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COMBINING THE RMR, Q and THE RMi SY

INFORMATION to the user

This spreadsheet combines the following three numerical, empirical classisifcation systems for esti

- about the Q system, see: - Grimstad E. and Barton . !"##$%: &pdating the Q-syst

- Barton, . and Grimstad, E. !/001%: The Q-system follo

- about the 4'4 system of "#8# 2ersion, see Bieniawski 9.T. !"#8#%: Engineering rock

- about the 4'i system, see: - (almstr>m . !/000%: 4ecent de2elopments in rock sup

- (almstr>m . !/00#%: +ombining the 4'4, Q and 4'i

)n the sheet C(arameters 2aluesC, tables are presented for all the input parameters. )t is possible he

The input parameters in C)(&T DTC are linked to the C(4'ETE4 TBE*C

The 2alues or rationgs of the input parameters and the calculated 4'4, Q, and 4'i 2alues are gi2e

The lists of input parameters in the C)(&T DTC sheet can be remo2ed, as shown.

USE THIS SPREASHEET !ITH CARE"

&DE4*TD)G TFE *)TE GEG)+ D GETE+F)+ +D)T)* )* (4

Some important limitations are indicated, but there may be others not being mentioned

s there are 2ery many functions and relations in2ol2ed in the spreadsheet, errors or unaccuracies

) hope the 4'4-Q-4'i spreadsheet can be useful to youArild Palmstrm, RockMass as, February 2009

The Q s#ste$, de2eloped by Barton et al. )n "#1 and later re2ised in "##$ and in /001.

The RMR or Geo$e%hani%s s#ste$, de2eloped by Bieniawski in "#$ and later re2ised in "#

The RMi ro%& su''ort s#ste$, de2eloped by (almstrom in "##7, partly re2ised in /000.

)n the sheet C)(&T DTC, the input ratings or 2alues of of the parameters applied in the three systC+alculationsC sheet. s the three systems apply partly the same input parameters on rock mass andC(arameters tablesC sheet. or many of the parameters, common2alues are automatically used if n!degree of 3ointing% for a crude estimate to be made. Fowe2er, the more input gi2en, the better the r

The influence of the rock stressesmust be assessed and stress input gi2en in the C)(&T DTC s

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TEMS

ates of rock support:

em for 'T. (roc. )nt. *ymp. on *prayed +oncrete, agernes, orway "##$, orwegian +oncrete

wing thirty years of de2elopment and application in tunneling pro3ects. (roc. )*4' *ymp. E&4+5

mass classifications. ohn ;iley < *ons, ew =ork, /7" pp.

port estimates by the 4'i. ournal of 4ock 'echanics and Tunnelling Technology, ?ol. @, o. " 'ay

classification systems. www.rockmass.net, /7p

e to ad3ust ithe input ratings or 2alues for most of the parameters.

n in the sheet C4E*&T*C

)*) 4 44)?)G T ((4(4)TE 4E*&T*

ay be present. =ou are welcome to con2ey your comments

1, "#7, "#@, and "#8#

ms are gi2en either as input symbols or as 2alues. The calculations are made in theground, the input 2alues parameters ha2e been combined as shown in the

o input has been gi2en. Thus, it is sufficient to insert only data for a few parameterssult found will be.

eet according to the *4 factor !in the Q-system%.

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ssociation, slo, /0 p.

001. *al6burg, ustria, /001, pp. "7-"8.

/000, pp. " A "# also in www.rockmass.net

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INPUT ATA on TUNNE( and GROUN CONITIONSused in the RMR, Q and RMi ro%&$ass %)assi*i%ation s#ste$s

A value in at least one green input cell is required

Pro+e%t" ate"

Tunne)" (o%ation"

Oser-er" Note"

Ro%&.s/"

Input symbols are shown in blue below see also !Parameter tables!

In'ut 'ara$eters

Tunnel span or diameter !Dt% "a span o# $0m is used as input as no in#o is %i&en'

Tunnel wall height !;t% "a wall hei%ht o# (m is used as input as no in#o is %i&en'

")*+ $00MPa is used as input as no in#o is %i&en'

4QD !4ock Quality Designation%: 4QD H

Block 2olume !?b%: ?b H

?olumetric 3oint count !2%: 2 H

oint spacing: !a H I /m b H 0.@ - /m c H 0./ - 0.@m d H 0.0@ - 0./m e H J 0.0@m%

Block shape: !a H cubical blocks b H slightly long or flat blocks c H mod. long or flat blocks d H 2ery long or flat blocks%

oint sets: !aHno sets bH" set cH" setKrandom dH/ sets eH/ setsKrandom fH$ sets gH$ setsKrandom i H crushed%

!a H 2ery fa2ourable b H fa2ourable c H fair d H unfa2ourable e H 2ery unfa2ourable%in roof

in wall

oint smoothness: !a H 2. rough b H rough c H slightly rough d H smooth e H polished f H slickensided g H filled 3oints%

oint undulation: !a H discontin. b H strongly undulating c H mod. undul. d H slightly undul. e H planar f H filled 3oints%

o filling: !a H healed b H fresh LL no filling c H slightly altered d H altered e H sandLsilt coating f H clay coat.%

illing J ca. 7mm thickness: !h H sand L silt 3 H hard clay l H soft clay n H swelling clay%

illing I ca. 7mm thickness: !i H sand L silt k H hard clay m H soft clay o H swelling clay%

oint length: !a H crack b H parting c H 2. short !0."-"m% d H short !"-$m% e H medium !$-"0m% f H long !"0-$0m% g H seam or shear%

oint separation: !a H none b H 2.tight !J0."mm% c H tight !0."-0.7mm% d H mod.open !0.7-/.7mm% e H open !/.7-"0mm% f H 2. open%

)nterlocking or compactness of rockmass structure: !a H 2ery tight b H tight or compact c H disturbed d H poorly interlocked%

Ground water inflow to tunnel or ca2ern: !a H dry or damp b H wet c H dripping d H gushing e H flowing f H hea2ily flowing%

*tress le2el: "input #or - and RMi' !a H 2ery low stress le2el b H low stress c H moderate L medium stress d H high stress%

4ock spalling or bursting: !e H moderate slabbing f H rock burst g H hea2y burst%

*Muee6ing: !h H moderate sMuee6e i H hea2y sMuee6e%

Type: !3 H multiple 6ones k H single 6one J70m l H single 6one I70m m H multiple shears M H crushed%

Thickness or width of 6one !m%: "&alid #or $ . 20m wide /ones'

!a H 2ery fa2ourable b H fa2ourable c H fair d H unfa2ourable e H 2ery unfa2ourable%in roof

in wall

134 +wellin% rock is not included

IF14 5ess important input has been %i&en %rey letters

Reference: A. Palmstrm, !R"R!R"i, version #.$. Rock"ass AS, "ay #%%&

n

sto

arame

ter

ta

es

A0 +ompressi2e strength of rock !&+* or c%:

B0

Degree of3ointing

B1

B2

B3

C0

ointingpattern

C1

C2 rientation ofmain 3oint set:C3

0 ointroughness1

2ointalteration orweathering

3

4

E

F

G0

input of*4

G12er-stressing

H0;eakness6one

!fault,etc.%

H1

H2 rientation of6one:H3

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2er. /./-/."

INFORMATION AN COMMENTS

J--use

inpu

tsym

bo

l!*

%orun

it

566INPUT or more details of the parameters, see the sheet C(arameter tablesC.

'o clear all lists of input symbols

fill C N C

m

m

'(a

O

mP

3ointsLmP

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

- where unfa2ourable 3oint orientations occur and high water pressure can

* - in tunnels where water. inflow can soften possible clay-containing 3oints.

*

*

*

*

m

*

*

;here no input has been gi2en, the generally most common 2alues or ratings are

- or 3oint spacing !input to 4'4%, block diameter is used as the a2erage spacing

- or Coint set number, nC !or 3 in the 4'i system% the 2alue generally 2aries w

Based on this, the 3oint set number used is estimated according to Table +/ in

- The 4QD is found from 2 !2olumetric 3oint count% from the eMuation: 4QD H ""

ill input symbols for the input parameters as gi2en in blueor shown in the sheet C(arameters table

(nly input for one of the parameters for the )*egree of +ointing) green cells- is needed tomake a simple estimate.

ofsy

mbols

and

2

alues

or the other input parameters, common"%2alues are automatically used if no input is gi2en. ;here

2alues on these other parameters are a2ailable, or can be estimated, fill in also for these to arri2e at amore accurate result.

Three 2arious measurements for the degree of 3ointing can be- RQ, 7! block 2olume% and 8-!2olumetric 3oint

)f input for only one of them is gi2en, the 2alues of the others neclassification systens are calculated automatically /%.

TE: !atermay sometimes reduce the stability for eNample:

ften, water sealing by grouting is applied in such cases before support is ieNperience is that a successful grouting often impro2es the stability becausincreased 3oint friction. The groundwater input 2alue should be ad3usted acc

$'ommon values:

2'/arious calculations for the *egree of +ointing:

- The block 2olume !?b% is found from 2 from the eMuation: ?b H 2 - $

where is the block shape factor, see sheet C(arameter tablesC

Rock"ass

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build up, and

used:

,

ith block si6e !or 4QD%.

- 1.72 !for 2 H /./ - /1.7%

s

sed:count%.

eded in the

nstalled. Thee ofordingly.

C(arameter tablesC

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The in'ut data 9i-en and the %a)%u)ated resu)ts

Pro+e%t" ate"

Tunne)" (o%ation"

Oser-er" Note"

Ro%&.s/"

In'ut 'ara$etersIn'ut -a)ues and ratin9s used

Tunnel dataTunnel span !m% *pan H "0 *pan H "0 Dt H "0

;all height !m% ;all H 7 ;all H 7 ;t H 7

. 4ock " " H "/ - "00 '(a

B" 4ock Quality Designation !4QD%: / H /0 4QD H "00 -

B/ - - ?b H m$

B$ oint spacing: $ H - -

+" Block shape factor: - - $@

+/ umber of 3oint sets: - n H 0.7 3 H @

+$ in roof: B H -/ - +o H "+1 in walls: - - +o H "

D" oint smoothness:roughness:

1c H $r H ".7

3s H "./7

D/ oint undulation: - 3w H ".1

D$ oint alterationweathering: 1e H @

a H " 3 H "filling: 1d H @

D1 oint length or persisstence: 1a H / - 3 H "

D7 oint separation or aperture: 1b H 1 - -

E +ompactness of rockmass: - - ) H "

Ground water inflow: 7 H "0 w H " G; H "

G" *tress le2el: -*4 H "

* H "G/ - +g H -

F" Type of weakness 6one: - -

F/ Thickness or width of 6one: - - T6 H -

F$ in roof: - - +o H -

F1 in walls: - - +o H -

ote that swellin% rock is not included 0eed input for 1*egree of +ointing1

RMR Q RMi

- -

- -RMi : ;

in roofRMR : ; Q : ; G% : ;

in walls 4'4 H

in roof - -Sr :

in walls - -

;eakness 6one -

-(otential stress problems ---I

RMR"#8# Q"##$ RMi/008

ompress 2e s rengof intact cH

B. Degree of3ointing

Block 2olume:

+. ointingpattern

H

rientation of main3oint set

D. ointcharac-teristics

E. )nter-locking

. Groundwater

G. 4ockstresses

F. ;eakness6ones rientation

of 6one

RESU(TS FROM CA(CU(ATIONS !for conditions intunnel or ca2ern%

+ontinuity of rockmass !related to tunnel% --I

)nterlocking of rockmass structure--I

Ro%& $ass

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*r H *i6e ratio !geometrical factor in2ol2ing block diameter, tunnel span, plus number of 3oint sets and orientation of 3oints%

Gc H Ground condition factorRe#erence4 A6 Palmstrm, -.RMR.RMi, &ersion 26$6

RockMass A+, May 2009+g H +ompetency of ground !+g H cmL H 4'i L %

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INTERIM CA(CU(ATIONS

2lue values and blue te3t can be ad+usted-

Q6s#ste$ RMR s#ste$Para$eter 7a)ue Co$$ent Para$eter Ratin9 Co$$ent

interim 4QD H "00 H 4QD calculated 4ock strength " H "/

"00 4QD / H /0

umber of 3oint setsn H

0.7 from block 2olume !?b%

oint spacing rating$ H

S?&E from block diam. !Db%

from input 2alue of n from input of spacing

from input 2alue of n ;

=>?4oint si6e factors

length, 1a H /

H /"

3s H "./7r H ".7

separation, 1b H 1

3w H ".1 oint smoothness roughness, 1c H $

".7)nfilling

J 7mm1d H

@

oint alteration factora H

" no filling I 7mm

filling J 7mm ;eathering 1e H @

filling I7mm 01

0 ;ater 7 H "0 7et

oint water factor w H " oint orientation !in roof% B H -/ Fa&ourable

*4 H

from *4 input, blocky ground RMR : ;from *4 input, burst

4imit of R"R:from *4 input, sMuee6ing

from *4 input, 6one

0

Q -a)ue

Q : ;Qc H including &+*

Qwall H

Tunnel data 0('5: blue values and blue te3t can be ad+uste*pan H "0

;all height H "0

4imit of :

RMi s#ste$0> RMi Basi% 'ara$eters 3> RMi %a)%u)ations in @ea&ness ones

Para$eter 7a)ue Co$$ent Para$eter 7a)ue Co$$ent

4ock strength "00 '(a 9one width T6 H - m3s H "./7

34 H ".7 9one orientation- roof

3w H ".1 - wall

".7 Ground conditions in 6one, 4'i LG; H

oint alteration factor3 H

" no filling 4oof condition

filling J 7mm ;all condition

filling I7mm*i6e ratio 6one

roof

0 wall

oint si6e factor 3 H "9one width 2s. tunnel si6e

T6 I Dt - roof

oint condition factor 3+ H ".7 T6 I ;t - wall

Block shape factor $@4imit of R"i:

Block 2olume ?b H mP

Block diameter Db H SSS m

ointing parameter ( H SSS

'assi2ity factor SSS 4> Ro%&$ass %ontinuit#

)nterlockingLLcompactness ) H " 4oof:

Ro%& Mass inde RMi : ; ;all:

1> RMi %a)%u)ations in dis%ontinuous 9round > Ro%&$ass stresses .*ro$ in'ut o* SRF/

Para$eter 7a)ue Co$$ent )nput stress le2el * H Moderate

Tunnel span Dt H "0 m Ground competency +g H - "appro8imate'

;all height ;t H 7 m (otential stress problems:

roof

wall

Ground water G; H "

*tress le2el * H "

umber of 3oint sets3 H

@ from block si6e

from input 2alue

4ock QualityDesignation 4QDusedH

$usedH

nusedH

ointcharac-teristics

oint roughnessfactor

r used H

lteration !infillingKweathering% usedH

ausedH

*tress reductionfactor

*4usedH

H

oint roughnessfactor

+o6one

H

+o6one

H

34usedH

Gcroof

H

Gcwall

H

Srroo*

:

3used H Sr@a)):

H

fH

4ockmasscontinuity factor

+roof

H

+wall

H

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" wall Fa&ourable

;

;

Sie ratio38tremely un#a&ourable

38tremely un#a&ourable

+o H

Ground %ondition*a%tor, G%

Gcroof

H

Gcwall

H

Srroo*

:

Sr@a))

:

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C(ASSIFICATIONS

C)assi*i%ation o* RMR

4'4 H "00 - 80 ?ery good

4'4 H 80 - @0 Good

4'4 H @0 - 10 air

4'4 H 10 - /0 (oor

4'4 H /0 - 0 ?ery poor

C)assi*i%ation o* QQ H "000 - 100 ENcept, good

Q H 100 - "00 ENtremely good

Q H "00 - 10 ?ery good

Q H 10 - "0 Good

Q H "0 - 1 air

Q H 1 - " (oor

Q H " - 0." ?ery poor

Q H 0." - 0.0" ENtremely poor

Q H 0.0" - 0.00" ENceptionally poor

C)assi*i%ation o* RMi4'i H "00 - 10 ?ery high

4'i H 10 - "0 Figh

4'i H "0 - " 'oderate

4'i H " - 0.1 ow

4'i H 0.1 - 0." ?ery low

4'i H 0." - 0.0" ENtremely low

C)assi*i%ation o* 9round %ondition *a%tor .G%/Gc I 10 ?ery good

Gc H 10 - "0 Good

Gc H "0 - " air

Gc H " - 0.1 (oor

Gc H 0.1 - 0." ?ery poor

Gc H 0." - 0.0" ENtremely poor

C)assi*i%ation o* Sie ratio .Sr/ Su99ested *or SrDG%

*r J 1 ?ery fa2ourable *rLGc J 0." 2ery good*r H 1 - "0 a2ourable *rLGc H " good

*r H "0 - 10 air 10 fair

*r H 10 - "00 &nfa2ourable /70 poor

*r H "00 - 100 ?ery unfa2ourable /000 2ery poor

*r I 100 ENtremely unfa2ourable I /000 eNtremely poor

C)assi*i%ation o* %ontinuit# .CF/ es%ri'ti-e +ointin9 %)asses

+ H 0 - $ +ontinuous L massi2e massi&e solid massi2e or intact

+ H $ - @ +ontinuous LL discontin. massi&e blocky

+ H @ - 10 Discontinuous blocky 3ointed or fractured

+ H 10 - @0 Discontinuous LL contin. blocky bulky

+ H @0 - 8 +ontinuous L particulate bulky particulate highly 3o inted or broken

weakness 6one crushed 6one or fault 6one

0('5: blue values and blue te3t can be ad+usted

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Corre)ations o* the in'ut 'ara$eters to Q, RMR and RMi/alues used in the spreadsheet are sho6n in blue7 common values used are given in the green cells

A ROCS

in'ut

RMR Q

A0 " H -

*oil J 1 0

4ock

?ery low strength " - 7 "

ow strength 7 - /7 /

'oderate strength /7 - 70 1

'edium strength 70 - "00 co

Figh strength "00 - /70 01

?ery high strength I /70 "7

B EGREE OF 8OINTING

in'ut

RMR Q

B0 Ro%&

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a2ourable 61

ot includedair c -7

&nfa2ourable d -"0

?ery unfa2ourable e -"/

8OINT CHARACTERISTICS

in'ut

RMR

0 1c H !3s H%

?ery rough or interlocking a @ /

4ough or irregular b 7 ".7

*lightly rough % 2 0>14

*mooth d " "

(olished e 0 0.7

*lickensided f 0 0.7

or filled 3oints g 0 "

1 - !3w H%

Discontinuous 3oints a

ot included

1

*trongly undulating b /.7

'oderately undulating c /

*lightly undulating d 0>3

(lanar e "

or filled 3oints f "

ote4 =R

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E INTER(OCING OF ROCMASS STRUCTUREin'ut

RMR Q

Co$'a%tness o* ro%&$ass - -

?ery tight structure &ndisturbed rock mass, well interlocked a

ot includedTight structure &ndisturbed rock mass with some 3oint sets

Disturbed L open olded L faulted with angular blocks c

(oorly interlocked Broken with angular and rounded blocks d

134 Interlockin% has been introduced in this spreadsheet based on its e##ects presented in the G+I system

F GROUN !ATERin'ut

RMR Q

7 H w H

Dry or damp no water inflow a "7 0

;et inflow J "0 litresLmin " - /.7 kgLcmW 0= 0.@@

Dripping "0 - /7 litresLmin/.7 - "0 kgLcmW

c 0.7

Gushing Loutwashing /7 - "/7 litresLmin d 1 0.$

lowing, decaying inflow I "/7 litresLmin e 0 0."7 utsFea2ily flowing, without noticeable decay f utside limit of 4'4 0.08

G ROC STRESSES .stresses around tunne)/in'ut

RMR Q

G0 Stress )e-e) stresses e)o@ ro%&$ass stren9th - *4 H

?ery low stress le2el !in portals% a

ot included

/.7ow stress le2el b

'edium stress le2el % 0

Figh stress le2el d 0.@

G1 O-erstressin9 stresses e%eed ro%&$ass stren9th - *4 H

'oderate slabbing after I" hr e

ot included

/7

*labbing and rock burst after few minutes f "00

Fea2y rock burst g $00

2erstressing in deformable rock mass'ild sMuee6ing h "0

Fea2y sMuee6ing i /0

H !EANESS ONES /in'ut

RMR Q

H0 T#'e o* @ea&ness one - *4 H

'ultiple weakness 6ones any depth 3 "0

*ingle weakness 6onedepth J 70m k 7

depth I 70m ) /.7

'ultiple shear 6ones any depth m .7

*ingle shear 6onedepth J 70m n 7

depth I 70m o /.7

oose, open 3oints any depth p 7

any depth M 7

H1 Sie o* the one - -

Thickness or width of the 6one !T6% use -a)ue ot included ot included ;idt

- -

?ery fa2ourable a

ot included ot included

a2ourable b

air c

&nfa2ourable d

?ery unfa2ourable e

(artly included inCoint separation orapertureCBack

In*)o@ to tunne) or %a-ern or @

"%

pwJ " kgLcmW

Back pwI "0 kgLcmW

13H G7 is related to %roundwater!s in#luence on rockmass stability6 $'7ater pressure can be applied in the -.system

*tresses below rock

mass strength !J

cm

%Back

+g

2erstressing!

I

cm%

in massi2e, brittle rock

Back

+g H competency of ground

tan%ential stresses around the openin% cm

RRMi compressi&e stren%th o# rock mass

;eakness 6ones andshears are noteNplicitly included in

4'4

Typ6onesnot eN

Back

Fea2ily 3ointed!Xsugar cubeX%

Back,

Orientation o* one related to eNca2ation !F$ in roof F1 in walls%

Back

B' Most weakness /ones should be especially e&aluated to%ether with the use o# en%ineerin% =ud%ement

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0('5: blue values can be ad+usted

Esti$ated 8-, ased on 7, @hen in'ut *or C1 is

B+5 ?&'E !?b% in mP (ossible number of )T *ET*

"7 mP or more o or few 3oints

7 - "7 " 3oint set

" - 7 " 3oint set K random 3oints

0." - " / 3oint sets

0.0" - 0." / 3oint sets K random 3oints

0.00" - 0.0" $ 3oint sets

0.000" - 0.00" $ 3oint sets K random 3oints

0.0000" - 0.000" 1 3oint sets or more hea2ily 3ointed

TERM

In one !A(( In o''osite !A(( In ROOF

?ery fa2ourable Y 0 all I @0 all I @0

)nput rating of &+* to 4'4!"% is automaticallycalculated from the &+*2alue gi2en

)nput rating of 4QD !/% to4'4 is automaticallycalculated from input orcalculation of 4QD

?alues of 4QD and ?bwill automatically becalculated.

;hen 2alue for 3ointspacing !B$% is not gi2en, itis automatically calculatedfrom the block diameter!Db%

strike !o% dip !o% strike !o% dip !o% dip !o%

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a2ourable J 0 Z /0 $0 - @0 all

alls

trikes 17 - @0

air70 - 0 I /0

Z $0 Z 17 $0 - 17Z 70 /0 - 17

&nfa2ourable $0 - 70 Y 17 Z $0 I 17 "7 - $0

?ery unfa2ourable Z $0 Y 17 Z "7

J-- 1 8

J-- @ 7 - "0

J-- 8 "/

J-- 8 - "/ "$ - /0

Ran9e o* 8a and +A 9i-en in theQ and in the RMi s#ste$s

wall contactor t ca6 (mm

or t ca6(mm

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J--

For RMi"

J-- when the ground water has minor influence on stability

J-- when the ground water has some influence on stability

J-- when the ground water has significant influence on stability

J-- 0." - 0./

J-- 0.07 - "

used in Q system

Assu$ed )i$its Gi-en in the Q6s#ste$

4ange of *4

J 0.0/ " - /.7 I /00 0.0"

0.0/ - 0.7 " /00 - "0 0.$0.7 - 0. 0.7 - / "0 - 7 0.7

0. - " 7 - 70 7 - $ 0.@7

" - ". 70 - /00 $ - / "I ". /00 - 100 J / J "

" - 7 7 - "0 0.@7assumed 2alues

I 7 "0 - /0 "

'aN )')T used H /0

C)assi*i%ation o* one orientation re)ated to tunne)

TERMIn one !A(( In o''osite !A(( In ROOF

?ery fa2ourable Y 0 all I @0 all

allstrikes

I @0

a2ourable J 0 Z /0 $0 - @0 all 17 - @0

air70 - 0 I /0

Z $0 Z 17 $0 - 17Z 70 /0 - 17

&nfa2ourable $0 - 70 Y 17 Z $0 I 17 "7 - $0

?ery unfa2ourable Z $0 Y 17 Z "7

The rating

2alues arebased on theG*) system

cm

cL

"

c

V% in the Q system cL

"

and L

cmare used

strike !o% dip !o% strike !o% dip !o% dip !o%

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The RMR su''ort ta)e .*or tunne)s @ith 0=$ s'an/

Ground %)ass

!/0 mm diam., fully bonded%

".?ery good rock ull face:

Generally4'4: 8"-"00 $m ad2ance

/. Good rock ull face:

4'4: @"-80 ".0 - ".7m ad2ance

+omplete support /0 m from face

$. air rock Top heading and bench:

4'4: 1"-@0 ".7 - $m ad2ance in top heading

+ommence support after each blast

+ommence support "0 m from face

1. (oor rock Top heading and bench:

4'4: /"-10 ".0 - ".7m ad2ance in top heading

7. ?ery poor rock 'ultiple dri fts:

4'4 J /" 0.7 - ".7m ad2ance in top heading

E%a-ation !drill and blast% 4ock bolts

ocally bolts in crown, $m long,spaced /.7m with occasionalwire mesh

*ystematic bolts 1m long,spaced ".7 - /m in crown andwalls with wire mesh in crown

*ystematic bolts 1 - 7m long,spaced " - ".7m in crown andwalls with wire mesh)nstall support concurrently with eNca2ation - "0 m

from face

*ystematic bolts 7 - @m long,spaced " - ".7m in crown andwalls with wire mesh. Bolt in2ert)nstall support concurrently with eNca2ation

shotcrete as soon as possible after blasting

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Ro%& su''ort

*hotcrete *teel sets

no support reMuired eNcept for occasional spot bolting

70mm in crown where reMuired one

one

ight ribs spaced ".7m where reMuired

70 - "00mm in crown, and $0mm insides

"00 - "70mm in crown and "00mmin sides

"70 - /00mm in crown, "70mm insides, and 70mm on face

'edium to hea2y ribs spaced 0.7mwith steel lagging and forepoling ifreMuired. +lose in2ert

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"00

70

/0

"0

7

/

"

0.00" 0.001 0.0" 0.01 0." 0.1 " 1 "0 10 "00 100 "000

G F E C B A

ENceptionallypoor

ENtremelypoor

?erypoor (oor air Good

?erygood

ENt.good

ENc.good

/0

""

7

$

/.1

".7

BoltlengthinmforE*4

H"

S'anorhei9htin$

ESR

Ro%& $ass

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The RMi ro%& su''ort %hart *or +ointed ro%& and @ea&ness ones The RMi ro%& su''ort %hart *or o-erstress

0==

8 0

@ 0

@ 0 0

1 0

1 0 0

/ 0

/ 0 0

0=

/

"

1

@

8

SiAeratio

.Sr/

ON(Y ROC BO(TS

G% : RMi 0

=>=0 0 . 0 / 0 . 0 1 => 0 0 . / 0 . 1 0 . @ 0 / 1 @ 0= / 0 1 0 @ 0 @ 0 00== / 0 0 1 0 0

Ground %ondition *a%tor

*rH!DtLDb%N5/

imit

RMi ro%& su''ort %hart *or +ointed ro%&s and @ea&ness onesalso for initial support in o2erstressed, particulate ground

Dt H diameter of tunnel !span or wall height%

Db H diameter of representati2e rock block

T6 H thickness !width% of weakness 6ones5" and 5/ are ad3ustment factors

5" H* H stress le2elB

%! + H factor for roof 2s. wallB G; H water inflowB) H interlocking of rockmass structure%

* N + N G; N )

For@ea&nessAoneswiththicknessT6JDt:*rH!T6LDb%N5/

else*rH!DtLDb%N5/

"./-".7"N" - ".7N".7m

SHOTCRETE AN ROC BO(TS

5/ H !+oL 3% !+o H factor for orientat ion of 3oint set or weakness 6one,3 H factor for number of 3oint sets%

For)o%and'arti%u)ate

9round

Ro%&

*(E+)-DE*)GED

4.+5

*&((.4T

*(E+)-DE*)G

ED

4.+5*

&((.4

T

imit

0."

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d ro%&

ote: use it with care, as there might be uncertainties in stress measurement or in calculations,and the fact that the chart for sMuee6ing is based on a limited amount of cases

Co$'eten%# *a%tor C9 : RMi D

"0/.7"

"0.

0.7

0.70.$7

0./

mild

lightfairhea2y2ery hea2y

highstressle2elhea2y2ery hea2y

SCA(INGK

SPOT BO(TINGNO ROCSUPPORT

FOR MASSI7E ROCS"

FOR PARTICU(ATE ROCS"

4+5 *&((4T

)se supp ort char t#or =ointed roc ks

s

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So$e ro%& 'ro'erties

4+5 T=(E

&niaNial 4ating of

4+5 T=(E

&niaNial

compressi2e the factor compressi2e

strength !'(a% strength !'(a%

low - a2erage - high !see notes% low - a2erage - high

*ED)'

ET4=

4.+5*

+oal "@ - /"- /@

'ET'.4(F)+

4.+5*

mphibolite 7 - "/7 - /70

+laystone / - 7 - "0 $.1 mphibolitic gneiss #7 - "@0 - /$0

+onglomerate 0 - 87 - "00 !/0% ugen gneiss #7 - "@0 - /$0

+oral chalk $ - "0 - "8 ./ Black shale $7 - 0 - "07

Dolomite @0 - "00 - $00 "0." Garnet mica schist 7 - "07 - "$0

imestone 70 - "00 - "80 8.1 Granite gneiss 80 - "/0 - "77

'udstone 17 - #7 - "17 Granulite 80 - "70 - /80

*hale $@ - #7 - "/ Gneiss 80 - "$0 - "87*andstone 7 - "/0 - "@0 "8.8 Gneiss granite @7 - "07 - "10

*iltstone "0 - 80 - "80 #.@ Greenschist @7 - 7 - 87

Tuff $ - /7 - "70 Greenstone "/0 - "0 - /80

)GE.&*4.+5*

ndesite 7 - "10 - $00 "8.# Greywacke "00 - "/0 - "17

northosite 10 - "/7 - /"0 'arble @0 - "$0 - /$0

Basalt "00 - "@7 - $77 !"% 'ica gneiss 77 - 80 - "00

Diabase !dolerite% // - /80 - $"# "7./ 'ica Muart6ite 17 - 87 - "/7

Diorite "00 - "10 - "#0 !/% 'ica schist /0 - 80 - "0

Gabbro "#0 - /10 - /87 /7.8 'ylonite @7 - #0 - "/0

Granite #7 - "@0 - /$0 $/. (hyllite /" - 70 - 80

Granodiorite 7 - "07 - "$7 !/0% Quart6 sandstone 0 - "/0 - "7

'on6onite 87 - "17 - /$0 !$0% Quart6ite 7 - "17 - /17

epheline syenite "/7 - "@7 - /00 Quart6itic phyllite 17 - "00 - "77

orite /#0 - /#8 - $/@ /". *erpentinite @7 - "$7 - /00

(egmatite $# - 70 - @/ *late "/0 - "#0 - $00

4hyolite - 87 - !/0% Talc schist 17 - @7 - #0

*yenite 7 - "70 - /$0 !$0%

&ltrabasic rock 80 - "@0 - $@0

*.)

?ery soft clay 0.0/7

*.)

*tiff clay 0." - 0./7

*oft clay 0.0/7 - 0.07 ?ery stiff clay 0./7 - 0.7

irm clay 0.07 - 0." Fard clay 0.7 - "

*ilt, sand 0.000" - 0.00"

ote": The Foek - Brown failure criterion for rock masses ote /: ?alues in brackets ha2e been assumed

The compressi2e strength 2alues gi2en are based on measurements by *)TE, orway

)IAJIA5 *1MPR3++I>3 +R3GK A: RAIG+ 1F K3 mi

FA*1R I K13L.R17 FAI5

*RI3RI1 F1R R1*L MA++3+

mi

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4ating of

the factor

!see notes%

$"./

!$"%

!$0%

!$0%

/#./!$0%

!/0%

#.$

!$0%

!/7%

!"7%

!"$%

/$.

"".1

!"0%

R3

mi