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Volume "I , ~umhcr"\
Rhode Island HistOf)j
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AU(;US T rvv t
Rhode Island HistoryVolume " l , Number \
CONTENT"
Encouraging Faithful Domestic Servants:Race , Deviance, and Social Control in ProvidenceFA ....!. LAr\ l ...S H II
The Role of Women in the Don RebellionRO.'\JALll r fO R\lI"A,""O
71
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lANE LANCA"TER
lane Lancaster teaches, Jl rhc LincolnSchool m Providence. ';;h" wi~h", 10
dcdic.uc thb .miclc to the rnvmory 01
l'",k"or Hill MeLouj!;hlin, tor wh",c cl.e,ir wa-, wnucn.
Encouraging Faithful Domestic Servants:Race, Deviance, and Social Controlin Providence, 1820-1850
rr,lCksoni,m America is saul {(l hnvc "discovered the nsvlum" as ,1 W,IV!U
JJ control vice, deviancy, and dependence. A.,., David Rothman h.IS shown,the nanon. laced wnh new urban condiunns and rapid SOCI,II change, C.IIllC to
see the poor and thc d..-viant ,IS products of ,I Luthy environment. Lind it grewto hchcvc that reform or improvement was pussible only if such pcoph- were
removed from the hanntulmflucnccs of their sncil'ty. Conscqucntlv. asylums-prisons, almshouses. and orph.magcsc-wcrc htulr to replace such "barhanc ' colonial punishments ,IS the stocks and such inadequate chnrituhlcmeasures as hoarding orphans with relatives.'
The discovery of the asylum was rcllcctcd in I'rovidencc m the HCHh and11'140., when wealthy and influential citizens attempted to solve two pressingproblems sim ultaneously: the problem of limiting the growing independenceof the hlnck curnmurutv-c-nn ind ependence thar thev in tvrpn-tcd as devi
ance-and the problem of s,ltisfying an increasing demand for faithful. deferential, and wcll-tr.uned domestic servants. With rhc Providence Sucrcty fort he Encouragement of Faithful Domestic Servants. ,I group of citizens [almostexclusively malel sought to achieve these ends through hnnncial incenuves.This cttnr t proved ine ffective and was short-lived. A few years lawr anothergroup [ulmost exclusively female! wok a diffcn-m. more radical approach:their Providence Shelter for Colored Orphans "rescued" children irnm theirunhealthy environment and t rained them to he domestic servants. In manyways ,I typica l asylum of the period, this institut iun gained a rcrr.nn measureut success, as evidenced hy Its continued existence {although in a very differem form I more th,1I1 150 years <liter its founding.
Servants have hccn in short supply m America hum t hc seventeenth centuryonward." Despite nostalgia in certain quurtcr-, ior the days when servants
"knew t heir place." evi dence from letters, drancs. and stature boob suggeststh.n t her e never W;IS such a t ime. In a letter d.ued 10 July !o,V), luh n Wimerof Rich mon d Isla nd, Maine, cornplumed that lus indentured servant Prisc il la"is so f;1I1 and soggy she Cann hardly do any wor kc. Our men In not desire to
huuc her boyle the kittle for them she is so sluttish." In addinon, he criticized her for staying out l.uc. not getting up in the momingv, running awnv,and hcurg unable to milk a cow or ,I go,lt. Punitive law-, for conuollmn -cr
vants were enacted in all the colonies. under a !71K Rhode lsl.md law, forinstance, a servant guilty ot disobedience or disorder could he punished by upto ten stripes for each oiknse.
The "servant problem" looms large in the literature of the nineteenth century.
This problem affected the servers and the served in different \·vays. hut becauseof differences in rates of lueracv, it was mainly (hut not cxclustvclvl dcscrihcdhy the employers.' From the ir viewpoint there were two clements involved:first, nhtain ing dumcstic servants who were both skillful and ohliging; second,
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7 ,' ENCOURAGING FAITtlFUL lJOMlSTI C SLRVANTS
PROVIDENCE SOCIETY
Ruin all'! regulanons "r th.· h m Mu/.\"f\·iJnf~' .\IKU· /I' Hroa dvrdc . IN.H. R/H.~
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Thus the demands ot a servant's joh were IOn cxacunc tor women to w illinglyenter long-term ..crvicc It they had .my re;l..enable altcrnatrvev, Wag<:.......erelow (alt hough .....hen combmed with hoard and lodging. they were comparable10 a mill operanvc's pay l. Mary Troop DOlT Arne .., a Providence woman ....-hnkept record.. of her servants trorn 11'i42 to 11'i60. paid $150 per week to herhcuscrnards throughout the 11\40s, though she did rarsc her conk 's poly lromSI.75 to S2.00 in 11'i43, "on condruon 01 her raking charge 01 the lower part nf
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7~ I:.'JCOURAt;ING IA ITHILJL ()OMISTH SER\ANIS
tew other occupation ... open til them. In the ycar-, tlllloWln~, however, black ...started to work a'" dravmcn. gncvr.... baker.... ,IIlJ contecnoncrs. trade... thatenabled thorn 10 hve rndcpcndcmlv Ih ],1UO halt the black population livedIn the ir own home, Thr-, ~roup included numbers 01 ..crvant ... , lor many III
those who were in dome ... nc svrvrcc Wert nnw "liviru; out" or we re casualwo rkers comrac ung on ,I dailv h,l-.l'"
These years alvo ...aw the growth 01 commumtv conscnursnc-,s and commu.nnv orgaruamg among l'rov rdcncc'.. black populutmn. Thi-, development wa ...
spurred by a group ot while phtlarnhroprvrv. mcludinz ,\10'.1.''' Brown, who hadencouraged black leaders to ..et up the all-dcnorrunauonal African UnionMeeting and the Mt:etln~Street School lor Negro Children in II'i I'J. Therewere, in addition, IWO hlack Ma"lllIc lodges in Pnwrdcncc. nne founded in17'.N and the other In lH26, In l~ n black- look a e1a....lC .. tel' toward respect
abihtv by organizing the Pnwtdcncc Temperance Socierv. The fonv chartermembers wok a plcdac 10 n..nouncc liquor, except lor medicinal purpo..cs.and they agreed that il rhcv broke the, plcdke, "rhcv ...hall be conver..cd withand ..hewn the error 01 their ....-av... ; il thcv did not retorm thev ...hall heexpelled lrom rhr .....ocictv."
The movement bv black.. tow ard hourgl'tII.. re ...pccrabrlitv, accompanied hy,I rclanvcly 1o\\, bmhr.nc and link Inward mrxrauon (Providence wa .. not adc-unanon tavorcd hv tugiuvc ..lave ... l, boded il l for those white.. who wantedtnuhtul and dctcn-rmnl black verv.mt .., Thc demand wac there, hu t the ... upplv
Wd" problcrnauc. The career 01 Ellcanor Eldndgc iII11..rran-s the unwilh ngnc, ..01 blacks to enter pvnnanvnt llollle... til' ..erv in' il they had any reasonablealternanvc. Part Narrazan-cu Indian and p;1I1 black. Ellcunur ..ta rred work atten years ot .J}:l· .1" J dome..nc servant. Shl.' became ,I .. ki lled weaver and a.d.urvwoman. hut ..he prcte rrnl to run her own busmcs.. a.. J whncwashc r andpaperhanger. She ,J1s111l1ve ..red in propvnv. and by !K40 ..he owned rea l e..t atcvalued at film rhous.md dollar.... When ..he did work a.. a domestic ..crvunt ...he did suon her own tenus. Acco rding to an account ot her lift.: written in11'\31'1 , she
wurkcd jur her UWIl husnu- ..... 1 Iur rune or tell mon ths In the YGU; hut tommOIl!Y. durin): the 1110"1 'i,",Yl'h' told 01 winter. sho engaged hasell to r hIghwa:-:~s. in snmc private LlIllI!Y. hotel or hO;lrding house Two 01 tlt~s~ winte rs..he worked ,II Mr. J,ll,;k~on's; and t ltl' two fo llow Ill,>: ,II COVCrtlnT Taft's; and itrs wurrhy o j r.:m,uk. ,IIlJ alih' crl·diLlh!c to hcr'il'H .mJ n1'1t'mplowrs, thatELLEAN O R H AS AL\....AYS LIVEn WITI! COOj) l' t O PLE"
Ten ~ ion s hetween the hl;lCk cUld whltl'l.'oll1ll1unitle.. lIf ProVidence ha d lon~
..immcn:d. hut thl'y Wl'rl.: cx,Kl'rhatl·d hy the town'.. growth, the l'mCrgl'nce 01a. property·owning hbl.'k arll",l!l 1.'1"....., ,lIld thl' conCl'ntration oi un<,killedhlack.. in or adlaeent III .lTe,1-. th,lI ill..o c;lIl'rnl to s,lilors ;lIld "kwd wotlll'n."Thl' J<'SOcidlion 01 hlal.:k.. wuh deviant tlr VICIOUS hehavior i.. mO"'1 clea.r1ySl'l'n al thl~ P<lllll. alrhull.l:h It hl'caml' dear dunng thl' hl·;lfing... on Ihe IKl lOlnq." ... Lane not Ihal mo ... t 01 thl' slum I;mdlord" (mcluJing Nichola.. Brown.nne ot the ric he .., ml'n III Pwvidl'ncl'l weTl' whue. In thc Hard Scrahble notullK24 a.nd the mllre "'l·nou ... Olnn" ... Lane run "even Yl·ar.. later. Ihe town ....interracial tcn... iun .. caml' to a. head.
Hdrd Scrahhle wa.. thl' namc ~I\'cn 10 the a.rea. al pre~ent·da.y MlJ..hJ..suckSquare, a nelghhnrhnnd Ih,lt wa. home to ma.ny lit PrunJcnce's hlack fl· ...I-
dent.., According tn Wtlha.m Bru n. a hl.-ick ..hucmender ..... ho later ..... rote hi"memoirs. hlack.. were ~uhlcCted In pl'ny hara....ment un the town's streer ..;
lfo ENCOURAGING FAITHFUL DOMESTIC SERVANTS
for instance, local whites would amuse themselves by " knoc king oil men'shats and pullmg oft ladies' shawl-, and often following them a" they pa.....ed to
and from church. "l ~ Another favorite pastime was ordering black couple.. nilthe sidewalk Into the street . The Hard Scrabble not ot October IHH vcem-, 10
have come about when a series of such incidents led to a fight betweenwhites and blacks "in consequence of an attempt of the former to marm.unthe inside walk in their peregrinations through the town." The followmgn ight a white mob assembled, made its way to Hard Scrabble, "and In theshort space of four or five hours, levelled it with the ground "I Y Four whiumen were tried and two were found guilty, but the verdict was quashed on atechnicality and all were freed.
Far more serious was the disturbance that occurred in Snow Town, a bla ckneighborhood near where the Providence-worcester Canal met Olney '.. Lane .This area contained bars and brothel.. carcnng to sailors. In IR16 it W,IS
described as a place where " the "cum of the town and the out-scounnge 01creation, nightly as ...emble to rim and debauch, and In the midst oi rhcrr bacchanalian revel.. the whole neighborhood is kept in a constant state 01 inquietude and alarm. "J(I This alarm wa .. justified in September IK~I , when lourd,lyS of rioting took place there. Most aCC(1Unt!- oi the Olney's Lane rim ,lgTtTthat it had begun with a confromatton in Snow Town between a party otwhite sailors .11111 a group of blacks; that the sailors returned with about ,I
hundred ..upportcrs. that a black householder told them to stay away trom hisproperty, and when they refused. he ..hill one of the sailors dead. The fi~ht
escalated, with the authorities powerless to stop it until the fourth dav . whena magistrate read the rim act and aurhonzed the militia to shoot. Four mem ohers of a white mob were killed and touneen others were rmurcd before therioting finally ended. Eighteen huuscs in Snow Town had been destroyed. Following the disorder the rioters enjoyed considerable sympathy among localwhnes. "The mob made but little norse and were expeditious and SCientificin the performance of their arduous duties, " a newspaper editorial sarcastically claimed. "Not one reputable building was .mackcd.?"
The Olney's Lane riot was instrumental in forcing community leaders to faceand dea l with the problems of law lessness and control inherent in explosiveurban growth. If Providence was to bl· governed more efficiently, it seemednecessary to replace the town-meeting system with a cit~ torm 01 govern
ment. The movement to create a city charter advanced apace, and a newcharter was approved b)· the General A...sembly and rauncd by the voters ofProvidence by November 1831. This document [which took effect in JuneI tB21 gave the mayor extensive powers to curb vice and disorder: he couldimpose a twenty-four hour jail sentence on "any dissolute person" who wa .."Hghnng, or being otherwise di ..orderly," and he could search any buildingreasonably suspected to be inhabited by "persons of ill fame, or to which per..ons oi dissolute, idle , or disorderly behavior are suspected to resort.'?'
~ The city charter W,IS proposed, debated, and insuuncd by a group of menalmost identical to the group that composed the Providence Society for the Encouragement o! Faithful Domestic Servants. This organization was apparently
patterned alter one in London. Dr . William Kitcbcncr'.. The Cook \ Oracle andHousekeeper's AI/mua l , "Adapted to the American Public by a Medical Gentleman" and pubhsbcd in uno,), dcscnhe-, rhis Briti ..h group as "a mo st laudableSOCIETY for the ENCOURAGEMENT oi FEMALE SERVAt-.'TS. by a
"Th . Rmh-JiJ)' D znner - Sleet fllJCraVltltbvtllman Brothers trom a piJltlll ng bl'WIt'u'hd'rmk , Peterson ' M"'K'lzlnc 5 7ttaouary-tune 1810) . RfHS Coll~'l"llon
(RH I X3 7U121
77 E.NCOURAGINC FAITHFUL DOME.STlC SERVANTS
gratuuuus re~istry, and by rewards, " instituted in lRU; plans of which mayhe had grans nt the Society's House, No , 10, Hatton Cardens."l.'The first suchsociety in North America had been set up in New York in IH2S, and othergroups followed in Philadelphia, Boston , and Albany within the next decade.Prospectuses of the various American societies contain similar language anddescribe similar aim.. and rewards, probably reflecting the influence of theoriginal organization 10 London. Rq~lstrIC!'i, Of servant labor exchanges. andfinancial reward.. til workers for continuous service were the main features ofthese societies.
Apparently speaking for the urF:anizers of the proposed society in Providence,a anonymous wruer In the Providence Advernser of 27 October 1830 sUK'gested that both servants arid employers would benefit from the new organizanon. The article explained how the ..crvants would be financially rewardedfor faithful service ("they will have annual rewards held out to them increasing every year in proportion to the length of continuances of services in anyone family"], how their wei fare would be provided for [vwhen sick and desnrurc [they] are to have medical advice and a..stsrancc furnished to them gratunouslv"], and how the)' would be encouraged to he trugal Ithcy "are to have apremium ot one per cent on all balances oi money til their credit in the Savings Bank"]. In return lor these benefits and kindnesses. the employers wouldexpc-cr from their servants "fauhtulncss, attcnnon. obedience, activity andsobnctv in the performam:"c"of duties and a general attendance to the rulesami regulations of the family in which they reside ." According to the article,the benefits to both sides would minimize the effects of class differences, torit would become an honor to be a servant under such conditions. The articlecited the impact oi the society in New York, where such an arrangement," instead of making the necessary drsuncnon between master and servantburdensome, has often softened its character so much as to make it rather a
~ k lNCOURACINl. FAIT H FU l (H ) M l " T! ( vt n vx vr v
pnvt lcgc rhan otherw be; whi lc ar rhc vamc t un c a mO"1 rc...pcc ttu! manne r bpreserved
:\ 'CTlC<; 01 or~,m lzatlonal mec tmg... .... ere held m I'rovrdcncc m the 1.111111
1l'no, and h~ ~o December the re we re enough sub...cnbcr... tll meet tor theclecnon lit oIlKt.'r,_ Derailed rulev ,md regulau on s were approved. indlldlll~
provts .on .. ior t.'lllJ1 l11ym~ In agen t tll keep ,I rt.·~I" I T\ olt lCC "in J cc nnn l pur0 1 town ," ,1 ppllln tl1l~ ,I com rmncc 0 1 sixteen wOI11 t.'n m r.ikc rum .. 111 checkm~ rctcrcnccs ;IIHI vts u mg th e oftt ce, and imolcmcnuna ,I :-LI!L' of Tt.' W;Hd..that th e sOl.:iu y wo uld p;IV tn ...crv.ims whose em plo yer .. had n0111 111;1 rt.,d them
tor geed conduct an d connnucd service:
Aiter one H:.:lI, a handsome "((,IV" Klhlc ur In hcu rhcrcot
AI Ihe end " I 2 vcars
S200
HXI
HXI
, Oil
" (and a CCIlIIIC<Ut. "1 their good -ervrcv tur t hat r<:noJ
And on the cornplcuon 01 evcrv \l.1I rhcrcancr
III 110
III UlJ
Mdrk ct "<lU,U!' -, [)f,/WIIlI: /'\ EdwardI, \\'1' 1'l'ckhLlJf!,I'l'/l ,lIId mk wHh \\',,111on 1'111''''_ 111/lJj(1f\' INJ'i 1<11/" C"ll,'crllllJfRIIl .\:3 <')'i'ij
T en dollar ... W ;I ' cqu ivalcm toa month's wage... lo r ,I cuok, ur - ix w<.:e k, tor a
hou scma id,"ll tht'sc were not mcunsrdcruhlc honuvcv.
Nincrv-ciglu 01 I'rovrdcn cc's It',l d i n~ cuizcnsioiucd til l: "' lc it.,t y , al l J1T l'SLl lll,lhlyr;lyin~ th ctr t hrcc-clollar annua l subsc npuons. Th eir puhhclv ..tu tcd rca ... ll fl "; lor
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7'J LN CO UII.A CIN ( , F AI TH r· U l [10 M IS1 1( S('R \':\'\I TS
terming ...u ch an orea ruzuuon arc -ct out III ,I report rha r was n-ad nr the fi r... t[and las t] an nua l m ecum; hel d on 1 1'IllU.lrV IS.U. Regre ltlllg char the co m
plexi ti es o j modern hrc mad e -c rvan ts llld i"'pl..·llsah k thl' report declare... thatt he c ha racter of hou sehold ...crvants " IS ,t:t:nn;llIy conceded to he had.' Anum.her 0 1 reasons lo r th is un ton unarc ... It U;HIOn ,HI..' cited. Th ere is, ti r... t . a dun.cultv in cbcc kmg references. "'0 rhat d kind 01 Grt: ...ham' ... law prevails. badcha rac ter drtvr ru; our KooJ, Second, employers <ubmn ttl "gw"'s r msbehavror in
their -vrvan r-. rather than have the m leave their em ploy" Th ird, "'CI"\ .lnr... ;lfl'
mu properlv educa ted III ...kllls "qunhtvmg them lo r t ho: s tatlOns [0 which m all
probalulnv tho:y Will hi: called.' Fo u rt h . -vrva nts [a... well as emplovcr... l arc"nckle, - and cont muuv 01 "'1..'[\ It:C I ... ra re . Fmal lv. ihc gww ing prac t ice 0 1 hn.m,t: "'0:(\ ant t-.y the dav !t:dU... them to "hahn ... o IIJh:ne...... and dis-upanon ' dur-mg t ho: day when thq .lrl..· nut cmplovcd. or dunng the hour ... when rhcv <:I re
nOI in their emplovcr... hou ...c. The r"-T'OT! otter....rn tr ucrc... rmg cxplananon \IIIh, ... la... t evil, and nne that ...u~o: ...«, huw the Olncv 's Lane not realized t he\\,\lr ... [ lear... 01 the ...oncl\ ... toundcr-,
II I ... vuppoccd thai Ihul an; -crvant-, enough In thl'" town 10 do the work 'IItwrce Ib pupul.lIlon .InJ \l{ Ill'" "ell known th.1I J:UlIJ ...r.;rVJnt ... were nevermore wanted Thr-, ",uPpt limn I'" founded In p.m on the late ccn ... u ... A... lor
m ... ranee It <lppl·.Ir ... Ih.lt "I the colored p"pul<lu"n rhcrc l~ n~m~ ot rwclvehundred III rhr-, {own .110m: vet onl\ IlH hundred arc returned av h~IIl~.I1
~Cf\'I(C, The ...even hundred CllL~PI children. II rhcv are <II work at all J.r~
domg dav ... work It require ... hUI hutc calculanon to ...hew what rhr-, laho.'ramoum-, III
••••
I
/'\ tudIO:" 0 1 <urnla r "'oeIO: III..·" III :\"l"WYork and l'hr lndclphra reveal do...c... imi lurnic ... III aim », m embe rs h ip ,
.md me thods. but the -pcci nc con
cern w uh colored -erva nr-, seem... to
he unique to Prov idence.
Wh,1( wer e rhc member.. o t th e
Fnu hful Scrvnnt -, ' Socl c ty 11 kc ,""On
the ....'1101l·. they wer e consc rv.mvc..mtiaboli tioni ... t , m elioris t rat her
than rcfnnm ... r, wealth y, an d Wh i ~ .
A dl'Lldt: l.n cr 1l'\;lIl Y of them wou lJ
hl'I..· IlI11 l" ll'aJl'rs 01 the Law and O r·
du pa rt \' Juring the D lln Re t-.l'lho n ,
T h o: \' were, ot CUllrM~, twm the w r
v,lllt·e mpluymg l'l a....c.., peopk w ho
nl..·l"Ul"U ...o:rVJllts tm tho:ir dn m l..·.,t ic
eomlllrt Thl:TO: WCfe IIHeen ];I\""-'I..· r ,
lill c l"n Ilwrc h<l nts. n ine ...hnp kn·po:r ,
Ii\'c ph\"'oll: i.m .. o r uenu" t." l1\'l' ckr
~\'ml'n Ith ro:c ConKrcgauona lJsl ... ,
onl" BJ pu ... t , .InU nnl.' Epi .,eopa li an l,
tour m.lnu laClure r", lour t-.ank ca... h
Il"r'" or .lllount.-lnt ... , dnd t wo prole... ·
..or.... The mnctl'l:n ml..·mhcr... lor
who m tho:ro: I' no occupa tIOn Ibll..'J
III thl" 1/\1ll'w\"1dence lJ//ecton
I1U\, ha\c hnn l"ltho:r mdepcndo:lltly
s n E.:"JC()UItAGINC l'AITl HUL lJOJ\H<;Tr(~ <'lItVANTS
wealt hy or retired. The "Odl'ty 'S mem ber..hlp included the ;I~eu Quake r ph ilamh roplst ~1 11M'S Brown and two women . Mrs. France.. Arnold and :-'h...
H . S. Newcomb Both temnlc member... were WIUllW .. , the latter III .1 U.S,N3VY captain who had fought in t he W;1r oi Hill,
T he president ot rh..: ..ocict y, and app arvruly tt ... dnvma force. was SamuelBridgham . a lawyer who would ..oon he inaugura ted a.. th e firs t mayor 01Providence. Among the "(lCll:ty'.. eight manugcr ... were Bcma rnm Co well,;1federallaw otficcr, Charles F Ttllingha..r, an attorney and relanvc 01 the lawyer who defended the whrtc-, a rrc ..ted during the Hard Scrabble disturbancesm 1~.!4 ; and Lem uel H. Arnold, the govcrnor 01 Rhode b land at the t ime 01the Olney'.. Lane riot \\ 'illiam S. Patten , the iuvncc of the peace whn n-ad rhcriot act during that l.h ..order, wa .. al..n a -ocrctv member. a.. were UnitedStates marshal Bumngron Anthony; lusuc c 01 the Pedce Willi am Aplin ;Henry Bowen. Rhode Islan d'.....ecrerarv 01 ... tate irom I'"19 to 1849; Congrcs-,·
ma n T ristr am Burges. turrncrly ch rctru...nee of rhc Rhude Island Sup remeCo u rt . and for mer governor lames Fenner, wh o ha d been chid justice 01 theslate Supreme Court a.. well . Severneen members of the society se rved at onet im .... or another in rhc General Asvcm blv
Cannan III it' ot /I l't"n' ,>I th el'rm·J<!en...'Rmtl , rwm ~1'1'1 2J I" ""1'1 24. J(lJ J "Hwad,'hJ" .1/iJl IUn, C"I/''(" f Wt1 fRlfl XJJ.J S7)
r;;;'J~
Brown Umvcr..it)' wa ... w".. 11 rvpn....cmcd among rhc ~oeiety ' .. mcrnbcr..hip.Founding m .... rnbcr.. incl uded Franc: .. wavlund. Brown '.. pre ..rdenr , Na thanCrocker, vice prcsidcnt oi the "oc le ty . rect or ill St. fohn's EpISCOp,t1 C hurch,an d <ccretarv 01 the Hrown Um ver ..n y corporation; doctor and manuracrurcrSamuel T ohl'Y, a Brown iru... tn '; an d Brown pro tc....or Will iam GoddardBridgham h im ...elf wa ... thl' uruvc rvnv '.. chancellor. T nsrram Burge .. had beena professor 01 ora to ry and belle... lcurcs a t Brown, and rnos r ui the orh.... r mem.hers of th e soc ie ty ha d been educa ted there.
But desp ite th e Cl11 111 .... nCI,· of it .. members, the soctctv wa.. not a succc ..... T hefir~ t [and onl y) annual report hi nt... at ..ome ot the reason .. for the organizati on 's demi se. "T he Mdn d,ltl.'rl> have to regret a want oj co -operation amongthe housekeeper ... [employer... ) gene rally," ..aid t hc report . Further. " At fir... t,th e Societ y met with great opposi t ion from se rvan ts thcm sclv cs. It W ;!"
industriousl y ci rcu lat ed ;1111011g them that till: Soc iety was gotte n up wit h aview to opprl'ss and degrade tlll"Ill." '11Th e servant .. may not hav e been wron gin this perception: the scale uf r.... ward ... , rising s ign ific,lJltly aft er five yea rs 10
the eq ui valent of five week '.. p;ly ,I'" a bonus sugges t ... th.t the aim wa s to en. .,He;1 pnmancnt ~erv;lJlt class. In a tim e marked hy the r ise a t the commonman and a t'oeli ef in upw;Hd mohili ty, t hl~ cannot hdVl' hee n an attrac l ive id....atn ..t:rvants.
In addition, there was ,lIlOlher, mor l' im llll'd iat e, pru hlem: th.... agent th .nth c Fai lhiu l Serv ant s' Society appointl'd " pro ved to I'll' unfaithful. " Thi..IOg.... t her wit h the Llel Ihat the women '... co mm lltl'l' wa.. never formed.hec au..e many oi th o ...e app roached declined to ....... rve- gn'dtl y ha mrerl'd th ....sockty's operat ions. During the first yea r the naml·... of jitty-five servant ...Wl're on the age nt 's hooks, and te n "l'Tvant~ w.... re no mi ndted ior rl'ward..; hutdurin~ thl' ..econd n'ar th.......oeie ty Cl';hl'd to jun ct IOn .
Throughout thi.. period the re were dl...u d numhcr oj commercial " int cl ligcncl'oiiiecs." or lahor exe hangl's, III ope ration . In the I~H Pro\'jdence DlfecfOl}' .
ior example, Willi am M.u mford. 3 ilhtlCe oj the pcaCt·, advcrtised Ihe duuitwnot an intelli~enceoiilce HI hi ... ucht·ClJIIl.'ctin~ monl'y-lending, and legaldocumcnt .w Tltlng 'lgl·ncy . j\-1umlnrd (lIlt-red h iS ~cr"ice<; hoth to scrvant ... and
Xl [:'\lC()URAC[~C l'AITUFUl TH1.'\1f.STlC SFRVA~r-,
ttl crnplovcrv , hi-, olliee on Broad Streel being a place " ...vhcre master- Ilr nuctresses oi tanuhcs. and othcrv, wanung men or maid ..crvants, 13110re....l' .. .
seamstres..e.., hou..c-kcepers or nur..e..: or any ot the above described per ..on ..wanting places may he accommodated, and have alltheir .....ants ..up-phed. " " Mo~1 ..uch agencies WCH' -hon-hved, for Ihey were widely dl ..rru ..redand suspected 01 many abuses. Because they charged a icc for each servantsupplied, It W;I" not in their rrncrc ..t .. 10 check reference.. carefully . Rdlc[[in~the public distrtl.~t of these agcncic.., In the IH4()., Snmuc l Whl'eler advcruscdhis business, al ..u on Broad Street .•ls;1 "Temperance Grocery and lntclligcnccOffice" "where the busmcss is conducted in ..uch a manner, as [(1 insure theconfidence oi the public". \1
Another method of obtaining servants, also fraught wuh drfncuhv, wa..through advertising In a local new ..paper. Since il was a tedious task lorwould-he employers to reply tel ..crvams advertising for work. such suuauonwanted advcrusemenrs arc rare; there was, for Instance, only one such advcrn ..cmem 10 the Providence Ioumal durmg all 01 IH,H, compared to
twenty-three advcmscmcrns by employer", in search oj ..crvanrs. Two ofthe employers' advcm..cmcnts that year ..pccincd race ; nne ..ought .1 y"un~
or middle-aged white woman to care tor three children. the other "a blackwoman to do the work in a kitchen." Two people needed wet nurses. OI1l' tolive in the country, the other either [0 "take a child horne and nurse it, or to
live in the advent..cr's family," Perhaps suggesting the difficulrv uf findin~
respectable servants, seven advent..crs said they had sm.11I families, and onepromised that the work would he light.
Ten year.. later Providence 's economy was in recc ....ron. and very few domes ,tiC servants' lohs were advertised. 01 the eight advert:..crnents that appearedIn [he Pnwidence fourlltll in IX.U, three were for w ct nur..es, one (II the..cstipulated that the applicant should he "of good moral character," tworequired alrno..t apologcncallv that the servant he prepared 10 ~(l into thecountry for a jew weeks, and one stated that "an Amcncan or English womanwould he preferred." A preference for American:'> W.I" not confined to wetnurses. an advcrnscmeru placed hy a soap and candle manufacturer sought "a..tcudy young mnn 1.111 American) with a horse and wnxon. to collect ;lshe .. inthis city and the vicinity," Such nativism had increased drurnaticullv byI!i:'d, when seven of eighteen advert! ..crnents soughr Am ncan, English, orProtestant servants, and six of the eleven people "\.'I:king domcvnc workdescribed tbcrnsclvc.. in those term... No advertiser ..r.ncd explicitly rh,u " noIri ...h need apply," hut the me.....age wa.. ccrramlv implied.
The hmdmg out 01 pauper cluldrcn a-, indentured vcrvant s ofiered anotherpo....ihle source of domestic help. The mdcnrurcs oi Lema Bennett in II" :\9
rcqumng that her master. Henry Mathewson, "cause her to he instructed mthe necessary callmg.. oi sewing, knnung and Join~ houscwork . . and ,11"'0, " to read and wruc'<-werc tvmcal. ' Rut the pracucc 01 indenturing children had largely tallcn into di..u..c, and few were apprcnnccd for domestic..crvice. Intelligence offices, newsp,lpl'r udvcmscmcm.., and indenturearrangements .111 ..ccmed inadcqu.uc as measures lor vnsunng a ..teady supplyot good and fallhful ..ervanls for those who neeJed them. Could some heltermethod he 1l1und~
[E] It remained tor Ihe char'lCtl'ri ..tic lacksul1lan respO!1'e to prnhlem<, 01 ..nelalcllOlmllO l1t· dpplll'd 10 the twolold rrohkm 01 <,erv.mt ..uppl)' ,1Od pl'rcel\'ed
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~ -I ENCOURAC,INt; FAITilr UL IHlMI:<;T1 C <;LRVANT<;
Ahhough rhc tir't de 'l!:n 01 rfu-, A""d;Il IOll WJ~ to Iwncfu orphans. vetImding a much lar,l:er c1;1~' m th e com mu nny mhahng an at rnovph crc ruewith impurity and VIC<' whl"'" parcm-, e xe rte d onl y an .' vil in fluencc uponrhcrr children , it wa, thnU,l:ht Ihat the nhu-r t In VIC.... coul d not he tull yaccomplis h ...d hut hy r...scuing Ihl"" hill., unmonal-, trom rhe scenes " j
Ini quity. and plaClnl: the m wuhrn the salurarv influence 01 vmuc andrchgton . T here are 'Iill a number In our nuder wh o have lamlhc~, andwho,c circumsrancec ohhgc them to bc at dom l:'l1 c service. [who] mustnecessanlv plan ' Ih~lf children under th e care 01 orh er-, The dliheuh y whichthl~ eta ...~ enco unte r m prt>l: unnl: horn e.. lor t heir hn h- nnce, wh ere rhev w illbe unconrammared ha, induced uc 10 receive vuch chlldrcn .1' ht).iIfJer,
O.~<&~<&~<:»<$>~<:>
~ THE CHILDREN'S SONG, ""
I oem puMI h••1 In th.' annual T<1"'rt 0' thePWIJJ..nee- \helur'", ('"/,,,.'</ Children./X50 R/H.\ Collectum RHt X3 10141
Article 7 oi the sheller '.. ortgrnal consmuuon, m the manuscript cullccnnn II!
the Rhode Island Historical Society. " mSlsted that " no relanve shall rm crfcrcin the management of children in the Shelter , nor V1"U them , except m th epresence of the lnsrrucrre...., nor at an y time ..... ben ..uch vrsrts an- dr-..approved
by the Bt)JrJ ." By the nrnc rhe consrn unon was prunedin the shelter'.. w cond annual report , however , It hadbeen mad." clear th at rhi- resmcuon applied particularl yto those parent ... " yiclJ in,R to th e de..trucuve cu ec r... 01
uu crnpcrance and Imm oral conduct.
ThruUKh ,I protract.,.! Il1nc~, . 'LH<:ely an expre,sillll ofImp;1til'nn' cM:al"'\I hl'r hps. On<:c, aller her all<:ntivephY'lclan h'ld VI,ltl'd hl'l , ,h., s""i " 1 Wl'q the doC!or couldm"ke ml' well " lIer kmd leacher 1,,1.1 her that she kaledth.· dlll:tor did not know 01 .1n\'lhmg that could .Ill lh,ltsh.· looh'd OIl hn;\ I.,w mnmen" In st!enl:c, and thenhur'tm,l: into tl:ar, ,ald- "Wlil YllU plav for me : "~
Shortly he/ore her dt.:ath thl' ~irl,Rd\'C all hcr pl'lythin).: ... to
her (Cacher .md dskt.'d hu to keep thcm , " thu<, evincin/-: to
Ihc utmo... t u l ht'r pIlWl'f, her alkclilln and gratitude andevidently hiddin,R farewdl to the thin~.. of this carth."The report add .. that thiS child and hn hrother wcre takentrom " the mo... t ahil:C1 po\"Crty and wickedness, Iht.:" par ·ent ... hcin~ slave~ of imempcranl:t' and vice."
The records 01 th e ShcltCi illr Colored Childrc.:n lt he nameW,h officially chan/-:cd In IX"!) sh ow a continuin~ cliorttil " rl'5eUe" childrcn irom cm'lronml·nts percclvcd a.. un healthy. The m;ltron 's Jdmi...... ion hook contain... account~of what would now he calk'd dvsiunctiondl fdmIiics , m
Ncuwirhvrandmg [he OCcupational trummg provided bvthe shcln-r, ot rhc oxtv-tour children it rece ived duringIt ... IIl... t tour year .. til operation, on ly erghr had been sentOut to work hy rhc end tit that ume. ;III as dome~tics . oithe others, rwcm v-... IX were ..till .1t the ...helter (whichrook children as vou nx a, three vcar ... ut a/-:e and kept bov-,
until they wvte ten , prl... until they were twelve ], twent y
unc had been returned to Iheir parents; and nine haddied'~ Accordmg tll the Tl'P0rts, all hut line of the latterwere .lIre.Idy ill when they came to the shelter. Several (1/the report ... conta in Ion/-: and scnnmcnral accounts 01 thedeath 0/ a child. The fir..t to drc wuv a young hoy who hadentered the shelter lust six weeks earlier. His death wasfollowed hy t hat of his siste r. a).:ed ...even :
OF' •• , to "." '1. 1I ';f. l ......
":;::.) -t.J..~.;.u ~ ,.J:.J-J..,!,
Yc, whLJs(' 1'1"1I 1 'l, till": rurc ,
:-; l l ~, lt c r l',l t!l(, ,,!ld l,' r!l' '' ''.
(; , \ 11111.\." .. anti friend.., thi.. <1a)..\\' i:h zr.ucful hc.u t .. we (·DIIl'.',
Ou r d-bt lIf thau k- 10 1'1)",
Fur Ihis ou r peac eful Homo.
wn rr tr.x lO R T IIR
To lm- uhc u u r f 'II e n! pr,I)"C'f,
T h.ll (j 'Jlt wil l r-ver l.l-s
,\ mid lit... \. th'Sl' r t s wild,(hl l'C Wt' \\"(' rl' le fl tll ro,un
But )"l' upon liS smilt'd,.\nd linl ll ll fur liS a 110m ""
.\ lld as \ c sh('ltl'f('(lll~
\\'ith kiwi p,lfl 'ntal (' ,11'(',
~la)" Goo., our F .ltb er, thus,
.'\ h ome for )' OU prcp3.rt.' .
That when ('.Irth"s fiIl eenc~ are past,
An d life to death i<; gi v' n ,
"-c all 11\ I)' !I1el"! at l.lst,
At lIomt', with Ilim in hea\-'n.•
liS ENCOURAGINC FAIJIIFUL 110ME'iT!C 'ilKVANTS
which children were not Tn'CIVln..: the kmd of carc normally expected fromparents. In tine such case a Mr . Sump-on brought his three children to theshelter's hoard In lKW, Their mother W;I~ in prison , and the children wen- " 10
a mosr rmscrablc conduion ." Ancr "~i v i ng vomc encouragement " about pav
m~ their hoard, the father drs.rppcarcd, probably un "a vessel to :-JI"W York. "Faced with lew alremauves . the hoard "consented to [the children's] rcmam in~ for the prescnr.?- '
The shelter continued ttl house ru-cdv black children until 1<J:"i2. Since then It
has operated a.., a grant -gi\ in~ axcncv to help Afncan-Amcncan childrenthrough such m...muuons a-, rhc Urban League, the ,\1ount Hope Day CareCenter, and the lohn Hope Scnlcmcm House. '
+ David Rothman's dcscnpuon 01 the lacksoruan response to crime. dcvtancv .and dcpendencv seems clcerlv aprllcdllh,: to events 10 Providence. From theunos to the IS.ws, m..-mbe r-, III the cnv'v due came to believe that the~....conditions prevailed among the black population because 01 Iaulrv environ mental factors . parncularlv the lack 01 proper doctplmc in black Idmihe... ,Whereas the founders 01 rhe I'rovrdcncc Socretv lor the Encouragcmcm III
Faithful Domestic Scrvanr-, were rnehnnsr and conscrvauvc in crnphasramalaw and order and cconnmtc mcenuvcs, the organizers 01 the ProvidenceShelter ior Colored Orphans were nullcnmul. cmphasramg the po,"sihilin' oicharacter reform through t1rm bur gcmlc discipline, admuustered in a wholesome environment removed lrom the nils of -ocretv. The Faithiul Scrvanr-; 'Soddy may be seen as hack ....-ard.lookma-can auernpt hv an old clitc to stemwhat appeared to he an alarmmg ride 01 I.twlL-"~ness-or as very modern . int har it eschewed moral sua-non in favor oi economic mcenuvcs. The ColoredOrphans group, on the orhcr hand, was exactly In step with the hcnevolemspmr oi rhc 1..-30" and IS4()s; it had indeed "discovered the asylum " mussearch lor order and comton in lucksoruan Providence.
1\(, IN <: O U R A ( ;IN t , rer rn r u t no ,\ 1[<;'1 1< "'~RVA t'\T"
PJ"'IJ Rorhrnan The Dr .... TI ", Ih.A ~ /um _\odd Order and D, 0,,1 r In
rho \.1\ Rrpuhhc R"~l< 0 LnrlcAm...n 1,/71 "~"<,I ~f>_7~ I;;·~'/
.1 "'"..krn ...... hol.u~hlr on Jum.:'II .. ,,'~ll': ~IJrH'J wrrh Lucc "' J " narJvalmon ~ Dume Ill' \.nl<'· ,11'!'/7 2nJ(,J , ..... Y",k \Idcm lllan I'KIIc,..lmon ;j \'J".!T rrule~,"r dOJ l ' r ol:T<.: ~
_1\<.', ... 01_.lnxmu~ ro document ahu~,~In order 10 dl,·C\ rcturm. H" I I><Klk hoi'rhr ...., ucc tul chaptcr.. on th., hrvrurv 01Jom"'Il\; -cr vscc In Amcnca. hut ,II',HIt rom IOllln"le_ on )'..;1.'1:10 servan t-, 111
lh,' "oll lh , - hc h,l~ lmlc io vav on rh ,'topic " j hLlck scrvuru s . I ra mcl Suther1"nJ I' r"v l JL'~ ucct ulmtormanon onvcrv.mt retonu movcrncn re In the ,101"hcllurn perrod In AmI'IJ<<l1l> ./Ill! rh"iT
'.:IV,inh f)"m."li, San,,· II1lh.·IJIlII.·d \/lIl.', nom tHOU/O /V2(1IK.I1"0 R"u):", Loul~land "loire VOI',·" Il'I'r ,·" 1<,1"'11 ,.~p chap. '" hut rhc P,mldcncc '''l''''n..n..T Jo", not ~upr"'rl
come "I hl~ conclusron-, ErvcDuJJ.:n ~ ,. n n~ \\ omen I/IIU ci. './\"nlu'l/I \'rn"l<tmh C.munArnall" M,J J k w wn Connw evlcv. mUOI'n_I!' Prev-, Iy~\ll'
u~llul "0 In ldhl:"nce "llIH'~ "nolOl1011><11 ,x\;han""l anJ on (OOleml",rol"rC~I"'n~"" til Ih, ''':1>'0101 rlllhlem .... 0
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RONALD P FORMISANO
Ronald Furm,..ann ' ''.1 pr"h,.....rr ..1 hrsrorvat t he UniWT"lI\"'" Fl"mla fk wouldhk~ to thank Cmdv Ikndwlh. pamc k TCo nk ", Deborah Vanflrn.:kh"\~n . AndEhz abcrh Varon lor t h~H hdp ...ub Ihl'~ ...."I\ ...hrch "'01' prcvcntcd av J. lec t ure .11
the Rh"J" Island I-Il ..roncal '\{lele"· on 27
M.a\' I ~H.
The Role of Women In the Dorr Rebellion
U nt il recently ....-omcn' ... hi ..tory in the United States had been under..wnJ
pnncrpallv through th e concept III "se pa ra te ...pheres." Wom en '.. placewas in the home, not 10 public ; even when women participated in rd ormmovements, a.. they did throughout mn..t 01 the nineteenth century bctorcge ttlng the vote, their ..oc tal co nce rn .. were expre....ed m term.. relating to thefamily" morality, and pnvatv ht e . While the rumon of ..epa rate ..pheres as anIdeal or ideololO' ..till dommare.. scholarly treatments oi nmcteenrh-ceruurygender relation.., h i..torians have come to recoentzc that women 's soc ialac tion did not alway.. conform It) the neat di vi..ion-, oi puhlic and private thatgender ideology prescribed. Recent ..choler..hlp has shown that while genderimpo..cd many rcsmcnons un women '.. trccdorn of action . women trequenrlvcrossed t he lin es dividmlo: the public and private ..phcres.
Yet hi sto rians still ..cc women as largely pe ripheral to the main show Overthree decades ago a "new poltnca l his to ry," armed wi th computers andinfor med by a de..ire to analyze t he ..ocial tnbnc oi comrnumues more uuen.
s ivelv than ever before, la unc hed det ai led studies nt vnrmg, participa tion, andpower in localities ac ross nud- runc tccn rh-ccnturv America. But in tollowingthe " law 01 avarl.ihlc da ta "-only men cou ld vote- the new polit ical hisrorv(pe rhaps now bcucr labeled the " m iddle- aged politica l history " ] began bylargdy ignoring women, and on ly recen tl y has It begu n to make amend.... Yet
in th eir co nsi deration of women in pubhc before the Civil War , both politicaland wom en 's hist oria ns Ioccasionally t he same persons ) ha ve relega ted themto the sidel ines, or . at hcs t, to a ro le .1S uuxiharics: .IS ban ner make rs, picn icfixe rs and uttc nde rs, t rin ket produce rs and co ns ume rs, an d monitors-lrom .1
sa fe distance-of public moralu v.
H istorians have nou ced that women became puruculartv v isible in the pre ..i·dcnria l e lect ion of IH40. The Whigs' cxubcmm Log Cabin and Hard C idercampaign of t hat yea r ut ili zed mnovauvc techn iques oi m.1SS mohilizntiunand dre w famili es and commu nities into political act ivi ties in extraordinaryiashion . In her 1990 general lustorv 01 nud.n inctccn rh -ccm urv women inpublic. Mary P. Ryan notes the striking presence of wome n m the Whig campaign but find s tha t they funcnoncd ..vmbohcallv "as emblems oi iemininIry ": "T he Whig.. in t roduced women iruo polrucs as passive and respectablerepresent a t ives oi ieminmuy. ". [T he Whig..] dwe lt upon sexual dif ference ,not commonal ity,"
Although Ryan is undoubtedly correc t about the \....'lug part}' leader...• ..vm .bolic and repre..en ranonal u..es 01 women , she (and Ryan is hardly alone inthisl may be overiookmJ;: the full score 01 women's acuvmcs in IS--lO andatrer.! In the aftermath of Rhode Island 's Dorr Rebellion . as we shall ..cc .women eros..ed line... o f gender dutcrcnnauon . and m pol itics they did almo... tcvcrvthmg exc ept vrue.
=
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/1""1,)11<11' . II'I.JIJ /011\ c;o}krUon (/Oli X,1l OM!-
Til l ROLE OF WO,\1FI\: II\: ru r. [H1RR nt nt t.tro rc
It W ,IS no coincidence that radical women had breached walls 01 gender confinemenr dur ing the tumultuous Yl"M... of th e 11\30... , im m ediat ely lu-forc theappa rent drbut CIt women in politics in the hoopla of IH.lO. T he "notonnu-,"Fanny Wri~ht had shocked rc...pccrablc Ne w Yorkers wnh her Irt't'-[hinkin~
publ ic speeches as early a... 11\21); and anc r Wright wa ... stlcnccd hy conserva tive reaction in the rmd-tx.tn ... . the challenge to the tahoo agamst puhlicspcakmg hy women to " prorr uscuou... audrcnccv ' nl women and men wa ... carned on by ahnlitiom...t women in Nl'\\" Enal.m d. most norablv the Grimke Sl .. ·
ter... . The issue 0 1 women 's nght-, tla rcd up among the country 's minority 01
aboliuonists in 1837 and HUX, conrnbuung to tacuona l divi ... ion ... ill the ann..lave ry movemen t. Ang cltna and Sarah Grimkc carried the pubhc activity 0 1
aboluiomst women lOW new tcrnt ory. and 10 IKlR Angelina even tesnnedbefore a cornrrutt ee ot rhc Ma .....achu..ell.. legt ..l.nurc Rep lyinJ,: to an invit unon [(J speak til a Providence women '.. ~roup rh.n v.nn e year , Sarah declaredthat ...he and her sister ....-ould CO Ill\.' unlv It H wa... a pubhc mccnnz or en to
v r THE. RO LE OF WoMrr-.: IN TI l E I H )IU~ R(-IH.LLlON
men and women . WOllH:l1 ' .. tl~llt~ quickly n-eeded a" an t~ ..uc. however, an drernamed dorman t until revived hv radical tcnur u..t s in the lute [..,·HIv. Yurperhaps becau..c 01 too narrow a tocus on aboli tiorus ts, hisronan.. han:missed the subvcqucru entrance 01women . mo..t oj them not pamcularl vradical . m tn the politlc.ll m.nn..t rcam dunng and after the I !'i.l-Q camp.ngn .
Elccnonecnng m I i"i~O Jid nor auam the h.:i~h\'. 01 emh u..ra..m and r na....frenzy in Rhode leland tb,u 11 reached cl ..cw hc rc. With voung limned ttl tree holder.. (and their eldc... t "on ..l with SI ~~ worth 01real property, and conunucd restsrance by the -t.ncc dllt.· to con ..utunonal retorrn. carnpatgn di..pla ..·and fervor were narurallv reduced. [li ..tranchr ..crnent wa.. grea test III the mo ..rpopulous northern town .., where there wvrc many adult white male .. whoowned no real propcnv hut who noncthclc.... could han: ven-d if they lived III
other ..tare... Yet the l1'i-t-O \Vhr): campaign ..parked unusual partisan CXClIl'
rncm even III Rhode bland. and it dr ....w women mro the campaign', vortcx .In Providence, \Vht,g OI.I:.mizer.. III ..pccchc.. and dehate~ reserved thc frontrow .. oi ...eat ... at Trppccanoe Club meet mgs lor ladI....... ; the presence oi thefairer se x was con... ldl·r.:d "a guara ni .....: or order and J ....corurn ." and ir mav 31 ....0have ..tirnulated gremc r attendance III young male Wh ig..'
The H;~O campa ign plav J an Important part III bringing on the Dorr Rehel-lin n. Effort .. to refor m rh uuragc, to rcdr........ le~lsl.lti vc malnpporuonmcm.and 10 corr....c t a vanet ..· 01 unr....publ ican I....uru rev 01 Rhode blanJ 's unamcndable scvcnrccmh-cer uurv royal char ter had occu rred spo rudrcallv during theearly nineteent h ce m urv In the l"'.W.. co n... t lt llt ional cha nge had hccn calledtor fir... t by mccha mcs. attrs.m.., an d ..mall hu ..in ........men and then by ynun~
lawvers an d dis..ld.... nr gcnt rv. mcludmg Thoma .. Wil..on Dorr oi Prov ulcnce .The movement had tadvd hy I"'-lO, hu r the n a bu mb ling Gene ral A....crnhlvnee dle s..ly an tagoniz ed nonf reehold.... rs an d revived the annonon. and thepohuca l rev ivalism oi "T tppccanoc and Ty ler Too " .rddcd fuel to th e nrc .Accordi ng to one obser ver , the " hundreds ,md even thousan ds" of mcn andwumvn wh o "swelle d the mcctin~s ,1111.1 parncipntcd in the l'xe ite men t" 01the lH~O l"iecuon llldudl'd Ttun y who w...-rc de llied th l' vm e. " l't:o plc whocould not vot e," reca lkd ,1 ioum,ili ..t, " mort.' t h' ln ever env ied those whllco uld.''' It was under th .:..e circullls t;lllCl'S that the Rhode [..;Lind Slliir, lhcAssociat ion ca mt.· int o hClOg, and ..t.· l1t lllle nt ior Clln..UIUlion ,tl rdorm ht.·Llm....more widt.:sprt.'ad and re..pt.·etablt- th 'lll ever hd ore, esreciilll y III the populousindustrial towns in tht· Ttort ht.·rn p.Ut of t ht.· ..t,lle .
Alth ough fem ale votin.':, W ,l<, not 'Ill UVU I ISsue, Wlltlll'n wert.' enlt:- tt.:lllln hllth'<Ides of the conflu::t ,I S it intt.'n..ilicd in l H~ 1 ,1Il J c;lTly J,<q2., lor thn e ....'nt.·few Rhode Islandt.' r<, who could rt'malll Ill'utral lll what wa .... :o.urdy the ..tate '..most compelling puhlic t.·p ...odt· ..mee the AmeTlt.:a n Re\'olu rion. Town...ch urches, neighborhuud... and. l<lllll!lt·.. Wt' lt' <In.lvt,d on onl' ..ide a.. chart.:ritesuppo rter.. of law and urdn or on rhl' other a.. Donue ..ullrapsts. J;;Olllt' lanu .lies, ch urches, an d tuwn :- wnt· III 1.1l"t lOrn .lpan hv th.... rehdl ion.
Atter Dorr's ahon i\"C att.lck on rhe ..ta tl· ar nal In May 11'i~2. , olle chartl'rltewoman of Providence, Ann.l Frane i.. lkrr holl . Wllltt.· to hn rd atl ' '::- III tht'st rongl v ami-Don town 01 Bn... rol th.1t thl' " c1ee tr i i ym~" ncws 01 th.: Illcldt:nthrou,dtl " even ladl':s ou t in thl' "lret·b. " "ohl' rdlt-cted the ,·iew.. 01charterHe household.. in I1dlt.·vln~ rh.lt " th.... lown cla'sl'" die not lou king lor..uliraKe alone" and that I)urr .md his lolluwn..; were thrl'att'mng a malorsocial upheaval. On th.lt ....Imt.· nCC;l"lOn a voung ehartnlte man in \\'t.·:-Inl)
<,I! 'r u e ROLE OF WO ."'1L~ IN 1'111 1l0RR RII1ELLIO.'\i
huasrcd that he and hi"; comrades were ready to li,o:ht, regretted that his Providcncc brethren had not ..;hot tort V or tttt y ot Dorr'..; men . and reponed that"even the Ladrcs <cold hccuu-,c Dorr wn-, «uttered to cscapc .:"
The tension in one household W,lS revealed hy .1 Providence sutira,itl' leaderwhn was impnsoncd hridly <liter the ar-cnal tiasetl and then returned horneto find his son and ,I tncnd tl(ln~ gun.. about hi .. hou..e to celebrate rhcchanenrcs ' succe..;s, "depm n n,o: them ...c lvc ... toward rne as m ..olcntlv a..; bandus . ..... lule the female pan 01 my tarmlv treated me ;1.. an aider and nbcner ind .....U which would probably hl' the dc.nh 01 my von . Even our coloured ~lrl
Kate was tuughr to -pcak dl..;re"'reetlull) ot ...uuraae tolks and to talk saucy tome. Tht.' only tricndlv lace In the hou..c w a.. that 01 an Irish girl. a smccrvmend oi liberty "
During the tense davs alter the a.....auh on rhc ar ..cnal. rurnorv flew about the... tate regarding Don '... mtvnuons . The ch rct rumor , encouraged h\ cham-nr cauthonnes. .....·01 .. that Don intended to ..ack l'rovid....nce and put It III thetorch. Conservatives ul..o charged that Dorr planned an ' ugran an dcspousm "and a confiscauon IIi prupcttv. -hic h .....ould he redistributed among the poor..\laking light 01 the latter rumor omc Provsdcncc wits walked around theCity pointing to tine dwdlings ,1013 rcrnarkuu; that il Dorr rnumphcd . " I ,l.:uesI Will have that house." A .....oman cor respondent 01 th c exiled Dorr ",oll,l.:ht to
cheer him up later on ..... uh a ..torv about J. \\ a..hcrwoman and her cmplovcr ."Onc lchan cm e] woman , who W.I .. 10 her kitchen , wa ..hmg day , began to
dilate upon the sulucct [01Dom..rn], ahu ..ml:. the poor , 'lOJ c1as~inl:. them'scu rr ilous washer-women .' until the [wash .... rlworn.m. thoroughly provoked ,turn" round and ..,I)'S, ' Well do vou know I expect to han' vour hou...c. and .1"It won't he long-I will even leave oil washmg and be ready: so "<l\'lng shequrrted the hOUSe. " The hu ..hand ot the tidy of the house later caroled thewash crwoman into rcturnuu; but "T he Lady _. . still pnsist .., that ' il Mr.
Dorr had taken the city, her washerwoman wu.. to have had that hou-c.:"
Lc..... amu-sing were the real tcnr-, of armed conthcr , tc.us rhat remained ...rronaJuring May and rum' IS,H . Althuu,l.:h in rculrt y there wa ... little or no chance
of ..cnous militarv conflict, .lrr.... arunccs ccrt.unlv encouraged alarm. LIW andOrder mihti.r patrolled tho: st rccts (It Provido:nco: every night, and new rrulrtutcomp.uues were connnuallv fonntnn." A loyalist wife expressed extreme hit rcmess toward rhc l'coplc:s governor: " that door l()lIrrl t41miscry ha ... shut OUI(rom U~ our dear hushand-, and l.nhcr.. and brothers and compelled them tnspo:nd thdr o:vo:nings 10 1;lhorHlUs milit.HY ext.'rei......... , .. whik we ponr hdr·less women aro: renned ur at home deprin·J IIf their ~oeit.'ty ,md in cnn"(;lnt
kar lest the knowled,l.:e thl'): arc ,Ie4uirin,o: nuy hl' c.lllo:d into exercise andthey he lust to u~ ioren'r. '"
On 1.'; junl..· IS·H Dorr returned to RhoJl' Island, horlng ttl rally the I'o:nplc'sleglslalun: and .1 large lorce ot dct ....nd .... r.. J.t rural Chcr'lehet in Gloco:..t,-·r Twodays latl'r , with an army oi thre .... thousand eharteritl' militl,1mcn on II'" way ,and with only a io:w scure "uprnrtnS 01 hi ... own at Chl'rachet, Don ordnedhi~ iollo...."I..'r.. to hreak C.lOlp, ,md he him ...elt lied tht.' slJ.te once a,l.:am Thec:hannitl' arm\' nonethcle.... " ..rnnned " th .... Dorrites ' vacated cam I' onAcme '" Hill, an incident wdl known lI\ Rhod .... bland hl ..tor\, Le..... well
known, howen'r, wa .. lhe ..(;lte KO\·ernl1ll'nt ' ... dl"rateh tit militl,1 to man\' 01
the northern mill nlla,o:l's ..... here Clu:en..- men and wnmen-Ia\'orahlc to
Dorr ..... o:r.... nccommg unruly In snml' rur.l] vill'l,itt.'.. all the men had gonl..· mro
v THE ~OLE OF WO."lEN IN THE no nn RERfl.llON
",'I11((ro;..:,- ,"'let'/III,1: ull lcttvivant'tmn./7 April IH.JI Fll;;:I<lI 'I/1).: [,v TIi<lITI ,111.1
Conuumv, R"""11 Hili' Culll't'/mlltens X,~ 2 173),
hiding i OT fear of ret nhutinn. an d travelers and chan crnc patrols encoun teredon ly women pccring at them from behind curtams and locked doors. '
The fears of these vill.igcrs were wcll tust iftcd. After finding that ])on 's gro upat Che pach et had dish.mdcd and Ih.11 no m ilitary rcsivra ncc woul d 111.' fonhcomi ng, chartcrne rrulinam cn scou red rhv counrrvstdc fnr Domte svmpnrhizers. breaki ng in to huuscs an d taverns. round ing up prisoners, brutallvmistreating man y, and ma rchin g mono' than .1 hundred tightlv hound capnvc-,back to Providen ce. As the cbancrucproccs-,ron marc hed into th e cnv withits pr isoners. lovahsr crowds cheered and women waved handkerchief ... iromwi ndows and greeted rhc rctumiru; rruhuamcn with "a ...hewer oi Hower ... "I
Word sp read qu ickly through nl'l,r:hl'lorhoud... ut ljomtc-, rh, ncbanenrc "pre...~gangs" well: un a rampage. and conscqucn t lv many women we re lett behindto deal with [he often maliCIOUS and vengefu l pa trols as he" l rhev could . Onesuch woman wa ... warren rcvrdcm Rachel luther. On 29 lunc a partv otcbanenrc militiamen hurst 1010 her borne, looking iOT he r sun . shoemakerMarrin Lut her , who had "'l'f\'ed a... J local ot tu-ral under the People ' ... govern mcnr. xta ru u had fled IU ncerbv MJ ......achu ...ells. hu t the rruhna partyharassed and th reat ened thl' aged Rachel .IOJ her hired man. Later in 11\-t2borh ,\ 1an lO and Rachel luther nlcd sun ... in tcdcral court, charging that thechanernes had cornrnincd an Illcgal IrcsI'as ...; bv vmue of the overwhelrmnz
l,ll TUE ROLE or \\'0.\1[:0-; I .... TUE nORR Il.[KELLlo ....
approval gamed h} the PlOple '.. Concutunon In the rctcn-ndum pi Dece mber1X.lI, they utgucd, the chart er government had been ..upcr-«..dl'd bv th ePeople '.. government . and rhu .. rhc rmhna rnen had ac ted withou t 1c~.i1
nnthoritv. Rachel '~ ..uit W;I .. d i..mi ....cd .n the sta te level, hu t Mar t III ' .. cvcnt u;llIy reached the Urund St.uc-, Supreme Co urt .I!> Luther v. Borden. hl·lngfinally rc..«lvcd 'I,l:ain..t rhct iomres in IH.lIJ. 14
In Apri l 1!"-I2 rhc charter legl ..la rure hud pa-,..cd the so-ca lled Algerme Law ,
which leveled ..tl ti penalnc..c-mcludina htc rmpnsonmcrn-c-aaamsr tho..ewho would ..cck to implement the People '.. C onstu unon. Wuh thi .. mea ..ureIn ctfcct, some tonv Dorrncs remained In vanous stat e laib alter 4 July 11:'0-12 ,It wa.. at [hi .. point, during a period 01 fl:pre ....ion known among the su ffrageparty as the Algcn ne Reign 01 Terror , [hat suttragc women really bcg.m [0
pl,l)' a m aior role III t he poli t ica l turmoil 01 the sta re
[)u r in~ the ..ummn women 'ormedsllltr'I~t.· .1~S(1CI,][lOnS in PrOVidence,l';lwl llc ke t , Woon..ockl't , ,lOll other
mill \'ill'lge~ and towns, T hl'..e mg,l 'lll::,ltlUn .. call1..·J thcm..dn'.. hv "Udl
namc~ ;IS L.h1il''' · hel..· Sullr.lge A....o·(I at lOn, Iknl..'\,uil.'nt As..oC\allon 01Sulir.lhc Laules , Young LaJil..'s ' "uiIrJge AssnuatlOn , or , slmpl~ , Sui
Ir;l~l' Ladie .., Thl· ml·mhe r<; ll\,"~an hyr'li ..in~ mlllKV h'r t he lq~,llll'o ut
With man y oi the most arde nt reformers and Dorr'.. urn..t IO}',11 male friendsIII exile, in pnson, or intimidatcd bv the vic tunou-, and repress ive charlergovcmrnem. Don-i re women- ..orne oi whose spouses or km had hcendetai ned or hara ..scd-c-steppcd forward 10 carr)' un rhc hght. In eerlv August1~42 Dorr was mforrned hy a grour 01 hr.. a ....ociarc.. that rhe De mocrancnewspaper would shm.... him that he had "manv m cnd-, .1Inon~ the IJdl t.·.. 01
R.t The acuvu v 0 1 ~uiirJge womenW,I" .. uch that hy September ,1 l'rovr dcncc friend mld [he cxilcd I\ ·opl t.""xovcmor th.u "nothmg has xrvcnmurc lite and animutinn [101thecau..e of sult ra~l' since the Chcpachct affair , than [he unccasuu;cuon oi the Lrdic-, Iriendh to thecause." On the uthcr hund , "on [heAlgcrme <;IJ,,· ..orne IHlrth\' 1,1.11M,lcbct h" whose snub 11In~ lor thehlooJ 01 their nel~hhllrs, [,m·1ur~in~their hu-h.mds , hrothc rs and mendsltr suc h d.nnn.ihlc ;jUS uf cruel des .pulism;j';; would make an ca-temJe"pol blush 10 cad ot." ' Cl c.ulvmanv middle . and upper-cia .... Rhode1<;IJnJ women were bccomuu;enKahcJ to an l'xtr .lOrdm.ln dl·~rce
III thb crltlci l puhllc all,llT.
Rh"J.. hlund All:l.'fme, Arr":ul r" tohnf)uu - E1n"ul IJ, 11'42 RIII\ ClIlIellwnRHI X 3 W>X9
~r:,r:,!SS!=I@j§I=iS9@S@j8S[;jSSE~II, • I'~ II II It II t". 1 s III II II A I g t' r I II t ' s' ~: ,'III ,\1' 1' . ;.\1. l!1II] "S!) :JD:!.tiY ~Jl'~:l~ . IIiill ;J IIii!I1 (.or' l'rliur ,,! J /","uuh u,.t'lit . IIim lli,~ 'f]:.!J ,••"l", .... ~""t r""." 1., ,,,,.1 .1.,10 " \ \, '" !I" l' ! jn ,,,I "",I ·1'," ,~, " I!.,II]' E~ , to ", . .. 1". ",I", ,I,." '1'" ."1,, "" I> , " "I" ",,,1 I,,, IT1~ F", ,,j, " .. r. '''''lh,.,I '''' a,1. r . ' II" ,. "" t"",., ,,10 1o"llh'" L!.T ", Tr" .,,,,, \\ ( I"" \ r" " " , f,. " '. II IT]:.!.I l l l>. I.", ' ,1,-" .1... " 1.. 1 11",,' L!.'III 'I" \ .., I. ," _.1" .. . ". I., . ~ II-I ,.. 'u" ,. 'n..",,", lJ",.- 111_ w, h~ ,I...·ll' ~ I.. It I" ., I 10,,,,1 .. t, \ ' ~ I I I ," '" 1,;r.t, I" n. "I . \J..,,~1 I..,,'. . ,.. ,d, ",,- .. ~ I" .. r, lil
l:.!.I \ ' '' ' ' ' 1 II". L!.' l~ \, 1,..- II " ", _" I. h I •.-!. I,' " " I.,,, ..... . " I, " . .." 'M r, "I .. ". II .. ·.. ".. L!.l
II" "11-: '11" "~n, ,, '« ~.,,,, ..,, I I ": lil1~ T.. 1,,11' r \\ (I" " K I'I ... ·U, " ... I Ion"" I" I!.
F " , "I"., ,r.. .. ,. ,I", ,,, I I,,,
~~ J " I,,, T , I" , I,,,, ,,,,, ,, !. , ,,,, •., !lr""'I" ' I " "I,,,~, "".1,,,,,, ,,,_,,10. 1'/""', lIT'I 'I' 1" ,1,. " , '] ,,,,, ,..10 II" ,,", "'" I , u:-~ "II ,'" , .. " ,,, ,''',I..! It", """ .. .' I" ,r, ,r " ,11..,1 "I"''' , \,,,1 " . "1,,, ,,.,.. I "I,ll. I""" I) 'lLIl II ~ '" I" "" • It" ,,,I,,, U... . I.. "" ", 1'1", ,,, .. I ' , IT]
<;1"",r,1 " ' '''ll' ' '' • •,,,, ,10 •••" "'I' "1. " ,,.. 11''' '' lIh \ ' 11 ' rot" . II,,,. ' '1''',1 " , I""[iII ... "I ... '.I,... ·, . ~ "d .. Il.'.. 1",1" , .. " "1 r.. ITI'1"1•• , ",."ltl ,j;. ••••••• ,~,.. , ..,,'" " I, II" ••1.. 11" l> r ,I"
•.., \ ,oJ . ...I,I ,I " "" .,,, 1).... \\to. " I ...·.I' II lItIII \\,,' 11 " "" I • • OJ ,1. ..1. ~ ., I, ,I ~,. 1t• •J Ill ' u .." I. J III
I ,J I" ··.\'~" ..l l.~ \ ",1 ,IFII '.. " ,,1,1 10." I"",:.' ,I., II,.". .. I' . " , '.II ", " . ,.. I", ,, I.cl I llTI." ,,,,,. ,\ 1I..t< I-'ro". " ......." • • 1"" II, .. t!1llIl IIIlr, I;i!:I~Ej~§Ej ~l:;jg!::l~gEj~~EjEj~ ~
2 2
'>Ii THF ROll 01 wo .....' I 'J IN TilE DORM. It[ IH t.t Ill:'\!
';Ullt'l~i'it'"and Inr the rdld 01 those In on-on Then thcv visited the pn-oner-, A 'lIl1ra~I'1 v..nlllan Tlornrl<.J to Don rh.n on J J ~<.'rtcmhcr vr-n to 'IX
rrhont.:°r'ln rhc Bnvrol nnl we earned J.II that the chal'e would holdrncludmg looJ tohacco. and ' Jal1~ papcrs and all orhcr-, lor J. week pa'tj.ibout \fXl trom v.mou- rlJ.ce.,l Seth Luther ihc radical dcmocr.n andworkmgmcn 'i advocate tarlcd In .\;cwrort lor 'l.mJmK h~ Don at thear,,,na! and Chcpachc t rcccrvvd tlanncl cock-, tobacco, and -mall sums III
moncv l'rovrdcncc women vent the exdt.:d Don a hundred dollar-, lor hl~
need'i, hut Don ~r.lllou,h returned the monel.' and asked them 10 usc It 10 1
"our brethren. who .IT,,' connncd in prt-on
Suuraze "omen al'>o I'I.I\'<.·J an important role bv uumru; men ,I' councr-, torr.msmir lct u-r-, lwtwcvn Rhode Island and the New Harnp-lure cxih- whomthey rcgardcda-, their nahnul governor. 1)on', elll'""\ ,1'>,>UC1,ltC'> In R]llld<.'l- dmd and In hJJlll,c: III nthvt ,t,It"',> scm letter-, \u him In t ln-, tashiun.WIlI11<.'n thcrnsclvc-, ;ll"l wrote to Do rr, ltH:ludlng 'i'lIll'" who had never mvt
him, One nt the'e W,I" M,Jr\' 1.lnc Campbell "I l'rovrdcncc who, hc.rriru; t hat! torr was ,ull<.'flng rrom rh ...umarivm, <ern hun .m onumcm ,llon,c: with t hea-e-urancc rh.n "I have not hen 1~1l1 a vilcm or umnrcrcsrcd observer' In thvlI~hl ior rhe pcopl<.'" hbcrnc-, J.~am't Algennc rvrannv
,\1o,t con-prcuou-lv 'lIl1r;l~l' women rook t hc lead 10 .manams; a wne'i 01
clambake- throughout the summer and tall. These tcvnvc -ocral att.nr-, Jrt.:"lrom -cvcrul hundred to <cveral rhoucand ancndcc and served a number 01
pohucal tuncuon-. Om III rhc nr-, clamhakc-, ",I' held tn lutc AU~U'1 to
coincide with the clccnou 01 delegate- to the cbanenre convmuuonal convcnnon scheduled lUI rhar 1.111 .1Il election rh.nrbc ,utlr,lgi"l'> had decided to
bovcun. The cl.unbakc-, .1]'>11 ral'l·J monvv tor 'nccdv ~ullra,c:l' lamlll"", Illrthe pnsoncrv. 1111 ,ullr,lg~ ncwspapcrv und prmung. and tor Ie~al co-r-. Thcv.11,,1 "wondrull"h hncd rhc 'pHil" 01 the 'iullra>:t.:° comrnunuv at a nmcwhen rctonncr-, did not 'etO much to cheer .rbout On.!x September an cvumau-d live III eight rhoucand Domte-, rrom Rhod<.o lvlund .md Ma,>,>achU'>l,tt,
.1'>'cmhILod tur a hake ,II A<.'ote'" Hill in Chvpechct-c-a 'pili svmhuhzmg'li ltra~l"t tuilurc to the Algcnncs, hut h,dlow ...d ground tn Ihe Dmrile'>,f\lt holl~h ">ome <:xiled I )"m tt.:'s .itt<:ndeJ, n un him",,11 did not, and '0 theurganizl"!!> "ent him ";1 hox ,COl1lalllln~ one prlllll' [odll,>h w<,'ighln~ l'i Ih,1 m,lckerl'lllsic], I pl,tk 01 cLtm'i j and.1 lew lint.:' o",>ter'i "
\Vnmen nnt onl\' org.ll1lzt.:,d the clam(,.lk",,, hUl 'Illlletim<." 'poke.1t them a, well.ahhou,cl1 extant Jlo'CTJpUnn, 'iUg,I:<."t th.lt Ihew ,pt.'l'l:ht:, were nm rlJ.nned. Ann
l';ITlin, J.n ardenl 'uilra,gi,t .mJ the wlie 1,1 a Pnl\IJt.:'nte JIM.:tllf whll holJ het.'nhTlcll~ imrn'>ont.:'J mlune ,I' ,I Durrilc told norr that "on Imrul'ie ,he "gJ\l' ,I
hnd 'f'Ct.:Th at the 01.1" d.lmhakt.: m :\U~I'\ ~m\ll.lrh· C:uhcrine R \'.11ham, W;I' pre"eJ mtn ,pt.lkmg OIl a "'tlh L1k d.lmh,lktO <11 ,ome lilteen hllnJrlodpt.'r"llO'lIl lale (>Ctotxr '\11 .1Ct.:oml'lt,hed "rUn, \\ Illt.lm, haJ ruhll'hloJ ptll:tl\,tOrIt:'i, a novd, anJ a hl'iI"1\ ul.1 ,en,alinn.l] murJt.:'r anJ tTl;)1 now III her eJ.r1\IIlIll", ,he wa" iI conlh.LllItt.: \II Don
"'<>m~ one mt.:ntll,n.J llwr\' W,I' a LaJ,· rn'''tnl .... h" h,IJ lJl~l\ wen r;.,\[),.tI !,h~ 1'1Ttll~ linJ \" m\ (onluMon ,h~ wa' t.:'alkJ I"r h\ ") man, "(lIC<.:' al"nc~ ,h~ 1'1 0 1' "hb~t.:J to ,Iw.... h"r..dl. lllnalh l"rn'J \lIlhe 'lUmp Th,lnkh~av~n .... "111111 n\:\,\', ,11~ ,II ,II"" I"T worJ" ,mJ ImJlIlj?; hn~dJ Ihu,L"mr~lleJ Iht.: Ltd\' ltl <.jlll"IL<>n, thr~....- oil hl'r dO.lk ,lllJ 't~pr"J torw,ud IIIthe Ir(lnt III tlll "I,lInl ,Illd j?;.I\,~;1 hrid anJ [lrU'1 1ll1dllj?;lhl~ hi,ton' Ili h~r
VI~l1 ((lIlLlI ~xtk\l Covnn"r; v"u Inlj?;ht h,n'l'lll',lr,lol k,tl m<>v~ in the llOTl"l,
'" prnlllund wa, the ,II1\:111 11111 j?;IVl'n
•
'Jf> THE R O L L Of W()M~:"J IN Till IH)RR RI:.Hl:.lllON
It i.. di fficult to know whether wome n spokv trcqucr ulv a t Dorritt: mccnna..,hut in Paw tuck e t In March Ix·n II did ..cern rouunc lor the Enc nd .. 01 FreeSuf frage to call a mcctmg lor "hor h male an d fem ale" ..uitra~i ..t...!
The poli tical acnvu y 01 -uttragc women seems to have reached ItS ht:l~ht
du rin); the period 0 1 " Algcnnc per..ccutiuns." when the Dor ri rcs and Democrat .... boycot ted both rhc Augu .... t Ix.l2 clccnon oi delegatt'" to the con ..ututional convention and rhc November rauncanon vote on th e propn..edconsutuuon The latter bovcou W,I....O cttccnve rh,n the con..nnmon wa ..approved bv a vote 01 7,U;.l to :;1, whcrca-, the previous ..prmg [he <;ullra~i ..t ..had managed to defeat [he Landholders Con-muuon by a vote 01 oS ,flX\} to
S,OU. Alter [he ranncanon hOHOU , however. rhc ..uftrugi ..t-, changed thei rracucs and iomcd with the Dcmocmnc r,mv to contv..t the "pnng I ~ .l ~ crateelection, the ur..t held under the new con..ntunon
With the return to more rradmonal polrucal channel.., \HII11t:n ·.. act rvuvreceded, hut it did not end . The new cun ..rrtutmn angered reformer.. with ..cvcrul of it .. provisions, including it .. retcnrron oi the real estate quahncauonlor naturalized c tnzen... It <11 ..0 required nanvc.. wi thout property to pav aone-dollar poll tax , thu.. crc.umz J cla.... oi " rcgi..tTy voters ' ,,1I ..ct:rllh1t: tilthe pressure 01 men 01 wealth and influence who would pav the tax lor them
In the nercelvtought clccnon 01 11\.l1 , wuh both vide.. \\'orking to g..:t out thevote. suffrage women helped ra ...c .md Ji ..mburc money ttl pay the poll t,lxe"of poor voters who cou ld he cou nted upon to ca..t their ballors lo r the Democrane-Equal Rrght-, p.mv. Sult rdgt: women abo parucipatcd In the " li lu-ra[ion " campaig n 01 IS.l:), ral"lIl~ lund .. an d agitdtl ng ior Dorr's freedom, andthus they helped Will Don '.. r t:l ~·,l "t' lrom prrvon that vcnr .
~ In IX.ll ahoh uom..t wil h.un Goodel l pubh ..hcd T!Je RI.'i?hts lind lVrol/,l-:' orRhode l stand. th e h r..t 01 the tw o maier curucrn porarv accoun ts oi tbc eon ..ttrutional controve rsy lrom the su ffra~ist poin t lit vn-w . T wo vcar.. later
app eared th e ot her suc h work, Mi~hl lind R1Xhr. hy France.. Harr iet Wh ipp le .In her lat e thi rt ies at th e timc of th e Don Rchclliu n. Whrpplc W ;IS descendedtrom .m old Rhode Is land L1111l1 y. Since linn sh\· ha d bee n publi vhmg pucm ..In newspapers and udvncutuu; v.mou .. G Ill "C", incl uding tem perance. abolition, and labor . lin nov el FIJI' Alcdldni(' ap pea red In 1S41, and dur ing IS42·,n she W,IS cJlI lng and puhh ..hmg the ra il River WlImpll¥odg ,/tid O{'l'rdtil·c.\!rJllrnal in tht' int erest lit improving tbt, livc.. oi 1,Ictury work..:rs, ..:spn:ially
tt'male~. 1 ' In MiXlJ1 <1nd Nixht Whi pI'll.' con tt'm ptLlously J ism i......:d tht: Ln\'
and O rdcr elite .I ~ a I,ll ..e ,lTI ..tocr 'lcy, p'lTvenu.. ri..en irom tilt' Jrq~s, whoswaggered dlld t.ll knl ,lhoLl t " Ihe 'lower (lnkr~,' anJ 'tht: rahhlc,' anJ [their l' Op CTI1 UW's .' '' Wh ipp le ulIld..: lllneJ th e cllnCt'ntr;lt ion 01 po ill ica l power in [h..:h.lIld~ ui a i..:w, .Ind thc "ocla l cond it ion , " rt:..tr ieti vt: ;lIld An ..wcr;lIica l," thathad ~rown oul 01 tha t co nce ntr,ltion. ..
Wha[t'vt:f thei r J ncestrit:.., lllO..t IIi RhoJ e lsl.mJ 's conun..: rcial JnJ IdnJ..:ddue
..t:t'mt:J to favor the LIW.mJ Order p.uty, whtle 'Suitr.lgt' rdorm attmt:tt:J man~artis.ans, iacwry wnrh'r.., larmer.., ,mJ ..m.IU..hopket'I'..:r.., d.. wd l .1.. .1 lew 111,1\'·I.' rick ml.'mhers oi the ehll' lilt, Whlpr lc dnJ D Off , Tht'leading ..uil r'lge wnml.'ncame mostly irom tht' ..<lm~' rank'S oi ml..ld!t:-cl.l.... rt'..po:etahilitv, or wuuld-here"rect <lhilit y. irom whICh .Iho!itioni..t WOllll.'n CJme , dnJ men and women
JCtl\"t: III the ahnlniomst C.IU"l' tenJeJ to suPPOrt the C<lu..e 01 ..uiirage. Sumo.: \I'th..:~ , like \\' hlpr le, wert: ,11"" ddvocatl'" 01 hetter (.;onJitiun.. ior idC[\lrv worker..dnJ mechanic...
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vv ENCOURACING fA lT llrUL [H1ME'dll" SEHVA1': TS
Whal Mr~ . Par lin Dr her a......ociatcs were accu sed of i" not clear, hut the wnt cradded almost as an afte rthought that ,) fonhcornmg you ng women 's fan" seems to excite much m tc rcst , nnd were it not for the tr uuhlc h inted atabove, would he a sp len did .IILH r. i\\rs . r. I... dcn-rrrun cd to do the conr rohngpart or destroy all , She take up collections and says it s no bodv's busmcs...how much or what she Joe with them ,"
This letter was written on 12 Octobe r 11\~2 . Shortly before, in a 26 Septemberletter to Col. William SImons lumscl t, Don had referred to " my good tncndMrs. Parlin "; hut the anack-, on l'arhn tonk cftccr . Don. w ho saved hrs correspondence and later went back In it and made notations, sometime afterward
noted on the draft 01 hiS leucr III SImI,"" that the ....-oman became "nc ronous" at New York and elsewhe re, and that " ...he had the reputation ot talent
and spiri t . I will add that I kne ....· her most lv by repute as an active politician .and never sa w her but nncc-c-vrz, when she called with her husband. Dr.Parlin , and with another lady ." Clea rly there are innuendoes ot sexual irnpropriery lurking here. dcspuc the gemlcmanlv reserve with which the matterwas discussed.
Other evidence, however, call ... in to question the auacks on Parlin and rai ...esthe po"",ihiIiIY that the reformer ........ere undulv influenced by the assumpnon ...0 1 patriarchy and the iJeology 0 1 separa te sphere... . which allowed no role torwomen in public life . Parlin's redI s ins mav have been her public speaking
and her decision making independent oi malt' lea ders . Th is possibilit y I" ccrramlv suggested in one oi Cathe nnc w tllrarnss !cttL'!" 10 Don , in which Wil liams described her un ...chcdulcd clambake speech and then .....ent on ttl referto Algen ne descn pnons of ..;uif r'l,ge wo men .1"; DOff 's " masculine follower... ."
"T he Algcrtnes have tom Mr..;. l'onlin '" cha rac ter in nagmcn rs." she continued, "and several ot hers so th cy hoavt , &. I expec t every moment they willtake ho ld of mille, .1... vet t he}' have on ly report ed J 'am vubjc ct to fits of
ins ani ty' (considerate cre a tu res! &. ' tha ras ttl t.llcn r... . I never WrOlL' one oi myhonk s in my life;" her wor k allcgcdlv having been wnuen by a ma n w ho hadhelp ed proofread her iir" t hook for rhc print er. Willi am s fu rt he r told Don ofstate and city authori tics puni shing he r for her ...uHra,ge vie ws by levvmnnddrtional tax es on her bouse and on a thou sand dolla rs in hank sha res rhutsh e did not even own."
Williams al so cxpl.nncd thnr th e l'a diu s intc mlcd to mcvc irom l'tnvulcnc cto Boston or N ew York because
his huvmcss IS ulll'rh' do..... n. ;1' rhc Al!:l'rlnt's were hIS prmcrpal cu ... tum ervThe Suffrage helll!: ~t'nl'rally a hard wnr kmg SL't an: ...cldom on the Ijocror",hands so pour man he ha... not hmg tn do . He ts a man III real suience and afine mind .. modest and rctmnu. ,"rs . 1'. I ... III New Yurk. she cares ntllfor their censure fcclJn~ her monvcs pure, bu r he r en-mve husband . rhoughhe desJllse" the ..OUTle trom whence II o.:"me..., tccl It 1lI0decplv. She is tnncurele.....
Williams prom ised that she would .ldvl"e Parli n a-, a mend " UI overlook thefreedom of speech, III cons rdernuon 0 1 the rnouvcv. '
Parlin her..;eli w rote to Dun shortly afte rward lrom New York , telh ng himthat th e people there were ... till mtcrcsrcd in Rhode Island affairs and that " it
has stimulated them co nsrdcrablv by "t'emg a female rake so much m rr-re... t instate dtfai rs .Js I have, and .J mcenng was called on Fndav evening ior me to
address ." , Parlin's public speaking and hohnohhmg ..... nh male politician ...molY h.Jve been the extent of the ground... for hl'( reputatIon a... "no[On ous."
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10] THE ROll OF WO.'\H!'. r rc TIlE IHlRR REBELLION
though sh ...· may .Iho have provoked ..enrage men with h...-r ard ...-nt temper. Shc·alon ...• among Don', currc--pondcnt-, wi ..bed
our p.:"rlo: would common...·.: anorh... r acnon. and tl...:ht It uut , It rh ... \ wouldor rt rhc·\ Jo , I will ['lo:J/.:t: 01\ cc11 to lead the armv to J ...ath or vrcmrvThcr...· "L11 be a rnnhmt:n! on rh ...· p.ut or the women, which will nec...",mhmnve rh ... 1I""'n I" .1\.II"n, tor rh ...· ['r ...·......m ,tale "I att.ur.. ..:annol much lon/.:...·rhe tolo:r,lt.:J ..md 11 I rcm.un In R,t. I mav \,el have the hunuur or dr..gr,ll' ... "I.,tnkmg the flr,t blow I shall not he a <rlcru spccrator, "11'" halt of our vall.lIltmen, In peaee .m- cuwunl .. 111 war, and th... ~· «ncn nllmc, that I jUdgl' th....mtoo hard, hut lam ..urc. had tlu-v ..huwn ,I' much c·"tH,lg LI..1 ..pnng and,ummcr a.. t hrv did ut rhe ro""un...: "t th ...· ox [at a ..ultr.I...: · mllv In ll<--lll, rhvvwould not have he ...n rmpervoncd
Although Don hunself had b...·...·n divappomrcd with rhc unuduv ui borh th ...·People's legi!'>l.lture and th...· hundred .. 01 porennal People '.. nuhuamcn \~'ho
did not rally to Chepachet . he never put It quite ,u hlunt lv.
It appear.. that "ullra).;l· women played a tar greater role In thc· Don Rchdhunthan the hrvioncal con ..truer 01 , c·p.u.lte -phere.. would lead on ...· w expc-ct ,
Why did rh i.. h.IPp...·n' What wa.. the br-roncal sumncnnce 0 1 th", partrcrpa
l ion; Dcum u vc cunc fu-aon .. would he unwarranted here, lor thi .. aspect 01
rh ...· rebellion need .. to be explored muc h more lull y; hUI ..orne speculationmig ht he in order.
b it poss ible that 1m su tira,glst women t here were i ..sue .. 1I1vol\'\.·J hcvond theovert issue.. ut t h...· conflict, Might the beleaguered ,u ilr;lgc movement haveottered the-e wome n the opponunnv ttl cha llenge rhcir malc-dorrunarcd "ICI·ctv, at lcavt indlrl'clh-', There i-, rca..on ior belicvma Ih.1I rbts wa-, rhe C.I'c-,lor their cnuci ..m III the Law and Ordn elite SU~c'h.1 rctccuon oi theAlgennes a, J tal-c patriurchv. an uniu ..tified claimant 10 the authority that .along with church and God... tood llchlOd the authlltllV 01 the lamil y .md th ...·communit\'. For tlwn' ardcnt "pmt....ueh ,IS Ann Parlm, Ih is "ociopoillicalp'lIriarehy 1ll.IV even have ..e rved J" a ..urroga le ta rl-:et lor the actll.ll p.ltTl,H·ehy. Moreover , .1IlJ cven more OhVlOU..ly, the cilort .. 01 these Durn tl' wOlllenmig ht well he "l'l'n ,I.. p'lrt of a ..trll,l;hk th at eUlmlll<ltl'd WI th thl' N illl·tl·l·llIhAm t:nJm etH to the u .s. Co ns tt tlltl 011, lor it is h'Hd to see how the DurrRt:hcllioll could no t l1;\ ve provo kl'J women in Rhodt: b LInd an d cl ..ewhn...·to thi nk .lho ut ;lcl.jl1l ring Ihe votl' fllr t hemsel ve...
'~'~Jf "
\~
.. ~
•.'
I ,
ellll' «rure of a Dorrite Jady. Dtrcul (111m"Tromble In the Spat/an Ranh. oMi nnham In Ille held. ~ IJ '-aw lind Order/Jroud'ide RIHS Collection flH /1XJ h742)
IO~ TIlE ROLE OF WOME~ I .... THE IHlll.1l. R[i\[LllOr-.,
".1n. r II. \ an \\, T1 f'ut>1JH.rwl'.'11 Klnn, r I J H" 'I> 11:'211'1'0 tblum"a I'NII I F.-,f', .....n .I1~o
Paula Bah'r Th.· (l"m.~w;.I!lon0>1
1'"IJlU:~: \\mTI<'TI ,lilt! Arncncan Pchrr.l,ll ....ocrctv. 171i()·1 'J2U.·' Amau,'rI HI/!J/I, 011 Rn'ln' 1i'J II "1i,~1 (,21J-~ 7
1 /\ ,h"nt'llwo <l11 rvv ('Inl WM VII.1:101.1, tor example. lOJll'.ltl" rh at whu;
worn, n In Iii III ..11..1 VITtu:alh' cvcrv
Ihlnl: Ihal men ..11..1 cxc cpt V"I<: Tholl,u,h acnvnv should h.· 111UnJ In a-ourhem -Iavc ,1.lle ",her< genderrt,nl.II"n~arc Ih, u(hl I" have been-t ncrcr th.m In Ih. ~ rth I' -rgnmearn £!l;::lh..:lh II. \al"n Coumcd In
rhc ."U'ICI Roll 01 "<n. \\h1!c womenand PolIlIl" In ..'.nl<hdlurn \'H~mla
Il'h I) dl,,,,,rtallon Y.lk Umvervnv1<,1<1>
'>c'an wrlema. (hllIH' Urmoctutu:·\'l'W rork CHI lind rll, HI,',' "I Ill.'A me rICtW \\ or k;HI,l{ ,:1<1", 171'1'1_ 11i:}1IINc,", York. 1<,11<-11. 17(,.,,~. Larrv
( \'I'Lllr, • ..1., I h,' I'ub/I< ) ,'ll" 01 \ur"h'W,! Anx.lInd (.Tlmk.· hlc,I.J \\Tlr
//lX' 11'15-1IiWI~"'" Y"rk, 1<,l:-l'J1 I,"-.II ~nll-.(n, 124 F. In \l.1".Il'hu~"Il'
women ~h,,,,hlllll<I' rrol<:~t<:d 1.-.",'" age- with m,'elm,o:' ami I. lin, 10
n,,,,,p.l~r' 10 Ih. 11\.0, 'loin. H1l.1<:"'<1l ~\. i\ III R. In Our \fl)(hl\\,,,k n}:"'Ofntn, \.1/<, 'mm \m.ranth Cl'nlun \, l\ Enxl<lnJ Ilth.lca."Y I'NI ~fd'J.I" 4(,
4 {'t<JIldt'n,e IOUltlllJ .....·rt..·mht:r amilku,h<:II"40
.~ Tllllm"s A km·k,'" "Ih'.... 'nl oi thc I'w·l'l'cdlng, "I Ihl' Cllvnll"r .'0.1 Cour1l'i1unJn th<: Rl'~"luII"O' 01 Ihc A"cmhl}·rdt"lnnl( llllh"'ffi ,umlrv r<:IHlon .. <11
rer'''n, indlu.,J :anJ Imprh'lllcd Il,roll"'nc"'ll(al",llh~ 'Iat<, 1'4 •. ' Thll.rna, WII~'lll P"n I'JJ'I.·r. Rhotle hl.1O.!""",rIC.l1 '>'><';1.1\ Rill ... Ch.ul<', TCon,.;Jon Rcmml <eflu', ", I.l /oultll.llI I R.',wn 11"1l I()(,. fl,r .I r<:c<:nlhTid tr<:.Itmcnl "llhc Pun Rehdlmn~t:< P.lln.·k T ennlt\ '" Tt:mp<:~t
In.l T,,,pol Th., Ll<'rr Rd',cll1On 10
~atlooall'<:r,pCl'Il\'<:'"Rh'kil' I<;/,mdHnlOT\' ~o Ilv'HI f',(,·lIXI. S<'e .II", I'e·ler ,. COI"ffidll. Iht' 1',JTI,'otlJJ,l!lIJlI 01R/iode ',llIlId, I ' VO 11'1>1/ i1'rnvIJl'n.· ..,.IW,31; /<,1;lrvln E:. Cl'lIlclnJn, The {)llrr
RehdllOll. II ,\rudl' III Aml'ncon /{,h1l1,111'711 INew Y"rk, 1"''''1; JnJ (;."r~l'
M [)cnlll~..n, Tilt· /lurr h'ul Rt'pll/'II'"umm on Ttlli/ INH JNOIILcxInl(llln,K\ I<,)7f',1
(,. Rl,>:<lT,hnl:<'llmmunl1\ and lamlh .11\1
vum-, In Rho..k Ivland ,," mv unruhhvhcd r.1J'1.'r "urlra"e-a~·n"rll\'all',n
1m the W"lkmj(·l 1.1" Rh",I.'I ..land ,Dorr ....'.11 Althou,.;h the I'corl.', Con-urunon .IppIll\cd 11l an l'XHaeOn'lllulilma] rcn-rcndum In Dcrcmbcr 11"41,cmovod Ih,' .drn'''1 unarumou-, ~llPI'(\rt
III nonfrcc holdcrx, and vubvr.mn.rlhackmg among hC<'hoIJn~a, ",..-II,non', aeWlll' III "\1.1\' and lunc 1"42runhcr divided Rhodl' lvlandcr-, WhenOlin launched hl~ unsucccvcful artac kon the I'Tt,) rdcnce arccnal nn I" ".1'he In't Ih~ ,upp"rt 01 manv ",on'luunonal rctormcn, who drd nor "".101 ",
n·,on to turcc and hl ... ,J,h"d
7 ,'onna Francr-, Ilnll.,h"IlIOCh,ule, FHcrrcvhou 211.\1.1\ 11i42 Herrcsh"Uhrml.., I'al'<'r" RUt ... I willard Rurh't« I, Wilham" 10 .\\a}' I 1'i42, WIlham'l'apcrs mu...
I' Wllh;]lll H. vrnnh II> Thoma-, W P OllITWlll,,~ .... cpt 11'4!..llorr l"lpn', IohnHav l lhrary. 1I11lwn Ul11\'Ch'l\' Allcued klt.'I' hI .IllJ trorn Dorr all rnthIS collccuon
'J Cathennc Il. \\ ,lIl.1m~ In TWn, i """IIQ2.
10 Thl' o.,rrlt.." ..... " al,o urR-1nl:.m,o: n ...mll,tla c"mpanl" In PrU\'IJ"nn hue'''cTt''tl~ Whl'n Po., .ncamrctl alChep.:tehl·1 h"",<:\<·t Ih. I'Tll\IUCnnm<:n---<'xe.pt lot al>uUI ;t do:.en 't.l\,,'dh"mc n"ITlI< t,llIl<~ .mJ m,ll11a "''';3'
m:.mg .... <.1< Opl'" anJ elllhu'IJ'IK In
Ih ..· n"lth<:111 llldustllal towns, hUI,Ilthou/.:h Ih,'", tIlwn, ,,'nl m"I<' 111<:11
III Chcr,Khl,t Ihan I'n"'HI..·ncc did, Ih ..,v"'0 l.ule,1 ruprm',d, [lurr .... ilh 'l...:mll·cam surpon th<:le
II I-IMTlel lIall.,.." 10 I.lnc Keely, 141un..1~4!, WIllJolm.'I R.IlI,\, raper', Rill ....,;,,<: .II",,) 'I.lr\ '\I'j(hungak 10 ,'.lhen lGrccne. m'l.l\ 1><4! Gr<:cn. r.lpcr"RIHS
12 "c. :-';e .. man, A I"urnoll .tJnlalnm,.;a ,h,.n a..",oum 01.1 tr:l\,'l<-r IromWaT\"lck w Th"mp,,,n Junn,.; Ihl'Rhoue 1,land W.lI, "C ;..:c....manPaper" 11.111", Rq:.llu1Og dl~lJfd<'ll\"
mllh~ 10 l'a""lUck<: I, ,<:e HI'lnn' til Ih,Kl'nli,h (;11<11.1, lOP" n...I.I. 14. 1(,;" Aeranl', l'rrJCl,,.dHlg, ,II the CilJ;:cn, orf.<I,t Grl'ell,,',..11 'Illd Vi<inJl\" "lIlh.,R,'/urn 0/ rh.· ",'IlII,h CU<lr,h and Vol·unle-a" fTll!,/I' Ill/\' I, 18.J2(l'w\'I·d"ncc, 11'41\ 10, antll ..hn I, RKh,mkIIh,,'" '" th. c..J1.1P'~ oj Compul
,ory .'1IIlIl;/. ",'r\'1<':<: In RhnJ. 1,land
11"'1'- 1"41 manu'nlpl Rill ...a19.01 M.7,.,-!q
I ~ Ehvha P\<·I. R"mI01"«n«' or RhoJl'lvland III 11"41 as Connccrcd wl1h theDon R..hclhun." i\'<lrr,lgun" n I/I,r"""j] k"~I'I"r (, 111'1'''1. II';
14 A,·l'<lUI1r. 01 RachclLuthr rs vxpcnvnvv. and tho,,"' lIt ,\khltahk 1l"..... rrd01 Cumberland .InJ Ann M,lIl.lguumu.n "t I'rmld.n",c. can h.· r"unJIII U .... ('"n/.:r<:" Iioll" IlIl.II.t,n,u"b, 1::~"lItl\"llIlheAII<lr ,I
Rb ..1 I ,n 1 Rep'lll ;....:" ;4(, l"lhCone I,t ,,""~ 1~44 ~17!fl ll! '4Ihl' puhh..olllon I' known a, H"kR<l1< It .Iltl·f Ldmund Burke a Iltmocrane .on/.:I<:"man trom ,<'" 1I.lInr-lurc and.l -upportcr "lll"rrRel(.lTu101: Ih" J'l.flO.t, 'l'C Arthur \1.1'Mowt\', 'fht' putT \\'<Jr Th. (tJ",rIlU
IJtm"/\lru",,,,It'!C1 Rh",j,'I'/,III'/ IllJOIrcptmt !\l''''' vork. IlJ70l, 21>;·~7
Denm-on. /l,,,, \\'al, lJ7 V1'i, 14:-l, I ~(I
"-.I, and IJl1lkl'\ R'·I'ort. -1-71. 7(,7 r-x771·1"1'"
I" \\ altn R 1l.llllunh cl .II III TWIl. J IAUI: 11'i42 Iohn S Hamc ro "\1), 11'>Cpl 11'41. vee JI,o ;":l.hola' Br.... n I"r\\ II I1lunc I q1. an.! Lcwr-, 'o"t1\to T\\ [), "'>"pl 11'42. E\"n In EnlldJConn"clllut l<:ma[c~ "'.<:1<undOlmou,h ,uHI.I>:.. lu a m.lnCalvm \\hllnt\ loD\TI, ~ .... cp, I :q>
1(, l ..,tlt"fs 1< blln,.; HI hdpm>: pn"mt"f'111dllJ.., Ann 1'.Hh n In TV;I), 4 .... crtI f;411l.Junll'JI, TWD til ';uln.lg" ladl..·,"ll'r'wI<km'..·. 2-.1 Au,.;, 11'\411'lIH'll'diSl'lh ludll'r 10 TWn, 2 N"" 1101,12,M.IH' A. Anth"nv anJ ".nah (;Anthoov '" TWD, 1.1 Au>: 11'·12..mJCllhnlll.· R W~ham~ to TWn, 1.1< Pn11'142 '>"m" 01 ITtl"C leUt"f' nlllt.unna.mc, 0>' 01 ,crUl'nu:, tu Ihe .I'''\Cla·"on, .• " .t" l awl,". ,'o,hlC\ 10 T \\ I) "....pl I ~42 ".Imud \\ hlppll 10 n\ [) I'
St:pl 11'i4! .IoJ ';ut!ra.~c L.ldl<·' ' , Pro\I'.t"neewD\n 1.0Au".I"I! .. hleh....m.lmnJ Ihl hunJreJ tloll.u, A,hl<:\anJ \\ hlprle "'<'rl· "'-'Ih a]",llIll'm'l~ In''''''P'''t. a ,"on~l .... ehoirlUIl< lo"'n.twn I"n/.:llm.· m<:ml>t.'r, 01 Ihl' "<·<.:onJBapll"l ('hUll h ...,·r<: l'xc,unmunlo.:.II"JhCl';lU'" "Ilhelr ,ultrag, \'1 ..'''-' Atl<:1hem,!; Il·ln~t.l rl·J, Ihc lWO 111,'11 ""I>:n<"<1lrOlll till' ehur.h, ;llle,!;llll: rhill Ih,' "nl"Jdlllll.· "h.H/.:'· llIaJ" .11(.lln'l rh"m Iude"Jll<: Ir<lrn the k<:cpt"f "I rhl Nl· ...rOnI.ld, who had l'umpJam<:J "lh,I! Ik.ll'onBdl h.lJ ,,'n! h.I\k<:tiul :auu h."k"llulullhe he,t rW\ l'l"n (h" market .I11urJ,", pTl",n.'r'111 Idll on.l ch.lr/.:.. 01
10..\ TH E R O L L Of Wll.II,H'\J IN Til l [HHUI. RlIlLLLIO:'J
Tr",h"n ,1~'lln'l Ihl' "1dI" and "'ha"had .IIJ,J In rh, collccuon "I FIn' 1),,1I"r' h\ ,uh'ulru"n ,1n,1 -crn rhc carne.r" ,alJ pnvom-r-, 1"1 Ih"11 n-hct andc"mlml "antllrJ fkl1 and (;''\,rlo;': C."haw I" rhc ....ccond K<lrU't Chullh In
-"':,,, po'T! R [ 1<) <>crt 1'\.12 l'.1p.:r, nlIh, n"nJ K.Jprl'll'huI,h III :""·....portR[H ...
I" \'M\ r,m"(,1mphdlu,n\l) ~(lcl
I '..\2 .'\ml,"~ 'lIh, 1 -uch klr"I' dT':\l..1T\" .\1IJJ,'n In n'd) 7 "O:pl 11'1!"nJ ,.",'I,dlcltet, cued In n"II." .1N'I\"·
I' The women fonk tho: k.lJ In the malf,'1 "I clam hak ... " "''''fl.' ... .ImudA,hlo:\ Inllt'''''n I!Ocl 11'-11 \1,lr\
:\ Anth"n\ aml "'Mdh (. Amhonv tll
TWI) 11 :\Ul: 11'-11 .11 ...,J,:'uIIx·'dd.1ll1h.lk, The n«J\ l.1mlh,·, ;111.' menuoncd In ('"rhl.'llnl.' It \\ 11h.lm, III
T\\ n z ",\, I ~-I1 which al-,o IdI.'T' Ind.lmh,lkl." In '\J,hhu,I\1<:Jhul\'.\',11"'111.: and "Ihu pl,l"'" The ,ullra;:rvr-, ".:nt I" AI.'''tl.'' Udl d"'l'lIcch.mcsuc thrcat-, t" vend Ih<: mllm,l IUpH'H'11I Ih"11 clarnbakc Ihut lohn ....Ham,t"n.. !) 1<}",,'pt 11\-11 ThtU.:""pll"n "llh,· he" ,,'nl tn n"rr I'IfIlm r ll" lhr"" k I" TWll, l..-l Sl.'l'tIJo\..\1,On;tkt 11'..\211"rrw.I""Ill,mmvu.rnon 1'I...:n"J h." And Ball"u, amant re.IJmi:, In p.trt. "The Luhc-, 01
woon-ockcr. Ir"'nJI~ t<> t he Cause 01
Equal Rl;:hl', rr"p'''1.' In h.rvc n ,\1""Clam ll.lk.· and I'll.' N'I.'..11 ,I Cn""' ncarrlu, Vdbi:<:. r hc llth ..
l'i Ann I'a rl lll t" TWP . ..\ S,'pt l ,~ ..\1 ,
20, Caihcum- R. WIlham , 10 1\v11, 2 NmIs,n, Ik ;:.llJ IIli: \.... lIlla l11'. ,,'': "IJn.:\'" 1<1.10. HtI'!llIgldl,1t1( <11 ..\klll"il' 0,Three Hho,Jt hl<ll!!/ Alltlm/,. Rh"d,'[,1.111.1 1I" lll tl l .l1 Tr.Jet- Nil II Il'wvi·J~n<:~, llii'llli, ;1-6l
11 Th<: Ih·W,p.II'U nlltlc~ l" r .l 2<J .1I,1;H,1S-I,; ntl.'<:IJIll: In l'awtu,k<'1 I' 10 .1IlunJat,·J .IIlJ unlaht.,I,·J dll'l'lIl).: III rh.·n"rr 1'.IJIl"T' ar Ih<: lohn lla~' LlhTal\
11 Ilt,rTIl" dl"'" "lth p,",r \'01<'1' ,neJ""llho:J 10 Cathnlll" I< \\'1111.1111' W
TWD. 1!'i Ik, IIl..\2
l..-t AII,'n l"hn,,'n and D U,lne \bl"no:. ell.f)l< IJOnilH '" Aml't1. <In H",xr<lphl1:'\0<:\<0 York. I<}H 7;..\1 RIJ,'r. RlbllO~r<lrhl'''' \I.1ll111 ~O. l~. \.1.0
2-1 :\ Rh"Je hl.1nJl'r IF,Jnu:, lI.1m,'tWhlppll.' .\fIXhl <In,1 RII~hf II'Hl\ld"nc<:I Ii 1..\ 21 ~-I l; Whipple mdlntallleJlhal l.'''ntr.11\ I.. the ,omm,," Impr.:,'"In th.'I,1n1l11<·' ot Ih<: In,r '<:111<'1'
[trnm whu h ,h,· ~pran...:1 all.' tllr th<:mo,t p.m with a 1<:1'0 JI'J.:I""<'lulcxccpnun-, u1ll1",ml~ tan'rahk I"
Ih<: Iro:cJ"m " I the Eln·tln' Pranchrsc .The" arc Demn.;r,lt- "t the olJSchool I' 1(,
1:; .'1<11\' Amhnn, '" T\\'D ~I ()1I 11'-12J",,'lIl-o:, a tarr ho:lJ III 1'"" Id,n« unIii On at whuh 1111\ \"unJ.: Iddll'occupscd \II,",hlll;:"'n ~l.all Hom teno'clock III lh" m"rmn;:. wrrh Ih<:ltwarc-, J"r1a\<',j "n l"nl: tahl,·, Th<:hdU 1<0'.1, trrrnmcd wnh tl"",,, .anu'PII.~' 01 pille tr"e. Amh"n, "r"t,and thne ""'d'..\ banner hung arourulAI", I'lllur ...., "I n\l1 G"u'oo:r WHhwrc.nh-, ,,1 11"""1' .11"unJ rhcm:\\U~lC was pW\h1cJ Ihfllu...:h"ur tho: .1.1\'
lor th,' h,,,J.:, "I r""'rk" hn .rncndcdAn"th", Ian would he hdJ 10 :'\O"\'<ln
bcr ar 1'.1" tucker Anth"m wlJ O"n
2(, Almlla Howard ttl T\\ 0 1(, AUK 1"11H" war u had wrutcn It> 1'1<:'1..1<:111 T,I"rand wa-, pbnnlO"': t" ronvcne ,I commmcc ot ,ullr,lg., women then une "I,utlra;:~ men. w "" T \ lcr ,md . Impurtunc hrrn, nll "ur alJ.:um,nt' prcv.ulln I'H" IJ l.' nn · JCC",JIIlJ.: I" ' " hn ....Cl1k" ....m.lr, ,1h<,htlnlll'I' 'pran...: h om. the '[Jhk. InJlI,nl"u" ,,,h,,, middlecla ..,<:~ tI*,nCl<:l~' " ,\11<1<1/.'·1'/<1" /"0\'1d.:ncc. IH2V·l'1,lOl l'llncell lll. :'\1. 1,.]<}i'I(,i, 12. Thr , w.a, cc n.n nlv trill' " Iahohnon leade!'; r.mk.and.nlc ah,di·tion " I' .11,,, included many Jrll'Jn,J nJ lahorcn,
27 A nn Parlin to T\\'D. ~ Sqll 1!'i..\2,
l H A tum 'IIlJ true SlItl l,\"':" wnrnnuIf T ayl'" l tl' TWI), ,:; "" '1'1 l i'I·12.
!9, wilhnm " im"n, '" rWI ),1 ",'pt lS..\2
\0. rlllllll .l ' l I·j;,_kl'l l. "c.ll'lt.I1"1l1 .Indthe () ll p n, "1 t h,' li um alll l.lI l'lll <;l.'n'I'hIlit". " rail 2, Aml'fJ<',m HI,r"rll'<l1R<,"I<'w <}O II<}~.~I: ;(,(l
~I \\'onn, ,,, k.,t 'llttT.lg<: k.IJn 1\11...1lia l1" u acknnwl,'U;:.'J tll ll"rr "thl'.:xtl.:m,· ,ultl.'lIn," th.1t \"U h.ln' ,,' .1,,IIltno:;tl.'dl\' ,uhll.'<:I,'J '''ur,.-I I It>, N
H.1 llo" t" n \ T),.1. :-.:",. 110-12. h'nn.'r I'lIu"ll.'d '" Ch,lt"n WIIlI.1m,,,n. A/II/'n
("<In .\uif'ril}:<' / W/II 1''''I'..,fI r" fl, m'jjr'll \ J7NJ H;NJ 11'1111', wn. :'\I r . 1<}(,(Jl1 -1~ Olho:r CUll" '.1'" Ilt'fr" ht.'h.a'lll lr,lIhn JIl l<'Im, ..1 uncunlju,'rahl<:oh,un.lC\ Ild,,,h h l" ;::<: C""0,," III'11>'-'·0/ rhr f/tun, rn O/'rdrn <In l:.~I'·1l
,wn 0/ \uiirdR' rn Rhr"ft 1 JiJnJ ',,,mIh. 'r·...ur Hill In PU2!pw\lJ,'nce.IS"\! (>"rl or hounJk..- "h'lIn.JC\,C"nl:J"n. Remrnl • ,'ll(,' liN'
~l H. T Albroro TWLl, IS""'r l II'H.
~~.".lmudA,hll'\'wTWI).12Ckt ts .u
~-I C llh<:rJlle R, \\' t1 ham~ I" TW Il, 1 -..;,,\11'-12, Th r-, kiter al-,« mcnuon-, Ih"urrn.al uvvr the procc-eron.
;" Ann 1'.111111 w n\'D f, :s.;,,\, 1,'-'1
