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RF in the SHACK and OTHER GROUNDING MYTHS NCARC NOVEMBER 2009 MEETING PRESENTED BY: DAVE – W0LEV

RF in the SHACK-1 - NCARCncarc.net/files/RF_in_the_SHACK-1.pdfthree types of ground • safety: assures neutral and “green”are at the same potential so you don’t get shocked

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Page 1: RF in the SHACK-1 - NCARCncarc.net/files/RF_in_the_SHACK-1.pdfthree types of ground • safety: assures neutral and “green”are at the same potential so you don’t get shocked

RF in the SHACK and OTHER

GROUNDING MYTHS

NCARC  NOVEMBER 2009 MEETING

PRESENTED BY:  DAVE – W0LEV

Page 2: RF in the SHACK-1 - NCARCncarc.net/files/RF_in_the_SHACK-1.pdfthree types of ground • safety: assures neutral and “green”are at the same potential so you don’t get shocked

A POSSIBLE GOOD GROUND?A ground rod is an 8 foot long copper coated road pounded 7 ½ feet into the ground. It should be in a place that is moist from time to time. You cannot put it in dry sand and expect it to work. The ground rod wire, for a power system ground, should be #8 wire or larger. Construction Plans will provide a specification or 

the National Electrical Code can be consulted.

You could connect a toaster between the hot side of the power line and a ground rod. Since the neutral of the power line is grounded you should have a complete circuit. Connect the toaster normally and make a 

piece of toast and time the toaster until the toast pops up. Then, connect the toaster to the HOT side of the power line and to the ground rod and make a piece of toast. If the time is within 25%, comparing the first piece and the second piece then you have a good ground. You should fully understand electricity and the 

safety needed when doing this test BEFORE you attempt it.

If the toaster time is too far off then drink a quart of liquid, wait an hour or so, and then wee on the ground rod and make sure you wee about ¾ of the quart out (do not have the toaster connected or operational). Wait 1 hour and re‐test with the toaster. This will test to see if the soil needs to be wet. Getting a second person to do this and weeing one hour after you wee, and then waiting 1 hour after the second wee would 

be a better test.

Page 3: RF in the SHACK-1 - NCARCncarc.net/files/RF_in_the_SHACK-1.pdfthree types of ground • safety: assures neutral and “green”are at the same potential so you don’t get shocked

THREE  TYPES  OF  GROUND

• SAFETY:ASSURES NEUTRAL AND “GREEN” ARE AT THE SAME POTENTIAL SO YOU DON’T GET SHOCKED –

NOTHING TO DO WITH RF IN THE SHACK

• LIGHTNING:PROVIDES A RETURN FOR LIGHTNING INDUCED RETURN CURRENTS SO YOUDON’T TAKE LIGHTNING DAMAGE TO YOUR HOUSE OR EQUIPMENT –

NOTHING TO DO WITH RF IN THE SHACK

• RF:PROVIDES A RETURN FOR INDUCED RF CURRENTS (HEAVEN FORBID EMP) ‐

NOTHING TO DO WITH RF IN THE SHACK

Page 4: RF in the SHACK-1 - NCARCncarc.net/files/RF_in_the_SHACK-1.pdfthree types of ground • safety: assures neutral and “green”are at the same potential so you don’t get shocked

THEN WHAT IS A “GROUND”

Page 5: RF in the SHACK-1 - NCARCncarc.net/files/RF_in_the_SHACK-1.pdfthree types of ground • safety: assures neutral and “green”are at the same potential so you don’t get shocked

RF IN THE SHACK?

• IF YOUR ANTENNA IS WORKING AS INTENDED, YOU DARN WELL BETTER HAVE “RF IN THE SHACK”!! 

Page 6: RF in the SHACK-1 - NCARCncarc.net/files/RF_in_the_SHACK-1.pdfthree types of ground • safety: assures neutral and “green”are at the same potential so you don’t get shocked

WHAT IS RF IN THE SHACK

• WHAT IT IS:GETTING “STUNG” OR “BURNED” FROM ABOUT  ANY CONDUCTORWHILE TRANSMITTING 

THE TRANSMITTER MAY EXPERIENCE RF FEEDBACK IN THE AUDIOCIRCUITRY

THE PRESENCE OF HIGH RF FIELDS IN THE SHACK

• WHAT IT IS NOT:DEPENDANT ON “GROUNDING”

Page 7: RF in the SHACK-1 - NCARCncarc.net/files/RF_in_the_SHACK-1.pdfthree types of ground • safety: assures neutral and “green”are at the same potential so you don’t get shocked

RF IN THE SHACK?

• DO WE STILL HAVE “RF IN THE SHACK”?

Page 8: RF in the SHACK-1 - NCARCncarc.net/files/RF_in_the_SHACK-1.pdfthree types of ground • safety: assures neutral and “green”are at the same potential so you don’t get shocked

MY TYPICAL CAMPING STATIONGUARANTEED RF IN THE “SHACK”

Page 9: RF in the SHACK-1 - NCARCncarc.net/files/RF_in_the_SHACK-1.pdfthree types of ground • safety: assures neutral and “green”are at the same potential so you don’t get shocked

OH‐OOOHH, MAYBE THIS ISN’T SUCH A GOOD IDEA

• GET “BIT” OR RF‐BURNED BY TOUCHING EVEN THE SMALL MICROPHONE CLIP (at 80‐watts)  

• CAN NOT OBTAIN A MATCH TO THE WIRE  

• RADIO RF OUTPUT IS IRRATIC AND UNSTABLE     

• RF INTO THE AUDIO CAUSES “RF FEEDBACK”

• RADIO AUDIBALLY SQUEELS WHEN THE  MICROPHONE IS KEYED.  

Page 10: RF in the SHACK-1 - NCARCncarc.net/files/RF_in_the_SHACK-1.pdfthree types of ground • safety: assures neutral and “green”are at the same potential so you don’t get shocked

SOLUTION

BIG FAT CONDUCTOR FROM RADIO CHASSIS TO JEEP SHEET METAL

NOTHING HAS BEEN “GROUNDED”!

NOTE:  RUBBER TIRES DON’T CONDUCT RF ENERGY

Page 11: RF in the SHACK-1 - NCARCncarc.net/files/RF_in_the_SHACK-1.pdfthree types of ground • safety: assures neutral and “green”are at the same potential so you don’t get shocked

MODEL OF THE CAMPING SETUP

TRANSMITTER

TRANSMITTER

VEHICLE

SKELETON IMAGE PLANE(Jeep)

NO SINK FOR RETUTN CURRENTS(RADIATIVE OR NON‐RADIATIVE)

RETURN CURRENTS TRAVEL THROUGH FAT CONDUCTOR

Page 12: RF in the SHACK-1 - NCARCncarc.net/files/RF_in_the_SHACK-1.pdfthree types of ground • safety: assures neutral and “green”are at the same potential so you don’t get shocked

NOW, WHAT IS RF IN THE SHACK?

• SIMPLY:  AN ATTEMPT OF THE RF FIELDS GENERATED IN THE INTENDED ANTENNA TO SINK IMAGE OR RETURN CURRENTS ‐ THE ANTENNA IS INCOMPLETE – THIS IS WHAT CAUSES THE BURNS AND BITES.

• THE PRESENCE OF HIGH RF FIELDS IN THE SHACK – THIS DOES NOT BURN AND BITE.

Page 13: RF in the SHACK-1 - NCARCncarc.net/files/RF_in_the_SHACK-1.pdfthree types of ground • safety: assures neutral and “green”are at the same potential so you don’t get shocked

JUMP ROPE ILLUSTRATIONTHINK FIELDS AND WAVES

NO PROVISION MADE FOR IMAGEOR RETURN CURRENTS 

PROVISION MADE FOR IMAGE OR RETURNCURRENTS

Page 14: RF in the SHACK-1 - NCARCncarc.net/files/RF_in_the_SHACK-1.pdfthree types of ground • safety: assures neutral and “green”are at the same potential so you don’t get shocked

IS “GROUNDING” REQUIRED TO ELIMINATE “RF IN THE SHACK”?

Page 15: RF in the SHACK-1 - NCARCncarc.net/files/RF_in_the_SHACK-1.pdfthree types of ground • safety: assures neutral and “green”are at the same potential so you don’t get shocked

SUPPLY THE REST OF THE ANTENNA, DUMMY

• IN A RADIATIVE MANNER – THE OTHER HALF OF THE DIPOLE

• IN A NON‐RADIATIVE MANNER – THE VERTICAL MONOPOLE IMAGE PLANE

Page 16: RF in the SHACK-1 - NCARCncarc.net/files/RF_in_the_SHACK-1.pdfthree types of ground • safety: assures neutral and “green”are at the same potential so you don’t get shocked

CAN A GOOD DC GROUND BE A GOOD RF “GROUND”?

• ZERO LENGTH – MAYBE – BUT WHY

• ¼‐WAVELENGTH LONG CONDUCTOR – NO 

BUT, THE ¼‐WAVELENGTH “GROUND” CONDUCTOR BECOMES A PART OF THE ANTENNA!  IT SUPPLIES A CONDUCTIVE RETURN PATH FOR THE (NOW) RADIATIVE RETUREN CURRENTS! 

Page 17: RF in the SHACK-1 - NCARCncarc.net/files/RF_in_the_SHACK-1.pdfthree types of ground • safety: assures neutral and “green”are at the same potential so you don’t get shocked

WHAT  DOES  THE  RADIATING ?Mobile

Resonator

Tall Tower

Hint: What is the RadiationResistance (if you answer 50‐ohms, you flunk)

Hint: Without the tower, would there be “RF Inthe Shack”?

Coaxial Feedpoint(center conductor to resonator,braid to tower) 

Does This Matter ???

Why ??

Page 18: RF in the SHACK-1 - NCARCncarc.net/files/RF_in_the_SHACK-1.pdfthree types of ground • safety: assures neutral and “green”are at the same potential so you don’t get shocked

THE  FACTS

• FACT: A severely electrically shortened “radiator” (the mobile resonator) presents a very LOW radiation resistance (notice this is resistance, the real part, not the reactive part)

• RESISTANCE: A)  Frequency Independent (R) B)  Can transform types of energy• REACTANCE: A)  Frequency Dependent  B)  Can not transform types of 

(L or C) energy

• The radiation resistance is generated as a result RF fields on a conducting structure and is dictated by the physics of those fields coupling to free space ‐ radiation

(we’ll end EM theory there).  

• In a radiating structure, what is responsible for producing radiation?Voltage?                     Current?             Magic?                  Why?Why should I care? What does it matter? All? None?

Black Magic? Witchcraft? The Large Hadron Collider?

Page 19: RF in the SHACK-1 - NCARCncarc.net/files/RF_in_the_SHACK-1.pdfthree types of ground • safety: assures neutral and “green”are at the same potential so you don’t get shocked

OHM’S  LAW

• What does OHM’S LAW have to say about this?  Yes, OHM’S LAW, remember?

• It doesn’t apply to just resistors!  Does Ohm’s Law require a “ground”?

•V = IR Simple linear algebra.  REMEMBER IT !!!!!!!!

I had this on my Novice Exam in 1959!!  Its worth remembering!!!!!

• Low Resistance    dictates high current and low voltage

Page 20: RF in the SHACK-1 - NCARCncarc.net/files/RF_in_the_SHACK-1.pdfthree types of ground • safety: assures neutral and “green”are at the same potential so you don’t get shocked

THEREFORE

• ANSWER: THE TOWER

Low‐Z Feedpoint 

The Mobile Resonator Contributes an Insignificant Amount of Energy to the Radiated Fields of the Structure.

RF CurrentGenerates fields which couple energy to free space ‐radiation

Page 21: RF in the SHACK-1 - NCARCncarc.net/files/RF_in_the_SHACK-1.pdfthree types of ground • safety: assures neutral and “green”are at the same potential so you don’t get shocked

QUESTIONS