Rhodo Spiri Ll Um

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https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Rhodospirillum

Classification

Higher order taxa:

Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Alphaproteobacteria; Rhodospirillales; Rhodospirillaceae

Species:

Rhodospirillum centenum, R. photometricum, R. rubrum, R. sp.

NCBI:TaxonomyGenome

Description and Significance

Rhodospirillum rubrumis a purple nonsulfur bacterium that can grow aerobically or anaerobically. It

has the ability to live through cellular respiration, fermentation, photosynthesis, or photoautotrophic

growth.

Genome Structure

None of the genomes for bacteria in the Rhodospirillumgenera have been sequenced. However,

the regulation of nitrogen fixation occurs at the transcriptional level with the nif expression and the

posttranslational level with dinitrogenase reductase by "reversible ADP-ribosylation catalyzed by the

DRAT-DRAG (dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosyltransferase-dinitrogenase reductase-activating

glycohydrolase) system" (Zhang et al.1999). In addition, a genetic system of the bacterial

photosynthesis for Rhodospirillum centenumhas been developed through studying mutants

(Yildiz et al.1991). Visit thedraft of the Rhodospirillum rubrumanalysis files made for the Joint

Genome Institute Microbial Sequencing program for great information on the genome

of Rhodospirillum rubrum.

Cell Structure and Metabolism

Rhodospirillumbacteria are Gram-negative, motile, spiral-shaped bacteria. They can grown under

many different types of conditions including aerobic or anaerobic environments. Anaerobically, the

bacterium uses fermentation or photosynthesis in order to produce energy as well as

photoautotrophic growth (DOE). The nitrogen fixation system of R. rubrumuses a MoFe and an Fe-

only nitrogenase. This system, which works with both translational and post-translational regulation

of the nitrogenase activity and responds to both nitrogen and energy status signals, has been called

the "best-understood example of reversible ADP-ridosylation as a regulatory system in any

organism" (DOE).Rhodospirillum rubrumwas found to be most efficient and produce the maximum

levels of internal photosynthetic membranes when it was grown with both succinate and frutose as

carbon sources under microaerophilic conditions (Grammel et al.2003). However, it can grow with

CO as its sole energy source (DOE). The structure o fthe CODH that is the center of R. rubrum's

CO oxidation system has become a model for more complex CODHs for other organisms. In

addition, the CO-oxidation regulon has a unique CO-sensing protein, CooA, that is "becoming a

paradigm for gas-sensors and transcriptional regulators" (DOE).
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Rhodospirillumhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Rhodospirillumhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1081&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlockhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1081&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlockhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1081&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlockhttp://genome.ornl.gov/microbial/rrub/http://genome.ornl.gov/microbial/rrub/http://genome.ornl.gov/microbial/rrub/http://genome.ornl.gov/microbial/rrub/http://genome.ornl.gov/microbial/rrub/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1081&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlockhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Rhodospirillum


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In the absence of fructose, the bacterium only produced 20% of its maximum level of photosynthetic

membranes. In aerobic conditions, R. rubrumconsumed the succinate and fructose simultaneously;

however, during oxygen-limiting conditions, the bacterium preferentially consumed fructose. The

cell processed the frutose through the Embden-Meyer-Parnas pathway. It was also found that

under oxygen-limiting conditions, NADPH was produced mostly by the pyridine-nucleotide

transhydrogenase. (Grammel et al.2003)

Ecology

Rhodospirillumbacteria can generally be found in marine environments or in some types of mud

and soil where light is available for photosynthesis. Rhodospirillum centenumcan form swarm

colonies that "rapidly migrate toward or away from light, depending on the wavelength of excitation"

by using surface-induced lateral flagella, chemotaxis, and a photosynthetic apparatus (Jiang et

al.1997).

Bchl aPathway

A genetic system of the bacterial photosynthesis in Rhodospirillum centenumwas developed bystudying mutants. The mutants blocked bacteriochlorophyll abiosynthesis at certain steps of the

biosynthetic pathway leading from protoporphyrin IX to bacteriochlorophyll a. Some of the mutants

blocked carotenoid biosynthesis early in the pathway and "exhibited pleiotropic effects on stability or

assembly of the photosynthetic apparatus" (Yildiz et al.1991). Other mutants lacked the ability to

make a functional reaction center complex; others still had defective cytochromes which resulted in

defective electron transport. The last type of mutant in this study had an "enhanced repression" of

bacteriochlorophyll due to the presence of oxygen. The genetic system and biosynthetic pathway

can be viewed in the diagram to the right.

CODH

Rhodospirillum rubrum's Ni-Fe-S carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) "catalyzes the

biological oxidation of CO at an unusual Ni-Fe-S cluster called the C-cluster" that contains a

mononuclear site and a four-metal cubane (Drennan et al.2001). The CODH does this oxidation in

a two-electron process:

It is thought that the CO binds to a unique CO-binding site on the C-cluster adjacent to the

hydroxide; this allows a metal-bound hydroxide to "attack" the CO carbon. The metal-COOH

intermediate is then deprotonated (loses the H) and the CO2is "lost to yield a two-electron-reduced

C-cluster" (Drennan et al.2001).

References

General:

DOE Joint Genome Institute:Rhodospirillum rubrum

Jiang, Ze-Yu, Brenda G. Rushing, Yong Bai, Howard Gest, and Carl E. Bauer. 1998. "Isolation

of Rhodospirillum centenummutants defective in phototactic colony motility by transposon
http://genome.jgi-psf.org/draft_microbes/rhoru/rhoru.home.htmlhttp://genome.jgi-psf.org/draft_microbes/rhoru/rhoru.home.htmlhttp://genome.jgi-psf.org/draft_microbes/rhoru/rhoru.home.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9495765http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9495765http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9495765http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9495765http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9495765https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/File:Formula.JPGhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9495765http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9495765http://genome.jgi-psf.org/draft_microbes/rhoru/rhoru.home.html


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mutagenesis." Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 180, no. 5. American Society for Microbiology.

(1248-1255)

Yildiz, Fitnat H., Howard Gest, and Carl E. Bauer. 1991. "Genetic analysis of photosynthesis

in Rhodospirillum centenum." Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 173, no. 13. American Society for

Microbiology. (4163-4170)

Cell Structure and Metabolism:

Grammel, Hartmut, Ernst-Deiter Gilles, and Robin Ghosh. 2003. "Microaerophilic cooperation of

reductive and oxidative pathways allows maximal photosynthetic membrane biosynthesis

in Rhodospirillum rubrum."Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 69, no. 11. American

Society for Microbiology. (6577-6586)

CODH

Drennan, Catherine L., Jongyun Heo, Michael D. Sintchak, Eric Schreiter, and Paul W. Ludden.

2001. "Life on carbon monoxide: X-ray structure of Rhodospirillum rubrum Ni-Fe-S carbon

monoxide dehydrogenase."Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, vol.

98, no. 21. (11973-11978)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9495765http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9495765http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1648078http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1648078http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1648078http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1648078http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1648078http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14602616http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14602616http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14602616http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14602616http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14602616http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14602616http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=11593006http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=11593006http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=11593006http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=11593006http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=11593006http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=11593006http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14602616http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14602616http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14602616http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1648078http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1648078http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9495765

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Rhodo Spiri Ll Um