrlrqHbre or Hee flpeAMerbr, Anq Koropbrx oHa serqercr o6o6-r{eHHbrM 14 Hepa3BepHyrbrM 3HaKoM)> (Jlocee 1970, l0_11).

3rolry xe QvtnocoQy npuHaAnextar orlrH us Harz6oree rroJrHbrx aHiuru3oB Jrorl4Krl cr4MBoJTa: flplrHrlr.trroBz o6crosretbcrB vtx o6pasoeauzt, zx BHeruHero lr BnyrpeHHero coAep)KaHufl, ilorvKr4 ux - cr4rHvt$uxarun-

o6q:arerrHble An.s ,rro6oro 3HaKa-cIlMBoJ'ra, He ocraBrtlor t{zKaKux cotugeHnfi orHocurerbHo rlpaBoMepHo-crH orHeceHVfl irwx uaaepurafi K 3HaKOBrIM cl4creMaM

!,rr aaropa B AaHHoM cnyqae BaxHee Apyroe - uclloJlb3o BaHr4e r.rMercrquxcs KoHqenTyu1nrnttx paSpa6O-ToK B noHuMaHIdV cHMBoJIoB' B Uent{x artpa6orrclt sogN,{oxHofi ,roru.recxofi cxeMbt pacKpbrrltr coAepxaHritnIV UHbIMU C,'IOBaMI'I, 3aJIOlKeHHblX B HatlIUX 3HaKaX-CaMBO,'IaX SHaueHAfi z CMbIc,rIOB, paCIIO3HaHTe KOTopbIX,B cBolo otlepeAb, xors 6u a o6rqnx qeprax rlo3BoJr.rrr npn6nnzvnacr K Bocnpu.r{Trrro rex - HHbrx, <<HeKuux?ux>>, aKpbtBaro u1nxcs 3a 3TvMr4 c HMB oJr aMH pe al u H ocre fi .

V|.2. BosvtoxHocrr pAc Kpbtl4r coAEpxAH 14fl 3HAKA-c t4M Bofi A

lna uauatta oltpeAenuMcr c o6rqrznn napaMerpaMu nercoefi uream,soit, npeAnonarael,rofi ec.sraM a'rM-Bo,rIoM (crpyKTypot)): ee MHHHM€uIbHo o6.sgarerlubrMr.{ 3rreMeHTaMr.l, r4x KarlecrBaMn u cyrqecrByro1;\uMr4Me)t(Iy H]4MH ABt3tMI,t H OTHOilIeHI.r'.qMl4.

Ctegyn npIzBeAeHHbtM BbtIIIe ge$uuuqutM, Lrro B Bepcr4z g.flupca, qro B Bepcr4u A.(D.IIoceBa, cyrr{Ho-crHoe coAep)KaH[e noHtrl.tt (cHMBor) Mo)KHo cBecril K [peAei'IbHo JraKoHHqHofi $opn,lyle, npeAxox(eHsofiE.-fl. llIefigrluoil: <Cunaaorl - 3ro :uam nexoefi Apyroft pealbHocrr,r> (lltrefiHrzu a2002,4).

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<u4etluo-o6pa3Haq crpyKTypa), orpzDKalo[Ias HeKyro peaJTbHocrr,, c HeM]-{HyeMocrbro AoJrxHa ro6parr n ce-6t u wpevt-o6pa:rt, BblpDKeHHbre B rrpocroM 3HaKe, xoropurfi ra e npeAnonaraer uerafi [peAMer, HeKoro-pyrc peaJlbHocrb, Ho petulbHocrb 6olee Hu3Koro ypoBHr. A ec,rn 3T'o raK, To tr3 aroro cJreAyer, vro, o6paso-BaHHaq cuMBonoM <<ugefiuo-o6pa3Hatr crpyKTypD no cyrr{ ceoefi BKJrroqaer e ce6q brcl ilo rpaftHefi lrepeAByx pa3nI4qHbIX pezrnbHocrefr: oguoil - uactHoi, BblpzDKeHHofi ua yponte [pocrofo 3HaKa 14 eropofi o6-qefr, cooraercreyroulefi caMoMy cur\{Bony - ero o6pasuofi crpyrcrype B rlenoM.

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ftrr upocroro 3HaKa, cofJracHo A.@. ,Iloceey (1991,264), <<aeo6xoA,Mo, .rro6rr ero npe.q^4er 6lr_rrHMeHHo reM, rlro o6oesaqaercs o6o:saqaeMbrM npeAMeroM)) t4trv - B Bepcvu P..flxo6coua (cnr. nrirue) - 3HaK-hHAeKc <c seo6xoAl{Mocrbro rlpeAnonafaer conpucyrcrsue o6o:ErarraeMoro o6rerra>. 3a rc brM H3 TaKUX3HaKOB tloApa3yMeBaercq Heqro pearbHoe, Ho 3T'O perurbHoe Heqro 3HaqHMOe, Cyqec.rBeHHoe, Koropoeco6creeFlHo u o6yclaelnBaer llenecoo6pa:Hocrs r4x cBeprr,rBaHur{ B 3HaKonoM o6osFraHeHVr4.

llprz onpe4eileHHbIX o6crogrelrcrBax, cfleqzanbHo 14 AeranbHo paccMorpeHHbrx B pa6ore A.(D.,rlocesa(1991, 260 w crcl. tryHKrbt 4-6), npocrofi sHax Mo)rer nprzo6pecrn ceoficraa cr.rMBo,[a. Ho o6pereHr.re rpo-crblM 3HaKoNl cnofrcre cHMBoJIa o3Har{aer Bo3pacra}oqne Ir3MeHeHug o6teva efo a3Har{zulsHutx 3Haveurfi,u6o scnrcnil cHMBoJl Heqro <<6oruuee>, qeM rrpocrofi :nan. A pa: sro raK, To npuo6pereuue 3HaKoM csoficracl'IMBona c Heo6xoAlzMocrbto flpernonaraer KaKae ro oyqecrBeHHbre rtgMeleHufl B caMux, orpax(eHHblx, co4nofr cropoHll - B tlpocroM 3HaKe, a, c 4pyrofi cropoHbl - B 3HaKe-cuMBore pezL,rhrx. 14 Mrr cnoea oKa3brBa-eMc'q nepeA Jll'illoM AByx orHocuTeJlbHo pa3,'IHqHbIX peatuh: o4noft upe:euvafiuo guaqulrofi, orpaxenHof nacxoAuo[ snarcosofi vacr2t cuMBora, eropofi - roprBAo 6olee suavunaofi, orpaxeHuofi B cr.lMBoJre - KaK He-rcoev o6urev urcne, s6uparoqeM s ce6xu cMbtcn nepnofi pezLnbHocrrl KaK opfaHultecrcofi .racrn qelocruofi<aAefi uo-o6pasuofi crpyKrypbr).

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MeroA 3Tor 3IDKAerct Ha aHaJr43e Bce rex xe Merpl{qecKr,rx rloKa3are,refi H HX coorHoneuuft. 146o, raxe orMeqarocb paHHee, (cyUlHocrb ncex nerqefi 3aKrloqaerc.{ B rrucrax)), a ((B3auMoorHorrleHr4e Berzrrr4H

Ha3blBaerct upolopuzefi> (lllnenuep 1998, 103; Ilocen 1963,263 u cne4.). A louraqr, ee rorroBa, KaK [r BceocraJlbHoe, nMeer cson oco6euHocrrl. OHa - foJIoBa 3Tofo )KlrBornoro, KaK r,I Bce ocraJ.rbHoe (scnoN4uz1a. qevonepapyrcT naJ'Ieoocreonorwt), fioAaerct a3MepeHI-IIo, a coorHorreHue qucJrroBblx Bervrr1rH laAyr HaM rrpo-nopqul4, flpur{eM nponopqvfl oco6ue, cnoeo6pa:ubre H Hrr c qeM vHbIM He coBrraAarorlr4e,

ilo.scH.slo. 3aAaqa HaIIIero aHaJrv3a - o[peAeneHvrc raAa xr.rBorHofo, oro6paxeuuoro B paccM arpilBae-Mblx HaMa KaMeHHLlx HaBepuutx, no rpafiuefi rvrepe - peanncrrrqecrcofi rpyrrrrbr. flpa ncex cxeMarq3Max HycnoBHocTqx' IIpHBHeceHHbIX ApeBHI{M cKyJIbIITopoM Ir I,IMeIoqI{M, pa3yMeeTc.s, cBoll o6rgcgeqfi.s, KDr(Aoev3 peanvcruqHblx HaBepmafi, paccvorpeHHble n npo$ule, o6Hapyxnaaror 6olee vrJrrT ,vre1ee, Ho BrroJrHe qer-KHe npo[opqnra. OHz eulp eHbI B oI]peAeJIeHHofi nnuue,rnqenofi qacrl uarepurufi H ee coorHoDteHnu ceutcotolz Hocosofi w, vIrH rorosuofi tacreit, wrLr - coorHorreHuv nocrre1lux Menqy co6ofi. Z:nepns z on-pe4envB coorHoureHu-t o6oguaqeHHblx napaMerpoB B ycnoBHbrx eAr,rHarlax - LIHAeKcax, MbI BrroJrHe Mo)KeMcoflocraBarb 3TI4 floKa3arenz co cxoAHblM}l tloKa3arerrrMlr, BbI!{LrcJ.reHHblMH 4lr npo$ra:refi roroe ;1oglageit,lt3BecrHblx no lro6ltu coBpeMeHHbrM vurt4 ApeBHHM zso6paxeuarM 3Toro xtrBorHoro. Crcoppenr.rpoBaB 3Tl4

Mepe' B 3HartlarerbHofi zx qacrlz (He 6ygeNa ga6rnalr o [pt4BHeoeHHbrx ycJroBHocrrx u cxeMarq3uax sauefrfpytrrb] Haxo4orc).

flo4vepraearc' peqb u4er o6 u4eurr'r0urcat\uz Bura- Equus - KaK TaKoBoro. Brura ro - TapnaH, Jro[rarbllpxeea'rscxofo, AnlKa.q unu oAoMa[HeHHar nouaAb - 3To Hac, IIoKa r{To, He nHTepecyer. Halr BDKSH ToJ]LKoenA, To.I can'lufi BHA' Koroplth, clreayt cfierryar:acraM n pa3BepnyBllrxMcr B rrocneAHee Aectrr,rJler se nr4a-KyccHtM (cnr. panee u 4alee), TaK Mzuro u3MeHuJrc, uopQo,rorraqecKz, rrro, A e npp1 caMLIX Tor{HbIX ocreo_noluqecKl'Ix H3MepeHutx' orJlt'lqurb nosAHer,'IeficrolleHoBylo no[aAb or 3HeoJlltrlt.{ecxoft fipaKTuqecKfi oKa-3blBaerct rcpailHe cJ'loxHo I4nIr lpocro He Bo3Mo)KHo. A sro o6crosrelrcrBo, Me y reM, Hac BrronHe ycr-pauBaer, rlocKonbKy oHo rlo3BoJlfler HaM BfioJIHe o6ocuosaHuo co[ocraBrrrb l,rHAeKcbr nponopq nfi uattuxKaMeHHbIX nso6paxeuufi se rolrxo c coBpeMeHuoit uttu (paHHeucropauecnofr>, Ho u c calrofr noengenrefr-

J]lrcb flo rofr xe cxeMe, qro H u3Mepeetul nHIJeBoir qacru peaJruarvvlbrx HaBeptxrzfi (cu. puc. I7). pevl a4ero rpex ocHoBHbIX [apaMerpax: rruHa ruqesoil qacr]r, Bblcora Hocoeofi a Bblcora ro,qosHofi uacreil,B3{Tblx Bpa3HoM norlapHoM coorHoIIIeHaI4 Apyr K Apyry. I4ur;tvrtt clloBaMu, peq6 HAer o urecrh ToqKax B Tpex lunefi-HbIX I'r3MepeHl4tx' Koropble B cooTHollleHl4ll Apyr K Apyry flo3Bor.sloT onpeAenuTb Tpx ocHoBHbrx oTHocra-TeJIbHbIX fiapaMerpa unn vHAeKca, orpzDKa]orqux cneqaQur{Hocrb rlportoprlar,r ruu nouQurypa\ALt npoQznrfoJIoBbI JIorxaAI{' 3ro: I - coorHolrleH}Ie AnuHbI lzqenofi qacrn rro orHorrreHu}o K Bbrcore uocoeofi (ycnonuo- uocosofi uHAexc); 2 - cooruoureHue.q,qLtHbt,raqeeofi r4acrvt rro orHorrreHzro K foJ'roBHoMy noKa3arenro (yc-toBHo-ronoeHofr IaHAeKc) u - 3 - cooruorueHae 3Tux ABle{ [apHbrx rrHAeKcoB Mex,qy co6oz (ycnonHo - Ho-co-rorosHoi uHAeKc, n6uparorque s ce6s., coorBercrBeHHo, u naqenofi norca-sarenr).

Lrzvepeuw pean:acrvlunblx HaBepIxLIfi, lovnlre pa3Mepbr Koropbrx HaM r43BecrHbr, AaHbr r pea6Hrrx a6-

onoro (crol6eq 6), ronoBHoro (cron6eq 7) u noco_ronoBHofo (cron6eq 8) uHgercon. o6paulaer na ce6s BHprMaHue, qro K rpynne peruucruqHbrx uanepmufi

HVs Ha creHax [eqep H rlp'). flolusle AaHHLIe no:rofi cepr4],r u:o6paxeuufi cse4eusr s Ta6rr,rue 19, e noro-poi, n rofi Ne [ocJleAoBareJ]bHocru, pacura$pouaHbr r{ ""rron"=oruHHr,re

a,rJrrocrpauHr4 (cron6. 2),yclosu. 1epa3Mepbl cHtrblx lusefrsrx napaMerpoB (cro,'16. 3-5) u 3HaqeHrr.s ronyueHHbrx aHAeKcoB (cro,r6. 6-8).

Ta6n' 18. Merpuvecxue napaMerpbr (3-5 - e ycfloBHbrx cnr.) ilso6paxeHri ronoe

8 - ur-rgexc coorHotueHilF Bbrcorbr ronoBHoro h HocoBoro noKa3arene.

Ns

Ne

n/TI

Crpanrqur -HlIJrIo au(Konanes-cxaa,1977)

fl;tnaarnue-

nofi.tagfvl

BrrcoraHoconoft

BucoratonoB-

soE

HocosIiH.

.[eKc

I-onoeI7H-

ACKC

Hoco-ronoB-

nofrHHIICKC

2 J 5 o 7 8Cm.8/l 2.8 0.9 t.7 3l 16.5 r89

2 "-.8t2 ?o It 1.9 z.tt l.52 1.733 "- R/? i,0 1,6 )1 1.69 I64 "-.9 /4 7) l.l 1.7 29 1.88 545 Cm.12. 6,1 z.) 3.5 141 1.74 526 Cm.47 5) 1.8 3.0 289 I.IJ 661 Cre 60/l l0,l 3.0 .+.J 3.36 235 +J8 Cm.6o/2 9"8 il 4.9 316 2 58

Cm 69 9.1 5.1 2.84 1.78 59IO Crp.79l1 35 t.l z-u 3. l8 lt: 8I

Cro.7912 ?5 1a t,9 2.91 1.84 582 Crp 81 3.7 t.l lo JJO 1.95 IJJ Cm.88 6.4 2.6 3.7 246 t,73 1.42

t.J )'7 39 27 1 .87 44t) UTD. 95/l 7.8 +-t 3 3c) I.8I 1876 *-.92/2

8.1 l.l 4.5 a al l8 45'l Crp. 99/t 2-6 09 I.6 2.88 1.62 1778 *-.99/2

3.5 Itl.L 1"9 2.91 t.84 1.58t\ 4.4 308 I.75 t76zv UTD. II6 8,0 aA^L.+L 1.86 1302l r31 8.0 J-Z 25 f th I.15

136 \) r.9 3.0 2.73 |.73 r.58Crp.137 q1

2.1 3.0 2.43 1'7 |.43.A .138 r0.2 4.0 5.6 ? (< r.82 I.l

Tar<oebt HanI'I HcxoAHbIe raHHbre, [pnBneqeHHbre Anq pen]eHfir rIocraBJreHH oit zagauu - onpeAeneHn,qucJ.roBof o BbrpDKe Hu_s nponopuufi npoSzna roJroBbr no[aA]r.

Hanu paccy)KAeHa.s ryr rtpocrll. Ecnn Br,rcq[TaHHbre, rrpnBeAeHHbre B coorBercrByrout4x ra6,ruqax

foJloBbl JroIIaAIl, TO, CKOppenI4poBaB AaHHbre IIo Bceuna l\4eHbllefi creneHl'I' Ao,rlx(Hbl coBrlacrb. Oronoprca - e 6orsuefi uru MeHbrrre orerreHr{ - r-IprrBoALrrc.,rJrHIrib [oroMy' qro B aHa-II]43 :aAefi'creoeas 6olr,uo y)K pa3Horxepcrurrfi Marepuan. KaueuHlre HaBepuz{ - coAuofr cropoHbl, c 4pyrofr - HacreHHbre n:o6poreHrzq [areo,ruruqecnofi fonoBbr rrorxaAu B HarypanbHyroBerLIqhHy' a c rperlefr cropoHbl orlrarafl B Meruullre MeJ-rKa.{ rroABecKa, utu uzo6paxeHple Ha cxnscrcourcocyAe' Bce :ro, ecrecrBeHHo, rlpeAnonar-aer AocraroqHo 3Hariure,uuufi pa:6poc ktHAeKaoB Ha Koppenrqu-oHHoM no'te' Ho, noAqepKlrBalo, aBTop oco3HaHHo nrr6par cronb pzrHoo6pasnyro KonneKrllrrc. 146o, norurcafIoAcK€BbIBaer' lITo ecnA Bce Hatnu vH!.elccst 4eficru,ITenbHo orpzDr r o6rexrzsHbre nponopqlrq roJ1oBbrJIoIIIaAH' a no[IaAb 3Ta oAHa H Ta )Ke - BuAa Equus, To Ha Koppemqr{oHHoM rroJre, He3aBr4cHMo or Bo3MoxHo-ro pas6poca, rIoKa3areJII4 rlo BceM 3TI,IM cepLLsM AoJI)KHbr coBrlacrb, AOJDKHsI o6Hapyxzrbcr KaK B3al,rMonepe-KpblBaroxluecs fpytl[upoBKr vnv rloAMHoxecrsa. kI3To B paBHoi crelenu orHocarc_rr rr K Harrlr.rM KaMeHHbrMHaBeprrrHrM, ecIIkT 0lH.u geitcTnureJrbHo npeAcraBnffor Hro6pax<eHrLfl rornarr...

' Cyruecreytor, pa3yMeercfl, lr MHot(ecrBo llHr,rx MeroaoB, Ho Koppenrur{r Ha BeKTopHoM noJre o6ecne.{,neaer san6ons-ury'o HarJ'ItAHocrl. A apxeonorll, KaK tI3BecrHo, flpeAnoqrrraror KoHKpe.l.Hoe - Bz3yanr,Hoe.

MeHHOIO pa3pblBa, CTvrIrr cTvIqeCKHx IIJIt't TeXHnqecKLtx BO3MO)I(HOcTefi nepeAaqr o6pa3a JrouraApr, [pr4Bne-qeHHbIe r{I4cnoBble rloKa3areJlu - Ha ypoBHe BuAa - 6eroroeopoqHo o6Hapy)rfl4Baror rroqru IIoJrHoe cooTBeT-crBHe, KaK no pacnpeAeneHurc (connaAeHl,Ie rpynn), TaK r.r [o reHAeHr{rlr,r (opueurrapoara rpynn). Haqerocr,KOMMeHTapUn UI3IILTUIHVI.

Pnc' 57 ' CoorHouteuue (HocoBofo) (ropusouranu) u <ronoeuoro> (eepruranu) ru4ercoe npo$rnnronoBbl noulaA[ Ha (paHHeilcropr4qecKhx) (1) u noa4ne naneon[ruqecrux(2) uso6paxexunx.

llo cxoppenupoBaHHbrM napaMerpaM, pe3ynl,Tarbr, rronyrreHHbre Ha BeKTopHoM rroJre, c o4uofi cropoHbr,noJlHocrbIo rloATBep)KAalor o6beKTkIBHocrb HHAeKcoB B Kar{ecrBe rzHAr4KaropoB vrrrv olpeAenvrelefi npo-noputzfr loua4zHofi foJ'IoBbI, a c 4pyroff cropoHbr - eQQer<ruaHocrb caMoro [peAnoxeHHor-o MeroAa KaKcpeAcTBa U4eUrl4QUr<arlfilr 3Toro BVAa )KUBOTHbrx.

A6colroruo aAeHTldqHbIe BbIBoAa HanparlvBzrlorcs, vr vt3 cpaBHr,ITenbHofo aHurnn3a 3Tr4x )Ke AByx cepr4Lrrlo ocrzLIIbHbIM rloKa:larer.sM u I,IX BO3MOXHbIM coqeTaHutM. Pevr uAer o cooTHorxeHr{u (rorosHofo)) (:ldIVHa,ruqenoff qacrLr Ha Bblcory ronoeHofi _ Ta6t. 18 a 19, crol6. 7) n <noco-roJroBofo) (coorHorxeHrdeHocoBoro noKa3arent c foJIoBHbINI - Ta6n. 18 n 19, cror6. 8) rangerccon (puc. 58) Hnv)Ke B coorHorrreHzr.rnocneAHero - ((Hoco-roJloBHofo) fioKa3arer.s c ((roJroBHblM) (: !.nvrHa raqesofi qacrLr Ha Bbrcory uocorofi)(pt'tc. 59)" Cpanunuax noryr{eHnble pe3ynbrarbr c AaHHbrMu Pucyuna 57, vox<Ho 3aMernrb, r{To Bo Bcex cJry-r{arx ilpoaHanH3HpoBaHHbIe vHAeKcsr o6pasytor: I - cxo4uue, KoMrraKTHbre oBzrnoo6pasnue xon$urypaquz,2 -- rcoropsre HaruIaAblBalorct Apyr Ha Apyra H Koropbre 3 - uueror oArry 14 ry )Ke oprreHTupoBKy rro orHor.xe-HHIo K ToqKe llepeceqeHvq ocetl BeKTopHofo norq. TaK r{To flocraBresHrtfi Bonpoc, HaAelocb, ucuepnau: I -BbIAeJreHHbIe ItHAeKcbI o6rexrllsHlr H crlorlHa orpoKarcT cnequQzvnocrb rrpolopuzz lpoQan" aorro"", ,ro-[arr4: 2 - tvrcroanKa KoppeKTHa I4 BTIoJIHe rIpHMeHrzMa rnfl, :n1eHTlQunaqrzr.r o6pasa norxaAr.r s rro6oNa sos-MO)I(HOM IICIIOJIHEHUIZ.

I'barc, npozepuB MeroAnr<y Lr nonyquB noJro)Kr{TerrbHrrfi orner, Mbl Mo)KeM rrpflarynrrrb K pe11eH11rcfnaBHol-o Haulero Borlpoca - u4eHrnQzKaIIktH o6pa:a, u:o6paxeHuoro B r{alrax KaMeHHbrx Hateprulr.ax. 146o,ecJIH 3To Aeiicrenrerlno o6pa: Jro[Ia{tl, To cKoppenrapoBaHHbre c AaHHbrMLt rro AByM paHee npoaH€ur}r3l,Ipo-BaHHf'IM cepuqM, ux coOTBeTcTByIoqZe LIHAeKcbI-[oKa3aTeJILf AOnx(Hb] cOBfIaCTb (s 6OJrlruefi ullU vessltteitcrenesu l).

Ha nocle4yloulux rpex un;Ilocrpalrutx (puc.60-62). s a6corrorso rofi )Ke uocJreAoBarerbHocrn, rro reMxe rIoKa3areJItM' cKoppenupoBaHo coorHoureHue lpoQunefi rauessux uaoepruufi c npo$a"rrrnru roJroB Jro-[JaAu, paHHee [poaHzull'I3]4poBaHHblx aepvu. {na naua4Hocrr.r u cono rz B 3THX unnrocrpar_(r,rJrx6rtrz coxpaHeHbr KoHryprr t4 rpyrnzpoBKt4 o6ezx rls rrepBbrx cepufi. gro saercs?

Prc. 60' cooruoulesue (HocoBoro)) (ropusorranu) n <ronoenoro)) (Bepr[Kanb)[HAeKcoB n po$rnr ronoBbt nowaAtl Ha ( paHHeucropt4qecK[x)

(1), nos4HenaneonuruqecKux (2) ntolpaxeHuflx h KaMeHHbrx xaeepuunx (3).

Puc. 61. Coorsouleuue <HocoBoro> (ropusonranu) u <ronoexoro> (eepruranu)

t,r,"o.1#?1"""""oH?r#:il:Ufi ::S'J#:'ilili"#fJfl l,xi".i,liixli,*t.r

, 1' flo4o6Ho npeAIIrecrByIoqI'IM cepvflM, trpr4 ervHr."nux pa:6pocax rroKrBareJrr4 KaMeHHux Harepurzfio6pasyror AocraroqHo KoMrIaKrHbIe fpyrrrbr rroAoBzrnbHofi ronQzrypaquu (puc. 60,3; puc.6l,3; puc. 62,3);

2' flo ncerra rpeM coqeraHvlar rIoKzBareJIH KaMeHHbrx Hanepunfi (n n ux KoMfraKTHoM pacflpeAeJre Hypt, vlno eAlIHLIqHrtu pa:6pocau) nouru qro HaloJIoBI,IHy coBrraAaror c rroKa3areJrrMr4 nepnofi --1.pu"""""Topvqe-cr<ofi>> cepuu u s oco6eHHocrra (!) c - \areonvnuqecxofi cepuefi, (puc. 60-62,

"oot"t-"Hr,re MexAy roqKaM1a7,2z3rpynn).

uro o0oprra,reuue srofi uy$ru, uo nceii Be o.srHocrpr, BKJrroqiuro e ce6q AonoJrHnTenbHbre 3JreMeHTbr oro-6paNaeltoro o6pa:a. Tarczttlz xapaKTepHbIM Anr ronoBbr norxaAr4 3JreMeHTaMr4, orcyrcrBy rouLr'n B peanu-crl4qecKux KaMeHHblx Ia:o6paxeuulx (ucxltoveHl4e - Tepexnz-Merre6), MofJItI 6rttr, rcouer{Ho xe, y111v vleqe - rpHBa' kI ero o6cro.f,rerucrBo BecbMa flpuHrrufluilJn,Ho npkr grHorpaQzuecr<oil peKoHcrpyKr{r{r.t Bo3-Mo)KHofo r{cxoAHoro BHelrHero Br4Aa 3Tr,rx uanepuufi.

tz-

10-

B.

6-

A+-

2-

B cytrrrue

J/.*.--\

n6 nA I 1r 1't II t,- t.u I

,\\/\11--1.8 T.s zfn7 1n 1

Prc' 63' Konu'lecreeHHoe pacnpeAeneH!4e noxasarenei no KaMeHHbrM HaBeplrlhsM (1), <pauneracropravecruria> (2) ra

flo eeprrranu - KonhqecrBo ffiffiHH:ilI jiHi:tJ"ffil:ffi?ff#",:?!ir"u^ 17_1e, qon6. 7) x Hoco_

ronoBHoMy (Ta6n. 17_19, cron6. g) noxasarenRu.

o4uaro noArlepKlzBalo, KaKHMII 6tt ge 6rtlz 6rr o6rscseuns,. orMeqeHHbre Bbrrrre, coBMeureHue 3Ha-qnrelruofi qacrv rloKa3areJlefi nantesHrtx HaBepIIrI4fi c norcasarenflMvr pa3HoBpeMeHHbrx, qerKrrx 'r3o-6paxenuft foJIoB nolxaAl' LI.JITTK'M pelxaer Borrpoc o6 o6paee, nso6paxaeuoM B KaMeHHbrx peaJrucrr,rq-

Hbrx HaBeplxurx.A ec'ru MoI4 orlnoHeHTbl B 3ToM etlle coMHeBarorcr, npeAnararc npocrofr 3KcnepvMeHr. Bogsnazre:1o6oe

Ayfn cKynoBoro usru6a, aAyluero K yrxaM, Bbrcory corHolleHut AnvHbr foJIoBbI Ha Bblcory Hocoeoft (nocoaofi an4ercc), 3areM roJroBuofi (rolongofi uu4exc) vac-reit' a 3areM coorHecvre ABa nocneAHl4x uHAeKca (Hoco-rolon uoil), uBbr HelpeMeHHo noJryqare cneAyrcr!fie

M - or 1.4 oo 2.0 u s rperbeM cnyqae _ or 1,4 4o 1,9.norxaAH.Ha no3Haerc.s B cpaBHeHuu. Be1t, (cLtr)) _ He roJrbKo

H pa3rrvqve, pa3rfirr{ve ro oTHolreHaro K 3JreMeHTaMllHoro prItt4 vHbrx rlrnoB' Karc npo.ausror ce6t rloKa3areJrn nponopuafi rorroBbr notuaAv B cpaBHeHwI c froKa-3urelrg'Mlr tlHbIX BaAoB xzsorHstx? .ft{ eroro MbI BocrroJrb3yeMcq rofi x<e, xoporrro lrpounnlocrpuponanuofipa6orofi A. Ilepya-f ypaHa.Ha Pucy'xax 64-65 cKoppenHpoBaHbl H3MepeHHbre u Bbrcr{vraHHbre ,,o reM xe ,,pllHuzrraM rroKa3a-

bIX, tro CpaBHeHIIIO C tIOKa3aTeJL'IMu J'IOma,qu, o6ua_py)KI'IBaIOr COBepueHHo Apyfoe pacnpeAeneHne H uHyro opHeHTarlktro orHocurerbHo roqKn [epecer{eHu,ocefr roopA'HarHoro no'r'q' B ueJIoM' oHH AeM T HecKoJrbKo 6oree yAnr.rHeHHbre, rrp,3eMvcrbre[po[opUI4I'I. 3ro o6cro.areJlbcrBo orqerJruBo Baerc, rz ra3 coorHorrreHl.t, (HocoBoro)) tr (ro_JIOBHOfO)) rloKa3areneit (pnc. 64), u 143 COI]OCTaBrreHufl ((HOCO-|OJrOBHOfO)) roKa3arer-s c ((roroBHbrM)(puc' 65)' u, pa3yMeercfl' 143 coorHolrreHra.s (Hoco-foJloBHofo) rI ((HocoBofo) I4HAeKcoB, anJ,Ilocrparl'roKOTOpbrx MLr npolycKaeM.

Vff.3. K Bonpocy oEycnoBHocrrxu cxEMArn3MAx

B npeguecrByloqeM naparpaQe M6I paccMorpenn Boflpoc rgeurraQuKar{zu o6paza,3ano)KeHHoro B pea-J'IHcrI"lqHbIX KaMOHHLIX HaBepurflsx. Brtnoq - oAI4H. I,I gror BbtBoA rIoJIHocrbIo coorBercrByer BbIBoAy, Ha-rlpaunBaloureMyct I'r3 npaBznbHoro Boctrpu.{Tr,rq caMofo [oHsrtIs (TI4n). 3ro, noHeuuo xe, o6pa: no[IaAI,I.3ror xe BblBoA, KaK orMeqaJlocb paHee, c roqKn 3peHrzr rroHflTHfl (<tarr)) n panuofi creIIeHH Hanparlrr4Ba-ercl LI [pI{MeHHTenbHo K CXeMarLrqecKnM HaBeprxa.rrM, frocKoJrbKy oHr,r cocr,aBJ] flrou[afl qacrb rofo }Ke rn[a,qro H peajlHcrHr{ecKHe. O4uano, B orJII{qHe or peaJIpIcrI4tIHbIX HaBepuufi, cxeuarr.{qecKl4e Mo)KHo H3Mepr,rrb,Ho HeI43BecrHo c r{eM corlocraBl4Tb, c t{eM cKoppenuposars.V Bce rroroMy, uro o6pa: uso6paxaevoro npe-AenbHo cxeMarH3I4poBaH I'I He noAaerc.fl oAHo3HaqHofi a4eHru$r,rKaIIH14, xorq, BHe coMHeHHr, o6pa: sror 6rutBITOJTHe or{eBuAHbrM An.s IpeBHr.lX.

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Pealu3l't' n o6r,tqnov iloHuMaHvw ororo noHrrHfl,, no[pa3yMeBaer <<sau6oree rloJrHoe, [paBArzBoe or,pa-)KeHI4e AeficrehrerbHocrl{) (CI4C 1979, 429) vnn <<npaBlHnoe, o6rercTaBHoe orptuKeHze 4eficrnnrerlno-cra> (BC3' I4sa.-III-e.1976. Torvr' 21, 526).lrlnswu cJIoBaMr.r, HecKoJrbxo yrport1a.s, Mo)KHo cKa3arb, rrro pea-

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I4Hoe Aelo u:o6paxeHut, BbITIoJIHeHHbIe B npeAenbHo cxeMarvqec xoit, crutuzoeaHHofi r4n?r [ceBAopea-Jll'rcruqecKoft uauepe. B erux cnyqatx uro6paxeHu.s raruKe oro6paxaror co6ofi Heqro pezrnbHoe. Ho crr.rra-3awfl - 3To (AeKoparuBHoe o6o6uleHue uzo6p ux Quryp u [peAMeroB c rroMorrlbro prAa ycJroBHbrxnpHeMoB) (EC3' I'I:a'-III-e'1976. Toru. 24,513

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Revista Arheologica, Vol. I, Nr. 2, Chisinau 2005