ritual rememory

8/8/2019 ritual rememory

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Jy piam was tc taek us aii tc tdk ctdkr sofk wdkrk jy cwm ja'aj os. Vdky stcppkf jk nrcj bkttomb us tdkrk, lut tdky fofm'tstcpycu nrcj bkttomb dkrk.Lkicvkf, Vcmo Jcrroscm

"Vdat way." Daiik was pcomtomb cvkr tdk stalik. "Rdkrk dk tcce jy ja'aj. Xoxc say nrkkfcj os tdat way. A wdcik traom os bcomb amfon wk ham bkt tdkrk, fcm't mkkf tc lk mc luycut."

rotuai rkjkjcryhuratkf lyajja lorabcncr tcmo jcrroscms sktdk, lkicvkf.

rotuai rkaioty amf pkrncrjamhk as nrkkfcj amf kshapk

om liahe Anroham hcjjumotoks om tdk Mkw Rcrif7cm rotuai om tdk hcmhkpt cn fkatd amf iojomaioty5

tdk joffik passabk, pam-anrohamosj amf

ktdmcmatocmaiosj.

Rdat cmk fcks mct rkjkjlkr hcmtaoms tdk eky tc cmks tamtrujs amf cmks pcosk.Rdat cmk fcks mct rkjkjlkr os dk skrpkmt om tdk barfkm cn cmks frkajs. ot das scjktdomb

tc fc wotd tdk naht tdat mc cmk wosdks tc lk piumbkf, dkaf fcwm, omtc tdk tcrrkmt cnwdat dk fcks mct rkjkjlkr amf fcks mct wosd tc rkjkjlkr.- Gajks Laifwom. Vdk Kvofkmhk cn Vdombs Mct Xkkm

Vdk travkikrs past hdambksahhcrfomb tc tdk rcutk dk das nciicwkf7 mct tdk ojjkfoatk past, tdat os, tc wdohd kahd faytdat bcks ly affs a fay, lut tdk jcrk rkjctk past. Arrovomb at kahd mkw hoty, tdk travkikr nomfs abaom a past cn dostdat dk fof mct emcw dk daf5 tdk ncrkobmmkss cn wdat ycu mc icmbkr ark cr mc icmbkr pcsskss ioks om waot ncr ycu omncrkobm, umpcssksskf piahks. - Otaic Haivomc, Omvosolik Hotoks.


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Vdat's dcw hcjk O daf tc bkt aii jy hdoifrkm cut. Mc jattkr wdat.

Rdkrk O was lkncrk O hajk dkrk, tdat piahk os rkai. Ot's mkvkr bcomb away. Kvkm on tdk wdcik narj--kvkry trkk amfbrass liafk cn ot foks. Vdk pohturk os stoii tdkrk amf wdat's jcrk, on ycu bc tdkrk--ycu wdc mkvkr was tdkrk--on ycu bctdkrk amf stamf om tdk piahk wdkrk ot was, ot woii dappkm abaom5 ot woii lk tdkrk ncr ycu, waotomb ncr ycu. Xc, Fkmvkr,ycu ham't mkvkr bc tdkrk. Mkvkr. Lkhausk kvkm tdcubd ot's aii cvkr--cvkr amf fcmk wotd-- ot's bcomb tc aiways lk tdkrkwaotomb ncr ycu. Vdat's dcw hcjk O daf tc bkt aii jy hdoifrkm cut. Mc jattkr wdat."Fkmvkr pohekf at dkr nombkrmaois. "On ot's stoii tdkrk, waotomb, tdat just jkam tdat mctdomb kvkr foks."Xktdk iccekf robdt om Fkmvkr's nahk. "Mctdomb kvkr fcks," sdk saof.

O'ii kxpiaom tc dkr, kvkm tdcubd

O fcm't davk tc. Rdy O fof ot. Dcw on O dafm't eoiikf dkr sdk wcuif davk fokf

amf tdat os scjktdomb O hcuif mct lkar tc dappkm tc dkr.

Lot ly lot, aicmb wotd tdk ctdkrs,

sdk daf hiaojkf dkrskin. Nrkkomb ycurskin was cmk tdomb5

hiaojomb cwmkrsdop cn tdat nrkkf skin was amctdkr.

Vcmo Jcrroscm, cm Xktdk.

Cd nrkkfcj cvkr jk Amf lkncrk O'f lk a siavkO'ii lk lurokf om jy bravk amf bc dcjk tc jy Icrf amf lk nrkk.

Cd Nrkkfcj ly Cfktta, Xwkkt Nrkkfcj

Dkarf alcut tdk Olcs Iamfomb3 Vdats tdk piahk wdkrk tdky lromb tdk Olcs cvkr om a siavk sdopamf wdkm tdky bkt dkrk, tdky aomt ioek ot amf sc tdky aii start sombomb amf tdky jarhd robdt fcwm om

tdk rovkr tc jarhd lahe tc Anroha, lut tdky aomt alik tc bkt tdkrk. Vdky bkts frcwm.

- Nicyf Rdotk, Bkcrboa Rrotkrs Prcgkht omtkrvokw,

Bkcrboa Rrotkrs Prcgkht, Frujs amf Xdafcws.

Xuohofk, Xiavkry, amf Jkjcry om Mcrtd Ajkroha

Vkrro I. Xmyfkr

Hciikhtovk jkjcry hcmnkrrkf upcm tdkj tdk pcwkr tc niy - tc kshapk siavkry amf tc rkturm dcjk. Kx-siavk jkjcroksamf ncieicrk pkrncrj tdk huiturai wcre cn rkjaeomb tdk dostcry cn tdk skin, tdk najoiy, amf tdk hcjjumoty wotdomsiavkry, uitojatkiy tramsncrjomb tdk hrcssrcafs cn fkspaor, suohofk, amf skparatocm omtc am omtkrskhtocm cn pcwkr,tramshkmfkmhk, amf rkumocm.

Rdkm tdky rkahdkf iamf, tdk Klc hdokn lkbam hdamtomb,"Vdk Xka lrcubdt jk amf tdk Xka woii lromb jk dcjk." Vdkrk was mc qukstocmomb tdk hdokn's fkhosocms. Vdky aii

lkbam hdamtomb tcbktdkr. Hdaomkf cmk tc tdk ctdkr, tdky rknuskf tc waie omtc a ionk cn siavkry amf omstkaf turmkf amfnciicwkf tdkor hdokn omtc tdk watkr. Vdk sotk cn tdkor natai ojjkrsocm os majkf Klcs Iamfomb.


Vkrro I. Xmyfkr

Vdk Anroham Hcmhkpt cn Fkatd.

Om tdk rkiobocms cn Anroha, ionk fcks mct kmf wotd fkatd, lut hcmtomuks om amctdkr rkaij. Vdk hcmhkpts cn "ionk" amf


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"fkatd" ark mct jutuaiiy kxhiusovk hcmhkpts, amf tdkrk ark mc hikar fovofomb iomks lktwkkm tdkj. Dujam kxostkmhk osa fymajoh prchkss omvcivomb tdk omhrkask cr fkhrkask cn "pcwkr" cr "ionk ncrhk," cn "iovomb" amf "fyomb," amf tdkrkark fonnkrkmt ikvkis cn ionk amf fkatd. Fkatd, aitdcubd a frkafkf kvkmt, os pkrhkovkf as tdk lkbommomb cn a pkrscm's

fkkpkr rkiatocmsdop wotd aii cn hrkatocm, tdk hcjpikjkmtomb cn ionk amf tdk lkbommomb cn tdk hcjjumohatocm lktwkkmtdk vosolik amf tdk omvosolik wcrifs.Kmhyhicpkfoa cn Fkatd amf Fyomb, Vdk Anroham Hcmhkpt cn Fkatd.




Jatdoku Fknikj, \otuai, Amto-Xtruhturk, amf \kiobocm7

A Foshussocm cn ôhtcr Vurmkr's Prchkssuai Xyjlcioh Amaiysos

Vdk Iojomai Pdask om tdk \otuai Prchkss

Nciicwomb âm Bkmmkp's passabk jcfki, Vurmkr ofkmtonokf a tdrkk pdaskf prchkss cn rotuai7 A rotuai kxkjpionoks tdktramsotocm cn am omfovofuai nrcj cmk statk tc amctdkr. Vurmkr (1?>27?8-1085 1?>?a7?6-?>, 10) mctkf tdat

lktwkkm tdk statks tdk rotuai sulgkhts ark cntkm skhiufkf nrcj kvkryfay ionk amf davk tc spkmf scjk tojk om amomtkrstruhturai, iojomai sotuatocm. Furomb tdos pdask, tdk rotuai sulgkhts ark bovkm mkw majks tc fkmctk tdkor"mcicmbkr/mct ykt" status. Vdk syjlcis kxdolotkf kxprkss tdat tdk "iojomai pkrscmak" ark mkotdkr iovomb mcr fkaf, amf

lctd iovomb amf fkaf5 tdky kxprkss tdk ajlobuoty cn tdk omtkrstruhturai pkrocf.

Vdos ajlobuoty os aisc fkjcmstratkf ly tdk naht tdat tdk rotuai sulgkhts ark furomb tdk skhiusocm pkrocf fosbuoskf crdoffkm5 tdky ark hcmsofkrkf mkotdkr jaik mcr nkjaik, fkprovkf cn rame, status amf prcpkrty. Vdky ark aii trkatkfkquaiiy amf ark sulgkhtkf tc tdk rkst cn tdk hcjjumoty. Om suj, tdk iojomai sulgkhts ark "mkotdkr dkrk mcr tdkrk5 tdkyark lktwoxt amf lktwkkm tdk pcsotocms assobmkf amf arraykf ly iaw, hustcj, hcmvkmtocm, amf hkrkjcmoai" (Vurmkr1?>?a7?;).

Amto-struhturk7 iojomaioty amf hcjjumotas


O waiekf dastoiy ncrwarf amf turmkf arcumf, wdkm, Cd, jy Bcf! wdat a sobdt was tdkrk! Dk stoii dkif tdk froppombemonk, wotd wdohd dk daf hut dos tdrcat amf wdoik dos ionk-liccf cczkf nrcj tdk bapomb wcumf amf nicwkf cvkr dostattkrkf barjkmts tc tdk fkhe, tdk sajk kxuitamt sjoik lkajkf cm dos bdastiy nkaturks! Vdk dostcry cn tdk pccr,fkgkhtkf hrkaturk was mcw rkvkaikf7 dk daf kshapkf nrcj dos hruki tase-jastkr om Jaryiamf5 lut om tdk jofst cn dosskhuroty amf fkiobdtnui kmgcyjkmt, dk daf lkkm cvkrtaekm ly tdk dujam liccf-dcumf, amf rkturmkf tc dos avarohocusamf tyrammohai jastkr, mcw hcmfuhtomb doj lahe tc a ionk cn Xiavkry, tc wdohd dk robdtiy tdcubdt fkatd was nar

prknkralik.A[XVOM XVKRA\F, Vwkmty-Vwc _kars a Xiavk, amf Ncrty _kars a Nrkkjam, 14;2

Pkrncrjamhk Xtufoks om Jctocm

Fwobdt Hcmqukrbccf, Cn Haravams amf Harmovais

Ionk cm tdk jarboms ham lk a scurhk cn hrkatovoty as wkii as hcmstraomt, wdat Johdki fk Hkrtkau fkshrolkf as"jaeksdont hrkatovoty" amf a jcloik art cn "jaeomb fc". Pkrncrjamhk stufoks os a lcrfkr foshopiomk, amomtkrfoshopiomk, tdat huitovatks tdk hapahoty tc jcvk lktwkkm struhturks, tc ncrbk hcmmkhtocms, tc skk tcbktdkr, tcspkae wotd omstkaf cn sojpiy spkaeomb alcut cr ncr ctdkrs. Pkrncrjamhk provoikbks tdrksdcif-hrcssomb, sdapk-sdontomb,amf lcumfary-vociatomb noburks, suhd as sdajams, trohestkrs, amf gcekrs, wdc vaiuk tdk hajovaiksquk cvkr tdkhamcmohai, tdk tramsncrjatovk cvkr tdk mcrjatovk, tdk jcloik cvkr tdk jcmujkmtai. ôhtcr Vurmkr, omsporkf ly dos

pkrncrjamhk ktdmcbrapdy hciialcratocms wotd \ohdarf Xhdkhdmkr, hcomkf tdk kpobrajjatoh vokw cn "pkrncrjamhk asjaeomb, mct naeomb" (1?4


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pkrncrjamhk amf numhtocmkf as a hdaiikmbk amf hcumtkrprcgkht tc tdk "amtotdkatrohai prkgufohk" tdat, somhk Piatc, dasaiobmkf pkrncrjamhk wotd naekry amf naiskdccf (Larosd 1?41). Antkr dos sustaomkf wcre cm schoai fraja, huiturai

pkrncrjamhk, iojomaioty, amf, cn hcursk, fknomotocm cn dujameomf as dcjc pk4crjams, ot wcuif lk darf ncr amycmk tcdcif a "jkrk sdaj amf sdcw" vokw cn pkrncrjamhk. Vurmkr sdontkf tdomeomb alcut pkrncrjamhk nrcj jojksos tc

pcoksos.

Mcw, tdk hurrkmt tdomeomb alcut pkrncrjamhk hcmstotutks a sdont nrcj pcoksos tc eomksos. Vurmkr's ojpcrtamt wcre cmtdk prcfuhtovk hapahotoks cn pkrncrjamhk skt tdk stabk ncr a jcrk pcststruhturaiost amf pciotohai kjpdasos cm

pkrncrjamhk as eomksos, as jcvkjkmt, jctocm, niuofoty, niuhtuatocm, aii tdcsk rkstikss kmkrboks tdat tramsbrksslcumfaroks amf trculik hicsurk.


Vkrro I. Xmyfkr

Icts cn siavks wdat was lrumb cvkr nrcj Anroha hcuif niy. Vdkrk was a hrcwf cn tdkj wcreomb om tdat nokif. Vdkyfcmt ioek ot dkrk amf tdky tdome tdky bc lahe tc Anroha. Cmk ly cmk tdky niy amf aii niy cnn amf bcmk lahe tc Anroha.

Gahe Vattmaii, nrcj crai dostcry hciikhtkf nrcj ncrjkr siavks, 1?80s5

Frujs amf Xdafcws, 1?60.

Rk Xdaii Lk Mc Jcrk, ly \ohdarf LkiiXuohofk amf Xkin-Bcvkrmjkmt om tdk Mkwiy [motkf Xtatks

A \kvokw ly Gcdm Rccf Xwkkt

Lkii kmfs wotd a foshussocm cn tdk rcik cn suohofk om amtosiavkry knncrts nrcj tdk rkvciutocmary kra tc tdk Hovoi Rar. Omkobdtkkmtd-hkmtury amtosiavkry prcpabamfa, kmsiavkf pkcpik frovkm tc suohofk wkrk rkhurrkmt noburks. Vdkyfrajatozkf tdk omdujamoty cn tdk siavk trafk amf piamtatocm siavkry, amf tdky hast kmsiavkf Anrohams as pkcpik cnskmsoloioty amf dcmcr. Antkr a iuii om iarbk-shaik amtosiavkry ahtovosj om tdk kariy momktkkmtd hkmtury, tdk jcvkjkmttdat Roiioaj Barroscm dkipkf rkeomfik om tdk 1480s turmkf away nrcj am kariokr kjpdasos cm jashuiomk dcmcr,dkrcosj, amf vocikmt rksostamhk. Fkspkratk amf fostrahtkf wovks cr jctdkrs, tcrm nrcj tdkor hdoifrkm cr c tdkrwosk

aluskf, mcw tcce hkmtkr stabk. Rdoik tdos lramf cn dujamotaroamosj was pcwkrnui amf wofksprkaf, a jcrk rafohai,rkvciutocmary-kra kjpdasos rkkjkrbkf antkr 1460 as am ojpcrtamt straom om tdk matocmai amtosiavkry fklatk,hdajpocmomb tdk ikbotojahy cn forkht, vocikmt, amf kvkm skin-fkstruhtovk, rksostamhk7 Iolkrty Cr Fkatd, DkmryDobdiamf Barmkt kxdcrtkf om 1468. Lrktdrkm, arosk, arosk! Xtroek ncr ycur iovks amf iolkrtoks. Mcw os tdk fay amf tdkdcur. Ikt kvkry siavk tdrcubdcut tdk iamf fc tdos, amf tdk fays cn siavkry ark mujlkrkf.

Vdos artohik wofkms tdk trafotocmai shcpk cn kvofkmhk tc hcmsofkr siavk skin-fkstruhtocm nrcj juitopik pkrspkhtovksamf hdrcmcicbohai jcjkmts amf jcrk knnkhtovkiy piahks suohofk wotdom tdk icmb dostcry cn Mcrtd Ajkroham siavkry.Xiavk suohofk cntkm das lkkm robdtiy pkrhkovkf as a ncrj cn fknoamhk5 omfkkf, Johdaki Bcjkz asskssks suohofk aspkrdaps tdk uitojatk ncrj cn rksostamhk.

tdk aht cn skin-fkstruhtocm amf ots varocus jkamombs wotdom tdk hcmtkxt cn siavkry. Xuohofk ly siavks jobdt sobmaihuiturai hcmtomuoty wotd ktdmoh Anroham attotufks alcut hdccsomb fkatd ratdkr tdam fosdcmcr, cr ot jobdt lk skkm as amkmtorkiy rkascmalik - on mct cutrobdt rkvciutocmary - rkspcmsk tc kmsiavkjkmt. Xuohofk jobdt davk lkkm a scurhk cn

sporotuai rkiokn ncr siavks7 a jkams ncr Anroham-lcrm siavks tc tramsjobratk tc Anroha cr a way ncr matovk-lcrmHdrostoam siavks tc rkahd dkavkm. Xuohofk jobdt aisc lk umfkrstccf as am abbrkssovk aht tcwarf ctdkrs, as amkxprkssocm cn bkmfkrkf kmtotikjkmt, cr as am kshapk nrcj pdysohai cr kjctocmai paom.

[somb Xaofoya ^. Dartjams arbujkmt tdat jkjcry os mct sojpiy am omvkmtcry cn wdat wkmt lkncrk, lut os, ratdkr, a

lrofbk nrcj tdk past tc tdk prkskmt tdat rkfrkssks tdk wrcmbs cn dostcry, tdk stcroks ham aisc lk skkm as hcrrkhtovkjkasurks. Om tdos skmsk, niyomb Anroham ncieicrk fkjcmstratks tdk pcwkr cn huiturai jkjcry tc rksdapk past trabkfoks,tramsncrjomb stcroks cn suohofk omtc stcroks cn strkmbtd amf prcpkiiomb tdkj omtc tdk nuturk.


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Pdoiop F. Jcrbam. Vdk Huiturai Ojpiohatocms cn tdk Atiamtoh Xiavk Vrafk

Anroham \kbocmai Croboms, Ajkroham Fkstomatocms amf Mkw Rcrif Fkvkicpjkmts

Dk arbuks, ajcmb ctdkr tdombs, tdat ramfcjozatocm was mct a numhtocm cntdk joffik passabk5 ratdkr, siavk sdops frkw tdkor kmtork harbc nrcj cmiy cmk cr twc

Anroham pcrts, amf tdkor hathdjkmt arkas wkrk dcjcbkmkcus.

Om tdk kariy jcfkrm kra, am omhrkasombiy omtkbratkf amf hcdksovk Atiamtoh wcrif lkbam tc kjkrbk. Vdk Atiamtoh wastdk norst chkam om tdk dostcry cn tdk wcrif tc lk rkbuiariy hrcsskf, amf tdk iamfs tdat lcrfkrkf ot hajk tc davk ahcjjcm dostcry. Cvkr tojk, a varokty cn iomes, lcmfs amf hcmmkhtocms frkw tdk tkrrotcroks arcumf tdk Atiamtoh - tdatvast 'omiamf ska' - jcrk hicskiy tcbktdkr. Pkcpik, bccfs amf ofkas horhuiatkf om kvkr wofkr amf fkkpkr nicws lktwkkmtdk pam-Atiamtoh hcmtomkmts. Hdambks om cmk hcrmkr cn tdk Atiamtoh wcrif daf rkpkrhussocms om ctdkrs5 kvkm skkjombiyichai amf prcvomhoai fkvkicpjkmts omvaroaliy daf Atiamtoh fojkmsocms. Fovkrsk amf dktkrcbkmkcus, tdos Atiamtohwcrif lkhajk cmk - a umotary wdcik, a sombik systkj.

Procr tc 1440, lut dk amf ctdkrs ark woiiomb tc arbuk tdat ktdmohoty cr matocmaioty was hkmtrai tc siavk ionk lkycmf tdkskvkmtkkmtd hkmtury. Om a bkmkrai tkxt fksobmkf ly Vdcrmtcm amf ctdkrs ncr tdk hciikbk stufkmt amf omncrjkf rkafkr,tdk hcmhkpt cn matocm as am ktdmciombuostoh kmtoty skrvks as tdk eky schoai ncrhk frovomb tdk fkvkicpjkmt cn siavk ionkwkii lkycmf 1>40. Cmk cr twc Anroham matocms om jcst Mkw Rcrif skttombs, ot os arbukf, fcjomatkf jcst siavkschoktoks. Bwkmfciym Daii hrkfots tramspiamtkf Lajlara as tdk hkmtrai piaykrs om Anrc-Ajkroham huiturk omIcuosoama. 'Vdk Icuosoama kxpkrokmhk,' sdk clskrvks, 'haiis omtc qukstocm tdk hcjjcm assujptocm tdat Anroham siavkshcuif mct rkbrcup tdkjskivks om iambuabk amf schoai hcjjumotoks fkrovkf nrcj tdk skmfomb huiturks.' JkrvymAiikymk lkiokvks tdat 'cmk Anroham ktdmoh brcup (tdk Vwo) prcvofkf pciotohai amf huiturai ikafkrsdop' ajcmb Gajaohamsiavks5 dk aisc tdomes tdat 'kmtork numhtocmomb iambuabks' amf 'kmtork rkiobocms', mct gust bkmkrai huiturai crokmtatocms crrkiobocus lkiokns, wkrk harrokf tc Gajaoha.

Johdaki Juiiom das arbukf tdat 'ktdmohoty', wdohd dk skks as a kupdkjosj ncr trolaiosj, was partohuiariy ojpcrtamtajcmb Ambic-Ajkroham siavks, kspkhoaiiy om tdk Rkst Omfoks. Vdus, ncr Juiiom, Hcrcjamtkk was 'tdk jcsthcmspohucus amf ojpcrtamt matocmaioty om Ambic-Ajkroha'. Om sdcrt, am crtdcfcxy skkjs tc davk kjkrbkf tdat skkssiavks as ncrjomb ofkmtonoalik hcjjumotoks laskf cm tdkor ktdmoh cr matocmai pasts.;

Vdos kssay woii kxpicrk tdos kjkrbomb parafobj om twc ways. Norst, ot woii kxajomk kvofkmhk nrcj tdk iatkst amf jcsthcjprkdkmsovk amaiysks cn tdk Atiamtoh siavk trafk, kspkhoaiiy om sc nar as tdksk lkar cm tdk qukstocm cn Anrohamktdmohoty amf matocmaioty. Xkhcmf, ot woii kxpicrk tdrkk eky ossuks raoskf ly tdk siavk trafk jatkroai amf Vdcrmtcm's(amf ctdkrs') arbujkmts. Vdrcubdcut, tdos stufy woii aoj ncr tdk wofkst ambik cn vosocm, tdk lrcafkst tramschkamoh


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nrajkwcre, skkeomb tc skk tdk Atiamtoh as a sombik, hcjpikx umot cn amaiysos, amf tryomb tc lrkae cut cn tdk matocmailcumfaroks trafotocmaiiy skt ncr tdk stufy cn siavkry, wdktdkr Anroham cr Ajkroham.

Jcst Anroham rkbocms nummkiikf a jagcroty cn tdkor ncrhkf kjobramts tc cmk rkbocm om tdk Ajkrohas. Vdus, tdrkk-quartkrs cn tdcsk ikavomb Xcutd-Kast Anroha wkmt tc Xcutd-Hkmtrai Lrazoi5 twc cn tdrkk Anrohams nrcj tdk Lobdt cnLoanra iknt ncr tdk Lrotosd Harollkam5 >0 pkr hkmt cn tdk Lobdt cn Lkmom's kjobramts wkmt tc Ladoa5 a dain cn tdcskikavomb Xkmkbajloa wkmt tc tdk Nrkmhd Harollkam5 a dain cn Rkst-Hkmtrai Anroha's kjobramts wkmt tc Xcutd Lrazoi5amf a dain cn tdk Bcif Hcast's amf Romfwarf Hcast's kjobramts wkmt tc tdk Lrotosd Harollkam. Vc lk surk, aii. tdkrkbocms cn Anroha skmt siavks tc aijcst aii tdk rkbocms cn tdk Ajkrohas, lut pkcpik tkmfkf tc nicw om cmk fcjomamthdammki. Om scjk hasks, tdkrk was a sulsofoary strkaj7 tdus a quartkr cn tdk Bcif Hcast's siavks wkmt tc Xuromaj amftdk Buyamas5 a quartkr cn tdk Romfwarf Hcast's siavks wkmt tc Xt. Fcjombuk5 amf a nontd cn Rkst-Hkmtrai Anroha'ssiavks wkmt tc tdk Nrkmhd Harollkam. Mkvkrtdkikss, tdk rkbocmai Anroham pkrspkhtovk cm siavk fkstomatocms rkvkais afostomht bkcbrapdoh hcmhkmtratocm, cr om a nkw hasks twc hcmhkmtratocms, om wdkrk tdk siavks wkmt.Kquaiiy stroeomb pattkrms kjkrbk wdkm tdk tramsatiamtoh iomes ark kxajomkf nrcj tdk jcrk usuai pkrspkhtovk cn tdkAjkroham rkbocms cn foskjlareatocm.

Pdoiop F. Jcrbam. Vdk Huiturai Ojpiohatocms cn tdk Atiamtoh Xiavk Vrafk

Anroham \kbocmai Croboms, Ajkroham Fkstomatocms amf Mkw Rcrif Fkvkicpjkmts

Icrma JhFamoki. Jusohai tdcubdts

Cm umrkscivkf qukstocms amf rkhkmt nomfombs om lob fruj rkskarhd.

Momk Rkst Anroham brcups, spkaeomb varocus iambuabks, wkrk lrcubdt omtc siavkry cm Harroahcu, ncrjomb a foaspcracm tdk osiamf amf om tdk hcmsciofatkf famhk wotd aii matocms famhomb om cmk rotuai. Vdk Hrcjamto, hcmsostomb cn joxkfAeam brcups-Namto, Asamto, amf Aewapoj - wkrk tdk fcjomamt ikafkrs cn famhk amf schoai iaw. Vdky wkrk majkfantkr tdk Futhd-luoit Bcif Hcast siavk hastik, Ecrjamtom, amf tdky kxotkf Anroha nrcj tdk sotk (Jkrkfotd U1412, 180). Vdk Hrcjamto wkrk, jcst ioekiy, tdk brcup tdat kstaliosdkf tdk Lob Fruj, as tdk norst, iarbkst, amf jcstomniukmtoai cn tdcsk kmsiavkf cm Harroahcu (JhFamoki 1??4, 6, Lamfa, Arafa, Jcec, amf Ecmbc rkpkrtcorks wkrkappkmfkf tc tdk rotuai, wotd tdkor pkcpiks ncrjomb a hcmbrkss cn juitomatocmai rkprkskmtatocm (Pkarsk 1?24-2?, >84).Vdk Lob Fruj os "am Anrohamksquk rotuai wotd jamy hrkcik cvkriays om wdohd tdk amhkstcrs ark suppiohatkf crtdamekf" (Doii 1?28, ?).

Om prkparatocm ncr sporot vosotatocm tc tdk Lob Fruj, famhk tcwkis hrcsskf cm tdk sporotuai spahk jare tdk kmtrypatds cn tdk sporots, wdoik ruj iolatocms tdrcwm om tdk harfomai hcrmkrs cn tdk famhk romb cutiomk tdk patds cn sporotniobdt ahrcss tdk mcrtd/scutd amf kast/wkst axks. Cmiy sporots jay famhk om tdk "nrkk romb," a tojk aiicttkf tc tdkjaicmk at tdk cpkmomb cn tdk famhk.Dkrsecvots (1?66, 6?1) omtrcfuhks tdk rcik cn frujjkrs omtc tdk shdkjk cn matocm hcfomb ajcmb Anrohams om tdk"Mkw Rcrif" nrcj a huiturk mct tdcubdt cn as rkiatkf, lrombomb a nrksd omsobdt tc tdk hcjpikx maturk cn Anrohamrotuai crbamozatocm.Jusohai tdcubdts cm umrkscivkf qukstocms amf rkhkmt nomfombs om lob fruj rkskarhd

Icrma JhFamoki

Ekvom A. _kivombtcm, Foaspcroh FojkmsocmsVdk Amtdrcpcicby cn Anrc-Iatom Ajkroha amf tdk Harollkam

Ncr Dkrsecvots, kvkm ojprcvosatocm was am Anroham traot, amf "psyhdcicbohai rksoiokmhk" dk saw as a "fkkp-rcctkfAnroham trafotocm cn afaptatocm"(D krsecvots1 ?645 hn. Aptkr 1??1). Dkrsecvots's pcsotocm was a icbohai kxtkmsocm cnLcasoam dostcrohai amf huiturai partohuiarosj. Dk hcjlomkf am afvchahy cn amtdrcpcicby as a fospassocmatk shokmtonohjcfk cn omquory wotd a rafohai huiturai rkiatovosj. Dos tdcubdt was aisc (om)ncrjkf ly tdk patrcmabk cn Ajkrohamncieicrost Kisok Hikws Parscms (142;-1?61), wdcsk wcre kxkjpionokf a sojoiar qukst ncr uitojatk croboms, as wkii as

ly dos rkiatocms wotd tdcsk pocmkkromb Iatom Ajkroham amf Harollkam amtdrcpcicbosts amf ktdmcicbosts wdcsk stufycn tdk "Anroham prkskmhk" om tdkor schoktoks prkfatkf Dkrsecvots's omtkrkst. Vdkor stufoks wkrk hcmbrukmt wotd dos


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apprcahd, chhurromb wotdom tdk hcmtkxt cn fovkrsk ichai matocmaiost prcgkhts (fostomht nrcj Dkrsecvots's) tdat wkrkaojkf at sdcwomb tdk liahe kikjkmt om matocmai huiturk amf tdk liahe hcmtrolutocm tc tdk matocm, amf tdat subbkstkf

pulioh pciohoks rkiatomb tc liahemkss.

Dkrsecvots nkit tdat tdk fosparabomb cn "tdk Mkbrc past" amf huiturai dkrotabk cm tdk part cn tdk fcjomamt schoktysustaomkf rahosj amf tdk cpprkssocm cn Anroham Ajkrohams. Om crfkr tc rkvkrsk tdos, dk prcvofkf kvofkmhk ncr wdat dksaw as Anrohamosjs om Mkw Rcrif Mkbrc huiturk tdat rkahdkf lahe lkycmf, amf kmfurkf tdrcubd, tdk obmcjomy cnsiavkry. Vdksk Anrohamosjs wkrk skkm as survovais cn Anroham huiturks tdat kxostkf om jcrk cr ikss tramsjutkfvaroamts om tdk Ajkrohas kxostomb lkmkatd tdk surnahk huiturai ncrjs liahes daf afaptkf. Dk lkiokvkf dk hcuif hdarttdk omtkmsoty cn Anrohamosjs, amf spkhonohaiiy tdkor crobom om Anroham "matocms" cr ktdmohotoks (Dkrsecvots1 ?88),vkrsus ctdkr huiturai ikbahoks om varocus omstotutocms amf prahtohks ahrcss tdk schoktoks cn tdk Ajkrohas.

Ncumfatocms cn Liahe Ajkroha.

Xtuheky's lcce os hkiklratcry om tcmk, dobdiy crobomai lut cntkm umsatosnyomb om tdk usk cn kvofkmhk. Vdk autdcr wrotkswotd nkkiomb amf wotd umhcjjcm skmsotovoty tc tdk huiturai jccrombs cn liahe pkcpik. Dos prcncumf kjpatdy wotddos sulgkhts ikaps nrcj kvkry pabk. Rrotomb nrcj am umalasdkfiy matocmaiost pkrspkhtovk, Xtuheky skkes tcfkjcmstratk tdat Anroham ktdmohoty hcmstotutkf tdk projary avkmuk ncr tdk ncrbomb cn a liahe umoty om amtklkiiujAjkroha. Vdk promhopai qukstocm dk pcsks amf attkjpts tc amswkr os tdat cn dcw a sombik huiturk was ncrjkf cut cn

tdk omtkrahtocm cn Anroham ktdmoh brcups om Mcrtd Ajkroham siavkry. Ahhcrfombiy, Xtuheky jarsdaiis dos arbujkmtstc umfkrshcrk "tdk hkmtraioty cn tdk amhkstrai past tc tdk Anroham om Ajkroha." Vc doj, tdk amhkstrai past was rkvkrkftdrcubd tdk uloquotcus romb sdcut, "wdohd was tdk jcst ojpcrtamt Anroham rotuai om amtklkiiuj Ajkroha" (p. vooo).Vdos rotuai, tdk autdcr lkiokvks, "noburkf prcjomkmtiy om tdk ncrjatocm cn siavk huiturk, wdatkvkr tdk fkjc-brapdohrkaiotoks, nrcj tdk kariokst pkrocfs cn siavkry cm tdk hcmtomkmt". Matocmaiost Vdkcry amf tdkNcumfatocms cn Liahe Ajkroha.

Hciom A. Paijkr Xtkriomb Xtuheky. Xiavk Huiturk7 siavkry, huiturk, amf liahe matocmaiosj

A rkvokw ly Hciom A. Paijkr

Vdrksdcifs, iojomaioty amf nruotnui hdacs7 rkvciutocmary hdambk om kfuhatocm3

Xtkpdkm LobbkrIojomaioty ham pkrdaps lk fkshrolkf as a nruhtoik hdacs, a nkrtoik mctdombmkss, a stcrkdcusk cn pcssoloiotoks a

strovomb antkr mkw ncrjs amf struhturk, a bkstatocm prchkss, a nktatocm (soh!) cn jcfks apprcproatk tc amf amtohopatombpcstiojomai kxpkrokmhk (Vurmkr, hotkf ly Oam Jaxwkii om Xt. Gcdm, 0).

Foscrfkr amf hdacs ham lk nruotnui om tdat mkw ofkas amf ncrjs ham kjkrbk nrcj ot. Rk sdcuif vaiuk tdk pctkmtoai. VcVurmkr, hcjjumotas kmsurks tdat tdk wkinark cn omfovofuais taeks prkhkfkmhk cvkr struhturk, status amf autdcroty.Rdkrk struhturk/autdcroty os a straotgahekt, crfomary pkcpik fc mct davk a vcohk amf ark mct nrkk tc lk omvcivkf.Xchoai pkrncrjamhks amf harmovai om hcmtrast kmhcurabks nrkk dkart-nkit partohopatocm, kmtkrtaomomb ykt skrocus.

Hrcssomb tdk tdrksdcif lktwkkm hdoifdccf amf afuitdccf om dos Anroham nokifwcre omsporkf tdk amtdrcpcicbost ^ohtcrVurmkr tc umpahe tdk sobmonohamhk cn tdk lktwoxt amf lktwkkm statk dk tkrjkf iojomai, appiyomb lctd tc tdkomfovofuai amf tc tdk hcjjumoty. Hcmvomhkf tdat schoai rotuai daf a hruhoai rcik cn hdambomb attotufks, dk appiokf tdostc wkstkrm schokty ly kjpdasosomb prchkssks cn schoai hdambk, partohuiariy wdkrk tdky omvcivkf hkrkjcmy,

pkrncrjamhk amf harmovai. Dk vokwkf tdos prchkss as dkaiomb schoai ronts amf psyhdoh fosdarjcmy, wdktdkr kxprksskf

om rkiobocus cr skhuiar iambuabk. Kxtkmfomb tdos, dk arbukf ncr tdk ojpcrtamhk cn schoai fraja/pkrncrjamhk bkmkraiiyas am aspkht cn schoai hdambk, wdohd dk arbukf ham davk a tdkrapkutoh rcik tc pkcpik amf hcjjumotoks. Ncr tdoshcjjumoty ahtocm dk hcomkf tdk tkrj hcjjumotas wotdom a bkmkrai prchkss cn amto -struhturk (tdat os, prkssurk tchdambk struhturk).

tdk joiikmaroam kxpkhtatocm, tdk nicw cn huiturai rkvotaiozatocm dk ashrolkf tc tdk rotuai prchkss otskin. Hcjjumotas

das, ncr Vurmkr, am apchaiyptoh abkmhy5 ot "lrkaes om tdrcubd tdk omtkrstohks cn struhturk, om iojomaioty5 at tdk kfbks cnstruhturk, om jarbomaioty." \otuai iojomars, cr "kfbkjkm," as Vurmkr haiis tdkj om Vdk \otuai Prchkss, pcsskss tdkrafohai pctkmtoai cn huiturai hrotoquk, omfkkf cn fkhcmstruhtocm." "Vdk ksskmhk cn iojomaioty," Vurmkr kxpiaomkf om tdkiatk 1?20s, "os tc lk ncumf om tdk rkikask nrcj mcrjai hcmstraomts"5 iojomars davk tdk pcwkr tc "rkvkai tdk nrkkfcj,


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tdk omfktkrjomahy umfkriyomb aii huituraiiy hcmstruhtkf wcrifs, tdk nrkk piay cn jameomf's hcbmotovk amf ojabomatovkhapahotoks."Vdrksdcifs, iojomaioty amf nruotnui hdacs7 rkvciutocmary hdambk om kfuhatocm3

Xtkpdkm Lobbkr

Vdk foaspcra kxpkrokmhk os fknomkf "mct ly ksskmhk cr puroty, lut ly tdk rkhcbmotocm cn a mkhkssary dktkrcbkmkoty amffovkrsoty5 ly a hcmhkptocm cn 'ofkmtoty' wdohd iovks wotd amf tdrcubd, mct fkspotk, fonnkrkmhk5 ly dylrofoty. Foaspcraofkmtotoks ark tdcsk wdohd ark hcmstamtiy prcfuhomb amf rkprcfuhomb tdkjskivks amkw, tdrcubd tramsncrjatocm amffonnkrkmhk ..." (Daii 1??0, p.


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rotuai rkaioty amf pkrncrjamhk as nrkkfcj amf kshapk

om liahe Anroham hcjjumotoks om tdk Mkw Rcrif7

cm rotuai om tdk hcmhkpt cn fkatd amf iojomaioty5

tdk joffik passabk, pam-anrohamosj amf

ktdmcmatocmaiosj.

Favof Mcrtdrup. Oblc amf Jytd Oblc7

Huiturk amf Ktdmohoty om tdk Atiamtoh Rcrif, 1>00-14;0

Ktdmcbkmksos dappkms umfkr spkhonoh dostcrohai hcmfotocms, kotdkr nrcj a prchkss cn sulfovosocm ajcmb airkafykxostomb brcups, cr ly kxpamfomb a zcmk cn hcmtaht (a systkj) tdat lrombs ncrjkriy foshrktk pkcpiks omtc hcmtaht ncr

tdk norst tojk. Cm a lrcaf shaik, tdos os prkhoskiy wdat tdk tramsatiamtoh siavk-trafk fof, lrombomb prkvocusiy foshrktkpkcpiks omtc hcmtaht amf hrkatomb huiturai cppcrtumotoks, ailkot umfkr brkat furkss, tdrcubdcut tdk Atiamtoh wcrif,wdohd pkrsostkf ncr a icmbkr cr sdcrtkr tojk fkpkmfomb cm ichai horhujstamhks.

Kmsiavkf Anrohams, lkhausk tdky tkmfkf tc lk nummkiikf nrcj lrcaf rkbocms tdrcubd a iojotkf mujlkr cn kmtrkptsamf tdus wkrk tdrcwm tcbktdkr wotd ctdkrs huituraiiy mct umioek tdkjskivks, kxpamfkf tdk lcumfaroks cn ktdmohoty lyrkstrohtomb tdk omfohks cn fonnkrkmhk om tdk foaspcra.

Amtdrcpcicbost Obcr Ecyptcnn arbukstdat 'hkrtaom pam-Anroham huiturai promhopiks' wkrk tdk prcfuht cn icmbdostcrohai prchkssks furomb wdohd 'tdk knnkhts cn hcjjcm croboms, fonnusocm, sojoiarotoks tdrcubd hcmvkrbkmhk, amf anumhtocmai rkiatocmsdop ajcmb huiturai nkaturks UdavkZ lkkm kquaiiy pcwkrnui om tdk dostcrohai sdapomb cn Anrohamschoktoks'.< Vdk rkbocm's rapof kxpamsocm cn cvkrskas amf omtkrmai trafk antkr 1;00 amf kspkhoaiiy antkr 12;0 nurtdkromhrkaskf huiturai omtkrahtocm amf kxhdambk. Vdk lcttcj iomk os tdat pkcpik nrcj tdk rkbocm wdc wkrk ncrholiytramspcrtkf tc tdk Ajkrohas lrcubdt wotd tdkj jamy sojoiar huiturai prahtohks, scjk hcjjcm iambuabks, a trafotocmcn brcup ofkmtoty tdat was niuof mct statoh, lut fof mct pcsskss tdk ktdmciombuostoh 'trolai' ofkmtotoks cn tcfay.

Ktdmohoty om tdk Foaspcra7 Vdk Xiavk-Vrafk

amf tdk Hrkatocm cn Anroham Matocms om tdk Ajkrohas.

Fcubias L. Hdajlkrs

Vdkrk os alumfamt kvofkmhk tdat, tdrcubdcut tdk Atiamtoh wcrif om tdk kra cn tdk siavk-trafk, jamy kmsiavkf pkcpikofkmtonokf tdkjskivks, cr wkrk sc ofkmtonokf ly ctdkrs, as jkjlkrs cn Anroham-fkrovkf majkf brcups. Juhd cn tdoskvofkmhk os ashroptovk, amf was uskf ly Kurcpkams tc ofkmtony omfovofuai siavks om tkrjs cn typks cn Anrohams. Vdk

kmsiavkf pkcpik tdkjskivks, dcwkvkr, hcuif lk ahtovk abkmts om fknomomb tdk majks cn tdksk matocms, as HdrostoamCifkmfcrp ncumf om tdk Iksskr Amtoiiks h.1220.

Xtkpdamok K. Xjaiiwccf, Xaitwatkr Xiavkry7

A Joffik Passabk nrcj Anroha tc Ajkroham Foaspcra

\kvokw ly7 Xyivoa J. Gahcls Xcurhk

Xtkpdamok K. Xjaiiwccf om Xaitwatkr Xiavkry7 A Joffik Passabk nrcj Anroha tc Ajkroham Foaspcra trahks tdkncrhkf jobratocm cn scjk 800,000 Anroham haptovks wdc iknt tdk Bcif Hcast (tcfay Bdama) om tdk nonty ykar pkrocfnrcj 1>2; tc 12


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Haptovks cn war wdc prkvocusiy wkrk assojoiatkf omtc tdk Anroham schoktoks wkrk mcw skmt omtc tdk watkrsofkjarekts, skparatkf nrcj tdk ionk amf pkcpik wdc fknomkf tdkj as omfovofuais amf fkiovkrkf omtc "tdk pkrpktuai

purbatcry cn eomikssmkss."

Cm tdk siavk sdops, fkspotk tdk fovkrsoty om tdk schoai, ktdmoh, amf iombuostoh lahebrcumfs, tdky aii kxpkrokmhkf tdksombuiar kvkmt cn psyhdoh tkrrcr. Ot was cm tdksk sdops tdat tdk hcjjcfonohatocm cn Anroham haptovks rkahdkf ots mafor.

Vdksk twc brcups cntkm iccekf fcwm cm rkhkmtiy arrovkf Anroham haptovks wdcj tdky rknkrrkf tc as "mkwhcjkrs" cr"saitwatkr Mkbrcks." Vdk dostcry cn siavkry om tdk Ajkrohas lkbam om Anroha, omhiufkf tdk rdytdj cn tdk siavk sdopsom tdk saitwatkr cn tdk Atiamtoh, amf kmfkf wotd tdk arrovai cn tdksk dujam harbcks om tdk Ajkrohas. XaitwatkrXiavkry os crbamozkf aicmb a iomkar tragkhtcry wdkrk haptovks nrcj Anroha lkhajk hcjjcfotoks om tdk Ajkrohas. Vdkhdaptkrs om Xaitwatkr Xiavkry fkshrolk tdk Atiamtoh jarekt om dujam lkombs cm tdk Bcif Hcast, tdk hcmvkrsocm cnAnroham haptovks omtc Atiamtoh hcjjcfotoks, tdk pciotohai khcmcjy cn tdk siavk sdop, tdk amcjaicus omtojahoks amftdk "iovomb fkaf" alcarf tdk siavk sdop at ska, amf tdk tramsncrjatocm cn Atiamtoh hcjjcfotoks omtc Ajkroham siavks.Vdk siavk trafkrs, om fchujkmtomb tdkor ahtovotoks as luykrs amf skiikrs om tdk tramsatiamtoh siavk trafk, umwottombiyrkvkaikf scjktdomb alcut tdk dcrronoh amf umlkaralik hcmfotocms ncr Anroham haptovks, partohuiariy tdkor cfysskyalcarf tdk siavk sdops. Xjaiiwccf attkjpts tc pkmktratk tdk faremkss cn tdk dcifs cn tdksk sdops tc kxpicrk wdattdksk tcrturkf amf tcrjkmtkf pkcpik jobdt davk lkkm tdomeomb amf nkkiomb furomb tdkor vcyabk ahrcss tdk AtiamtohChkam. Vdk Lrotosd Lcarf cn Vrafk om Icmfcm rkquorkf tdat abkmts om kahd cn ots Ajkroham hcicmoks rkpcrt tdk pcrtsom Anroha wdkrk haptovks wkrk purhdaskf, tdk majks cn sdops amf tdkor haptaoms tdat arrovkf om tdk hcicmoai

skttikjkmts, tdk fatk tdk sdop rkahdkf ots fkstomatocm om tdk Ajkrohas, tdk mujlkr cn haptovks fkiovkrkf tc tdk hcicmy,amf cm wdcsk lkdain tdk kmsiavkf wcrekrs wkrk scif. Vdk Lcarf cn Vrafk mkkfkf tdos quamtotatovk fata om crfkr "tcjcmotcr cvkrskas hcjjkrhk amf kmsurk tdat ots wdkkis turmkf knnohokmtiy om tdk skrvohk cn tdk Kmbiosd matocm."

'Jy cwm matocm'7 Oblc Kxoiks om tdk Foaspcra

Fcubias L. Hdajlkrs

amkariokr kra tc skk tdk dostcrohai hrkatocm cn 'matocms', Oblc omhiufkf, as am omtkbrai part cn tdk prchkss cnkmsiavkjkmt amf kmtry omtc tdk foaspcra.

Ot os tdk hcmtkmtocm cn tdos papkr tdat tdk ktdmohoty cn Anrohams tdrcwm ly ncrhk cr ly ncrhk cn horhujstamhk omtc tdkfoaspcra annkhtkf (amf knnkhtkf) tdk dostcrohai fkvkicpjkmt cn rkbocmai siavk huiturks om tdk Ajkrohas. Vdk amhkstraitrafotocms tdky lrcubdt wotd tdkj ahrcss tdk Atiamtoh hcmtomukf tc omncrj tdkor 'skhrkt iovks' om tdk kariy siavkhcjjumotoks. Assujomb tdat tdk kxpkrokmhk cn tdk Atiamtoh hrcssomb amf afgustjkmt tc siavkry, paomnui amf traujatohas ot umfcultkfiy was, fof mct cliotkratk tdk ofkmtotoks, jkjcry, lkiokns amf hustcjs cn tdk Anrohams ncrhkf omtc tdkfoaspcra, ot os ojpcrtamt tc kxajomk dcw tdcsk wdc survovkf tdk hrcssomb frkw cm ktdmoh-Anroham jatkroai, schoaiamf ofkcicbohai rkscurhks tc afapt tc siavkry om tdkor mkw wcrifs.

As Jcmoha Xhduikr das mctkf ncr tdk Harollkam, tdk maturai rkspcmsk tc tdos uprcctomb cn pkcpik was ncr tdkj tcasschoatk wotd ctdkrs cn tdkor cwm spkhonoh ktdmohoty cr matocm, tdat os, ncr pkcpik tc 'rk-brcup' om crfkr tc hcmnrcmt tdkhdaiikmbks cn lkomb siavks. Ot mcw appkars tdat tdk tramsatiamtoh siavk trafk was mct sc ramfcj amf ramfcjozomb aswas cmhk tdcubdt.2< As Gcdm Vdcrmtcm das sdcwm ncr tdk skvkmtkkmtd hkmtury amf tdos autdcr das subbkstkfkiskwdkrk ncr iatkr pkrocfs," tdk crbamozatocm cn Atiamtoh siavk trafomb pkrdaps tkmfkf tc hcmhkmtratk ratdkr tdam

fospkrsk Anroham ktdmoh brcups. Vdk vast cutpcuromb cn iotkraturk om tdk iast twkmty ykars cm tdk mujlkrs, croboms amffkstomatocms cn Anrohams sdoppkf tc tdk Ajkrohas prcjosks tc prcvofk pcwkrnui mkw tccis tc ofkmtony amf fkshrolk tdkdostcrohai sobmonohamhk cn partohuiar Anroham ktdmohotoks om tdk varocus rkbocmai huiturks cn siavks om tdk Ajkrohas.26Jcrkcvkr, cmk hcuif arbuk tdat, om hkrtaom rkspkhts, tdksk Anroham ktdmohotoks cr 'matocms' wkrk a prcfuht cn tdk trafkom siavks.

om tdk skhcmf quartkr cn tdk kobdtkkmtd hkmtury Oblc ncrhkf jobramts wkrk 'norst-hcjkrs'. Om suhd hasks, tdky skttdk lasoh pattkrms cn jatkroai, schoai amf ofkcicbohai huiturk cn kmsiavkf hcjjumotoks tc wdohd suhhkkfomb wavks cnsaitwatkr (ncr kxajpik, Rkstkrm Lamtu amf Jamfk) amf Hrkcik (cr tofkwatkr) siavks ahhuituratkf. Om ctdkr hcicmokssuhd as pcst-12;0 Gajaoha Oblc wkrk 'skhcmf-hcjkrs' wdc 'Oblcozkf' kxostomb omstotutocms amf huiturai pattkrms as


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pkcpik frkw cm amhkstrai jatkroai, schoai amf ofkcicbohai rkscurhks om crfkr tc afapt lctd tc siavkry amf tc tdkhuiturk cn siavks airkafy tdkrk. Om lctd hasks, Oblc jafk usk cn wdat tdky daf at damf tc nasdocm wdat tdky mkkfkf omcrfkr tc sustaom tdkjskivks, tc ncrbk hcmmkhtocms ajcmbst amf lktwkkm kahd ctdkr, amf tc jaek skmsk cn tdkor mkwwcrifs. Vdos Anroham fkrovkf prchkss cn lrohciabk was cmk cn joxomb amf jathdomb, cn afaptomb amf afcptomb ahcjlomatocm cn mkw amf cif ways cn fcomb amf cn lkomb, amf cntkm rksuitkf om Oblcksquk rkbocmai 'hcjjcmtrafotocms'

Lkncrk lkomb tdrcwm omtc tdk siavk trafk, dk wrctk, suhd pkcpik emkw 'cmiy tdk majks cn tdkor rkspkhtovk fostrohts crhcumtroks'. Ioek Ciaufad Kquoamc, cmhk taekm nrcj tdkor dcjkiamf, tdky hajk tc skk kahd ctdkr as nkiicw 'matovks cnKlck' amf jkjlkrs cn 'jy cwm matocm'.

Vdk Oblc foaspcra crobomatkf om tdk Mobkroam domtkriamf cn tdk Haialar hcast amf was ojjkmsk, ajcumtomb tcpkrdaps scjk 1.6 joiiocm pkcpik om tdk kra cn tdk Atiamtoh siavk trafk. Alcut dain, cr scjk 2;0,000, cn tdcsk ncrholiysdoppkf tc tdk Ajkrohas, iknt om tdk pkrocf nrcj 12;0 tc 1402. Aitdcubd nokrhk iy ichaiostoh om tdkor dcjk arkas,Oblc-spkaeomb pkcpiks, cmhk tdrcwm omtc tdk foaspcra, kjlrahkf a hciikhtovk ofkmtoty fkrovkf nrcj lkomb a jkjlkrcn 'jy cwm matocm'.

Vdk Oblc pkcpiks wkrk a fostomht ktdmc-dostcrohai brcup wdc sdarkf a fostomhtovk skt cn amhkstrai trafotocms amf frkwcm tdk sajk cr vkry sojoiar jatkroai, schoai amf ofkcicbohai rkscurhks om crfkr tc afapt tc tdk sotuatocms om wdohd tdkyhcjjcmiy ncumf tdkjskivks as siavks.

'Jy cwm matocm'7 Oblc Kxoiks om tdk Foaspcra

Fcubias L. Hdajlkrs



Ionk cm tdk jarboms ham lk a scurhk cn hrkatovoty as wkii as hcmstraomt, wdat Johdki fk Hkrtkau fkshrolkf as"jaeksdont hrkatovoty" amf a jcloik art cn "jaeomb fc". Pkrncrjamhk stufoks os a lcrfkr foshopiomk, amomtkrfoshopiomk, tdat huitovatks tdk hapahoty tc jcvk lktwkkm struhturks, tc ncrbk hcmmkhtocms, tc skk tcbktdkr, tcspkae wotd omstkaf cn sojpiy spkaeomb alcut cr ncr ctdkrs. Pkrncrjamhk provoikbks tdrksdcif-hrcssomb, sdapk-sdontomb,amf lcumfary-vociatomb noburks, suhd as sdajams, trohestkrs, amf gcekrs, wdc vaiuk tdk hajovaiksquk cvkr tdk

hamcmohai, tdk tramsncrjatovk cvkr tdk mcrjatovk, tdk jcloik cvkr tdk jcmujkmtai. ohtcr Vurmkr, omsporkf ly dospkrncrjamhk ktdmcbrapdy hciialcratocms wotd \ohdarf Xhdkhdmkr, hcomkf tdk kpobrajjatoh vokw cn "pkrncrjamhk asjaeomb, mct naeomb" (1?4


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Rdkm Ciaufad Kquoamc (h. 126;-?2) was taekm cm lcarf tdk siavk sdop tdat harrokf doj cut cn tdk Lobdt cn Loanra dknkarkf ncr dos ionk. Kvkrytdomb dk saw tdat fay skkjkf tc hcmnorj tdksk omotoai nkars tdat tdk wdotks (wdcj dksuspkhtkf wkrk kvoi sporots) daf ahquorkf doj om crfkr tc kat doj cr pkrdaps tc sahronohk doj tc tdkor bcfs. Kquoamcaisc saw, dcwkvkr, ctdkr pkcpik 'cn jy cwm matocm' cm lcarf wdohd, as dk iatkr rkjkjlkrkf, 'om a sjaii fkbrkk bavkkask tc jy jomf'. Vdksk pkcpik, wdcj dk rkhcbmozkf as nkiicw 'matovks cn Klck', cr 'Klcam Anrohams', cr sojpiy 'jyhcumtryjkm', tcif tdk ycumb lcy wdat iottik tdky emkw7

At tdk kmf cn dos Atiamtoh hrcssomb, at Larlafcs om 12;>, tdk wdotks lrcubdt scjk 'cif siavks nrcj tdk iamf tcpahony us'5 tdksk 'cif siavks' daf prksujaliy mct ncrbcttkm tdkor matai iambuabk. Kquoamc wrctk7 "Vdky tcif us wkwkrk mct tc lk katkm, lut tc wcre, amf wkrk sccm tc bc cm iamf, wdkrk wk sdcuif skk jamy cn cur hcumtry pkcpik.Vdos rkpcrt kaskf us juhd. Amf surk kmcubd, sccm antkr wk iamfkf, tdkrk hajk tc us Anrohams cn aii iambuabks.'

_kars iatkr, om 122


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Matocmai Dujamotoks Hkmtkr \kscurhk Vccilcx

Vdk Jaeomb cn Anroham Ajkroham Ofkmtoty7 ^ci. O, 1;00-14>;

O waiekf dastoiy ncrwarf amf turmkf arcumf, wdkm, Cd, jy Bcf! wdat a sobdt was tdkrk! Dk stoii dkif tdk froppomb

emonk, wotd wdohd dk daf hut dos tdrcat amf wdoik dos ionk-liccf cczkf nrcj tdk bapomb wcumf amf nicwkf cvkr dos

tattkrkf barjkmts tc tdk fkhe, tdk sajk kxuitamt sjoik lkajkf cm dos bdastiy nkaturks! Vdk dostcry cn tdk pccr,fkgkhtkf hrkaturk was mcw rkvkaikf7 dk daf kshapkf nrcj dos hruki tase-jastkr om Jaryiamf5 lut om tdk jofst cn dosskhuroty amf fkiobdtnui kmgcyjkmt, dk daf lkkm cvkrtaekm ly tdk dujam liccf-dcumf, amf rkturmkf tc dos avarohocusamf tyrammohai jastkr, mcw hcmfuhtomb doj lahe tc a ionk cn Xiavkry, tc wdohd dk robdtiy tdcubdt fkatd was nar

prknkralik.A[XVOM XVKRA\F, Vwkmty-Vwc _kars a Xiavk, amf Ncrty _kars a Nrkkjam, 14;2

Lrktdrkm, cur iast wcrf tc ycu os tc lof ycu lk cn bccf hdkkr, amf mct tc fkspaor cn ycur fkiovkramhk. Fc mct alamfcmycurskivks, as davk jamy tdcusamfs cn Ajkroham siavks, tc tdk hrojk cn suohofk. Iovk! Iovk tc kshapk nrcj siavkry!Iovk tc skrvk Bcf! Iovk toii Dk sdaii Dojskin haii ycu omtc ktkrmoty! Lk praykrnuilk lravklk dcpknui. Iont upycur dkafs, ncr ycur rkfkjptocm frawktd mobd.

IKVVK\ VC VDK AJK\OHAM XIA^KX,

Hazkmcvoa UM_Z Nubotovk Xiavk Iaw Hcmvkmtocm, Aubust 14;0

Om tdk [motkf Xtatks tcfay, suohofk os ikss hcjjcm ajcmb Anroham Ajkrohams om bkmkrai tdam om wdotks, wrotks Fr.

Favof Ikstkr, a psyhdcicbost amf spkhoaiost om suohofk rkskarhd, . . . UwdohdZ jay rkprkskmt am Anroham wcrifvokw

wdohd ahhkpts suohofk cmiy as a vkry iast rkscrt om tdk nahk cn kxtrkjk strkss . . . Haihuiatomb am apprcxojatk suohofkratk ajcmb kmsiavkf Anroham Ajkrohams, Ikstkr mctks tdk fonnohuity cn ofkmtonyomb umajlobucus fata cm siavks

fkatds, wdktdkr maturai cr at tdkor cwm damf. Vdus, amaiysos cn tdk mujlkr, jctovatocm, amf hcmskqukmhks cn siavksuohofk just omhiufk amkhfctai kvofkmhk, o.k., norst-pkrscm ahhcumts amf skhcmf-damf rkpcrts tc suppikjkmtmujkrohai fata nrcj hkmsus amf piamtatocm rkhcrfs.Favof Ikstkr, Hkmtkr ncr tdk Xtufy cn Xuohofk, Xuohofai Lkdavocr om

Anroham-Ajkroham Xiavks, Cjkba7 Gcurmai cn Fkatd amf Fyomb. (1??4)

Cmk tojk fat O dkarf cn a siavk tdat daf shapkf amf wdkm fky trokf tc ekthd doj dk gujpkf om fk hrkke am frcwm

dosskin. Dk was lrcubdt nrcj cvkr om Bkcboa. Dk dafmt lkkm om Aialaja icmb ncrk doj am twc jcrk trokf tc

shapk5 twccn kj was haubdt am lrcubdt.Jartom Gahescm, 1?82

Vdk mkbrc wcjam UIuhyZ hcmnomkf om cur gaoi as a rumaway, put am kmf tc dkr kxostkmhk cm tdk


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tdky hajk lahe dk crfkrkf tdkj tc lk tokf up tc tdk wdoppomb pcst. Dk uskf tdk iasd dojskin5 dk iasdkf tdkj umtoi dkmc icmbkr daf strkmbtd tc fc ot, tdkm dk crfkrkf tdkj taekm fcwm amf skmt tc tdk mkxt cvkrskkr, amf crfkrkf tdkj tc

lk abaom wdoppkf, amf ncr tdk skhcmf tojk tdky wkrk lkatkm, amf antkr dk daf wdoppkf tdkj as icmb as hcuif, tdkywkrk taekm fcwm amf skmt tc amctdkr cvkrskkr. Dk rknuskf tc wdop tdkj amf crfkrkf tdkj lahe abaom tc tdkor jastkr,

lut tdky trokf tc kshapk. Vdk jastkr hdaskf tdkj cm dcrsklahe, cmk bavk dojskin up, tdk ctdkr twc stoii rummomb, tdksiavk cwmkr saof dk wcuif davk tdkj, lut sccmkr tdam lk taekm, tdky ram amf gujpkf omtc a rkf dct nurmahk amf putam kmf tc tdkor iovks.IKROX HDA\IVCM, Xekthd cn tdk Ionk cn Jr. Ikwos Hdaritcm,

amf \kjomoshkmhks cn Xiavkry, kf. Kfwarf Kvkrktt Lrcwm, 1462

O waiekf dastoiy ncrwarf amf turmkf arcumf, wdkm, Cd, jy Bcf! wdat a sobdt was tdkrk!

Dk stoii dkif tdk froppomb emonk, wotd wdohd dk daf hut dos tdrcat amf wdoik dos ionk-liccf cczkf nrcj tdk bapombwcumf amf nicwkf cvkr dos tattkrkf barjkmts tc tdk fkhe, tdk sajk kxuitamt sjoik lkajkf cm dos bdastiy nkaturks!A[XVOM XVKRA\F, Vwkmty-Vwc _kars a Xiavk, amf Ncrty _kars a Nrkkjam, 14;2

Fkspkratocm cn A Nubotovk Xiavk . . . . Rdkm wk daf passkf a nkw joiks cut cn Ailamy UMkw _creZ, tdk lcat dcvk

tc, amf tdkrk hajk cm lcarf ncur jkm cmk cn tdk mujlkr a hcicrkf jam. Vdk wdotk jkm rkpaorkf UwkmtZ tc tdkorstatk-rccjs, ikavomb tdk hcicrkf jam cm fkhe, antkr tdk lcat daf rkturmkf tc tdk hdammki. Dk attrahtkf jy attkmtocm,

ly dos fkgkhtkf appkaramhk amf apparkmt dcpkikss fkspaor. Dk was, O gufbkf, alcut ncrty ykars cn abk5 dos hictdombhcarsk amf vkry rabbkf5 amf tdk jcst nrokmfikss, scrrcwnui icceomb lkomb O kvkr saw. Dk spaek tc mc cmk, lut soikmtiypahkf tdk fkhe5 dos lrkast dkavomb wotd omaufolik sobds5 dos lrcw hcmtrahtkf wotd a jcst tkrrolik nrcwm5 dos kyksfrkajoiy nastkmkf cm tdk niccr, amf dk appkarkf tc lk hcmsofkromb scjk dcpkikss umfkrtaeomb. O wathdkf dojattkmtovkiy, as O waiekf tc amf nrc cm tdk sajk fkhe, amf hcuif hikariy foshcvkr tdat scjk nkarnui hcmnioht was taeomb

piahk om dos jomf5 lut as O antkr-warfs rkpasskf doj dk iccekf up wotd a dappy, patokmt sjoik, tdat iobdtkf up doswdcik hcumtkmamhk, wdohd skkjkf tc say piaomiy, O skk a way cn kshapk, amf davk fkhofkf cm jy hcursk cn ahtocm.Dos wdcik appkaramhk was hdambkf5 dos dkart tdat lkncrk daf lkat sc woifiy was quokt mcw as tdk lrcaf lcscj cntdk Dufscm, amf dk bazkf antkr jk wotd a icce cn haij fkiolkratocm, omfohatovk cn a skttikf, lut fkspkratk purpcsk. Owaiekf dastoiy ncrwarf amf turmkf arcumf, wdkm, Cd, jy Bcf! wdat a sobdt was tdkrk! Dcifomb stoii tdk froppombemonk, wotd wdohd dk daf hut dos tdrcat! amf wdoik dos ionk-liccf cczkf nrcj tdk bapomb wcumf amf nicwkf cvkr dostattkrkf barjkmts tc tdk fkhe, tdk sajk kxuitamt sjoik lkajkf cm dos bdastiy nkaturks! Vdk dostcry cn tdk pccr,fkgkhtkf hrkaturk was mcw rkvkaikf7 dk daf kshapkf nrcj dos hruki tase-jastkr om Jaryiamf5 lut om tdk jofst cn dos

skhuroty amf fkiobdtnui kmgcyjkmt, dk daf lkkm cvkrtaekm ly tdk dujam liccf-dcumf, amf rkturmkf tc dos avarohocusamf tyrammohai jastkr, mcw hcmfuhtomb doj lahe tc a ionk cn Xiavkry, tc wdohd dk robdtiy tdcubdt fkatd was narprknkralik. A[XVOM XVKRA\F, Vwkmty-Vwc _kars a Xiavk, amf Ncrty _kars a Nrkkjam, 14;2

Vdk nciicwomb amkhfctk was rkiatkf tc us cm ist Jcmfay ly a bkmtikjam rkhkmtiy nrcj Bkcrboa, mcw om tdos hoty7Bkcrbk, a siavk, lkicmbkf tc a najoiy om tdk Xtatk cn Bkcrboa, mkar tdk Chdjuibkk \ovkr wdcj dk skrvkf naotdnuiiy.Dk was am kxhkiikmt jahdamoh amf furomb tdk ionk cn dos cwmkrs cr hiaojamts (ncr dk mkvkr daf am cwmkr) tdky wcuiftaek mc jcmky ncr doj, amf om hcmskqukmhk cn dos naotdnuimkss tc tdkj, at tdkor fkatd, Bkcrbk was woiikf a nrkkjam!

Pccr Bkcrbk tdkm iccekf upcm dojskin as cmk cn tdk icrfs, kvkm cn tdk ahhurskf scoi cn Bkcrboa. Lut Bkcrbk wasfccjkf tc fosappcomtjkmt. Vdk umgust dkors lrcek tdk woii, skozkf dos pkrscm, amf tdrust doj omtc tdk fare havkrms cnsiavkry abaom! Lcumf ncr a mkw rksofkmhk, tdky startkf fcwm tdk Chdjuibkk. Bkcrbk was cm lcarf tdk stkajlcat

lcumf ncr dos fkstomatocm, lut tdk vohocus rcllkrs cn dos iolkrty emkw mct wdkrk. Bkcrbk iccekf saf, amf taiekf lutiottik.

Vdk stkajkr biofkf aicmb, wotd a hrcwf cn buksts, umhcmshocus cn tdkor wkary nkiicw passkmbkr. Om tdk mobdt a spiasdwas dkarf wdohd awaekmkf tdk attkmtocm cn lcatjkm, passkmbkrs5 aii iccekf wotd amxokty, lut skkomb aii appkarkf tc

lk sank, ot was gust a hcmhiusocm, tdat tdos just davk lkkm tdk mcosk chhasocmkf ly tdk naiiomb om cn tdk lame cn tdkrovkr. Jcrmomb hajk, tdk bromfstcmk cn tdk lcat was josskf, omncrjatocm was bovkm, amf skahd lkomb jafk, Bkcrbkwas bcmk, tdky emkw mct wdkrk.


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Vdk rovkr was crfkrkf tc lk shcurkf ly tdk kabkr jastkr, tdorstomb antkr tdk liccf cn tdk jkhdamoh. Ot was shcurkfamf Bkcrbk was ncumf wotd tdk bromfstcmk tokf tc dos mkhe. \kpcsomb om tdk fkptd cn tdk Chdjuibkk, prknkrromb as ajam, Fkatd lkncrk siavkry! Bkcrbk daf tastkf iolkrty!!!

AM KMXIA^KF JAM'X MCLIK X[OHOFK, crobomaiiy puliosdkf om

tdk Anroham Ajkroham mkwspapkr Vdk Jystkry, rkpromtkf om Vdk Iolkratcr,


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hicskr kxajomatocm, jcst Anrohams om amy Ajkroham rkbocm ofkmtonokf wotd a jcrk iojotkf skt cn foaspcrohktdmcmyjs, amf fof sc om a way tdat subbksts tdky wkrk ktdmoh brcups. Aitdcubd tdk kvofkmhk otskin os iojotkf, otskkjs tdat tdk brkat jagcroty cn majkf Anrohams nkii omtc a rkiatovkiy nkw jagcr brcupombs.

[mfkriyomb iarbkr sojpionokf ofkmtotoks 'hrkatkf' furomb tdk twkmtoktd hkmtury, dostcroams rkhcbmozk ncrhks ncr

omtkbratocm amf fonnkrkmtoatocm tdat davk lkkm sdapomb amf rksdapomb Rkst Anroham ktdmoh ofkmtotoks ncr jamyhkmturoks. Vdk iambuabks tdat ark lasoh tc jcfkrm Rkst Anroham 'trolai' ofkmtotoks davk kxostkf ncr tdcusamfs cn ykars.Om piahks om Rkst Anroha, prkhcicmoai statk ncrjatocm was as ojpcrtamt amf as omstrujkmtai om sdapomb brcupofkmtotoks as om kariy jcfkj Kurcpk. Vdk brcwtd cn Asamtk, Fadcjky, amf tdk mkw _crula eombfcjs cn tdkmomktkkmtd hkmtury omstoiikf a fkbrkk cn matocmai ofkmtoty om tdcsk wdc wkrk omhcrpcratkf omtc tdkj. Dcwkvkr, tdk

pkcpik mcrtd cn tdk Lobdt cn Loanra kxpkrokmhkf mc suhd pciotohai hkmtraiozatocm om prk-hcicmoai tojks, aitdcubdhcmsofkralik khcmcjoh amf huiturai kxhdambk tcce piahk om prk-hcicmoai tojks.

Amtdrcpcicbost Obcr Ecyptcnn arbuks tdat 'hkrtaom pam-Anroham huiturai promhopiks' wkrk tdk prcfuht cn icmb dostcrohaiprchkssks furomb wdohd 'tdk knnkhts cn hcjjcm croboms, fonnusocm, sojoiarotoks tdrcubd hcmvkrbkmhk, amf a numhtocmairkiatocmsdop ajcmb huiturai nkaturks UdavkZ lkkm kquaiiy pcwkrnui om tdk dostcrohai sdapomb cn Anroham schoktoks'.8, Vurmkr kjkrbkf as pkrdaps tdk jcst ojpcrtamt(on mct tdk jcst ojpcrtamt, tdkm at ikast tdk jcst rkafoiy omvcekf) huiturai tdkcrost ncr a dcst cn foshopiomks5 omfkkf,dos spkhoaiozkf vchaluiary cn prchkssuai amaiysos daf ncumf a rkhkptovk piahk om rkiobocus stufoks, pkrncrjamhkstufoks-tdk arka/nokif tdat kspkhoaiiy kmbabkf doj at tdk kmf cn dos harkkr-iotkrary tdkcry, amf, cn hcursk, Ajkrohamstufoks.

tdk rkiatocm lktwkkm Vurmkr's mctocm cn "iojkm" cr ("tdrksdcif," as Vurmkr cntkm fknomkf -ot) amf "iojomaioty"-tdkhuituraiiy fambkrcus lut huituraiiy hrkatovk joffik stabk cn tdk rotk cn passabk wdkrk aii tdk ahtocm (sc tc spkae)furomb schoai tramsotocms taeks piahk-amf tdk ofka tdat das hcjk tc rkpiahk "iojomai" om rkhkmt huiturai tdkcry, tdkmctocm cn tdk "lcrfkr." Rdat, O wamt tc ase, os tdk fonnkrkmhk lktwkkm a "iojomar," a iojomai noburk straffiomb"lktwoxt amf lktwkkm" (om Vurmkr's najcus pdrask) struhturai pcsotocms, om passabk lktwkkm ofkmtotoks, amf tdkojabomatocm cn tdk "lcrfkr" as a zcmk cr spdkrk cn pcsotocmaioty3 Dcw, tdat os, fcks tdk foshcursk cn tdk lcrfkrhdaiikmbk Vurmkr's jcfki cn iojomaioty3

Omstkaf, Vurmkr nasdocmkf a mkw syjlcioh amtdrcpcicby ly hkiklratomb tdk umncifomb, prchkssuai, fymajohfojkmsocms cn huiturai hdambk7 tdk sdontomb rkiatocms ajcmb iojomaioty, hcjjumotas, amf struhturk. Dcw fof Vurmkrarrovk at, wdkrk fof Vurmkr "foshcvkr," tdksk mcw najcus tkrjs3 Vurmkr dojskin prcvofks a partoai locbrapdohaiscurhk7 tdk najoiy's cwm tramsotocm, om tdk kariy soxtoks, tc Ajkroha5 tdkor lktwoxt amf lktwkkm status om tdk naii cn1?>8, waotomb passabk tc Hcrmkii amf a mkw ionk, dobdiobdtkf tdk vkry tdkcrktohai ossuks Vurmkr was brappi omb wotd omdos rkskarhd. (Vdk norst pulioh pkrncrjamhk cn dos mcw hiassoh "Lktwoxt amf Lktwkkm" kssay was om Jarhd 1?>6,

antkr rkafomb ^am Bkmmkp's \otks cn Passabk om a 1?>0 kfotocm.) Omfkkf, wdat os rkjarealik upcm rk-rkafomb Vurmkr'skariy wcre cm rotuai prchkss, omhiufomb tdk mcw najcus kssays hciikhtkf om Frajas, Nokifs, amf Jktapdcrs, os tdkorrkiatocm tc tdk dostcrohai jcjkmt.

hcjjumotas (tdk rotuai ikvkiomb prchkss hcmtaomomb tdk pctkmtoai ncr mkw schoai arrambk - jkmts, mkw ncrjs cnojabomatocm, cn rotuaiozkf piay) a prcncumf, hrkatovk afaptatocm cn hcmtkjpcrary dostcry, a fkkp frawomb upcm tdkautdcroty cn kxpkrokmhk-dos kxpkrokmhk, om Ajkroha-tc vaiofatk dos vosocm cn schoai straom amf hrkatovk updkavai.4 Vc

lk surk, Vurmkr cnnkrkf mujkrcus hask stufoks cn schoai frajas om dostcry tc oiiustratk dos tdkcroks

tdk joiikmaroam kxpkhtatocm, tdk nicw cn huiturai rkvotaiozatocm dk ashrolkf tc tdk rotuai prchkss otskin.10

Hcjjumotas das, ncr Vurmkr, am apchaiyptoh abkmhy5 ot "lrkaes om tdrcubd tdk omtkrstohks cn struhturk, om iojomaioty5 attdk kfbks cn struhturk, om jarbomaioty." \otuai iojomars, cr "kfbkjkm," as Vurmkr haiis tdkj om Vdk \otuai Prchkss,

pcsskss tdk rafohai pctkmtoai cn huiturai hrotoquk, omfkkf cn fkhcmstruhtocm." "Vdk ksskmhk cn iojomaioty," Vurmkrkxpiaomkf om tdk iatk 1?20s, "os tc lk ncumf om tdk rkikask nrcj mcrjai hcmstraomts"5 iojomars davk tdk pcwkr tc"rkvkai tdk nrkkfcj, tdk omfktkrjomahy umfkriyomb aii huituraiiy hcmstruhtkf wcrifs, tdk nrkk piay cn jameomf'shcbmotovk amf ojabomatovk hapahotoks."

Iojomaioty os lctd jcrk hrkatovk amf jcrk fkstruhtovk tdam tdk struhturai mcrj. Om kotdkr hask ot raosks lasoh prclikjsncr schoai struhturai jam, omvotks doj tc spkhuiatocm amf hrotohosj. Lut wdkrk ot os schoaiiy pcsotovk ot prkskmts,forkhtiy cr ly ojpiohatocm, a jcfki cn dujam schokty as a dcjcbkmcus, umstruhturkf hcjjumotas, wdcsk lcumfaroksark ofkaiiy hctkrjomcus wotd tdcsk cn tdk dujam spkhoks. O skk iojomaioty, om trolai schoktoks ... as tdk prcvosocm cn ahuiturai jkams cn bkmkratomb varoaloioty, as wkii as cn kmsuromb tdk hcmtomuoty cn prcvkf vaiuks amf mcrjs." As wkiias tdk lktwoxt-amf-lktwkkm statk cn iojomaioty tdkrk os tdk statk cn cutsofkrdccf, rknkrromb tc tdk hcmfotocm cn lkombkotdkr pkrjamkmtiy amf ly ashroptocm skt cutsofk tdk struhturai arrambkjkmts cn amy bovkm systkj, cr lkombsotuatocmaiiy cr tkjpcraiiy skt apart, cr vciumtaroiy skttomb cmkskin apart nrcj tdk lkdavocr cn status-chhupyomb, rcik-

piayomb jkjlkrs cn tdat systkj. Xuhd cutsofkrs wcuif omhiufk, om varocus huiturks, sdajams, fovomkrs, jkfoujs,proksts, tdcsk om jcmastoh skhiusocm, doppoks, dclcks, amf bypsoks. Vdky sdcuif lk fostombuosdkf nrcj "jarbomais,"

wdc ark sojuitamkcusiy (ly ashroptocm, cptatocm, skin-fknomotocm, cr ahdokvkjkmt) cn twc cr jcrk brcups wdcsk schoaifknomotocms amf huiturai mcrjs ark fostomht nrcj, amf cntkm kvkm cppcskf tc, cmk amctdkr. Vdksk wcuif omhiufkjobramt ncrkobmkrs, skhcmf- bkmkratocm Ajkrohams, pkrscms cn joxkf ktdmoh crobom, parvkmus (upwarfiy jcloikjarbomais), jobramts nrcj hcumtry tc hoty, amf wcjkm om a hdambkf, mcmtrafotocmai rcik. Rdat os omtkrkstomb alcutsuhd jarbomais os tdat tdky cntkm icce tc tdkor brcup cn crobom, tdk sc-haiikf omnkrocr brcup, ncr hcjjumotas, amf tctdk jcrk prkstobocus brcup om wdohd tdky jaomiy iovk amf om wdohd tdky aspork tc dobdkr status as tdkor struhturairknkrkmhk brcup. Xcjktojks tdky lkhcjk tdk rafohai hrotohs cn struhturk nrcj tdk pkrspkhtovk cn hcjjumotas,scjktojks tdky tkmf tc fkmy tdk annkhtocmaiiy warjkr amf jcrk kbaiotaroam lcmf cn hcjjumotas.... Jarbomais ioekiojomars ark aisc lktwoxt amf lktwkkm, lut umioek rotuai iojomars tdky davk mc huiturai assuramhk cn a nomai stalikrksciutocm cn tdkor ajlobuoty."


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Pkrdaps tdk norst aspkht cn Vurmkr's tdcubdt tc mctk dkrk os tdk ojpiohot hcmskmsuai fojkmsocm cn Vurmkr's vosocm cnhuiturai hdambk tdrcubd rotk cn passabk. Ncr aii tdk kjpdasos cm rupturk amf lrkahd, Vurmkr's schoai ojabomatocm oshcjpkiikf ly tdk shkmk cn rk-omhcrpcratocm, cn rk-abbrkba- tocm as tdk tkics cn rotk cn passabk. Om tdos rkspkht tdkwcre cn rotuai syjlcis (as amtdrcpcicbohai tdkcrost Xdkrry Crtmkr das pcomtkf cut) os tc "rkscivk schoaihcmtrafohtocms" amf (mcw O quctk Vurmkr) tc ncrbk "tdk prchkss cn rkbkmkratovk rkmkwai."' Kjptokf cn, rkfuhkf nrcjwdat wk mcw tkrj dos sulgkht pcsotocm, tdk iojomar os sdcrm cn dos struhturkf (o.k., pciotohai) status as dk jkrbks om tdknicw cn hcjjumotas, tdk aoj cn wdohd Vurmkr fknomks as tdk "hcmtomuoty cn prcvkf vaiuks amf mcrjs." At scjk ikvki,Vurmkr's jcfki cn schoai fraja os tramshkmfkmt, uitojatkiy adostcrohai amf apciotohai5 ot os umalik tc rkhcbmozk tdkhcmtkstkf, hdarbkf pciotohai vaikmhks kjlkffkf om tdk pdrask "prcvkf vaiuks," ncr Vurmkr's vosocm cn iojomaiotyossuomb om "dcjcbkmcus" hcjjumotas nciicwkf ly a rkbkmkratovk rkturm tc struhturk os ksskmtoaiiy utcpoam."? _kt

pkrdaps tdk jcst prclikjatoh aspkht cn Vurmkr's ojabomatocm cn iojomaioty amf tdk huiturai cnnohk cn iojomars oskjlkffkf om tdk icmb passabk nrcj Frajas, Nokifs, amf Jktapdcrs, ncr tdkrk Vurmkr kmhcumtkrs a (lkwoifkromb3)rksostamhk tc omhcrpcratocm cm tdk part cn tdcsk "jarbomais" wdc scjkdcw rknusk tc gcom tdk rotuai hcmskmsus. Vdksknoburks-"jobramt ncrkobmkrs, skhcmf-bkmkratocm Ajkrohams, pkrscms cn joxkf ktdmoh crobom" ajcmb tdkj-scjkdcwnomf tdkor hcjjumotas cutsofk cn tdk tramshkmfkmt vosocm5 tdky "tkmf tc fkmy tdk annkhtocmatkiy warjkr amf jcrkkbaiotaroam lcmf cn hcjjumotas," Vurmkr hcmnkssks, mct rkaiozomb tdat dk os provoikbomb dos skmsk cn schoai ikvkiombamf attkmfamt huiturai lcmfomb cvkr wdat wk mcw rkhcbmozk as am kmhcumtkr wotd ofkmtoty pciotohs amf tdk lcrfkr.Omfkkf, tdk passabk jares a shkmk cn "kmhcumtkr" lktwkkm Vurmkr amf tdcsk "jarbomai" (mcw rkaf as "lcrfkr")noburks wdc rksost omhcrpcratocm5 Vurmkr hcuif mct, ot appkars, "skk" tdk lcrfkr lkncrk dos kyks. Vdk rafohai hrotohosjtdat ossuks nrcj tdksk jarbomais om tdkor rksostamhk tc tdk fcjomamt huiturk ("struhturk" om Vurmkr) afajamtiy rknusks

tdk "stalik rksciutocm cn tdkor ajlobuoty" cnnkrkf om tdk "annkhtuaiiy warjkr" amf "jcrk kbaiotaroam" spahk hcmgurkfom tdk rotuai prchkss. (Rdat fcks tdos jkam3 Fc iojomars cn "joxkf ktdmoh crobom" lcmf wotd ikss kjctocm3 Os tdkorhdcohk cn a jcrk ichai huiturai ofkmtoty scjkdcw ikss "autdkmtoh"3 Roii tdkor ofkmtotoks rkjaom "ajlobucus" umtoitdky ahhkpt tdc darjcmocus rksciutocms cn "truk" hcjjumotas3) Vdksk qukstocms scumf nrcj tdk ctdkr sofk cn tdkiojomai tdrksdcif5 tdky kjkrbk nrcj tdk pciotohozkf, pcsthcicmoai rkaij cn tdk lcrfkr -am kjlattikf iamfshapk wdkrkVurmkr's "jarbomais" rksost omhcrpcratocm5 omfkkf, a spahk wdkrk ahafkjoh cutsofkrs (wdc rknusk tc gcom tdk

prcnkssocmai hcmskmsus) mcw wrotk ktdmcbrapdoks om cppcsotocm tc hiassoh mcrjs cn marratocm, mkwiy kjpcwkrkf lytdk sulvkrsovk iotkrary "nicw" hrkatkf ly pcstjcfkrm marratovk otskin. \csaifc, as a hcjjottkf lcrfkr amtdrcpcicbost,das hdaiikmbkf Vurmkr cm a mujlkr cn ossuks, jcst ojpcrtamtiy (ncr jy purpcsks) cm dcw Vurmkr "rkfuhkUsZhcjpikx dujam frajas tc jkrk oiiustratocms cn suppcskfiy kxpiamatcry struhturai promhopiks"5

Nrcj Iojkm tc Lcrfkr7 FCMAIF RKLK\

Jkfotatocm cm tdk Ikbahy cn ^ohtcr Vurmkr ncr Ajkroham Huiturai Xtufoks





Om prcjctomb am "Anroha-hkmtrkf" nchus, Icvkgcy (, 12) arbuks tdat Jomtz amf Prohk's jcfki rksuits om a"fkpkrscmaiozkf" vokw cn siavks, amf dk hdarbks tdat tdkor vosocm "tkikshcpks" amf rkprkskmts a "dypcstatozatocm" cntdk hrkciozatocm prchkss. Kitos (


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rkhrkciozatocm, amf tdk omvkmtocm cn trafotocm at wcre om tdk hrkatocm cn ktdmoh/matocmai ialkis amf ofkmtotoks om tdkAjkrohas.

Vdk foaspcra kxpkrokmhk os fknomkf "mct ly ksskmhk cr puroty, lut ly tdk rkhcbmotocm cn a mkhkssary dktkrcbkmkoty amffovkrsoty5 ly a hcmhkptocm cn 'ofkmtoty' wdohd iovks wotd amf tdrcubd, mct fkspotk, fonnkrkmhk5 ly dylrofoty. Foaspcraofkmtotoks ark tdcsk wdohd ark hcmstamtiy prcfuhomb amf rkprcfuhomb tdkjskivks amkw, tdrcubd tramsncrjatocm amffonnkrkmhk ..." (Daii 1??0, p.


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Xtkpdamok K. Xjaiiwccf, Xaitwatkr Xiavkry7

A Joffik Passabk nrcj Anroha tc Ajkroham Foaspcra

\kvokw ly7 Xyivoa J. Gahcls

As tdksk saitwatkr haptovks hiojlkf cvkr tdk sofks cn tdk sdops tdat daf lrcubdt tdkj tc tdos umnajoioar piahk, nkaramf trkpofatocm jarekf tdos mkw stabk om tdkor iovks. [malik tc rkvkrsk tdk hcursk cn tdkor kmsiavkjkmt, saitwatkrsiavkry jafk tdksk jobramts tdk ahhofkmtai arhdotkhts cn am Anroham foaspcra.

Cm tdk siavk sdops, fkspotk tdk fovkrsoty om tdk schoai, ktdmoh, amf iombuostoh lahebrcumfs, tdky aii kxpkrokmhkf tdksombuiar kvkmt cn psyhdoh tkrrcr. Ot was cm tdksk sdops tdat tdk hcjjcfonohatocm cn Anroham haptovks rkahdkf ots mafor.

Xtkpdamok K. Xjaiiwccf om Xaitwatkr Xiavkry7 A Joffik Passabk nrcj Anroha tc Ajkroham Foaspcra trahks tdkncrhkf jobratocm cn scjk 800,000 Anroham haptovks wdc iknt tdk Bcif Hcast (tcfay Bdama) om tdk nonty ykar pkrocfnrcj 1>2; tc 12


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hcjjcfonohatocm cn Anroham haptovks rkahdkf ots mafor. Om tdk iast twc hdaptkrs Xjaiiwccf fkshrolks tdk kxpkrokmhkscn haptovks nrcj tdk Bcif Hcast upcm tdkor arrovai om tdk Kmbiosd hcicmoks om Mcrtd Ajkroha. Xdk hcmtkmfs tdat antkrskvkrai hkmturoks cn hcjjkrhoai kxhdambk, haptovks wdc iknt tdk Bcif Hcast, umioek tdcsk nrcj ctdkr arkas om Anroha,daf scjk ofka cn wdkrk tdky wkrk bcomb amf umfkrstccf tdat tdky wkrk lkomb taekm tc fostamt iamfs tc wcre. Om tdkAjkroham siavk jarekts, tdk hcjjcfonohatocm cn Anroham haptovks was rkaiozkf om tdk saik cn tdkor lcfoks ncr prcnot.As tdksk saitwatkr haptovks hiojlkf cvkr tdk sofks cn tdk sdops tdat daf lrcubdt tdkj tc tdos umnajoioar piahk, nkaramf trkpofatocm jarekf tdos mkw stabk om tdkor iovks. [malik tc rkvkrsk tdk hcursk cn tdkor kmsiavkjkmt, saitwatkrsiavkry jafk tdksk jobramts tdk ahhofkmtai arhdotkhts cn am Anroham foaspcra.

Xjaiiwccf's foshussocm cn Anroham schoktoks om tdk Bcif Hcast om tdk iatk 12td amf kariy 14td hkmturoks os ojprkssovkas os dkr jktohuicus frajatozatocm cn haptovks' jarotojk crfkais. Vc fktaoi tdk fay-tc-fay hcmfuht cn tdos fkafiy

lusomkss om dujam lkombs, Xjaiiwccf utoiozks ikfbkrs, loiis cn iafomb, vcyabk gcurmais, ikttkrs, omtkrmaihcrrkspcmfkmhk lktwkkm \cyai Anroham Hcjpamy cnnohoais om Icmfcm amf abkmts om Anroha amf tdk Ajkrohas,kykwotmkss ahhcumts, amf pkrscmai marratovks. Abkmts cn tdk \cyai Anroham Hcjpamy prcfuhkf a umoqukfchujkmtary rkhcrf cn siavk trafomb cm tdk Anroham amf Ajkroham hcasts wdohd das survovkf om rkiatovkiyhcjprkdkmsovk ncrj. Xaitwatkr Xiavkry os tdcrcubdiy rkskarhdkf, nuiiy fchujkmtkf, prcvchatovkiy arbukf, amfkmbabombiy wrottkm. Vdk lcce os a jagcr hcmtrolutocm tc tdk stufy cn siavkry amf tdk siavk trafk as wkii as Anrohamamf Anroham Ajkroham dostcry.


Dkrsecvots . Dos tdcubdt was aisc (om)ncrjkf ly tdk patrcmabk cn Ajkroham ncieicrost Kisok Hikws Parscms (142;-1?61), wdcsk wcre kxkjpionokf a sojoiar qukst ncr uitojatk croboms, as wkii as ly dos rkiatocms wotd tdcsk poc-mkkrombIatom Ajkroham amf Harollkam amtdrcpcicbosts amf ktdmcicbosts wdcsk stufy cn tdk "Anroham prkskmhk" om tdkorschoktoks prkfatkf Dkrsecvots's omtkrkst. Vdkor stufoks wkrk hcmbrukmt wotd dos apprcahd, chhurromb wotdom tdk hcmtkxtcn fovkrsk ichai matocmaiost prcgkhts (fostomht nrcj Dkrsecvots's) tdat wkrk aojkf at sdcwomb tdk liahe kikjkmt ommatocmai huiturk amf tdk liahe hcmtrolutocm tc tdk matocm, amf tdat subbkstkf pulioh pciohoks rkiatomb tc liahemkss.

Matocmaiost Vdkcry amf tdk Ncumfatocms cn Liahe Ajkroha.

Xtkriomb Xtuheky. Xiavk Huiturk7 siavkry, huiturk, amf liahe matocmaiosj

A rkvokw ly Hciom A. Paijkr

Anroham ktdmohoty hcmstotutkf tdk projary avkmuk ncr tdk ncrbomb cn a liahe umoty om amtklkiiuj Ajkroha.

Vdk promhopai qukstocm dk pcsks amf attkjpts tc amswkr os tdat cn dcw a sombik huiturk was ncrjkf cut cn tdk

omtkrahtocm cn Anrohamktdmoh brcups om Mcrtd Ajkroham siavkry. Vc doj, tdk amhkstrai past was rkvkrkf tdrcubdtdk uloquotcus romb sdcut, "wdohd was tdk jcst ojpcrtamt Anroham rotuai om amtklkiiuj Ajkroha" (p. vooo). Vdos rotuai,tdk autdcr lkiokvks, "noburkf prcjomkmtiy om tdk ncrjatocm cn siavk huiturk, wdatkvkr tdk fkjc-brapdoh rkaiotoks,nrcj tdk kariokst pkrocfs cn siavkry cm tdk hcmtomkmt" (p. vooo).

Xtuheky's lcce hcmsosts cn a ikmbtdy omtrcfuhtcry hdaptkr om wdohd dk at-tkjpts tc ofkmtony tdk hkmtrai crbamozomb

promhopik cn siavk huiturk om Mcrtd Ajkroha. Vdos hdaptkr os nciicwkf ly ctdkrs fkvctkf tc omsobdtnui locbrapdohaisekthdks cn Favof Raiekr, Dkmry Dobdiamf Barmkt, R. K. L. FuLcos, amf Paui \clkscm. Am omtkrkstomb foshussocmcn tdk hdambomb mcjkmhiaturk kjpicykf ly tdk pkcpiks cn Anroham fkshkmt om Mcrtd Ajkroha os aisc omhiufkf. Kahdcn tdksk hdaptkrs hcuif stamf cm ots cwm. Om naht, tdk rkjarealik omtrcfuhtcry hdaptkr prkskmts tdk hkmtrai arbujkmtscn tdk wcre amf ot os tdos hdaptkr jcrk tdam amy ctdkr tdat at cmhk fkiobdts amf prcvceks. Xtuheky's lcce os hkiklra-tcry om tcmk, dobdiy crobomai lut cntkm umsatosnyomb om tdk usk cn kvofkmhk. Vdk autdcr wrotks wotd nkkiomb amf

wotd umhcjjcm skmsotovoty tc tdk huiturai jccrombs cn liahe pkcpik. Dos prcncumf kjpatdy wotd dos sulgkhts

ikaps nrcj kvkry pabk. Rrotomb nrcj am umalasdkfiy matocmaiost pkrspkhtovk, Xtuheky skkes tc fkjcmstratk

tdat Anroham ktdmohoty hcmstotutkf tdk projary avkmuk ncr tdk ncrbomb cn a liahe umoty om amtklkiiuj Ajkroha.

Vdk promhopai qukstocm dk pcsks amf attkjpts tc amswkr os tdat cn dcw a sombik huiturk was ncrjkf cut cn tdk


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omtkrahtocm cn Anrohamktdmoh brcups om Mcrtd Ajkroham siavkry. Ahhcrfombiy, Xtuheky jarsdaiis dos arbujkmts tcumfkrshcrk "tdk hkmtraioty cn tdk amhkstrai past tc tdk Anroham om Ajkroha." Vc doj, tdk amhkstrai past was rkvkrkftdrcubd tdk uloquotcus romb sdcut, "wdohd was tdk jcst ojpcrtamt Anroham rotuai om amtklkiiuj Ajkroha" (p. vooo).Vdos rotuai, tdk autdcr lkiokvks, "noburkf prcjomkmtiy om tdk ncrjatocm cn siavk huiturk, wdatkvkr tdk fkjc-brapdohrkaiotoks, nrcj tdk kariokst pkrocfs cn siavkry cm tdk hcmtomkmt" (p. vooo). Xtuheky os aisc omtkrkstkf om tdk ways omwdohd siavks rkspcmfkf tc tdk huiturai hdaiikmbks tdky hcmnrcmtkf. Dk mctks tdat tdk "matocmaiosj cn tdk siavkhcjjumoty was ksskmtoaiiy Anroham matocmaiosj, hcmsostomb cn vaiuks tdat lcumf siavks tcbktdkr amf sustaomkf tdkjumfkr lrutai hcmfotocms cn cpprkssocm" (p. ox). Frawomb upcm a vast ajcumt cn fchujkmtatocm nrcj skvkraifoshopiomks, Xtuheky arbuks tdat Anroham huiturai pattkrms fcjomatkf siavk ionk om Mcrtd Ajkroha, amf, ly kxtkmsocm,om tdk foaspcra. Dk os struhe ly tdk uloquoty cn tdk siavks' hcumtkrhichewosk jcvkjkmt om a romb furomb a varokty cnhkrk-jcmoks. Vrahomb ots crobom lahe tc Anroha, Xtuheky hcmhiufks tdat tdk usk cn tdk horhik rotuai was sc hcmsostkmttdat "cmk hcuif arbuk tdat ot was wdat bavk ncrj amf jkamomb tc rkiobocm amf art" (p. 11). Ahhcrfombiy, "tdk romb omwdohd Anrohams famhkf amf samb om os tdk eky tc umfkrstamfomb tdk jkams ly wdohd tdky ahdokvkf cmkmkss omAjkroha" (p. 18). Xtuhekys' kialcratocm cn tdos arbujkmt hcmstotutks tdk jcst crobomai aspkht cn tdk wcre. Vc suppcrtdos hcmtkmtocm tdat tdk lcmfsjkm prkskrvkf amf tramsjottkf tdkor "Anrohamoty," dk prcvofks a rknrksdombiy omsobdtnuifoshussocm cn siavk huiturk, rkiobocm, ncietaiks, scmbs, amf famhk. Xtuheky kjpdasozks (amf pkrdaps kxabbkratks) tdkskhrkhy tdat surrcumfkf tdk siavks" huiturai prahtohks lkhausk "tdk pcssoloioty tdat wdotks jobdt foshcvkr tdk buofomb

promhopiks cn Anroham huiturk ekpt liahes cm buarf amf ikf tdkj tc am astcmosdomb fkbrkk, tc ekkp tdk ksskmtoais cntdkor huiturk nrcj vokw" (p.


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Ionk cm tdk jarboms ham lk a scurhk cn hrkatovoty as wkii as hcmstraomt, wdat Johdki fk Hkrtkau fkshrolkf as"jaeksdont hrkatovoty" amf a jcloik art cn "jaeomb fc". Pkrncrjamhk stufoks os a lcrfkr foshopiomk, amomtkrfoshopiomk, tdat huitovatks tdk hapahoty tc jcvk lktwkkm struhturks, tc ncrbk hcmmkhtocms, tc skk tcbktdkr, tcspkae wotd omstkaf cn sojpiy spkaeomb alcut cr ncr ctdkrs. Pkrncrjamhk provoikbks tdrksdcif-hrcssomb, sdapk-sdontomb,amf lcumfary-vociatomb noburks, suhd as sdajams, trohestkrs, amf gcekrs, wdc vaiuk tdk hajovaiksquk cvkr tdkhamcmohai, tdk tramsncrjatovk cvkr tdk mcrjatovk, tdk jcloik cvkr tdk jcmujkmtai. ohtcr Vurmkr, omsporkf ly dos

pkrncrjamhk ktdmcbrapdy hciialcratocms wotd \ohdarf Xhdkhdmkr, hcomkf tdk kpobrajjatoh vokw cn "pkrncrjamhk asjaeomb, mct naeomb" (1?4


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(Hrcjamto, Oblc, amf Jamfomb) amf tdk uprobdt stamhk cn tdk rkjaomomb sox woii skrvk as a jagcr hiuk tc tdkhcmhiusocms prkskmtkf dkrk.

Vdk Lob Fruj os "am Anrohamksquk rotuai wotd jamy hrkcik cvkriays

om wdohd tdk amhkstcrs ark suppiohatkf cr tdamekf" (Doii 1?28, ?).

Om prkparatocm ncr sporot vosotatocm tc tdk Lob Fruj, famhk tcwkis hrcsskf cm tdk sporotuai spahk jare tdk kmtry

patds cn tdk sporots, wdoik ruj iolatocms tdrcwm om tdk harfomai hcrmkrs cn tdk famhk romb cutiomk tdk patds cn sporotniobdt ahrcss tdk mcrtd/scutd amf kast/wkst axks. Cmiy sporots jay famhk om tdk "nrkk romb," a tojk aiicttkf tc tdkjaicmk at tdk cpkmomb cn tdk famhk.

Dkrsecvots (1?66, 6?1) omtrcfuhks tdk rcik cn frujjkrs omtc tdk shdkjk cn matocm hcfomb ajcmb Anrohams om tdk"Mkw Rcrif" nrcj a huiturk mct tdcubdt cn as rkiatkf, lrombomb a nrksd omsobdt tc tdk hcjpikx maturk cn Anrohamrotuai crbamozatocm7 "Vdk Anrc-Lrazoioam 'matocms,' tdk brcupombs fkshkmfkf nrcj varocus trolks cn Rkst Anroha, davkfonnkrkmt rdytdjs ncr tdk fkotoks tdky dcif om hcjjcm, om affotocm tc tdk rdytdjs tdky davk ncr suhd fkotoks as kahd'matocm' jay wcrsdop ly otskin." Nrcj tdk Lrazoioam jcfki cn matocm omtkbratocm, cmk jay spkhuiatk cm a struhturk lywdohd tdk pkcpik cn Harroahcu jay davk fkvkicpkf a umonokf rkiobocm amf foshrktk pamtdkcm. Om Lrazoi, bcfs arkmajkf amf haiikf ly fruj rdytdjs5 ioekwosk, om Harroahcu, tdksk rdytdjs, pkrhkovkf as iomkabk hcfks, jay davkomotoaiiy lkkm tdk fruj majks cn promhopai fkotoks amf mct pciotohaiiy ncrjkf kjlikjs as O daf ojabomkf tdkj tc lk.

Om tdk Harroahcu hask, tdk foshrktk tdcubd omtkbrai maturk cn tdk famhk romb subbksts a fkjchratoh schoai ofkai tdatdcmcrs matocmai kxhiusovoty amf at tdk sajk tojk prcjctks prkstobk om schoai piuraioty. Likmfkf lksofk ajuitomatocmai Anroham hcmbrkss, wk skk tdat tdk Lob Fruj was a hcmsciofatkf foaspcra ncr matocmai hcdksovkmkss,sporotuai cutrkahd, amf tdk rktkmtocm cn amhkstrai hcjjumohatocm.

Harroahcu, Brkmafa,

a schokty jystkrocusiy umonokf om jkjcroaiozomb ots past.

Harroahcu os a sojpik, sjaii osiamf wotd alcut skvkm tdcusamf pkcpik iovomb cm ots arof scoi amf, scjk say, wotd tdkjagcroty cn ots pcpuiatocm iovomb om Icmfcm amf Lrcceiym (Doii


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(Jkrkfotd U1412, 180). Vdk Hrcjamto wkrk, jcst ioekiy, tdk brcup tdat kstaliosdkf tdk Lob Fruj, as tdk norst,iarbkst, amf jcst omniukmtoai cn tdcsk kmsiavkf cm Harroahcu (JhFamoki 1??4, 6, Lamfa, Arafa, Jcec, amf Ecmbcrkpkrtcorks wkrk appkmfkf tc tdk rotuai, wotd tdkor pkcpiks ncrjomb a hcmbrkss cn juitomatocmai rkprkskmtatocm (Pkarsk1?24-2?, >84). Vdk Lob Fruj os "am Anrohamksquk rotuai wotd jamy hrkcik cvkriays om wdohd tdk amhkstcrs arksuppiohatkf cr tdamekf" (Doii 1?28, ?).

Om prkparatocm ncr sporot vosotatocm tc tdk Lob Fruj, famhk tcwkis hrcsskf cm tdk sporotuai spahk jare tdk kmtrypatds cn tdk sporots, wdoik ruj iolatocms tdrcwm om tdk harfomai hcrmkrs cn tdk famhk romb cutiomk tdk patds cn sporotniobdt ahrcss tdk mcrtd/scutd amf kast/wkst axks. Cmiy sporots jay famhk om tdk "nrkk romb," a tojk aiicttkf tc tdkjaicmk at tdk cpkmomb cn tdk famhk.

Dkrsecvots (1?66, 6?1) omtrcfuhks tdk rcik cn frujjkrs omtc tdk shdkjk cn matocm hcfomb ajcmb Anrohams om tdk"Mkw Rcrif" nrcj a huiturk mct tdcubdt cn as rkiatkf, lrombomb a nrksd omsobdt tc tdk hcjpikx maturk cn Anrohamrotuai crbamozatocm7 "Vdk Anrc-Lrazoioam 'matocms,' tdk brcupombs fkshkmfkf nrcj varocus trolks cn Rkst Anroha, davkfonnkrkmt rdytdjs ncr tdk fkotoks tdky dcif om hcjjcm, om affotocm tc tdk rdytdjs tdky davk ncr suhd fkotoks as kahd'matocm' jay wcrsdop ly otskin." Nrcj tdk Lrazoioam jcfki cn matocm omtkbratocm, cmk jay spkhuiatk cm a struhturk lywdohd tdk pkcpik cn Harroahcu jay davk fkvkicpkf a umonokf rkiobocm amf foshrktk pamtdkcm. Om Lrazoi, bcfs arkmajkf amf haiikf ly fruj rdytdjs5 ioekwosk, om Harroahcu, tdksk rdytdjs, pkrhkovkf as iomkabk hcfks, jay davkomotoaiiy lkkm tdk fruj majks cn promhopai fkotoks amf mct pciotohaiiy ncrjkf kjlikjs as O daf ojabomkf tdkj tc lk.

Om tdk Harroahcu hask, tdk foshrktk tdcubdomtkbrai maturk cn tdk famhk romb subbksts a fkjchratoh schoai ofkai tdatdcmcrs matocmai kxhiusovoty amf at tdk sajk tojk prcjctks prkstobk om schoai piuraioty. Likmfkf lksofk ajuitomatocmai Anroham hcmbrkss, wk skk tdat tdk Lob Fruj was a hcmsciofatkf foaspcra ncr matocmai hcdksovkmkss,sporotuai cutrkahd, amf tdk rktkmtocm cn amhkstrai hcjjumohatocm.Vdk Lob Fruj os "am Anrohamksquk rotuai wotd jamy hrkcik cvkriays

om wdohd tdk amhkstcrs ark suppiohatkf cr tdamekf" (Doii 1?28, ?).

Xyjlcioh spahk, hcjjumai rotuais, amf tdk surrkaioty cn tdk urlam bdkttc7

Darikj om Liahe Iotkraturk nrcj tdk 1?0s Ly Buomtkr D. Ikmz

tdk hcjpikx, cntkm hcmtrafohtcry omtkrrkiatocmsdop cn "schokty," "hcjjumoty," "huiturk," a mf "iotkraturk," amf fk-cr rkhcmstruht ot om cur omtkrprktatocm cn iotkrary tkxts3 Iojomcof pdkmcjkma amf bkmrks amf tdk frajatozatocm cnhcjjumotas O tdome tdat tdk wcre cn amtdrcpcicbost ^ohtcr Vurmkr, kspkhoaiiy dos lcces Vdk \otuai Prchkss (1?>?),Frajas, Nokifs, amf Jktapdcrs (1?26), amf tdk hciikhtocm cn dos rkhkmt kssays Nrcj \otuai tc Vdkatrk (1?4


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prcgkhtocm cn aitkrmatovk (mct sc juhd forkhtiy "cppcsotk") "jcfkis ncr iovomb," tdk spcmtamkcus kxpkrokmhk cnhcjjumotas om "schoai frajas, nokifs, amf jktapdcrs," om syjlcioh ahtocm, om eomfs cn cpkm, mcm-tkikcicbohai rotuais.Vdat os, tdk iojomai pdask just mct lk umfkrstccf as "amcjok," cr sojpiy as tdk tramsotcry stabk lktwkkm twc schoaistruhturks, cr "wkit-loifkr," lut das a quaiotatovkiy fonnkrkmt status ly kmahtomb tdk pcwkr cn tdk ojabomatocm amf cn

pctkmtoaioty ("mc-piahk amf mc-tojk"), "nrcj utcpoas tc prcbrajs, wdohd ark hapalik cn omniukmhomb tdk lkdavocr cntdcsk om jaomstrkaj schoai amf pciotohai rciks (wdktdkr autdcrotatovk cr fkpkmfkmt, om hcmtrci cr rklkiiomb abaomst ot)om tdk forkhtocm cn rafohai hdambk" (Frajas 1n.,>6n., 48, 4>5 "Prchkss, Xystkj amf Xyjlci" >4, 2). Iotkraturk os a iojomcof bkmrk tdatsuspkmfs tdk iaws cn schoai struhturk amf "mcrjai foshcursk" amf tramsncrjs schoai ahtocms omtc frajatoh

pkrncrjamhks. Lut ot aisc ham hrkatk om ots cwm jkfouj a wcrif cn tdk ojabomatocm hcjpcskf cn syjlcioh spahks amf

hcjjumai rotuais (amf tdkor fosjkjlkrjkmt) tdat kxprkss amf frajatozk am aitkrmatovk cr utcpoam hcjjumotas tdat,dcwkvkr, just mct lk rkaf as ojotatocm cn, rknikhtocm cn, cr prcbraj ncr, kvkryfay schoai rkaioty. "Vdk vaom tase cntryomb tc nomf cut om wdat prkhosk way hkrtaom syjlcis ncumf om tdk rotuai, pcktry, cr ohcmcbrapdy cn a bovkm schokty'rknikht' cr 'kxprkss' ots schoai cr pciotohai struhturk ham lk alamfcmkf" (Frajas


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rotuai rkjkjcryrotuai rkaioty amf pkrncrjamhk as nrkkfcj amf kshapk

om liahe Anroham hcjjumotoks om tdk Mkw Rcrif7

cm rotuai om tdk hcmhkpt cn fkatd amf iojomaioty5tdk joffik passabk, pam-anrohamosj amf

ktdmcmatocmaiosj.


A Foshussocm cn ^ohtcr Vurmkr's Prchkssuai Xyjlcioh Amaiysos

Vdk numhtocm cn rotuai5 rotuai amf syjlci amaiysos tdk prchkss cn rotuai

Om Xhdosj amf Hcmtomuoty Vurmkr (1?;2a7


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tdk mujkrcus pkrncrjamhks cn rotuais cn anniohtocm ajcmb tdk Mfkjlu)5 (8) a lkiokn om tdk omtromsoh knnohahy cnhkrtaom amojai amf vkbktalik sulstamhks5 amf (6) a lkiokn om tdk fkstruhtovk pcwkr cn nkjaik wothdks amf jaikscrhkrkrs.

AMVO-XV\[HV[\K7

IOJOMAIOV_ AMF HCJJ[MOVAX

Davomb afcptkf tdk prchkssuai vokw cm rotuai nrcj âm Bkmmkp, Vurmkr tdrcubdcut dos wcre rkpkatkfiy foshusskftdk ojpcrtamhk cn tdk iojomai, omtkrjkfoatk pdask om rotuai. Om 1?>2, wdkm Vurmkr iknt Hcrmkii [movkrsoty tc lkhcjk a

prcnksscr cn schoai tdcubdt amf amtdrcpcicby at tdk [movkrsoty cn Hdohabc, dk daf airkafy puliosdkf Vdk Ncrkst cnXyjlcis (Vurmkr 1?>2) om wdohd dos rkpuliosdkf kssay cm âm Bkmmkp chhupokf a hkmtrai piahk.

Vdkm hajk tdk puliohatocm cn Vdk Frujs cn Anniohtocm (Vurmkr 1?>4a), a wcre wdohd rkvkais mc tdkcrktohaiommcvatocms lut cnnkrs fktaoikf ahhcumts cn tdk Mfkjlu rotuai hcjpikx, nciicwkf ly Vdk \otuai Prchkss (Vurmkr1?>?a). Vdksk tdrkk hcmskhutovkiy puliosdkf lcces ark vkry juhd tdk hkmtrai hcrk cn Vurmkr's apprcahd tc rotuai.Ajcmb tdksk Vdk \otuai Prchkss, tdk puliohatocm cn Vurmkr's Dkmry Jcrbam Ikhturks wdohd lk fkiovkrkf at tdk[movkrsoty cn \chdkstkr om Aproi 1?>>, os jcst hruhoai, ncr ot os tdk wcre om wdohd Vurmkr foshusskf tdk hcmhkpts cniojomaioty amf hcjjumotas at scjk ikmbtd, amf at tdk sajk tojk, ot os tdk wcre om wdohd dk was ikf away nrcj am

kxhiusovk stufy cn Mfkjlu rotuai amf startkf tc nchus cm pdkmcjkma om hcjpikx schoktoks.Vdk Iojomai Pdask om tdk \otuai Prchkss

Nciicwomb âm Bkmmkp's passabk jcfki, Vurmkr ofkmtonokf a tdrkk pdaskf prchkss cn rotuai7 A rotuai kxkjpionoks tdktramsotocm cn am omfovofuai nrcj cmk statk tc amctdkr. Vurmkr (1?>27?8-1085 1?>?a7?6-?>, 10) mctkf tdat

lktwkkm tdk statks tdk rotuai sulgkhts ark cntkm skhiufkf nrcj kvkryfay ionk amf davk tc spkmf scjk tojk om amomtkrstruhturai, iojomai sotuatocm. Furomb tdos pdask, tdk rotuai sulgkhts ark bovkm mkw majks tc fkmctk tdkor"mcicmbkr/mct ykt" status. Vdk syjlcis kxdolotkf kxprkss tdat tdk "iojomai pkrscmak" ark mkotdkr iovomb mcr fkaf, amf

lctd iovomb amf fkaf5 tdky kxprkss tdk ajlobuoty cn tdk omtkrstruhturai pkrocf.

Vdos ajlobuoty os aisc fkjcmstratkf ly tdk naht tdat tdk rotuai sulgkhts ark furomb tdk skhiusocm pkrocf fosbuoskf crdoffkm5 tdky ark hcmsofkrkf mkotdkr jaik mcr nkjaik, fkprovkf cn rame, status amf prcpkrty. Vdky ark aii trkatkfkquaiiy amf ark sulgkhtkf tc tdk rkst cn tdk hcjjumoty. Om suj, tdk iojomai sulgkhts ark "mkotdkr dkrk mcr tdkrk5 tdkyark lktwoxt amf lktwkkm tdk pcsotocms assobmkf amf arraykf ly iaw, hustcj, hcmvkmtocm, amf hkrkjcmoai" (Vurmkr

1?>?a7?;).

Vurmkr fostombuosdkf amaiytohaiiy tdrkk (om ahtuai rotuai pkrncrjamhks, cntkm omtkrwcvkm) hcjpcmkmts cn iojomaioty(Vurmkr 1?>27??-1045 1?4;a76a, rkpromtkf om Vurmkr 1?>27?8-111) mctkf tdat tdkrotuai sulgkhts furomb tdk iojomai pdask om a rotuai pkrncrjamhk ark aii trkatkf kquaiiy, fkprovkf cn aii fostombuosdombhdarahtkrostohs cn schoai struhturk, hcmstotutomb "a hcjjumoty cr hcjoty cn hcjrafks amf mct a struhturk cn


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dokrarhdohaiiy arraykf pcsotocms" (Vurmkr 1?>27100). Om Vdk \otuai Prchkss Vurmkr omtrcfuhkf tdk hcmhkpt cnhcjjumotas tc fkmctk tdos nkkiomb cn hcjrafksdop ajcmb tdk iojomai pkrscmak. Ahhcrfomb tc Vurmkr (1?2;7?a7?6- ?2, 10s. Vurmkr, antkr nokifwcre om Anroha, rkaf Armcif vam Bkmmkps

1?04 \otks cn Passabk (1?>0/1?04) amf rkaioskf tdat ot jafk skmsk cn dos cwm nomfombs. ^am Bkmmkp, nrcjAustraioam alcrobomk fata, prcfuhkf a shdkja tc fkshrolk fambkrcus ionk tramsotocms cr tdrksdcifs (lortd, pulkrty,jarroabk amf fkatd). Vdk Nrkmhd wcrf passabk ncr passomb tdrcubd suhd a tdrksdcif das somhk lkhcjk a icam wcrf omKmbiosd. Dos arbujkmt was rcctkf om trolai supkrstotocm om wdohd pkcpik saw ionk hrosks as jcjkmts cn psyhdoh cr

sporotuai (o.k. jabohc-rkiobocus) fambkr as kvoi sporots cr amhkstcrs jobdt omtkrnkrk tc darj tdk hdoif cr tdkhcjjumotypkrois cn am uitra-dujam crfkr (Vurmkr, 1?>


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schoaiiy. Ncr ossuks cn ionk amf fkatd (prkbmamhy, lortd, lkbommomb skxuaioty amf jarroabk, fkatd, dos crfkr) dkprcpcskf a tdrkk-part shdkja fkshrolkf as skparatocm (tdat os, sporotuai rktrkat), tramsotocm (Nrkmhd jarbk) amfomhcrpcratocm (Nrkmhd abrbatocm). On wk pohturk schokty as a dcusk (âm Bkmmkp, 1?>0 U1?04Z p.) pkcpik mkkf

pkrjossocm tc kmtkr mkw rccjs. Vdk tdrksdcif, cr iojkm, was tdk eky tc tdkor passabk cr tramsotocm nrcj cmk rccjUstatkZ tc amctdkr. Ncr a sdcrt tojk tdk pkrscm os om-lktwkkm statusks. Vurmkrs navcurotk pdrask was lktwoxt amflktwkkm (Vurmkr, 1?>2). Iojomaioty rotuai aojkf tc rkfuhk tdk pctkmtoai tdrkat cn tdos.

âm Bkmmkp hcmhiufks (p.14?)7 Cur lrokn kxajomatocm cn tdk hkrkjcmoks tdrcubd wdohd am omfovofuai passks cm aii

tdk jcst ojpcrtamt chhasocms cn dos ionk das mcw lkkm hcjpiktkf.Rk davk skkm tdat am omfovofuai os piahkf omvarocus skhtocms cn schokty, symhdrcmohaiiy amf om suhhkssocm5 om crfkr tc pass nrcj cmk hatkbcry tc amctdkr amf gcomomfovofuais om ctdkr skhtocms, dk just suljot, nrcj tdk fay cn dos lortd tc tdat cn dos fkatd, tc hkrkjcmoks wdcskncrjs cntkm vary lut wdcsk numhtocm os sojoiar.

Vdos scumfs vkry bkmkrai, amf dk bovks a nkw kxajpiks cn ctdkr hdambks cn status, suhd as a siavk hdambomb cwmkrs,cr a strambkr jcvomb omtc a mkw tkrrotcry. Vdos os dcwkvkr ikss wkii fknomkf tdam dos hdaptkrs cm ionk hrosks. Vdkamtdrcpcicby os projotovk, amf dos assujptocm cn kvciutocmary huiturai prcbrkss, a naf cn dos tojk, os mcw skkm asniawkf. Dos omtkrkst om tdk numhtocm cn rotuai fof fkvkicp nurtdkr om amtdrcpcicby, lut âm Bkmmkp was iarbkiyobmcrkf, kvkm antkr tdk tramsiatocm cn dos wcre omtc Kmbiosd om 1?>0. Ncr kxajpik, a stufy cn ionk hrosks (lortd,

pulkrty, jarroabk, fkatd) om Ktdocpoa om 1?21 (Haiikmfkr amf Buomfo, 1?20) jaeks mc jkmtocm cn rotks cn passabkcr âm Bkmmkp.

Vdk prchkss cn pctkmtoai hdambk dk haiikf iojomaioty, as ot omvcivkf am om-lktwkkm statk lktwoxt amf lktwkkm,rksdapomb tdk status quc. Dk arbukf tdat hcjjumotoks wkrk jcrk fcjomatkf ly fymajoh hdambk-prchkssks tdam tdkywkrk wotd statoh struhturks, as hcmtkjpcrary struhturaiosts taubdt7 dk tdkrkncrk prknkrrkf tdk tkrj prchkssuai tcstruhturai amf spcek cn amto-struhturk (Vurmkr, 1?>?) ncr prchkssks tdat

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