demokratiuli mmarTvelobisgamowvevebi saqarTveloSi

Tbilisi, 2014

giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbelianimiqaela vanore

borislav mavrovi

naSromi momzadebul iqna socialuri kvle visa da politikis ana-lizis saerTaSoriso centris (ICSRPA), maastrixtis universite-tis mmarTvelobis skolisa da evropuli institutis eqspertebis mier, gaerTianebuli erebis demokratiis fondis (UNDEF) mier dafinansebuli proeqtis _ `demokratiis xelSewyoba saqarTve-loSi politikuri partiebisa da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis axalgazrda wevrebis gaZlierebis gziT~ farglebSi.

© 2014 socialuri kvlevisa da politikuri analizis saerTaSo-riso centri (ICSRPA)

yvela saavtoro ufleba daculia. misi nawilobrivi an sruli gadaReba/ gavrceleba nebarTvis gareSe CaiTvleba kanonis darRvevad.

es naSromi warmoadgens socialuri kvlevisa da politikis anal-izis saerTaSoriso centris (ICSRPA), maastrixtis universite-tis mmarTvelobis skolisa da evropuli institutis eqspertTa saavtoro namuSevars. masSi mocemuli analizi, interpretacie-bi da daskvnebi SeiZleba ar asaxavdes gaerTianebuli erebis demokratiis fondis Sexedulebebs.

giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbelianimiqaela vanoreborislav mavrovi _ demokratiuli mmarTvelobis gamowvevebi saqarTveloSi

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: nika xvedeliZe

`saunje~, gamomcemeli vaJa wowkolauri

SAUNJE Publishing House, Vazha Tsotskolauri

ISBN 978-9941-451-60-7

©

Sinaarsi

winasityvaoba .............................................................................................................5giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani

Sesavali ........................................................................................................................7giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani

I. demokratiuli mmarTvelobis gamowvevebi XXI saukuneSi ............101.1 demokratiuli mmarTvelobis principebimiqaela vanore, giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani

1.2 demokratia da kargi mmarTveloba ........................................................12miqaela vanore, giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani

1.3 politikuri partiebis roli demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi ..15miqaela vanore

1.4 sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis rolidemokratiul mmarTvelobaSi .........................................................................17miqaela vanore, giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani

1.5 „warmatebis~ gazomvis kriteriumebi ....................................................20miqaela vanore

II. sajaro politika da politikis analizi ..............................................22borislav mavrovi, giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani

2.1 sajaro politikis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi ...............................................22borislav mavrovi, giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani

2.2 politikis analizis mTavari aspeqtebi ...............................................27borislav mavrovi, giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani

2.3 ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdileba ...............................................29borislav mavrovi

2.3.1 zogadi mimoxilva .........................................................................................29borislav mavrovi

2.3.2 Teoriasa da praqtikas Soris arsebuli barierebi .....................31borislav mavrovi

2.3.3 saukeTeso praqtikebi evrokavSiris qveynebidan ........................32borislav mavrovi

III. politikuri lideroba da elita .............................................................363.1 ra aris politikuri lideroba? giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani

3.2 axalgazrdoba da politikuri lideroba ..........................................38miqaela vanore

3.3 politikuri liderobis Sefasebis kriteriumebi .........................41giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani

3.4 lideroba da menejmenti da maTi krizisi saqarTveloSi ...........44giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani

3.5 elitis roli demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi.................................... 46giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani

IV. post-sabWoTa tranziciis paradigmebis axleburad gaazreba ....... 504.1 warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis marcxi postsabWoTa qveynebSi giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani

4.2 meritokratia, rogorc demokratiisganmtkicebis instrumenti ................................................................................51giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani

4.3 meritokratiis mokle istoriuli rakursi .....................................54giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani

4.4 qarTuli demokratiis anatomia ..............................................................56giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani

daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi ...........................................................................62

gamoyenebuli literatura ..............................................................................66

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winasityvaoba

2014 wlis seqtemberSi, socialuri kvlevisa da poli-tikis analizis saerTaSoriso centrma (ICSRPA) daasrula gaerTianebuli erebis demokratiis fondis (UNDEF) mier dafinansebuli orwliani proeqti _ `demokratiis xel-Sewyoba saqarTveloSi politikuri partiebisa da sazoga-doebrivi organizaciebis axalgazrda wevrebis gaZlier-ebis gziT~, romlis farglebSic momzadda es gzamkvlevi saxelmZRvanelo.

proeqti fokusirebuli iyo im aqtualur probleme-bze, romlebic dakavSirebulia xangrZliv politikur, ekonomikur, socialur da inteleqtualur krizisebTan da gamowveulia politikuri kulturis, codnisa da pro-fesionalizmis, zneobriv-eTikuri normebis, proaqtiuli liderobis deficitiT saqarTveloSi.

proeqtis mizans warmoadgenda niWieri da lideruli potencialis mqone axalgazrdebis momzadeba liderobis, saxelmwifo marTvis, politikis analizis, gadawyvetile-bebis miRebisa da advokatirebis sakiTxebSi, rac xels Seu-wyobda maT aqtiur monawileobas politikur procesebsa da demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi.

gaerom axalgazrdebis ganviTarebis 2011 wlis pro-gramaSi moaxdina imis mkafio deklarireba, rom „social-uri cvlilebis, ekonomikuri zrdisa da teqnologiuri inovaciebis ganxorcielebis ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens axalgazrdoba~. politikuri sistemebis transformaciis, warmatebuli reformebis ganxorcielebisa da ekonomiku-ri SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebis saqmeSi, swored konkuren-tuli codniTa da unarebiT aRWurvili axalgazrdoba unda moiazrebodes mamoZravebel Zalad, magram samwux-arod, saqarTveloSi bevr niWier axalgazrdas ar eZleva gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebSi monawileobis Sesa-Zlebloba. xolo isini, vinc xelisuflebaSi xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobebze iniSnebian, akliaT codna, kompetencia da lideruli unarebi, rac negatiurad aisaxeba mmarTvelobis xarisxze da qveynis demokratiul ganviTarebaze.

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vinaidan ganviTarebul qveynebSi sul ufro meti yur-adReba eqceva mTavrobis Sedegebze orientirebuli poli-tikis legitimurobas, rac gulisxmobs legitimurobis tradiciuli rolis cvlilebas demokratiuli warmo-madgenlobiTobidan politikis ganxorcielebis xarisxis Sefase bis mimarTulebiT, gzamkvlevi fokusirebulia im uaxles codnasa da saukeTeso gamocdilebebze, romlebic mniSvnelovania postsabWoTa tranziciis gamowvevebis komp-leqsuri gaazrebisaTvis.

naSromSi warmodgenilia qarTuli `fasaduri~ demok-ra tiis diagnostikuri analizi da inovaciuri xedve-bi meritokratiuli SerCevisa da Sefasebis, proaqtiuli liderobis, politikuri elitebis cirkulaciisa da kar-gi mmarTvelobis principebze, romlebmac xeli unda Seu-wyon Sedegebze orientirebuli WeSmaritad demokratiuli mmarTvelobis damkvidrebas qveyanaSi.

giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani,saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis doqtori

socialuri kvlevisa da politikuri analizissaerTaSoriso centris Tavmjdomare

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Sesavali giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani

`maT, vinc sanimuSoni arian saxelmwifo samsaxurSi, unda iswavlon, xolo maT, vinc sanimuSoni arian swavlaSi, unda marTon sistema~

konfuci

miuxedavad imisa, rom warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia mmarTvelobis yvelaze sasurvel da misaReb formas war-moadgens dasavlur sazogadoebebSi, es rwmena sadavo xdeba postsabWoTa gardamavali qveynebis magaliTze politikuri stabilurobis, kargi mmarTvelobisa da sajaro politikis ganxorcielebis konteqstSi. aRmoCnda, rom xalxisaTvis arCevnebSi xmis micemis uflebis garantia diskriminaci-is gareSe, sakmarisi ar aris mdgradi demokratiis dasam-kvidreblad, vinaidan sakiTxs, Tu vin unda iyos mmarTve-lobaSi, gadamwyveti roli eniWeba.

1991 wels damoukideblobis miRebis dRidan saqarTvelo gaxda mTel postsabWoTa sivrceSi yvelaze didi beneficiari dasavleTis qveynebidan erT sul mosaxleze daxmarebis miRe-bis TvalsazrisiT. mzardi dasavluri gavlenis, gansakuTre-biT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebsa da saqarTvelos Soris strategiuli partniorobis qartiis miRebis, evropis same-zoblo politikis/aRmosavleTis partniorobisa da evroka-vSirsa da natoSi SesaZlo gawevrianebis pirobebSi, gaizarda demokratiuli Rirebulebebis, sajaro politikis efeqturo-bisa da kargi mmarTvelobis mniSvneloba. Tumca, Tanamedrove qarTuli realoba naTlad warmoaCens politikuri insti-tutebisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis uunarobas proaqtiuli cvlilebebi ganaxorcielon mmarTv-elobis procesSi, rasac Sedegad qveyanaSi politikur-ekono-mikuri krizisebi da demokratiis gauareseba mosdevs.

2012 wlis saparlamento arCevnebamde, saerTaSori-so organizaciebis mier gamoqveynebuli moxsenebebi (2012 wlis demokratiis indeqsi, 2013 wlis presis Tavisuflebis indeqsi, 2012 wlis arSemdgari qveynebis indeqsi da sxv.),

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saqarTvelos moiazrebdnen, rogorc hibriduli reJimis mqone saxelmwifos. am angariSebis monacemebis mixedviT, seriozuli sisusteebi gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevi iyo poli-tikur kulturaSi, xelisuflebisa da mediis funqcioni-rebaSi, sasamarTlos damoukideblobaSi, agreTve politi-kur procesebSi CarTulobis kuTxiT. es situacia kidev ufro gauaresda 2012 wlis saparlamento, 2013 wlis sap-rezidento da 2014 wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebis Semdeg, rac gamoixata politikur institutebSi iseTi mankieri praqtikebis gazrdiT, rogoricaa politiku-ri klientelizmi, korufcia, favoritizmi, qronizmi, nep-otizmi, sargebelze orientirebuli qceva.

es realoba badebs kiTxvas, Tu ramdenad SesaZlebelia, rom dasavlur postindustriul sazogadoebebSi apro-birebuli liberaluri demokratiis modeli warmatebiT iqnas realizebuli postsabWoTa qveynebSi. rogorc samuel hantingtoni Tavis monografiaSi `civilizaciaTa Sejaxe-ba~ aRniSnavs, `naklebad savaraudoa, rom rusulma an sxva postsabWoTa sazogadoebebma SeZlon mdgradi demokrati-is damkvidreba apriori mizezebis gamo, warsuli mem-kvidreobidan gamomdinare~.

postsabWoTa gardamavali demokratiis qveynebSi, sad-ac sabWoTa memkvidreobam mtkivneuli asaxva hpova masebis inteleqtualur ganviTarebaze, naklebad ganaTlebuli mosaxleoba xSirad iRebs araadeqvatur da iracionalur gadawyvetilebebs. imis gamo, rom ar arsebobs proaqti-ul liderobaze orientirebuli mmarTveloba da igno-rirebulia meritokratiuli seleqciisa da Sefasebis kriteriumebi, samTavrobo politika da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi moqceulia arakompetenturi politiku-ri ̀nomenklaturis~1 gavlenis qveS, romelic manipuli-rebs demagogiuri da populisturi meTodebiT sakuTari Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad.

politikis formulirebisa da ganxorcielebis xarisxi mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli sajaro politikaSi Car-

1 wamyvan administraciul poziciebze myofi mmarTveli ierarqia sabWo-Ta kavSirsa da sxva komunisturi blokis qveynebSi

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Tuli subieqtebis wvlilze, maT Soris arCeuli an daniSnu-li Tanamdebobis pirebis, politikuri partiebis lider-ebis, arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa da damoukidebeli eqspertebis codnaze, unarebsa da kompetenciaze. ukanask-nel periodSi gansakuTrebuli aqcenti keTdeba xelisu-flebis xarisxian Sedegebze orientirebuli politikis legitimurobaze, rac Tavis mxriv gulisxmobs legitimur-obis tradiciuli rolis cvlilebas demokratiuli war-momadgenlobiTobidan politikis ganxorcielebis xarisxis Sefasebis mimarTulebiT.

is faqti, rom xSirad, saqarTvelos erT-erT yvelaze warmatebul postsabWoTa demokratiul saxelmwifod miiCneven mxolod Tavisufali arCevnebisa da bazrebis liberalizaciis gamo, da mxedvelobaSi ar Rebuloben mmarTvelobisa da ganxorcielebuli reformebis xarisxs, naTlad miuTiTebs postsabWoTa tranziciis paradigme-bis gadaxedvis aucileblobaze, raTa `fasaduri demokra-tia~ Seicvalos Sedegebze orientirebuli demokratiuli mmarTvelobiT, romelic ufro momgebiani iqneba saxelmwi-fosa da sazogadoebisaTvis. swored am mizniT, gzamkvlevi mTlianad fokusirebulia im uaxlesi codnasa da saukeTe-so gamocdilebebze, romlebmac Teoriuli da praqtikuli dasabuTeba hpoves ganviTarebul qveynebSi, da romlebic mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben demokratiuli mmarTvelo-bisa da postsabWoTa tranziciis gamowvevebis kompleqsur gaazrebaSi.

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I. demokratiuli mmarTvelobis gamowvevebiXXI saukuneSi

miqaela vanore, giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani

1.1 demokratiuli mmarTvelobis principebi

demokratiuli mmarTvelobis fenomeni gaazrebuli unda iyos im mniSvnelovan konteqstSi, Tu rogor xdeba institucionaluri CarCos farglebSi politikis ganxor-cieleba garkveul teritoriaze mcxovrebi mosaxleobis saWiroebebisa da moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad.

klasikuri ganmartebis mixedviT, demokratia aris xalxis xelSi arsebuli Zalaufleba, Seqmnili xalxisTvis da arCeuli xalxis mier, sadac adamianebs konstituciurad miniWebuli aqvT Tanabari ufleba airCion xelisufleba Ta-visufali da samarTliani arCevnebis gziT. demokratia war-moadgens RirebulebaTa sistemas, romelic dafuZnebulia politikur pluralizmze, kanonis uzenaesobaze, kanonis winaSe yvelas Tanasworobaze, adamianis uflebaTa dacvaze, samoqalaqo Tavisuflebaze.

demokratiuli mmarTveloba ki warmoadgens saxelmwifo, kerZo da samoqalaqo seqtorebis CarTulobis principebis safuZvelze gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da maTi ganxor-cielebis process, sadac institutebis funqcionireba xde-ba demokratiuli procesebisa da normebis Sesabamisad.

mmarTvelobas esaWiroeba demokratiul bazisze dam-yarebuli legitimurobis statusi, romelic adgilobriv, erovnul da globalur doneze aRiarebulia moralur saxelmZRvanelo principad da saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv normad. moqalaqeTa CarTuloba iseTi marTvis sisteme-bis Seqmnis procesSi, romlebic mniSvnelovani politiku-ri arCevanis SesaZleblobiT xasiaTdeba, legitimurs xdis mmarTvelobas.

legitimurobis koncefcia mWidrod ukavSirdeba val-idurobas, romelic uzrunvelyofs mmarTvelobis proces-Si CarTul subieqtebs Soris nebayoflobiT TanamSromlo-

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bas, da wesebisa da politikis Tanxvedras. demokratiuli gziT xelisuflebaSi mosvlis procesSi, mTavrobebs le-gitimurobis uflebamosileba eniWebaT. legitimuroba miiRweva maSin, rodesac politikuri sistemebi maTi Seqm-nis procesTan erTad xels uwyoben konsensusisa da ndobis uzrunvelyofas politikur procesSi monawile subieqtebs Soris.

demokratiuli mmarTveloba warmoadgens mmarTve-lobis iseT sistemas, sadac institutebis funqcionireba xdeba demokratiuli procesebisa da normebis Sesabamisad, xolo gadawyvetilebebis miReba xorcieldeba saxelmwifo, kerZo da samoqalaqo seqtorebis CarTulobis principebis safuZvelze.

am amosavali wertilidan Cven SegviZlia ukeT gavigoT demokratiuli mmarTvelobis komponentebi da is, Tu ro-gor uwyoben xels isini marTvis sistemebis validuroba-sa da legitimacias. demokratias aqvs sami ZiriTadi gan-zomileba: 1) TviTgamorkveva, 2) gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, da 3) Tavisufali da Ria arCevnebi. am siaSi Cven SegviZlia davamatoT meoTxe komponenti, romelic demokratiul mmarTvelobas ufro efeqtians xdis: mTavrobis funqcioni-rebis xarisxi politikis formulirebis, ganxorcielebisa da Sedegebis miRebis TvalsazrisiT.

1990 wels, evropis usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobi-saTvis miZRvnil konferenciaze, Seiqmna e.w. `kopenhagen-is dokumenti~, romelSic damatebiTi debulebebi Sevida saarCevno eTikisa da samarTlianobis Sesaxeb. am dokumentis mixedviT, saarCevno eTika da samarTlianoba gulisxmobs ara mxolod arCevnebis process, aramed im institutebi-sa da mmarTvelobis struqturebis xarisxsac, romelTac es arCevnebi exeba. aRsaniSnavia agreTve isic, rom am do-kumentis mixedviT, yvela moqalaqes aqvs ufleba, hyavdes pasuxismgebliani mTavroba, romlis aRmasrulebeli Stoc angariSvaldebulia moqmedi kanonmdeblobisa da uSualod amomrCevlebis winaSe.

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1.2 demokratia da kargi mmarTveloba

demokratiuli mmarTveloba mimarTulia demokratiul procesebSi sazogadoebis CarTulobis xelSewyobisaken, ma-gram, mas Semdeg, rac arCeuli warmomadgenloba xelisu-flebaSi Tavis adgils daikavebs, is pirdapir ver uzrul-velyofs mmarTvelobis xarisxs. rogorc ki mmarTvelobis sistemebSi kompetenturi subieqtebis CarTuloba aqti-urdeba, warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiuli mmarTvelobis xarisxic umjobesdeba. politikis formireba moicavs dRis wesrigis gansazRvrasa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebas, rac Zalian mniSvnelovania eleqtoratis interesebisa da moTx-ovnebis dakmayofilebisTvis. politikis ganxorcieleba ki moicavs process, romlis mizania politikis konkretul Sedegebad gardaqmna, romelic moiTxovs resursebis orga-nizebasa da maT racionalurad marTvas.

mmarTvelobis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileoba re-aluri iniciativebisa da cvlilebebis SeTavazebis gziT, xels uwyobs kargi mmarTvelobis principebis realizacias. kargi mmarTvelobis koncefcia SemuSavebul iqna iseTi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier, rogoricaa gaero, msoflio banki da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi.

gaeros koncefciis mixedviT, kargi mmarTvelobis ganx-orcieleba SesaZlebelia Semdegi mniSvnelovani pirobebis ar-sebobisas: mmarTvelobis procesi uzrunvelyofs sxvadasxva mxareTa aqtiur CarTulobas da maT Soris konsensuss; poli-tikis monawile subieqtebi angariSvaldebulni arian kano-nis uzenaesobisa da sazogadoebis winaSe, rac ganapirobebs maTi saqmianobisa da miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis gamWvirva-leobas; problemebze reagireba xdeba efeqturad da qmed-iTad, rac xels uwyobs resurebis racionaluri gamoyenebiT sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas; Seqmnilia samarTlianobisa da inkluziurobis garantiebi, raTa gamoir-icxos nebismieri formis diskriminacia da TiToeulma moqa-laqem SeZlos sazogadoebrivi sargeblis miReba.

msoflio bankis mier SemuSavebuli kargi mmarTvelobis Sefasebis kriteriumebi, mmarTvelobis mandatis Sedegebis

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Sefasebas politikuri reJimis, ekonomikuri da social-uri resursebis marTvisa da mTavrobis funqcionirebis xarisxis mixedviT axdens. xolo saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi mTavar prioritetebad kanonis uzenaesobas, sajaro seqtoris efeqturobisa da angariSvaldebulebis gazrdas, da korufciasTan brZolas miiCnevs. aRniSnuli koncefciis safuZveli mdgomareobs imaSi, rom siRaribis Semcirebisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mizniT gaweuli daxmareba ar-aefeqturi iqneba, Tu qveyanaSi damkvidrebulia araswori marTvis sistema da endemuri korufcia, rac iwvevs mmarTv-elobis araefeqturobas. sakuTari institucionaluri man-datebis gaTvaliswinebiT, msoflio banki da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi aRar apelireben imaze, rom kargi mmarT-velobis damkvidrebisaTvis sakmarisia demokratia, da amis nacvlad isini yuradRebas amaxvileben keTildReobasa da sargebelze orientirebuli mmarTvelobis xarisxze.

sxva organizaciebma, rogoricaa amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagento (USAID) da didi britaneTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis departamen-ti (DFID), SeimuSaves kargi mmarTvelobis sakuTari kon-cefciebi, romlebic fokusirebulia legitimurobaze, angariSvaldebulebaze, kompetenciasa da kanonis uzenae-sobis pativiscemaze. kargi mmarTvelobis principebi erT-maneTisgan gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva dawesebulebebisa da uwyebebis mixedviT da gamomdinareobs maTi instituciu-ri kompetenciebidan da mandatidan. miuxedavad garkveuli gansxvavebebis arsebobisa, USAID, DFID da msoflio banki Tanxmdebian kargi mmarTvelobis ZiriTad principebze. es principebi moicavs: legitimurobas, CarTulobas, angariS-valdebulebis, yovlismomcvelobas, gamWvirvalobas, efeq-turobasa da uflebamosilebas2.

bunebrivia, es naSromi mxolod nawilobriv mimoixi-lavs demokratiasa da karg mmarTvelobas Soris arsebul kavSirebs. aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom kargi mmarTveloba aris principebisa da praqtikis erTia-

2 USAID, DFID/World Bank, 2011.

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noba, romelic aRiarebs demokratiis zogad ideebs da xels uwyobs am ideebis praqtikul ganxorcielebas.

mmarTvelobis Tanamedrove koncefcia, kargi mmarTve-lobis CaTvliT, cdilobs daamkvidros inovaciuri midgoma mmarTvel administraciaSi xalxisaTvis meti Zalauflebis miniWebis gziT. kargi mmarTvelobis Sedegi aris iseTi mmarTvelobisa da administrirebis Seqmna, romelic xalx-isgan warmoiSoba, xalxs ekuTvnis, rogorc samarTlebrivi, ise ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT, da xalxsve SeuZlia masze kontrolis ganxorcieleba.

kargi mmarTvelobis yvelaze mniSvnelovani maxasiaTe-beli mTavrobis mier sakuTari xalxis winaSe angariSval-debulebis sistemis arsebobaa, rac saqarTveloSi serio-zul problemas warmoadgens. Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom arc samoqalaqo sazogadoebaa sakmarisad momTxovni, rom adeqvatur zomebs iRebdes xelisuflebis upasuxismge-blo qmedebebis prevenciisaTvis.

saqarTveloSi demokratiisa da kargi mmarTvelobis ganxorcielebas xels uSlian Semdegi faqtorebi:

• meritokratiuli principebis ignorireba• politikosTa liderobis, codnis, kompetenciisa da unarebis deficiti• politikosTa da sajaro moxeleTa mxridan zneobriv- eTikuri normebis ugunebelyofa• korufcia, qronizmi, klientelizmi, favoritizmi, sargeb-lis miRebaze orientirebuli qceva• saxelmwifo marTvisa da politikis analizis dabali done• demokratiuli institutebis sisuste• administraciis politizireba• parlamentis araefeqturoba• kanonis uzenaesobis ararseboba• mosaxleobis gauTviTcnobierebloba sajaro politikisprioritetul sakiTxebSi, rac uzRudavs mas racionaluri arCevanis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas.

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1.3 politikuri partiebis rolidemokratiul mmarTvelobaSi

demokratiuli mmarTvelobis sistemis ganmtkiceba Sei-Zleba moxdes mxolod racionaluri politikuri arCevanis saSualebiT. politikuri partiebi, gansakuTrebiT warmo-madgenlobiTi demokratiis pirobebSi, xels unda uwyobdnen aseTi racionaluri politikuri arCevanis uzrun velyofas.

TviTgamorkvevis uflebis gamoxatva ori gziT aris SesaZlebeli: pirdapiri demokratia, rogoricaa magaliTad referendumi, romelSic kerZo pirebi pirdapiri xmis mice-mis gziT afiqsireben sakuTar mosazrebas ama Tu im sakiTx-ze, an warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia, romelSic adami-anebi irCeven maTi interesebis damcvel warmomadgenlebs konkretul olqebSi. politikuri partiebi, politikis formirebaSi Sesatani wvlilidan gamomdinare, mniSvnelo-van rols TamaSoben warmomadgenlobiT demokratiaSi. isi-ni gvevlinebian warmomadgenlobiTi organizaciebis saxiT, romlebic akavSireben xalxs xelisuflebasTan da sakuTar Tavze iReben amomrCevlis preferenciebis mixedviT poli-tikis dagegmvis pasuxismgeblobas.

imisaTvis, rom politikurma partiebma imoqmedon, ro-gorc preferenciebis efeqturma subieqtebma, amomrCev-els unda SeeZlos maTi ideologiebis, platformebisa da dapirebebis Sefaseba, rac sakmaod rTulia postsabWoTa sivrcis axalbeda demokratiebSi imis gamo, rom 1) dabalia eleqtoratis ganaTlebis done; da 2) politikuri partiebi ganicdian codnis, ideologiis, profesionalizmis, poli-tikuri kulturis deficits, da iseTi mavne praqtikebis zegavlenas, rogoricaa favoritizmi, qronizmi, nepotizmi, klientelizmi, sargebelze orientirebuli qceva.

aRiarebulia, rom postkomunistur politikur siste-mebSi, Zlieri instituciuri gamowvevebisa da mmarTvelo-bis sistemis SigniT arsebuli problemebis gamo, poli-tikuri partiebi ver axerxeben koleqtiur interesebsa da saWiroebebze efeqturad reagirebas. aseT gamowvevebs Sorisaa: `saxelmwifos mitaceba~, romelSic saxelmwifoe-

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brivi resursebi xelisuflebis mier gadamisamarTebulia kerZo an koleqtiuri specifiuri interesebis dakmayo-filebisaTvis; klientelizmi, romelSic sazogadoebrivi sikeTeebi da servisebi politikur mxardaWeraSi icvleba; nepotizmi da qronizmi, rodesac Zalauflebis mqone pire-bi naTesavebsa da megobrebs mfarveloben, da; politikuri patronaJi, romelSic saxelmwifo resursebis mniSvnelovan nawils politikuri partiebis mcire karteli akontrolebs iseTi politikuri Txovnebis Sesrulebis sanacvlod, ro-goricaa saarCevno kampaniis dros gaweuli mxardaWera da eleqtoratis mobilizeba.

amgvari mankieri praqtikebi zRudaven axalgazrdobis aqtiur CarTulobas politikuri partiebis saqmianobaSi. maSin, rodesac saqarTveloSi, mankieri normebi Rrmad aris fesvgadgmuli samTavrobo struqturebSi, piradi kavSire-bis ararsebobs SemTxvevaSi, bevri lideruli potencialis mqone niWieri axalgazrda ganicdis marginalizacias, rac iwvevs apaTiasa da nihilizms sazogadoebaSi. favoritizmi, qronizmi, klientelizmi, nepotizmi, patronaJi _ es is problemebia, romlebic ara mxolod zRudavs axalgazr-debis CarTulobas demokratiul mmarTvelobasa da poli-tikur procesebSi, aramed asustebs sajaro politikis xarisxs farTo politikuri interesebis warmomadgeneli pirebis CarTvis SezRudvis gamo. cxadia, aseTi SezRudve-bi, politikur procesSi nebayoflobiTi CarTulobis Sesa-Zleblobebis mospobiT, arRvevs kargi mmarTvelobis prin-cipebs.

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1.4 sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis rolidemokratiul mmarTvelobaSi

sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi agreTve warmoadgenen Suamaval subieqtebs, romlebic xels uwyoben legitimu-ri da pasuxismgeblobis mqone marTvis sistemebis Camoy-alibebas. politikuri partiebisagan gansxvavebiT, rom-lebic uzrunvelyofen eleqtoratsa da saxelmwifos Soris pirdapiri gacvlis sistemas, sazogadoebrivi organizacie-bi warmoadgenen nebayoflobiT gaerTianebebs, romlebic cdiloben, niadagi moamzadon konkretul sferoebSi arse-buli problemebis aqtualizaciis, sazogadoebrivi azris formirebisa da advokatirebisaTvis. samoqalaqo sazoga-doebam, romelic Sedgeba instituciur doneze gansxvave-buli profilisa da SesaZleblobebis mqone arasamTavrobo organizaciebisagan, SesaZloa moicvas aqtorebis farTo speqtri, maT Soris: kvleviTi institutebi, saswavlo dawe-sebulebebi, profkavSirebi, profesiuli asociaciebi, bi-znes forumebi, eTnikuri lobisturi dajgufebebi, gare-mosdacviTi moZraobebi, TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis iniciativebi, rwmenaze dafuZnebuli asociaciebi, axal-gazrduli gaerTianebebi da qselebi, adamianis uflebaTa damcveli jgufebi da mravali sxva.

kerZo seqtorsa da sxva struqturebTan erTad, politikuri partiebi da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi mmarTvelobis qselis mniSvnelovan nawilad iqcnen. isini qmnian im kerZo da sajaro aqtorebs Soris urTierToba-Ta jaWvs, romlebic monawileoben politikis formire-bisa da ganxorcielebis procesSi. am qselSi sxvada sxva tipis aqtorebis monawileoba, politikur sazRvrebs miRma dakavSirebis gziT, politikis formulirebisa da ganxorcielebis process ufro moqnils da dinamiurs xdis. sazogadoebriv organizaciebs SeuZliaT iTamaSon mniSvnelovani roli ara mxolod sazogadoebis interese-bis gamoxatvis, aramed politikis miwodebis efeqturo-bis gazrdis gziTac, rac kargi mmarTvelobis erT-erT umTavres mizans warmoadgens.

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zogadad, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan rols arsuleben demokratiuli CarTulo-bis gaRrmavebis saqmeSi individebis instituciuri warmo-madgenlobisa da koleqtiuri berketebis uzrunvelyofis gziT, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseTi susti da araefeqturi politikuri partiebis mqone saxelmwifoebSi, rogoricaa saqarTvelo.

samoqalaqo sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi sajaro politikis procesis mniSvnelovan monawile subieqtebad arian miCneulni sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo. pirvel rigSi, samoqalaqo sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi warmoadgenen im specifiuri codnisa da eqspertizis mTavar wyaros, romlis saWiroebac politikis SemuSavebis procesSi dgeba. cod-nis am resursis CarTva saSualebas gvaZlevs darwmunebul-ni viyoT imaSi, rom politika saTanadod formulirebuli, realurad ganxorcielebadi da mdgradi Sedegebis momtani iqneba. meorec, maT SeuZliaT imoqmedon, rogorc part-niorebma politikis implementaciis procesSi da am gziT pirdapiri momsaxurebis gaweva uzrunvelyon. Sesabamisi organizaciuli SesaZleblobebisa da codniT aRWurvili personalis pirobebSi, samoqalaqo sazogadoebriv organi-zaciebs SeuZliaT politikis efeqturobis gazrda, vinaidan isini mWidro kavSirSi arian beneficiarebTan da mopovebuli aqvT am ukanasknelTa ndoba. mesamec, sazogadoebriv organi-zaciebs SeuZliaT mxar daWera moipovon politikis ganxor-cielebisaTvis, misi legitimurobis uzrunvelyofis gziT.

saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTare-bis dabali done mniSvnelovan negatiur zegavlenas axdens demokratiuli mmarTvelobis efeqturobaze, vinaidan sazo-gadoebrivi organizaciebis sisuste zRudavs CarTulobas, kritikuli gansjis SesaZleblobasa da xarisxiani eqspertu-li rCevebis miwodebas. SeSfoTebis sagania samoqalaqo sazo-gadoebis sijansaRis sakiTxic. miuxedavad registrirebuli samoqalaqo organizaciebis didi raodenobisa, maTi mxolod mcire nawili aris moqmedi da kidev ufro mcirea maT Soris im organizaciebis ricxvi, romlebsac muSaobisa da damoukide-beli funqcionirebisaTvis stabiluri Semosavali gaaCniaT.

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aSS-s saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID) mier 2013 wels gamoqveynebuli centraluri, axlo aRmo savleTisa da evraziis qveynebis arasamTavrobo organi zaciebis mdgradobis indeqsis mixedviT, qveya-naSi daregistrirebulia 16 000 arasamTavrobo organi-zacia, romelTa umravlesoba mxolod qaRaldze arse-bobs. bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi uTanasworobis TvalsaCino zrdis tendencia SeiniSneba SedarebiT pro-fesionalur organizaciebsa da patara, instituciurad sust arasamTavrobo organizaciebs Soris, romlebic umravlesobas warmoadgenen seqtorSi. es axladCamoya-libebuli, enTuziazmiT aRsavse, axalgazrdebisagan dakompleqtebuli damoukidebeli samoqalaqo organi-zaciebi ganicdian codnis, dafinansebis, xelmZRvanelo-bisaTvis saWiro unarebis, eqspertizisa da kompetenciis naklebobas, rac xels uSlis maT efeqturi iniciative-bis SemuSavebaSi.

kidev erTi problema, ris gamoc samoqalaqo seqtori ver axerxebs aqtiur advokatirebas, aris is, rom xelisu-fleba ar cdilobs arasamTavrobo organizaciebis im wris gafarToebas, romelTanac konsultaciebs marTavs. kri-tikulad ganwyobil kompetentur sazogadoebriv organi-zaciebTan xelisufleba Segnebulad ar TanamSromlobs, xolo axladSeqmnil organizaciebs ara aqvT xelisuflebis mxridan yuradRebis mipyrobis SesaZlebloba SezRudu-li resursebisa da dabali cnobadobis gamo. samwuxarod, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mxolod mcire nawils Seu-Zlia profesionaluri eqspertuli analizis warmoeba da am analizis safuZvelze gakeTebuli daskvnebis mimarT saer-TaSoriso yuradRebis mipyroba.

USAID-is mier gamoqveynebuli centraluri, axlo aR-mosavleTisa da centraluri evraziis qveynebis arasamTav-robo organizaciebis mdgradobis indeqsi aRniSnavs imasac, rom saqarTveloSi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis efeq-turobas amcirebs dafinansebis mopovebis sirTule, saga-dasaxado sistemasTan arsebuli problemebi da kvalifici-uri kadrebis simcire.

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pirovnuli resursebis kvalifikaciisa da profesionaliz-mis deficiti ganpirobebulia imiT, rom maRali codnisa da kompetenciis mqone adamianebi ufro metad motivirebu-li garemosaken _ kerZo seqtorisken iswrafvian. Sesabamis-ad, resursebisa da SesaZleblobebis SezRudvis gamo, bevri sazogadoebrivi organizacia ver axerxebs rogorc xarisxiani treningebis, kvlevisa da analizis Catarebas, ise advokat-irebasa da sajaro politikis ganxorcielebaSi monawileobis miRebas.

1.5 „warmatebis~ gazomvis kriteriumebi

im gamowvevebis fonze, romelsac saqarTvelo demokra-tizaciis procesSi awydeba, aucilebelia mmarTvelobis ara efeqturobis wyaros dadgena da imis gansazRvra, Tu romeli problemebis mogvareba aris SesaZlebeli samoqa-laqo procesebSi axalgazrdebis CarTulobis gziT.

demokratiuli mmarTvelobis sistemis `warmatebis~ ga-zomva ramodenime indikatoris meSveobiT aris SesaZlebe-li. demokratiuli mmarTvelobis `warmatebis~ saidumlo mxo lod mis demokratiulobaSi ar mdgomareobs (Tumca es aucilebelia). umniSvnelovanes komponents warmoadgens politikis keTebis procesis efeqturoba. demokratiuli principebis miRebasa da mis praqtikul ganxorcielebas So-ris gansxvaveba, martivad SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc ganxorcielebuli politikiT miRweul Sedegebsa da poli-tikis ganxorcielebaSi monawile subieqtebis mier Setanil wvlils Soris sxvaoba.

demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi monawile subieqtebis mier Setanili wvlilis xarisxi damokidebulia demokrati-uli principebisadmi erTgulebaze, liderobisa da marTvis unarebze, agreTve profesionalizmze, codnasa da kompe-tenciaze, ramac legitimuri samTavrobo struqturebis Se-qmna unda uzrunvelyos. Setanili wvlili maSin CaiTvleba warmatebulad, Tu daculi iqneba Semdegi pirobebi:

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1. mosaxleobis Tanxmoba da ndoba;2. Tavisufali monawileoba arCevnebSi;3. politikuri subieqtebis codna da kompetenturoba;4. politikuri struqturebis gamWvirvaloba;5. samTavrobo struqturebis angariSvaldebuleba xalxis winaSe;6. xalxis koleqtiuri interesebis warmomadgeneli sub-ieqtebis komptenturoba, CarTulobis maRali xarisxi da warmomadgelnobiTi mravalferovneba.

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II. sajaro politika da politikis analizi

borislav mavrovi, giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani

2.1 sajaro politikis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi

sajaro politika aris yvelaferi is, rasac mTavroba akeTebs da rac yvela Cvenganze axdens gavlenas politikuri mizezebidan gamomdinare (mag., politikuri aqtivistoba an advokatirebis procesebSi monawileobis survili; specifi-uri politikuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb codnis gaRrmaveba; karieruli winsvla da a.S). sajaro politikis SemuSaveba moiTxovs imis safuZvlian gaazrebas, rom Tanamedrove re-alobaSi gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi moiTxovs ufro meti dainteresebuli mxaris CarTvas da saWiroebs ufro met inteleqtualur resurss.

sajaro politikis ganxorcieleba warmoadgens politi-kur process, romelic xorcieldeba politikuri Zalau-flebisa da samarTlebrivi meTodebis meSveobiT. es aris kompleqsuri, interaqciuli da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse procesi, romelic moicavs sxvadasxva rolebis, interese-bisa da resursebis mqone jgufebs. sajaro politika gan-

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sazRvravs mTavrobis urTierTobas mis garemosTan da igi warmoadgens mizanmimarTul qmedebaTa erTobliobas, ro-melTa mizansac problemebis gadaWra warmoadgens.

politikis ganxorcieleba moiTxovs problemaTa pri-oritetizacias da politikis analizs, raTa moxdes swori fokusireba strategiuli mniSvnelobis sakiTxebze. poli-tika xSirad fiaskos ganicdis ara imdenad problemebis gadaWris mcdari meTodebis SerCevis, aramed ararelevan-tur problemaTa struqturirebis gamo.

sajaro politikis formulirebisa da implementaciis procesSi monawile subieqtebis bunebis gansazRvris sx-vadasxva midgoma arsebobs. pirveli mniSvnelovani gansx-vaveba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom es subieqtebi dayofilia institucionalur da arainstitucionalur aqtorebad da moicavs sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebas, arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, universi-tetebs, samecniero da sakonsultacio analitikur cen-trebs, araformalur sainiciativo jgufebs da a.S. iqidan gamomdinare, rom sajaro politika sazogadoebrivi inter-esebis dakmayofilebazea koncentrirebuli, xelisuflebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi unda iyos racionaluri, gamWvirvale da mdgrad Sedegebze orientirebuli.

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politikis formulirebis procesSi, problemebisa da SesaZlebobebis identificirebasa da sxvadasxva jgufebTan dialogis warmarTvas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba. in-teraqciis dinamikas xSirad mivyavarT iseT viTarebamde, sadac sajaro interesi gansazRvrulia politikis ganxor-cielebis procesis Sesabamisad. swored amitom aris, rom sajaro politika strategiul dagegmvasa da riskebis Se-fasebas saWiroebs, rasac Sedegad yvela doneze aqtiuri sajaro komunikacia da prioritetebis sworad SerCeva unda mohyves. sajaro politikis formireba moiTxovs politi-kur analizs, marTvis Tanamedrove meTodologiebs, benC-markingul3 strategias, agreTve meritokratiuli princi-pebiT SerCeul pirovnul resurss, romelsac eqneba maRali donis codna da kompetencia Sesabamis sferoSi.

sajaro politika xorcieldeba saxelmwifo struq-turebisa da am struqturebSi dasaqmebuli sajaro mox-eleebis mier. es aris mizanze orientirebuli da ara SemTxveviTi procesi. politika warmoadgens ara cakleul gadawyvetilebebs, aramed im qmedebaTa jaWvs, romelsac saxelmwifo struqturebi drois ganmavlobaSi axorciele-ben. garkveuli politikis ganxorcielebis sakiTxi dgeba sxva subieqtebis mier mTavrobisTvis moTxovnebis wayenebis sapasuxod. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelisuflebo struqture-bi ar gaiTvaliswineben maT moTxovnebs, warmoiSveba kon-fliqti.

sajaro politika gulisxmobs mTavrobis mier ganxor-cielebul qmedebebs, romlebic moqalaqeebis probleme-bis mogvarebasa da maTi cxovrebis xarisxis gaumjobesebas isaxavs miznad. igi moicavs Semdeg mniSvnelovan safexurebs:

• problemis identificireba _ ra aris problema?• dRis wesrigis gansazRvra _ sad dgas es problema?• politikis formulireba _ problemebis gadawyvetis ra RonisZiebebia SemuSavebuli?

3 Seswavlisa da Sefasebis etalonuri sistema, romelic gulisxmobs saukeTeso codnisa da praqtikuli gamocdilebis moZiebas, Seswavlasa da organizaciul sistemaSi danergvas.

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• politikis miReba _ ra ganxorcielda problemasTan mimarTebaSi?• sajaro politikis implementacia _ rogor apirebs mTav-roba miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis gamxorcielebas?• politikis Sefaseba _ hqonda Tu ara Sedegi politikis gatarebas?

problemis identificireba

problema aris iseTi viTareba, romelic pirovnuli resursis mier mogvarebas moiTxovs. magaliTad garemos dabinZureba, inflacia, kriminali, siRatake da a.S. prob-lema mravalgvaria, magram mxolod is sakiTxebi eqceva politikis dRis wesrigSi, romlebic yvelaze meti aqtual-urobiT gamoirCevian.

dRis wesrigis gansazRvra

politikis SemuSavebamde unda arsebobdes problema, romelic mTavrobis yuradRebas miipyrobs. praqtika aCven-ebs, rom sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva problemebi xSirad mTavrobis yuradRebis miRma rCeba. imisaTvis, rom prob-lema moxvdes dRis wesrigSi, misi riskebi da zemoqmedebis xarisxi garkveuli mniSvnelobis da simwvavis matarebeli unda iyos. rodesac problemis aqtualurobis xarisxi izr-deba, igi politikosebis yuradRebis centrSi xvdeba. prob-lemis dRis wesrigSi dadgoma SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos sxvadasxva faqtorebis Sedegad.

politikis dRis wesrigi Sedgeba iseTi sakiTxebisagan, romlebic politikosebis dainteresebis sagans warmoad-gens. problemuri sakiTxebis mxolod mcire nawili aRw-evs sasamarTlo, aRmasrulebel Tu sakanonmdeblo xeli-suflebamde. zogadad, sakiTxis dRis wesrigSi dayeneba damokidebulia adamianTa im jgufis Zalauflebaze, sta-tussa da SesaZleblobebze, romelzec es problema pirda-pir zemoqmedebas axdens. krizisulma movlenam, masobrivma moZraobam an gavlenianma liderma SesaZloa zemoqmedeba moaxdinos politikis dRis wesrigis gansazRvraze.

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formulireba da miReba

politikis formulireba niSnavs problemis mogvarebis meTodebis gansazRvras. samTavrobo struqturebTan er-Tad, am procesSi monawileobas unda Rebulobdnen sxva-dasxva interesTa jgufebi, raTa politika Seesabamebodes kargi mmarTvelobis principebs, iyos gamWvirvale, Sede-giani da konsensusze orientirebuli.

politikis implementacia

im kanonebs, regulaciebs Tu brZanebulebebs, rom-lebic ZalaSi Sedian politikis miRebis Semdeg, SeiZleba vuwodoT sajaro politikis instrumentebi. implementaci-is gareSe politikas aranairi Sedegi ar moaqvs, magram Tav-ad implementaciis procesma SesaZloa Secvalos politikis buneba. sajaro moxeleebi sajaro politikis mTavari ganmx-orcieblebi arian, romelTa codna da kompetencia asaxvas poulobs ganxorcielebuli politikis xarisxze.

politikis Sefaseba

Sefasebis procesSi yvelaze mTavari kiTxva mdgomare-obs SemdegSi: ras exeboda politika, ra realuri Sedegebi dadga da ra gavlena moaxdina politikis SemuSavebam? iyo Tu ara igi qmediTi da miznebTan TanxvedraSi? ramdenad mogvarda problema realurad?

formulirebisa da implementaciis procesis mTavari maxasiaTebeli mis ciklur bunebaSi mdgomareobs. saja-ro politikis mniSvneloba gamoixateba imaSi, rom yoveli safexuris implementacia gvexmareba axali problemebis gamovlenaSi, romlebic politikis formulirebis axali procesis dawyebis saWiroebaze metyvelebs. ufro metic, is exeba sajaro politikis Sefasebasac axali riskebis identificirebisa da maTi gadaWris axali SesaZleblobebis Ziebis gziT. politikis Sefasebis kriteriumebia: raciona-luroba, efeqturoba, adeqvaturoba, samarTlianoba, rea-gireba da Sesabamisoba.

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2.2 politikis analizis mTavari aspeqtebi

sajaro politikis Seswavla da analizi warmoadgens um-niSvnelovanes instruments politikis miRebis, formuli-rebisa da Sefasebis yvela safexurze. problemis identifi-cirebidan politikis ganxorcielebis saboloo Sefasebamde saWiro gzebis SeswavlisaTvis, politikis analizSi CarTva moqalaqeebs procesis marTvis sakuTari gagebis Camoyal-ibebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs, romelic aqtiuri moqalaqe-obis erT-erTi aucilebeli komponentia. Tavisi arsiT, politikis Sedegebis efeqturi analizi mxolod demokra-tiul garemoSia SesaZlebeli, sadac mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs sajaro interesi, romelic sxvadasxva jgufebisa da dainteresebuli mxareebis mier aris daculi.

politikis analizis struqtura

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praqtikaSi uamrav models vxvdebiT, romlebic pirda-pir uwyoben xels moqalaqeebis CarTulobas sajaro poli-tikis procesSi. gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi swored moqalaqeebis CarTulobis gazrdis gziT xdeba demokrati-is yvelaze mTavari mniSvnelobis gaTaviseba, rac Tavis mx-riv samoqalaqo kulturisa da TviTSegnebis donezec aris damokidebuli.

sajaro politikis Seswavla moicavs rogorc mTavrobis qmedebebis Sinaarsis, mizezebisa da Sedegebis, ise politi-kur, ekonomikur, socialur da institucionalur Zalebsa da procesebze gavlenis Seswavlas. am konteqstSi, poli-tikis analizis mTavari mizania, gansazRvros, Tu romeli politikis implementacia xdeba da ra aris misi miznebi. am TvalsazrisiT politikis analizi SeiZleba davyoT or Zir-iTad jgufad. pirveli jgufi moicavs politikis analizs problemis identificirebidan dawyebuli Sefasebis safex-uris CaTvliT yvela etapze miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT. am tipis analizs ewodeba deskrifciuli, igive aRwerilo-biTi analizi.

sajaro politikis analizis meore tipi, romelsac pre-skrifciuli, igive normatiuli analizi ewodeba, moicavs iseTi meTodebis SeTavazebas, romelic ufro efeqturs gaxdis politikis SemuSavebis process da ufro metad Seu-wyobs xels dasaxuli miznebis miRwevas.

arsebobs politikis analizis sxvadasxva modelebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba Sesabamisi midgomebis gamovlenisa da miznebis ukeT formulirebisaTvis. maT Soris yvelaze ufro warmatebulad iTvleba racionaluri modeli, ro-melsac iyeneben politikis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis iden-tificirebis, politikis prognozirebisa da misi Sedege-bis gansazRvrisaTvis. misi upiratesoba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom politikis SemuSavebisas gadawyvetilebis miReba xdeba saukeTeso alternativebis moZiebisa da ganxilvis Sedegad.

gadawyvetilebis miRebis racionaluri modeli aris is-eTi modeli, romlis mizansac sajaro seqtoris gamoxmaure-bis mqone gadawyvetilebebis miReba warmoadgens, Tumca am models farTod iyeneben kerZo korporaciebSic. raciona-

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luri arCevanis Teoriaze damyarebuli es modeli ramoden-ime urTierTdakavSirebuli varaudisgan Sedgeba. pirveli aseTi daSveba mdgomareobs saxelisuflebo modelebisa da institutebis stabilurobaSi. meorec, saxelmwifo saa-gentoebi racionalurad arian struqturirebulni, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom maTi qmedebebi emyareba konkretul wesebs da miyveba konkretul procedurebs. Semdegi daSveba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom problemis mosagvareblad arCeuli politika unda iyos SedarebiT erTgvarovani da Tanmim-devruli.

da bolos, racionaluri modeli ar gulisxmobs im droisa da saWiro sajaro fondebis resursebis SezRud-vas, romlebic sajaro politikis dasaxuli miznebis miRw-evas emsaxureba. am pirobebidan gamomdinare, racionaluri modeli Sedegebis zusti gansazRvrisa da am Sedegebis Se-degad gamowveuli SesaZlo problemebis identificirebis saSualebas iZleva.

2.3 ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdileba

2.3.1 zogadi mimoxilva

sazogadoebis CarTuloba gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebSi mniSvnelovnad uwyobs xels institutebis efeqturad funqcionirebas. evrokavSirTan integraci-is procesis gaRrmaveba kidev ufro zrdis kargi mmarT-velobis principebisa da politikuri regulaciebis Se-moRebis aucileblobas, rac Tavis mxriv gulisxmobs gadawyvetilebis miRebis, implementaciisa da Sefasebis procesSi moqalaqeTa CarTulobis gazrdis saWiroebas.

ganviTarebuli qveynebis praqtika gviCvenebs, rom gad-awyvetilebis miRebis procesebSi moqalaqeebis efeqturi CarTvisaTvis garkveuli mosamzadebeli periodi aris saW-iro. is moicavs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis konsolidacias gansazRvrul interesTa jgufebad. es samoqalaqo TviT-Segnebisa da kompetenciis aucilebel nawils warmoadgens problemebis mogvarebis saqmeSi. sakiTxi exeba avTenturi

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samoqalaqo warmomadgenlobis Camoyalibebas, romelsac Seswevs moqalaqeebsa da institutebs Soris srulyofili da efeqturi dialogis warmoebis unari problematuri sakiTxebis garSemo.

samoqalaqo CarTulobis saerTaSoriso asociaciam Camo-ayaliba sajaro CarTulobis Semdegi ZiriTadi principebi:

1. samoqalaqo CarTuloba emyareba rwmenas, rom maT, viszec gavlenas axdens miRebuli gadawyvetile-bebi, ufleba aqvT, CaerTon gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi; 2. samoqalaqo CarTuloba iZleva imis garantias, rom moqalaqeebis wvlili gavlenas iqoniebs miRebul gadawyvetilebebze;3. samoqalaqo CarTuloba uzrunvelyofs gadawyve-tilebebis miRebas yvela monawilis, maT Soris gadaw-yvetilebis mimRebi pirebis, saWiroebebisa da intere-sebis gaTvaliswinebiT;4. samoqalaqo CarTuloba gulisxmobs im adamianTa CarTvas gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi, rom-lebic warmo adgenen dainteresebul mxares an rom-lebzec es gadaw yvetilebebi pirdapir zemoqmedebas axdens;5. samoqalaqo CarTuloba cdilobs sakuTari wvli-lis Setanas;6. samoqalaqo CarTuloba uzrunvelyofs monawi-leebs im informaciiT, romelic maT sWirdebaT saTa-nado CarTulobisTvis; 7. samoqalaqo CarTuloba uzrunvelyofs monawi-leebs informaciiT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor axdens maTi CarTu loba gavlenas miRebul gadawyvetilebaze.

moqalaqeebis aqtiuri CarTuloba politikis SemuSavebi-sa da implementaciis procesSi moiTxovs warmomadgenlobis avTenturobis dacvis uzrunvelyofas, vinaidan samoqalaqo CarTulobis garkveuli meqanizmebi SesaZloa borotad iyos gamoyenebuli piradi interesebis gatarebisaTvis. cxadia

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ver gaveqceviT korporatiul an partiul zegavlenas, ra-sac Sedegad demokratiuli mmarTvelobis Semaferxebeli barierebis warmoSoba SeiZleba moyves. amitom erTaderTi gza mdgradi samoqalaqo CarTulobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis, aris am procesis mudmivi da swori monitoringi.

2.3.2 Teoriasa da praqtikas Soris arsebuli barierebi

Semdegi oTxi aspeqti _ „ra, rogor, vin da ratom~ _ warmoadgens politikis procesis kompleqsur maxasiaTeb-lebs. politikis SemuSavebisa da ganxorcielebis procesis gaumjobesebas mudam xels uSlida Teoriasa da praqtikas Soris barierebis arseboba. isini an politikis keTebis ara-realur modelebs warmoadgendnen, an ar gaaCndaT sakmari-si mxardaWera sasurveli Teoriebis praqtikuli ganxor-cielebis saqmeSi.

sajaro moxeleebma administraciulad yovelTvis ician ra Sedis maT movaleobaSi, magram funqciebis praqtikulad ganxorcielebisas bevr siZneles awydebian, radgan ar yof-niT Teoriuli codna, kompetencia da praqtikuli unarebi.

politikosebisa da sajaro moxeleebis umravlesoba Tanxmdeba, rom Sefaseba mniSvnelovani komponents war-moadgens, magram maTi umravlesoba gansakuTrebuli skep-ticizmiT aris ganwyobili Sefasebis mimarT.

politikis procesis gaumjobeseba ori mniSvnelovani mizezis gamoa saWiro. vinaidan politikis keTebis procesi TavisTavad kompleqsuria, samTavrobo institutebs unda ekisrebodeT pasuxismgebloba saWiro sferoebSi wesri-gis damyarebisaTvis. meorec, demokratiuli mmarTvelo-bis procesi damokidebulia arCevnebSi xmis mimcemi ele-qtoratis aqtiurobaze, romelic akontrolebs mTavrobis mier politikis ganxorcielebis process. rac ufro na-kleb gamWvirvalea es procesi, miT ufro meti safrTxis qveS dgas demokratiuli mmarTveloba.

politikis gaumjobesebis mniSvnelovan aspeqts war-moadgens realisturi procesis konstruireba, romelic

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stabilurobas SeunarCunebs xelisuflebas da romelic politikis keTebis procesSi swori mimarTulebiT moq-medebis saSualebas miscems mas.

miuxedavad imisa, rom stabiluri institucionaluri procesebi aucilebelia kargi politikis SemuSavebisaTvis, isini TavisTavad sakmarisi ar aris. mizani aris, ara mx-olod im procesebis analizi, romlebic kargi politikis SemuSavebis procesis realobas asaxavs, aramed Tavad am re-alobis gaumjobeseba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, saWiroa iseTi politikis SemuSaveba, romelic rogorc politikis process daaaxloebs realobasTan, ise realobas daaax-lovebs politikis procesTan.

2.3.3 saukeTeso praqtikebi evrokavSiris qveynebidan

didi britaneTi erT-erTia im qveynebs Soris, sadac moqalaqeeb Tan da samoqalaqo organizaciebTan konsulta-ciebis sistema stabiluri formiT aris Camoyalibebuli. samTavrobo politika, gadawyvetilebis miRebis proces-Si, moqalaqeebisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis CarTulo-bis waxalisebisaTvis, uzrunvelyofilia mTavrobis mier SemuSavebuli konsultaciebis praqtikis kodeqsis mixed-viT. misi principebi savaldebuloa yvela samTavrobo organosaTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi ar warmoadgens normatiul instruments, mainc savaldebulo normad aris miCneuli, garda iseTi sagangebo SemTxvevebisa, romlebSic misi gamoyeneba ver moxdeba (magaliTad, Zalian specifiu-ri sakiTxebi, romelTa gadaWrac mxolod eqspertTa mcire jgufis mier aris SesaZlebeli). nebismier SemTxvevaSi, ko-deqsis wesebis ugunebelyofisas, safuZvlianad unda aix-snas Tu ram gamoiwvia maTgan gadaxveva da ra zomebi iqna miRebuli saTanado konsultirebis procesis uzrunvel-yofisTvis.

germaniis federaciul respublikaSi amJamindeli xeli-sufleba ar warmoadgens samoqalaqo monawileobis strate-giebisa da meTodebis aqtiur momxmarebels. amis upirvele-

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si mizezi konstituciuri SezRudvebia. Tumca federaluri mTavroba exmaureba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebul SekiTxvebs. aseT SemTxvevebSi federaluri mTavroba aqcents akeTebs ojaxur viTarebaze, xandazmul moqalaqeebze, qalebsa da axalgazrdobaze.

amis sapirispirod, regionalur da adgilobriv doneze, moqalaqeebi sakmaod aqtiurad arian CarTulni politikis SemuSavebaSi. isini mWidrod TanamSromloben kerZo orga-nizaciebTan samoqalaqo monawileobis procesis uzrunve-lyofisaTvis. es procesebi fokusirebulia urbanul dage-gmvaze, infrastruqturis ganviTarebasa da investiciebze.

germaniaSi Zalian bevri sazogadoebrivi organizacia cdilobs CarTulobis xelSewyobis waxalisebas. isini upir-velesad aqcents akeTeben urbanul dagegmvasa da socialur sakiTxebze samarTlebrivi SezRudvebis gaTvaliswinebiT. garda amisa, arsebobs mTeli rigi iniciativebi, romlebic xels uwyobs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebas da politikur sistemebSi moqalaqeTa CarTulobis gaaqtiure-bas. isini pirdapir ar uzrunvelyofen aseTi procesebis organizebas, magram qmnian qsels, romliTac saukeTeso ga-mocdilebis gaziareba aris SesaZlebeli.

italiaSi samoqalaqo monawileoba ar warmoadgens politikuri dRis wesrigis nawils. iseTi procesebi, rom-lebic ukavSirdeba samarTlianobas, arCevnebTan dakav-Sirebul kanonebs, da respublikis prezidentis, premier ministrisa Tu senatis wevrebisTvis imunitetis miniWebas gansazRvravs, ufro martivad mosagvarebelia moqalaqee-bis monawileobis gareSe. miuxedavad amisa, bolo ori wlis ganmavlobaSi parlamentma miiRo iseTi kanonebi, romlebic SesaZlebels xdis moqalaqeTa monawileobas adgilobriv da regionul doneze. imavdroulad, moqalaqeebi sakmaod aqtiurad arian CarTulni qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebSi. socialur da politikur asociaciebs italiaSi daaxloe-biT 7 mln aqtiuri moxalise da 11 mln daregistrirebuli wevri hyavs, partiebisa da savaWro gaerTianebebis gamok-lebiT, romlebic did potencials floben samoqalaqo monawileobis organizebis saqmeSi.

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100000-ze meti samoqalaqo organizacia funqcionirebs subsidiebisa Tu pirovnuli Semowirulobebis xarjze. ase-Ti tipis samoqalaqo sazogadoeba socialuri kapitalis akumulirebas axdens, rac demokratiis mSeneblobis qva-kuTxeds warmoadgens. samoqalaqo monawileobis indeqsi italiaSi erovnul samoqalaqo sazogadoebriv sistemebs axasiaTebs 4 ganzomilebis mixedviT:

1. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis struqtura (mag., moxali-seebi, organizaciebi, finansuri resursebi);2. samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan interaqciis garemo (mag., kanonmdebloba, sajaro da kerZo dainteresebuli pirebi);3. samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli Rire-bulebebi (mag., demokratia, tolerantoba, ekologiuri mdgradoba);4. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aqtorebis mier ganxor-cielebuli aqtivobebis Sedegebi (mag., sajaro politi-kaze, monawileobis gaZlierebaze da a.S).

safrangeTs hqonda politikis SemuSavebis procesSi adgilobriv doneze moqalaqeebis CarTvis tradicia, rom-lis struqturireba xdeboda strategiuli dagegmvis interkomunaluri instrumentis mixedviT.

avstriaSi, 2008 wlis ivlisSi, mTavrobam SeimuSava saxelmZRvanelo wesebi samoqalaqo CarTulobasTan daka-vSirebiT. aqac didi britneTis msgavs sistemasTan gvaqvs saqme. saxelmZRvanelo wesebi fokusirebulia mravalricx-ovan sakiTxebze, razec CarTulobis gazrda aris damok-idebuli. mag.: windaxedulebis xarisxi, moqalaqeebis dax-mareba gansxvavebuli mosazrebebisadmi tolerantulobis gasazrdelad, moqalaqeebis daaxloeba gadawyvetilebis mimReb struqturebTan, regulaciebis xarisxis gazrda, moqalaqeebis ndobis amaRleba politikuri struqturebis mimarT, inkluziurobis gazrda, politikis implementaci-isaTvis saWiro droisa da xarjebis Semcireba.

estoneTSi samTavrobo struqturebi xels uwyoben gad-awyvetilebis miRebis procesSi moqalaqeebis CarTulobis

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gazrdas, raTa kanonmdeblobaze dafuZnebuli saukeTeso gadawyvetilebebi iqnas miRebuli.

niderlandebis gamocdileba metyvelebs adgilobriv da regionalur doneze samoqalaqo monawileobis ganxor-cielebisaTvis ganviTarebuli meqanizmebis arsebobaze.

bulgareTis gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom am moTxovnebis dakmayofileba moxerxda evrokavSirTan integraciis pro-cesSi, sadac gadamwyveti roli evrokavSiris institutebma iTamaSes. miuxedavad amisa, CarTulobisaTvis, gamWvirvalo-bisa da angariSvaldebulebisaTvis saWiro meqanizmebis SemuSavebisaTvis sajaro mxardaWeris principebis SemuSave-ba mxolod evrokavSirTan SeerTebis procesSi daiwyo da maTi dasruleba jer isev kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas.

ganviTarebuli demokratiuli qveynebis gamocdilebis Seswavla Zalian mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs codnisa da saukeTeso praqtikebis gaziarebis TvalsazrisiT demokra-tiuli mmarTvelobisa da sajaro politikis ganxor-cielebis procesSi.

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III. politikuri lideroba da elita

giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani

`lideroba ar niSnavs lamazi sityvis warmoTqmas an sxvebisTvis Tavis mowonebas. igi SedegebiT ganisazRvreba~.

piter draqeri

3.1 ra aris politikuri lideroba?

lideroba aris pirovnebis unari da SesaZlebloba, STagonebis, zegavlenisa da motivirebis meSveobiT gana-xorcielos proaqtiuri cvlilebebi da uzrunvelyos sistemis warmateba. politikuri lideroba yvelaze kar-gad vlindeba efeqturi mmarTvelobisa da politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi, da cvalebad gare-moSi SemuSavebuli strategiiT. vinaidan lideroba gadam-wyvet rols asrulebs tranziciis procesSi, aucilebe-lia axalgazrda politikurma liderebma, politikur partiebsa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebriv organizaciebSi, proaqtiuli qcevisa da inovaciuri strategiebis demon-strireba moaxdinon.

politikuri liderobis koncefcia politikuri Sedege-bis misaRwevad Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi mdgo-mareobs. gardamaval demokratiebSi proaqtiuli lidero-ba unda gaxdes politikuri partiebisa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis ZiriTadi mizani, vinaidan maT interesebSi Sedis arajansaRi politikuri garemos Secvla.

politikuri lideroba gacilebiT ufro mets niS-navs, vidre politikuri menejmenti. igi moiTxovs ier-arqiuli kontrolisagan gamijvnas, rogorc es miRebulia post-sabWouri biurokratiuli sistemebis did umravle-sobaSi, da moicavs garemos momzadebas politikuri cvli-lebis ganxorcielebisaTvis.

rogorc liderobis mkvlevari jeims makgregor ber-nsi aRniSnavs, politikuri lideri ara mxolod misi mim-

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devrebis molodinebs akmayofilebs, aramed igi social-uri transformirebis saWiro procesis gaaqtiurebasac uwyobs xels. amerikeli fsiqologis, ronald heificis mixedviT, „es ar aris ubralod konkretuli xedvis mixed-viT xalxis darwmunebis sakiTxi. politikuri lideroba niSnavs sazogadoebis motivirebas mis winaSe mdgari prob-lemebis gacno bierebis mizniT~.

aseTi procesi moiTxovs xalxis adaptirebas Rirebule-bebTan, SexedulebebTan da qcevasTan. am dros aucilebelia politikurma liderebma aCvenon, rom SeswevT unari Tavi-anTi xedvebis efeqturad ganxorcielebisaTvis. bevri mo-qalaqe xelmZRvanelobs im gadawyvetilebebiT, romlebsac maTi liderebi iReben. amisaTvis saWiroa rom politikuri liderebi imsaxurebdnen maT ndobasa da pativiscemas. Zir-iTadi instrumentebi, romlebic yvelaze aqtiurad gamoi-yeneba, aris politikuri komunikaciis meTodebi. proaqti-uli politikuri lideroba miiswrafvis iseTi axali dRis wesrigis gansazRvrisaken, romelic politikuri cvlile-bis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas Seqmnis.

lideroba gulisxmobs TanamoazreTa waxalisebas Tavi-anTi SesaZleblobebis ukeT gamovlenis mizniT. transfor-maciuli liderebis qceva misabaZi xdeba maTi mimdevrebi-saTvis maRali codnis, kompetenciis, zneobriv-eTikuri standartebis gamo. liderebs afaseben, endobian da pativs scemen. transformaciuli liderobis qarizmatuli kompo-nenti mravalferovan dinamikas moicavs. erT-erTi mizezi, ris gamoc mimdevrebi mihyvebian TavianT qarizmatul lid-ers, aris misi kompetenciis aRqma.

lideris saqmianobis Sefasebis kidev erTi gza misi mimdevrebis, jgufis, gundis an organizaciis saqmiano-bis Sefasebaa. liderobis gansakuTrebuli unar-Cveve-bi krizisebis dros vlindeba. araformaluri lidero-bis gamovlenac xSirad xdeba, Tuki xelisufleba da saxelmwifo samsaxurebi ver uzrunvelyofen problemis mogvarebas.

WeSmariti lideroba moicavs xedvas, niWs, SesaZleb-lobebs, kompetencias, eTikas, pirovnuli kompromisis sur-

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vils da qarizmas. ar SeiZleba bunebrivi liderebis areva im liderebSi, romlebic TavianT kandidaturas mxolod prestiJisa da privilegirebuli mdgomareobis mopovebis mizniT gvTavazoben.

3.2 axalgazrdoba da politikuri lideroba

gaerom axalgazrdebis ganviTarebis 2011 wlis pro-gramaSi moaxdina imis mkafio deklarireba, rom „social-uri cvlilebis, ekonomikuri zrdisa da teqnologiuri inovaciebis gamxorcielebis ZiriTadi wyaro axalgazrdebi arian~.

post-sabWoTa sazogadoebebi dganan mankieri warsu-lis memkvidreobis gavlenis aRmofxvrisa da Tanamedrove demokratiuli sistemis mSeneblobis aucileblobis winaSe. sabWouri sistemis ngreva warmoadgenda aucilebel piro-bas politikuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis progresul etapze gadasvlis TvalsazrisiT. magram sabWoTa sistemis rRvevidan ori aTwleulis gasvlis Semdeg naTeli gaxda, rom misma memkvidre saxelmwifoTa umravlesobam marcxi ganicada warmatebuli struqturuli da institucionalu-ri reformebis ganxorcielebis sakiTxSi.

politikuri sistemebis transformaciis, warmatebu-li reformebis ganxorcielebisa da ekonomikuri Ses-aZleblobebis gamoyenebis saqmeSi, konkurentunariani codniTa da unarebiT aRWurvili axalgazrdoba moiazre-ba ZiriTad mamoZravebeli Zalad. qarTveli axalgazrde-bi tradiciulad aqtiurebi arian politikur moZraobebSi, magram maTi didi nawili xSirad imedgacruebas ganicdis qveyanaSi arsebuli korufciis, favoritizmis, qronizmis, nepotizmis, klientelizmisa da sxva mavne praqtikebis gamo, ris gamoc eTiSeba politikur procesebs.

maSin, rodesac xelisuflebis cvlilebisaTvis mowyobi-li saprotesto gamosvlebis organizebaSi axalgazrdebi yov-elTvis mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben, bevr maTgans SemdgomSi ar eZleva gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebSi monawileobis

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SesaZlebloba. xolo isini, vinc xelisuflebaSi xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobebze iniSnebian, akliaT codna, kompetencia da lideruli SesaZleblobebi, rac mtkivneulad aisaxeba mmarT-velobis xarisxze da zogadad qveynis ganviTarebaze.

bevri niWieri axalgazrda, miuxedavad samoqalaqo aqti-urobisa, ar aris formalurad warmodgenili politikur institutebSi da bevri maTgani arCevnebSic ar iRebs monaw-ileobas, rac ganpirobebulia sayovelTao apaTiiTa da nihilizmiT.

politikur processa da demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi axalgazrdebis efeqturi monawileoba da lideroba moiTx-ovs axalgazrdebisa da maT mier Camoyalibebuli organi-zaciebisaTvis meti SesaZleblobebis micemas. yuradReba unda mieqces axalgazrdebis efeqtiani monawileobisa da fsevdo-monawileobiTi aqtivobebis erTmaneTisagan gami-jvnas. bevri RonisZieba, romelic axalgazrdebis aqtivobis waxalisebis iniciativiT gamodis, sinamdvileSi aranairad ar uwyobs xels axalgazrdebis gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi CarTvis gaaqtiurebas.

ZiriTadi principebi, romlebic xels Seuwyobs axal-gazrdebis politikur procesebSi CarTulobis gazrdas mdgomareobs SemdegSi:

• politikur procesebSi monawile axalgazrdebis prioritetebis amsaxveli programis SemuSaveba;• treningebis uzrunvelyofa. axalgazrdebs ara aqvT sakmarisi codna politikuri sakiTxebis mimarT. mniS-vnelovania, rom maT ara mxolod TavianTi problemebis Camoyalibeba, aramed maTi gadaWris gzebis monaxvaze muSaobac SeZlon;• qmedebaze orientirebuli aqtivobebis waxaliseba. axalgazrdebs praqtikuli samuSaoebis ganxorcieleba ufro surT, vidre mxolod Teoriuli codnis miReba. saWiroa, iseTi proeqtebisa Tu samoqalaqo aqtivobebis organizeba, romlebic swavlisa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebis saSualebas miscems maT da Tan pasuxismge-blobasac daakisrebs;

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• politikur liderebsa da axalgazrdobas Soris kavSire bis waxaliseba. bevri axalgazrda adamianisTvis es SeiZleba iyos pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac is saja-ro moxeleebTan Tu sazogadoebriv liderebTan daam-yarebs kontaqts;• uzrunvelyofa imisa, rom monawileTa minimum 50% iyos qali. qalebi uflebaSezRudulni arian TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi da politikur asparezSi monawileobis gzaze seriozul gamowvevebs awydebian. vinaidan qalebi aqtiuri axalgazrdobis naxevarze mets warmoadgenen, maT unda hqondeT adgili magidasTan;• politikur da sazogadoebriv liderebs Soris kon-sensusis Camoyalibeba. politikur procesebSi axalgaz-rdebis konstruqciuli CarTuloba warmoudgenelia samoqalaqo da politikuri elitis mxardaWeris gareSe.

axalgazrduli frTebis arseboba oTxi ZiriTadi fun-qciis ganxorcielebas emsaxureba, romlebsac imavdroulad maTi monawileobis gaaqtiureba SeuZlia. pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani aris is, rom axalgazrduli frTa warmoadgens misi wevrebis Zalauflebis wyaros da xels uwyobs axalgaz-rdul struqturebSi aliansebis Seqmnas. axalgazrdebs unda hqondeT gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebSi monawileobis gamocdileba da sakuTari politikuri Sexedulebebis Cam-oyalibebis SesaZlebloba. axalgazrduli frTa SesaZloa gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis mqone iyos axalgazrdebis poli-tikur procesebSi CarTvis TvalsazrisiT.

meore mniSvnelovani funqcia unarebis gasaumjobese-beli samuSao Sexvedrebisa da politikuri aqtivobebis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro sxvadasxva saswavlo programe-bis uzrunvelyofaSi mdgomareobs. amisaTvis axalgazrdul frTas sakuTari finansuri resursi esaWiroeba.

mesame funqcia partiuli politikis ganviTarebis pro-cesebsa da xelmZRvanelobis SerCevaSi monawileoba war-moadgens. axalgazrdul frTas Seswevs inovaciuri ideebis generirebisa da SemoTavazebis unari, riTac mniSvnelovan konkurencias Seuqmnis moZvelebul politikur xedvebs.

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da bolos, axalgazrdobas Seswevs axalgazrda amom-rCevlebSi partiebisadmi ndobis gazrdis unari. axalgaz-rdulma frTebma ician, Tu ra enaze unda esaubron maT Tanatol moqalaqeebs da ra saxis aqtivobebi iqneba mis-aRebi da mimzidveli mosaxleobis am segmentisaTvis. par-tiebis liderebis Zalisxmeva axalgazrdebisadmi mimarT-visas xSirad fuWi aRmoC ndeba xolme. nacvlad amisa, SesaZloa moxdes biujetidan garkveuli Tanxebis gamoyo-fa axalgazrda amomrCevlebisaTvis axalgazrduli frTis meSveobiT xmis misawvdenad.

3.3 politikuri liderobis Sefasebis kriteriumebi

liderobis klasificireba oTxi ZiriTadi gziT aris SesaZle beli: misia, procesebi, struqtura da kultura. es is ZiriTadi komponentebia, romlebic aucilebelia warmatebu-li politikis ganxorcielebisaTvis. imis gadawyveta, Tu romel kandidats unda miscen xma arCevnebSi, amomrCevlis didi nawilis azriT, es Cveulebrivi partiuli loialuro-bis sakiTxia. danarCenebi ki am gadawyvetilebas kandidatis pirovnuli Tvisebebidan gamomdinare iReben. xSirad poli-tikuri partiis reitings gansazRvravs misi liderTa imiji, romelic mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu ro-gor zegavlenas axdenen politikosebi sazogadoebrivi azris formirebaze: moqmedeben darwmunebis jansaRi meTodebiT Tu manipulaciebiT? postsabWoTa sivrcisagan gansxvavebiT, industriul da codnis sazogadoebebSi, politikur lider-Ta mimarT wayenebuli moTxovnebi iseTi kriteriumebiT gani-sazRvreba, rogoricaa codna, profesionalizmi, gaZRolisa da marTvis unari, zneobriv _ eTikuri normebi, strategi-uli xedva da azrovneba, ideologiuri msoflmxedveloba, miRweuli warmatebebi, komunikabeluroba, realobis Seg-rZnebisa da cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis unari da a.S.

kidev ra Tvisebebis matarebelni unda iyvnen kargi poli-tikuri liderebi? qvemoT moyvanilia xuTi maxasiaTebeli, romelsac warmatebuli politikosebi unda flobdnen:

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gulwrfelobagulwrfeloba SesaZloa rTuli iyos arakonkuren-

tunariani adamianebisaTvis, vinaidan es Tviseba avlens maT Secdomebsa da uaryofiT qcevebs, rac kritikis sagani xde-ba. wesieri, mcodne da kompetenturi proaqtiuli lidere-bisaTvis ki piriqiT gulwrfeloba Zlier instruments war-moadgens dadebiTi Tvisebebis warmoCenisa da TanamoazreTa mxridan ndobisa da pativiscemis mopovebis TvalsazrisiT. gulwrfeloba aCvenebs, Tu ras warmovadgenT sinamdvileSi da xels uwyobs mtkice xasiaTis Camoyalibebas, rac Zalian mniSvnelovania politikuri liderebisaTvis.

TanagrZnobaTanagrZnoba is adamianuri Tvisebaa, romelic gvibi-

Zgebs gasaWirSi myofi sxva adamianebis dasaxmareblad moqmedebisken. maSin, rodesac bevris azriT TanagrZnoba sisustis gamoxatulebaa, WeSmariti TanagrZnoba is maxas-iaTebelia, romelic codnas sibrZned aqcevs. kargi poli-tikosebi TanagrZnobas iyeneben imisaTvis, rom dainaxon im adamianTa problemebi, romlebsac saTaveSi udganan da ga-naxorcielon iseTi qmedebebi, romlebic yvela monawile mxarisaTvis mniSvnelovani sargeblis momtani iqneba.

wesierebawesiereba ganisazRvreba, rogorc moraluri da eTiku-

ri principebisadmi erTguleba, romelic politikuri lid-erobis sasicocxlo maxasiaTebeli unda iyos. maRalia ndo-ba im politikuri liderebisadmi, romlebic am TvisebiT arian dajildoebulni, vinaidan isini arasodes gadauxveven arCeuli gzidan piradi merkantiluri interesebis gamo. liders unda endobodnen mimdevrebi. amisaTvis ki wesiere-bis umaRlesi standartebia saWiro.

TavdajerebulobaTavdajerebuloba niSnavs imas, rom politikoss SeuZlia

swori, Sesaferisi da efeqturi gadawyvetilebebis miReba. karg liders marTvis unarTan erTad Tavdajerebulobac

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unda gaaCndes. is liderebi, romlebic am Tvisebas floben, sxvebis STagonebis wyaro xdebian, imsaxureben ndobas da sxve bis mxardaWeras, CaerTon saqmis keTebis procesSi.

moqnilobamoqniloba politikuri liderebisaTvis aucilebe-

li Tvisebaa politikuri konsensusis miRwevisa da saerTo sargeblis miRebaSi. kargi politikosebi yuradRebiT usme-nen yvela mxares, da ara mxolod ecnobian maT argumentebs, aramed aanalizeben, Tu ra zegavlenas moaxdens TiToeuli maTgani SeTanxmebis procesSi monawile danarCen mxareebzec. es maxasiaTebeli politikosebs saSualebas aZlevs, miiRon kritika, iswavlon sakuTar Secdomebze da ganviTardnen.

garda am maxasiaTeblebisa, momaval politikur liders unda gaaCndes swrafi azrovneba, mizandasaxuloba, pasux-ismgeblobis grZnoba, principuloba, simamace da gabed-uleba, riskze wasvlis unari, samarTliani Sefasebis un-ari, inovaciebis SeTavazebisa da SemoqmedebiTobis unari, efeqturi komunikaciis warmarTvisa da gunduri muSaobis unari, konfliqtebis marTvis unari, koncentrirebisa da fsiqologiuri mdgradobis SenarCunebis unari, sakuTari SesaZleblobebis Sefasebis unari, mosmenisa da metyvelebis kultura, sakuTari Secdomebis aRiarebis unari.

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3.4 lideroba, menejmenti da maTi krizisi saqarTveloSi

xSirad xdeba terminebis liderobisa da menejmentis erTmaneTSi aRreva da araswori interpretireba. sinamd-vileSi, menejmenti aris formaluri datvirTvis matare-beli, lideroba ki araformalur konteqsts gulisxmobs. dRevandel konkurentul da swrafad cvalebad garemoSi, orive maTgani mniSvnelovania warmatebis misaRwevad. mene-jmenti aris dagegmvis, organizebis, gaZRolisa da kontro-lis meSveobiT organizaciuli miznebis ganxorcieleba, lideroba ki organizaciuli misiis, miznebisa da konkuren-tuli strategiis SemuSavebazea orientirebuli. menejmenti gulisxmobs mocemul sistemaSi funqcionirebas, lideroba ki TviTon qmnis sistemas. menejers Zalauflebas aniWebs Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareoba, lideris Zalauflebas ki misi pirovnuli Tvisebebi warmoadgens. menejerebi axdenen mocemuli misiisa da xedvis ganxorcielebas, liderebi ki Tavad qmnian misiasa da xedvas. menejerebi axorcieleben dasaxul miznebsa da SemuSavebul strategiebs mocemuli SesaZleblobebis pirobebSi, liderebi ki saxaven miznebsa da strategiebs da mudmivad axali SesaZleblobebis Ziebis procesSi arian. menejmentis Seswavla SeiZleba, lidero-ba ki moiTxovs niWsa da unars. TanamSromlebs menejerTan muSaoba uwevT, liderTan muSaoba ki undaT. menejmenti svams kiTxvas _ rogor unda gakeTdes? liderobaSi ki mTa-var sakiTxis warmoadgens is, Tu ra unda gakeTdes. mene-jerebi eTvisebian mocemul garemos, liderebi ki TviTon qmnian garemos an cdiloben mis Secvlas. menejerebi miznebs aRweven kontrolis meSveobiT, liderebi ki orientirebul-ni arian ndobis mopovebaze.

proaqtiuli liderobisa da kargi menejmentis sin-Tezi xels uwyobs produqtiulobisa da politikis ganx-orcielebis maRal xarisxs, rac aisaxeba organizaciuli sistemisa da zogadad qveynis konkurentunarianobaze. postsabWoTa sivrceSi arsebuli krizisebi ganpirobebulia liderobisa da marTvis deficitiT, vinaidan ignorirebu-lia meritokratiuli SerCevisa da Sefasebis principebi da

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sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobebze iniSnebian liderobisa da marTvis unars moklebuli arakompetenturi adamianebi.

qvemoT moyvanili pirovnuli resursis sarealizacio potencialis ganmsazRvreli modeli gamosaxavs Sesrule-buli funqciebisa da lideruli potencialis urTierT-damokidebulebas, romelic personals yofs oTx katego-riad: `varskvlavebi~, `xerxemali~, problemuri bavSvebi~ da `aisbergebi~. ̀ varskvlavebi~ gamoirCevian, rogorc produq-tiulobisa da ganviTarebis potencialis maRali doniT, ise liderobisa da marTvis unarebiT, xolo `aisbergebi~ ki piriqiT, ver asruleben Tavis funqciebsa da pasuxismge-blobebs, da arc imis perpeqtiva aqvT, rom ganviTardebi-an. aseTi adamianebi zedmet tvirTad awvebian organizacias da saWiroa maTi gacxrilva, magram korumpirebul qarTul garemoSi, sadac fesvgadgmulia favoritizmi, qronizmi da nepotizmi, xdeba piriqiT: praqtikulad yvela sferosa da ierarqiaSi `aisbergebi~ iniSnebian Tanamdebobebze, ikaveben niWier da kompetentur `varskvlavTa~ adgils da uzRudav-en sistemas progresisa da ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas.

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3.5 politikuri elitis roli demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi

`ganaTlebam adamianTa masebs unda STaunergos moraluri respeqtabe-lurobis grZnoba, rac aucilebelia maTive usafrTxoebisa da mowesri-gebuli mmarTvelobisaTvis, da unda aRWurvos isini Sesabamisi codniT, raTa damkvidrdes namdvil aristokratTa SerCevis praqtika, amaRldes

xelisuflebis ndoba da gamoiricxos TviTmarqviebis aRzeveba~.

Tomas jefersoni

elita warmodgeba laTinuri sityvisagan `eligere~, romel mac SemdgomSi ganicada transformacia, da miiRo sabo-loo saxe `elite~, rac niSnavs rCeuls, saukeTesos. rogorc termini, pirvelad es sityva gamoiyena XVII saukunis filoso-fosma da sociologma tom botomerma Tavis klasikur naS-romSi `elitebi da sazogadoeba,~ maRali xarisxis produqtis daxasiaTebis mizniT. xolo mogvianebiT, XIX saukuneSi, `eli-ta~ ukve asocirdeboda im pirovnebebTan da jgufebTan, rom-lebic idgnen socialuri ierarqiis umaRles safexurebze.

sityvas `elita~, arc Tanamedrove etapze daukargavs Tavisi mniSvneloba. misi etimologia, erTis mxriv, xazs usvams gamorCeul pirovnebaTa Tu jgufTa adgils sazo-gadoebis stratifikaciis sistemaSi da qmnis socialur de-markacias, xolo, meore mxriv, igi gvaZlevs imis ontolo-giur dasabuTebas, rom sazogadoebaSi arsebobs rCeul pirovnebaTa jgufi, romelic gamoirCeva maRali talanti-Ta da pirovnuli TvisebebiT.

klasikuri elitisturi Teoria, romelic warmoiSva XIX saukunis miwuruls, da romlis fuZemdeblebic arian `axal makiavelelebad~ wodebulni vilfredo pareto (1848-1923), gaetano moska (1858-1941) da robert mixelsi (1876-1936), Tavdapirvelad mowodebuli iyo marqsistuli Teoriis sa-pirispirod da mis gasabaTileblad. elitikosTa Srome-bi miznad isaxavda sistemuri da abstraqtuli Teoriebis meSveobiT aexsnaT evropaSi mimdinare didi istoriuli Zvrebi, rac dakavSirebuli iyo Tanamedrove biurokrati-uli saxelmwifos warmoSobasTan, sabazro ekonomikasTan da industrializaciis procesTan. uklaso sazogadoebeb-Si arsebuli socialisturi ideebis sapirispirod, elit-

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isti Teoretikosebi miuTiTebdnen mmarTveli da marTu-li fenebis gamijvnaze da im mcirericxovan oligarqiul fenaze, romelic qmnida elitas. maTi yuradRebis centrSi moqceulni iyvnen mmarTvelobaSi myofi privilegirebuli jgufebi, romlebic warmarTavdnen mTavrobis politikur da ekonomikur kurss. elitizmis Teoretikosebs ainter-esebdaT, Tu sxvadasxva elituri jgufebi—samxedro, poli-tikuri, religiuri da inteleqtualuri, ramdenad iyvnen erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni, rogor axerxebdnen mudmiv privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi yofnas, rogor iyenebdnen TavianT Zalauflebas, da rogor cvlidnen erTmaneTs—anu axerxebdnen cirkulirebas. swored es ukanaskneli aspeq-ti iqca paretos mier `elitebis cirkulaciis~ klasikuri formulirebis safuZvlad, romelsac gansakuTrebul yur-adRebas qvemoT davuTmobT.

Tanamedrove etapze, elitizmis problematikuri sakiTx-ebis kvleva da analizi miT ufro aqtualuria im gardamava-li ekonomikis qveynebisaTvis, romlebic komunisturi impe-riis daSlis Sedegad daadgnen demokratiuli aRmSeneblobis rTul da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse gzas. ramdenad demokra-tiulni arian dRes axali demokratiebi? ratom iqca koruf-cia demokratiuli gardaqmnebis Tanmdev senad? ramdenad pasuxobs demokratiis normebs mmarTvelTa da marTul-Ta urTierTobebi? ramdenad akmayofilebs xelisuflebaSi myof CinovnikTa kompetencia da profesionalizmi saxelm-wifoebriv moTxovnebs? ra bedi elis mcire ganviTarebad qveynebs globalizaciis procesSi? es aris is kiTxvebi, rom-lebic moiTxoven adeqvaturi pasuxis gacemas. politikuri situaciebis realuri mdgomareoba unda Sefasdes manam, sa-nam isini Seuqcevadad iqcevian, da gakeTdes swori analizi, raTa politikuri elitebis mier gadadgmul mcdar nabi-jebs ar emsxverplos momavali Taobebis keTildReoba da erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi interesebi. istoria xom Tavad aris Seuqcevadi, romelic axal Sefasebebs elodeba.

elitistur Teorias gaaCnia ori ZiriTadi principi: 1. yoveli sazogadoeba iyofa elitebad da masebad; 2. poli-tikur stabilurobas gansazRvravs elitebis cirkulacia,

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romelic warmoadgens daRmasvlisa da aRmasvlis procesTa erTobliobas. daRmasvliTi procesis dros elitaSi myof pirovnebebs aRar SeswevT marTvis unari, da Tu sazogadoe-basac ar gaaCnia saTanado resursebi maT Casanacvleblad, maSin qveyanaSi dgeba politikuri krizisi. aRmasvliTi pro-cesis dros, sazogadoebaSi Cndebian is adamianebi, romleb-sac SeuZliaT marTva da mowodebulni arian elitaSi adgi-lis dasamkvidreblad, da Tu es procesi CixSi moeqca, maSin mosalodnelia revolucia.

dasavleTis liberalur demokratiebSi, sadac sazoga-doebis TviTSegnebis dones demokratiuli Rirebulebebi gansazRvravs, xelisuflebis Zalaufleba decentralize-bulia, misi saqmianoba gamWvirvalea da Sesabamisad xelisu-falTa angariSvaldebulebac maRalia. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs civilizebul samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan, romel-ic aqtiur monawileobas Rebulobs gadawyvetilebis miRe-bis procesSi, da ara am saSualebas moklebul inertul masasTan. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, romelic Sedgeba ganaT-lebuli, maRal-kvalificiuri da pasuxismgeblobis mqone pirovnebebisagan, mowodebulia ara marto akontrolos xe-lisufleba, aramed sakuTari inteleqtualuri resursebic SesTavazos mas, ris Sedegadac myardeba cirkulaciuri bal-ansi. am dros elita ara Tu ar kargavs Tavis funqciasa da daniSnulebas, aramed misi ndobisa da reputaciis xarisxi Tvisobrivad met progresulobas iZens, vinaidan permanentu-lad xdeba misi Sevseba sazogadoebis wiaRSi aRmocenebuli maRali talantisa da pasuxismgeblobis mqone pirovnebebiT.

zemoT Cven Segnebulad vaxseneT ~dasavleTis liberal-uri demokratiebi~, vinaidan umravles postsabWoTa sazo-gadoebebSi, demokratia warmoadgens fsevdo-demokratiul fasads, romelsac vilfredo pareto pluto-demokratias uwodebda. postsabWoTa qveynebs gaaCniaT demokratiisT-vis aucilebeli yvela atributika—politikuri partiebi, saarCevno sistemebi, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, masme-dia, magram isini mainc ganicdian demokratiis deficits. sazogadoebis wevrebs gaaCniaT kanoniT miniWebuli ufle-bebi da Tavisufleba, magram Zalaufleba ar aris realu-

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rad maT xelSi. demokratiis xarisxs gansazRvravs is, Tu ramdenad aris xelisuflebis Zalaufleba decentralizebu-li da rogoria sazogadoebis monawileoba gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesebSi. aramdgrad demokratiebSi, cirkulaci-is Semaferxebeli garemoebani gamowveulia erovnuli xasi-aTiTa da kulturiT, sazogadoebrivi moraliT, istoriuli procesebiT, geografiuli mdebareobiTa da sxv.

sainteresoa iqneboda amerikeli politologebis hans gertisa da Carlz rait milsis Sexedulebani socialuri struqturis Sesaxeb, romelTa mixedviTac sazogadoeba organizebulia institucionaluri mmarTveli struqture-bis irgvliv, xolo dakisrebuli funqciebis mixedviT in-stitutebi qmnian institucionalur wesrigs. Tanamedrove saxelmwifoSi arsebobs xuTi institucionaluri wesrigi: politikuri, ekonomikuri, samxedro, naTesaobrivi (ojaxu-ri) da religiuri, romelTagan pirveli sami Seadgens mmarT-vel elitas. TiToeul instituts xelmZRvanelobs lideri, romelic aRWurvilia kontrolis uflebiT. am warmod-genaTa mixedviT C. r. milsma SeimuSava sakuTari koncef-cia mmarTveli elitis Sesaxeb: `mmarTveli elita Sedgeba adamianebisagan, romelTac ukaviaT iseTi poziciebi, rom-lebic maT saSualebas aZlevs amaRldnen Cveulebriv ada-mianebze maRla da miiRon mniSvnelovani Sedegebis momtani gadawyvetilebani. es ganpirobebulia im garemoebiT, rom isini xelmZRvaneloben umniSvnelovanes ierarqiul insti-tutebs da Tanamedrove sazogadoebriv organizaciebs~.

demokratiuli sazogadoeba ar aris martivi meqanizmi. igi uaRresad rTul stratificirebul sistemas warmoad-gens, romlis wevrebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian inter-esebiT, miswrafebebiT, mrwamsiT, niWiT, ganaTlebiTa da pro-fesionalizmiT. maRali talantisa da pirovnuli Tvisebebis mqone adamianebi iswrafvian sakuTari SesaZleblobebis re-alizaciisaken, rac motivaciasa da garkveul privilegiebTan aris dakavSirebuli. isini cirkulireben elitaSi, xolo maTi saqmianoba da angariSvaldebuleba ki garkveuli xarisxiT kontrolirdeba sazogadoebis mier. es aris demokratiuli cxovrebis arsi, da realoba, romelsac versad gaveqceviT.

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IV. post-sabWoTa tranziciis paradigmebisaxleburad gaazreba

giorgi ivaniaSvili-orbeliani

4.1 warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis marcxi sabWoTa qveynebSi

post-sabWouri tranziciis gabatonebuli paradig-mebis mixedviT, yofili komunisturi samyaros qveynebi Seuferxeblad unda gardaqmniliyvnen warmomadgenlobiT demokratiebad. Tumca ganvlilma ocdaxuTma welma mTeli simwvaviT warmoaCina fasaduri demokratiis mankieri gam-ovlinebebi.

saerTaSoriso organizacia Freedom House-is 2013 wlis angariSSi4 mocemulia centraluri, axlo aRmosavleTisa da evraziis 29 qveynis demokratiuli ganviTarebis maCveneb-lebi demokratiuli konsolidaciis 7 indikatoris mixed-viT. esenia: erovnuli demokratiuli mTavroba (moicavs ZalTa gadanawilebasa da qveynis demokratiul struqtu-ras), arCevnebis procesi (moicavs saxalxo monawileobis aspeqtebs), samoqalaqo sazogadoeba (moicavs arasamTav-robo organizaciebis zrdis, funqcionirebisa da Sesa-Zleblobebis sakiTxebs), damoukidebeli media, adgilobrivi demokratiuli mmarTveloba (moicavs Zalauflebis decen-tralizaciisa da adgilobrivi samTavrobo struqturebis qmediTunarianobas), sasamarTlo sistemis funqcionireba da damoukidebloba, da korufcia.

post-sabWoTa sivrcis qveynebSi yvelaze cudi Sede-gebi erovnuli demokratiuli mTavrobebisa da adgilo-brivi demokratiuli mmarTvelobis indikatorebSi warmo-Cinda. Svidbalian Skalaze, sadac 1 demokratiis yvelaze maRal progress, xolo 7 demokratiis yvelaze dabal do-nes gulisxmobs, mxolod sam saxelmwifoSi (baltiispireTis qveynebi: litva, latvia da estoneTi) gamoikveTa demokrati-

4 The Nations in Transit 2013 report is available at the following URL: http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/nations-transit/nations-transit-2013#.U0vN5FcjOVN.

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is ganviTarebis damakmayofilebeli xarisxi. mdgomareo-ba gacilebiT rTuli aRmoCnda sxva yofili postsabWoTa qveynebSi erovnuli demokratiuli mmarTvelobis kompo-nentSi, rac moicavda imasac, rom erovnuli demokratii-saken mimarTuli „tranziciis~ procesi jer isev safrTxis qveS aris. es faqti aSkarad TvalsaCinoa post-sabWouri reJimebis klasificirebisas: Freedom House post-sabWo-Ta qveynebidan mxolod sams (saqarTvelos, moldovas da ukrainas) ganixilavs gardamavali mmarTvelobis an hibrid-uli reJimis mqone qveynebad, ors (somxeTs da yirgizeTs) _ nawilobriv konsolidirebul avtoritarul reJimebad, xolo danarCen Svid saxelmwifos (azerbaijans, beloru-sias, yazaxeTs, ruseTs, tajikeTs, TurqmeneTs da uzbekeTs) miiCnevs konsolidirebul avtoritarul reJimebad.

4.2 meritokratia, rogorc demokratiisganmtkicebis instrumenti

amJamad sul ufro meti yuradReba eqceva mTavrobis Sedegebze orientirebuli politikis legitimurobas, rac Tavis mxriv gulisxmobs legitimurobis tradiciuli rolis cvlilebas demokratiuli warmomadgenlobiTobidan poli-tikis ganxorcielebis xarisxis Sefasebis mimarTulebiT.

warmomadgenlobis meqanizmebis demokratiul efeq-turobasTan winaaRmdegoba farTo socialur literatur-aSi seriozuli kritikis sagani gaxda (Köchler 1987; Fenichel Pitkin, H. 2004; Urbinati, N. 2008). demokratiis araefeqturo-bis kritikasTan erTad, yvelaze mniSvnelovani argumenti gamoTqva nobelis premiis laureatma milton fridmanma, romelmac yuradReba gaamaxvila politikur da ekonomikur sakiTxebSi amomrCevlis arakompetenturobasa da iracio-nalurobaze, rac mosaxleobas swori gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi uSlis xels. fridmani amtkicebs, rom saTanado ganaTlebis donis nakleboba masebs im sazogadoebis momav-lis ganWvretis SesaZleblobas ukargavs, romelsac isini miekuTvnebian da gadawyvetilebebsac wvrilmani dapire-

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bebis an sxva mcire moklevadiani sikeTeebis sasargeblod iReben (Friedman 1962).

kiTxvas, Tu vin unda marTos sistema, gadamwyveti mniSvn-eloba eniWeba politikuri liderobisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi qveynis demokratiuli gardaqmnisa da modernizaciisaTvis. arCevnebSi xmis micemis ufleba yovel-gvari diskriminaciis gareSe, ar aris sakmarisi demokrati-is efeqturobisa da kargi mmarTvelobis TvalsazrisiT. demokratiuli sistema, sadac Tanamdebobebze daniSvna meritokratiuli principebis dacviT xdeba, klasificird-eba rogorc inovaciebiT marTuli ekonomika da xasiaTdeba ekonomikuri zrdis maRali maCveneblebiT.

meritokratia es aris sistema, sadac pasuxismgeblobe-bi ganawilebulia codnis, niWisa da profesiuli kompeten-ciebis mixedviT. igi upirispirdeba plutokratias, nep-otizms, qronizms, klientelizmsa da demagogiur masobriv popularobas da xels uwyobs socialuri stratifikaciis sistemaSi elitebis mudmiv ganaxlebas axali inteleqtual-uri resursiT.

globalur mmarTvelobisa da codnis ekonomikis ganvi-Tarebis pirobebSi, sadac proaqtiuli lideroba da profe-sionalizmi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs globaluri prob-lemebis mogvarebis saqmeSi, meritokratia sul ufro metad popularuli xdeba da mniSvnelovan mxardaWeras poulobs inteleqtualur wreebSi. meritokratiis upiratesoba mmarTvelobis sxva formebTan SedarebiT mdgomareobs ima-Si, rom is ar ewinaaRmdegeba demokratias. ufro metic, meritokratia demokratiis mdgradobisa da gaZlierebis meqanizms warmoadgens. es aris Ria da mudmivad ganaxleba-di sistema, romelic jansaR konkurenciasa da socialur samarTlianobazea dafuZnebuli da gamoricxavs yovelgvar diskriminacias. Tavisi arsiT, meritokratia uzrunvely-ofs Tanabar pirobebs gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebiT, rasac Tomas jefersoni „bunebriv aristokratias~ uwodebda.

meritokratiuli mmarTvelobis sistemaSi upiratesoba eniWebaT im individebs, romlebic TavianTi niWiT, unarebi-

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Ta da zneobriv-eTikuri normebiT gamoirCevian. am sistemis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom meritokratiuli sazogadoeba ufro samarTliani da produqtiuli sazogadoebaa, sadac klasobrivi, rasobrivi Tu sqesobrivi diskriminacia gam-oricxulia (McNamee & Miller, 2004).

meritokratia aris samarTliani wesebiT TamaSi, sadac pirovnul warmatebas niWi da SesaZleblobebi gansazRvravs da sadac TviTrealizaciis saSualeba eZlevaT im indi-videbs, romlebmac mniSvnelovani investicia Cades sakuTar ganaTlebaSi. meritokratia awesebs principebs, normebs, moTxovnebs, axdens SerCevas damsaxurebis mixedviT, awe-sebs SerCevisa da Sefasebis kriteriumebs da ayalibebs yvelasTvis samarTlian konkurentul garemos, rac xels uwyobs produqtiulobis zrdas da sasicocxlo funqcias asrulebs codnaze dafuZnebul ekonomikaSi.

meritokratiul SerCevas, daqiravebasa da Sefase-bas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs organizaciis konkuren-tunarianobasa da pirovnuli resursebis marTvaSi. Ta-visi institucionaluri maxasiaTeblebiT, „veberiseuli biurokratia~ moicavs rogorc meritokratiul SerCevas, ise Sesrulebuli samuSaos Sefasebas. maqs veberis (1947) biurokratiis klasikuri koncefciis principebs Soris, damsaxureba (damsaxurebis mixedviT SerCeva da dawinaure-ba) da miukerZoebloba (samuSaos Sesruleba, romelic pro-duqtiulobis mixedviT fasdeba) warmoadgens sajaro ad-ministrirebis sistemis saxelmZRvanelo principebs da misi mniSvneloba ufro da ufro izrdeba codnis ekonomikis mniSvnelobis zrdasTan erTad. sajaro seqtorSi da gansa-kuTrebiT, sajaro administrirebaSi, Sesrulebis gazomva reformebis strategiis mniSvnelovan komponents warmoad-gens (Matei 2007). politi da bukerti (2000) xazs usvamen im faqts, rom es sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mod-ernizaciisa da sajaro administrirebis reformisaTvis.

rogorc evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis, ise sxva organi-zaciebis (mag.: OECD) sajaro menejmentis reformis strat-egiebi fokusirebulia Semdeg mizanze: sajaro samsaxuris sistema dafuZnebuli unda iyos profesionalizmsa da sa-

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jaro moxeleebis SerCevaze meritokratiuli kriteriume-bis mixedviT (Matei 2007).

samarTlianobaze, kanonis uzenaesobaze, samarTlian konkurenciasa da Tanabar SesaZleblobebze dafuZnebuli demokratia gamoricxavs diskriminaciasa da sazogadoebis ukmayofilebas. SerCevisa da Sefasebis politika, romelic ugulebelyofs meritokratiul principebs, iwvevs diskrim-inacias, adamianis uflebebis darRvevas, maRalkvalificiu-ri kadrebis imedgacruebas, codnis resursis gadinebasa da inteleqtualur erozias.

4.3 meritokratiis mokle istoriuli rakursi

meritokratia safuZvels uxsovari droidan iRebs. kon-fuci erT-erTi pirveli iyo antikur filosofosebs So-ris, romlis mier dafuZnebulma RirebulebebaTa sistemam Rrma kvali datova aRmosavleT da samxreT aziis erebis ganviTarebaze. misi principi _ `maT, vinc sanimuSoni ari-an saxelmwifo samsaxurSi, unda iswavlon, xolo maT, vinc sanimuSoni arian swavlaSi, unda marTon sistema~ _ Cinuri ganaTlebis saxelmZRvanelo principad iqca, romlis mixed-viTac saxelmwifo moxeleebis SerCeva maTi damsaxurebis mixedviT xdeboda (Shen 2001). meritokratiuli Rirebule-bebi Rrmad fesvgadgmulia Zvel berZnul filosofiaSic. saukeTeso politikuri reJimis Ziebisas, didma berZenma filosofosma aristotelem, upiratesoba konstituciu-ri demokratiis mmarTvelobis formas mianiWa, romelSic saxelmwifo sazogadoebis yvelaze ganaTlebuli nawilis mier unda imarTebodes.

meritokratiis koncefcia me-17-e saukuneSi CineTidan jer britanul indoeTSi, Semdeg ki kontinentur evropasa da aSS-Si gavrcelda (Kazin, Edwards, and Rothman, 2010). ganmanaT-leblobis epoqaSi, Zveli meritokratiuli Rirebulebebi dasavleli filosofosebis STagonebis wyaros warmoadgen-da, romelic meritokratias evropis Zveli tradiciuli reJimis alternativad aRiqvamda (Schwarz (1996). praqtiku-

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li TvalsazrisiT, britaneTis imperia iyo pirveli evropu-li Zala, romelmac meritokratiuli SerCevis warmatebiT ganxorcieleba moaxerxa indoeTis koloniis administra-ciaSi: `korufciisa da favoritizmis prevenciis mizniT, kompaniis menejerebi konkurentuli gamocdebis meSveobiT qiraobdnen da awinaurebdnen personals~ (Kazin, Edwards, and Rothman, 2010).

margaret tetCeris premier-ministrobis dros did britaneTSi politikis axali stili damkvidrda, romelic meritokratiaze, Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikaze, maRal teqnologiebze, ganaTlebasa da demokratiul kultur-aze iyo dafuZnebuli. `politikaSi, man aqcenti gaakeTa meritokratiaze, ramac didi britaneTi erT-erT yvelaze ganviTarebul qveynad aqcia iaponiasTan, dasavleT ger-maniasTan da aSS-sTan erTad. xelisuflebaSi mosvlis pir-velive dRidan, tetCeri Tavis Zalauflebas meritokratiis gaZlierebisa da niWieri britanelebisaTvis siRatakidan Tavis daRwevis SesaZleblobis micemisTvis iyenebda~ (wyaro: http://voices.yahoo.com/tribute-margaret-thatcher-uks-former-pre-mier-12089025.html?cat=37)

200 wlis win amerikuli demokratiis mamam, Tomas jefersonma jon adamsisaTvis miweril werilSi (1813) „xelovnuri aristokratiis~ niWze dafuZnebuli „bune-brivi aristokratiiT~ Canacvleba moiTxova, rac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifod mSeneblobis safuZ-veli unda gamxdariyo. `ganaTlebam adamianTa masebs unda STaunergos moraluri respeqtabelurobis grZnoba, rac aucilebelia maTive usafrTxoebisa da mowesrigebuli mmarTvelobisaTvis; da unda aRWurvos isini Sesabamisi codniT, raTa damkvidrdes namdvil aristokratTa Ser-Cevis praqtika, amaRldes xelisuflebis ndoba da gamoir-icxos TviTmarqviebis aRzeveba~.

1978 wlis samoqalaqo samsaxuris reformis aqtiT gauqmda aSS-s sajaro samsaxuris komisia da Camoyalibda aSS-s personalis marTvis ofisi (OPM), SromiTi urTier-Tobebis federaluri saagento (FLRA) da aSS-s damsaxure-bis mqone pirebis dacvis sabWo (MSPB), romlis Seqmnac

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erT-erTi yvelaze wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo meritokrati-is ganviTarebaSi. OPM-is ZiriTadi misia _ `msoflio donis pirovnuli resursis mozidva, SenarCuneba da dafaseba amerikeli xalxis samsaxurisaTvis~, aRmasrulebeli saxelisuflebo struqturebis saxelmZRvanelo princips warmoadgens da federaluri adamianuri resursis gakon-trolebis regulaciebs moicavs. MSPB-is umTavresi pri-oriteti, sxva damsaxurebis mqone adamianebis upiratesobis cxra principTan erTad, mdgomareobs SemdegSi: `person-alis daqiraveba unda efuZnebodes kvalificiuri special-istebis SerCevas saTanado wyaroebidan, moicavdes sazoga-doebis yvela segments, xolo SerCevisas da dawinaurebisas upiratesobis miniWeba unda xdebodes mxolod codnis, unarebisa da SesaZleblobebis mixedviT, samarTlian da jansaRi konkurenciis garemoSi, sadac yvelas Tanabari SesaZleblobebi eqneba~ (wyaro: http://www.mspb.gov/meritsys-temsprinciples.htm).

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da didi britaneTis garda, meritokratiuli principebiT xelmZRvaneloben singapuri, fineTi, iaponia, kanada, germania da sxva gan-viTarebuli qveynebi, romlebic gamoirCevian konkurentu-li pirovnuli resursiTa da inteleqtualuri resursis gadine bis dabali maCveneblebiT.

4.4 qarTuli demokratiis anatomia

miuxedavad perioduli politikuri reformebisa da viTarebis gaumjobesebisaken gadadgmuli nabijebisa, saqa-rTvelos demokratiuli gardaqmnis procesi jer kidev dausrulebelia. is garemoeba, rom liberalur demokratieb-Si sayovelTaod aRiarebuli normebi postsabWoTa saqarT-veloSi kargaven TavianT liberalur Sinaarss, ganpirobebu-lia xelisuflebis genetikuri kavSiriT komunistur nomenklaturul5 mmarTvelobasTan. sabWoTa kavSiris daS-

5 wamyvan administraciul poziciebze myofi mmarTveli ierarqia sabWoTa kavSirsa da sxva komunisturi blokis qveynebSi

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lis Semdeg moxda totalitaruli politikuri elitis — komunisti da komkavSireli funqcionirebis udidesi naw-ilis transformireba axal struqturebsa da ierarqiebSi, rac gamowveuli iyo, rogorc maTi Zalauflebis SenarCu-nebis ambiciebiT, ise axali kadrebis deficitiT.

damoukideblobis TiTqmis ocdaxuTwliani istoria naTlad aCvenebs, rom saqarTveloSi, inteleqtualuri krizisisa da mankieri praqtikebis (korufcia, favoritizmi, qronizmi, nepotizmi, klientelizmi da sxv.) gamo, mosax-leoba xSirad akeTebs araracionalur arCevans demagogi da upasuxismgeblo politikosebis sasargeblod, rogorc es permanentulad xdeba saprezidento, saparlamento da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebSi.

amasTan, saqarTveloSi meritokratiis ararsebobis gamo, mTavrobis politika da gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesi mxolod axali nomenklaturuli elitis _ saeWvo warsulis mqone oligarqebis, demagogi politikosebis, ara-kompetenturi Cinovnikebis, „jibis~ eqspertebis gavlenis qveS aris moqceuli, rac zians ayenebs erovnul politikas da iwvevs politikur da socio-ekonomikur krizisebs.

2012 wlis saparlamento arCevnebamde, qarTuli re-aloba warmoaCenda sazogadoebrivi organizaciebisa da politikuri institutebis araefeqturobasa da uunarobas demokratiuli mmarTvelobis TvalsazrisiT. aseve mniS-vnelovan problemas warmoadgenda mTavrobis angariSval-debulebisa da misi saqmianobis gamWvirvalobis deficiti. maRali samTavrobo poziciebi, sabWoTa periodis msgavsad, mkacr avtokratiul kontrols eqvemdebareboda. magram miuxedavad amisa, TviT dasavleTis qveynebis diplomatiu-ri misiebic ki uZlurni aRmoCndnen demokratiuli faseu-lobebidan Sors mdgari neo-nomenklaturuli elitis amoc-nobaSi, rac mniSvnelovnad aferxebda qveynis progresul ganviTarebas.

Economist Intelligence Unit-Si gamoqveynebuli 2012 wlis demokratiis indeqsis mixedviT, demokratiis ganviTare-bis doniT, saqarTvelos ekava 93-e adgili msoflios 167 qveyanas Soris da ganekuTvneboda „hibridul reJims~, ro-

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melsac ar Seswevda demokratiis konsolidaciis unari. ufro mniSvnelovani sisusteebi ikveTeboda politikur kulturaSi, mTavrobis funqcionirebaSi, sasamarTlos damoukideblobis, mediis Tavisuflebisa da politikuri CarTulobis sakiTxebSi. viTareba kidev ufro gauaresda 2012 wlis arCevnebis Semdeg, rodesac saparlamento arCev-nebis Sedegad xelisuflebaSi movida politikuri koali-cia prorusulad ganwyobili oligarqis xelmZRvanelobiT. politikurma klientelizmma, korufciam, favoritizmma, qronizmma da nepotizmma kidev ufro metad gaidga fes-vebi rogorc politikur, ise samoqalaqo institutebSi. politikur Tanamdebobebze iniSnebian arakompetenturi adamianebi pirovnuli da naTesauri kavSirebis safuZvelze. sasamarTlo sistema jer kidev saWiroebs reformas. SeSfo-Tebas iwvevs presisa da media saSualebebis polarizacia da tendenciuroba.

politikis formulirebisa da implementaciis xarisxi da mTavrobis qmediTunarianoba am xarisxis uzrunvelyofi-saTvis damokidebulia sajaro politikis yvela subieqtis codnaze, gamocdilebasa da unarebze, rogorc arCeuli, ise daniSnuli politikuri moxeleebis, universitetis profe-sorebisa da mkvlevrebis, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis eqspertebis da a.S. CaTvliT. axali nomenklatoruli elita ki, misi winamorbedis msgavsad, aqcents akeTebs iolad kon-trolirebadi pirebis daniSvnaze gadawyvetilebis mimReb poziciebze praqtikulad yvela sferoSi sadac xeli miuw-vdeba _ samTavrobo struqturebSi, politikur partiebSi, samoqalaqo sazogadoebriv organizaciebSi, kerZo seqtor-Si, mediasa da universitetebSi. Tanamdebobebze daniSvnas gansazRvravs pirovnuli urTierTobebi da preferenciebi da ara profesionalizmi da zneobriv-eTikuri normebi. Se-degad, wesieri, kompetenturi da inteleqtuali adamianebi, romlebsac ara aqvT kavSirebi axal nomenklaturasTan, gan-icdian marginalizacias.

rogorc zemoT iyo aRwerili, neo-nomenklaturuli sistema ayalibebs ara mxolod saxelmwo aparatis Cake-til sistemas, aramed pirdapir zemoqmedebs politikur

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da sazoga doebriv institutebze, romlebic mxolod erTi SexedviT arian damoukidebelni. amdenad, neo-nomenkla-turis principi, romelic mTlianad imeorebs komunisturi elitis qcevis wess, cdilobs daicvas sakuTari privile-girebuli pozicia da SeinarCunos Zalaufleba.

cesko-s monacemebiT, 2014 wlis adgilobrivi TviT-mmarTvelobis arCevnebSi mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT amomrCevelTa aqtivobam Seadgina 43.3%, xolo TbilisSi ki 37.3%. es Sedegebi naTlad warmoaCens sazogadoebriv apa-Tiasa da nihilizms, rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom mTeli qar-Tuli eleqtoratis 56.7% da TbilisSi mcxovrebi amomrCev-lis 62.7% undoblobas ucxadebs politikur arenaze myof subieqtebs, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT Sedegebze orientire-buli politikisa da reformebis ganxorcielebis unari. 2012-14 wlebis dinamika calsaxad miuTiTebs Seusrulebe-li dapirebebiT mosuli xelisuflebis mimarT ndobis Sem-cirebis tendenciazec, rac axlo momavalSi didi albaTo-biT gazrdis politikur kriziss.

rogorc qvemoT moyvanili grafikuli monacemebiT irkveva, realurad saxelisuflebo koalicias mxars uWers amomrCevlis ara 46%, aramed 17.16%. anu politikuri su-bieqtis mier miRebuli mxardaWeris xvedriTi wili unda gamoiTvalos qveynis mTliani eleqtoratis, da ara mxolod arCevnebze gamocxadebul moqalaqeTa aqtivobis mixedviT. 17.16% aris tradiciulad xelisuflebis zegavlenis qveS myofi ceskos oficialuri statistika. realurad ki amas Tu gamovaklebT xelisuflebis mier administraciuli re-sursis gamoyenebas da gayalbebul xmebs, dabalreitingiani subieqtebisagan Semdgari ekleqturi koaliciis 17%-iani maCvenebeli sagrZnoblad Semcirdeba.

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saxelisuflebo institutebis sisustesTan erTad sax-ezea ceskos, masmediisa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis arakompetenturobac _ pozitiuri zegavlena moaxdinon arCevnebisa da zogadad mmarTvelobis procesze. axali pro-gresuli politikuri Zala, romlis gamoCenasac elodeba imedgacruebuli saqarTvelos mosaxleobis umravlesoba, unda iyos konkurentuli codnis, Tanamedrove azrovnebisa da politikuri kulturis matarebeli, rac inteleqtual-urad erozirebul qarTul realobaSi Zalian rTulia, Tu kanonmdeblobis doneze ar gamkacrda politikosTa mimarT wayenebuli moTxovnebi da ar amaRlda mosaxleobis ganaT-lebis, sazogadoebrivi TviTSegnebisa da gemovnebis done.

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi miuTiTeben imazec, rom saqarTveloSi warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis Camoyal-ibeba mimdinare procesia, romlisTvisac institucionali-zebuli korufcia da politikurad neitraluri aqtorebis sistemuri diskriminacia mniSvnelovan gamowvevas warmoad-gens, da rom jer kidev bevri reformis ganxorcieleba aris saWiro postkomunisturi da postsabWouri tranziciis procesis dasrulebisaTvis.

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daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi

saqarTvelos gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom sabWoTa memkvid-reobam ukiduresad negatiuri zegavlena moaxdina politi-kuri elitisa da saxelmwifo institutebis ganviTarebis doneze da maT moralur TviTSegnebaze, rac TiTqmis ukve ocdaxuTi welia mniSvnelovnad aferxebs proaqtiuli re-formebis ganxorcielebasa da warmatebuli demokratiuli mmarTvelobis damkvidrebas. politikuri arena warmoad-gens Caketil wres, romelzec permanentulad dominireben neo-nomenklaturuli sistemis erTguli Cinovnikebi, xolo niWieri, mcodne da wesieri axalgazrdebi gamijnulni da marginalizebulni arian politikuri procesebisgan.

saxezea WeSmariti demokratiuli Rirebulebebis, kanonis uzenaesobis, samarTlianobis, gamWvirvaleobis, angariS valdebulebis, agreTve liderobis, codnis, pro-fesionalizmis, politikuri kulturisa da zneobriv-eTi-kuri normebis krizisi mmarTvelobis yvela sferosa da ierarqiaSi. xelisuflebas ar gaaCnia proaqtiuli cvli-lebebis ganxorcielebis survili da SesaZlebloba, xolo samoqalaqo sazogadoeba imdenad sustia, rom veranair zemoqmedebas ver axdens politikur procesze. wamyvani qarTuli media saSualebebi aris umeteswilad polari-zebulni da politikuri klientelizmis zegavlenis qveS moqceuli.

polarizebulia agreTve qarTuli sazogadoebis daaxlo ebiT 30%, rac ZiriTad ganpirobebulia, rogorc maTi mxardaWeriT politikuri partiebis mimarT, ise poli-tikuri subieqtebisagan sargeblis miRebis molodiniT, danarCeni 70% ki frustrirebulia da apaTiisa da nihil-izmis tyveobaSi imyofeba. mosaxleobis garkveuli nawi-li saerTod ar aris integrirebuli qveynis politikur, ekonomikur da socialur cxovrebaSi, rac sagrZnoblad aferxebs ganviTarebis process.

sazogadoebis farTo fenebi ar arian informirebulni mTavrobis gadawyvetilebebisa da qmedebebis Taobaze. ar mimdinareobs Ria dialogi erovnuli Tu regionuli mniSvn-

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elobis Temebze masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi war-moebuli sajaro diskusiebisa da debatebis gziT.

Zalian sustia sajaro politikis SemuSavebaSi samoqa-laqo seqtoris CarTuloba. am mxriv ZiriTadad aqtiurobs ramodenime arasamTavrobo organizacia, romelTa SezRud-uli eqspertuli codna da inteleqtualuri wvlili nega-tiurad aisaxeba ganxorcielebuli politikis Sedegebze. maTi arakompetenturobis gamo ver xerxdeba riskebisa da SesaZleblobebis srulyofili Seswavla da analizi, pri-oritetebis gansazRvra, strategiebis Camoyalibeba. Sede-gad miiReba araefeqturi gadawyvetilebebi, rac safrTxes uqmnis rogorc demokratiul mmarTvelobas, ise enTro-pirebul6 mdgomareobaSi myofi xelisuflebis ndobasa da reputacias sazogadoebaSi.

seriozul problemas warmoadgens qveynidan kvalifi-ciuri da profesionali kadrebis gadinebis maRali done, rac iwvevs inteleqtualur erozias. arsebuli krizisuli viTarebis fonze, arc sazogadoebas da arc politikur elitas ar aqvs gaTviTcnobierebuli meritokratiis, ro-gorc warmatebuli reformebis ganxorcielebis erT-erTi aucilebeli pirobis mniSvneloba. meritokratiuli Ser-Cevisa da Sefasebis ararseboba iwvevs mmarTvelobis ar-aefeqturobas, rac asustebs qveynis potencials niWieri axalgazrda adamianebis gamoyenebisa da qveynis moderni-zaciis saqmeSi.

rogorc istoria gviCvenebs, moralTan, zneobasTan da Rirsebis kodeqsTan SeuTavsebeli avantiuristuli mmarTv-elobiTi reJimebi yovelTvis kraxs ganicdidnen, radgan ar gaaCndaT WeSmarit faseulebebze dafuZnebuli ideologia. saqarTveloSi arsebuli mdgomareoba walsaxad metyvelebs mwvave politikur krizisze da xelisuflebis legitimacias seriozuli kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs. logikurad Cnde-ba moTxovna axal, proaqtiul reformebze orientirebul politikur moZraobaze, romelic

6 enTropia _ menejmentis TeoriaSi, sistemis dauZlureba, rodesac mas aRar Seswevs unari adaptireba moaxdinos garemoSi arsebuli cvlile-bebisa da gamowvevebis mimarT.

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• orientirebuli iqneba WeSmarit demokratiul Rire-bulebebze da radikalurad gaemijneba fsevdo-liber-alur demagogiur praqtikebs; • daicavs erovnul interesebs da izrunebs imisaT-vis, rom saqarTvelo iqces konkurentunarian qveynad globalur sivrceSi da dasavleTis saimedo mokavSired evraziis regionSi; • Tavisufali iqneba uSiSroebis samsaxurebis zegavleni-sagan da iseTi mavne praqtikebisgan, rogoricaa koruf-cia, favoritizmi, qronizmi, nepotizmi, klientelizmi; • principulad moiTxovs lustraciis kanonis miRebas da specsamsaxurebTan kavSirSi myof subieqtebis poli-tikur Tanamdebobebze daniSvnis akrZalvas; • gaatarebs mkacr meritokratiul politikas, raTa politikur da administraciul Tanamdebobebze daniS-vna moxdeba mxolod niWis, codnis, lideruli poten-cialis, politikuri kulturis, moralisa da zneobriv eTikuri kriteriumebis safuZvelze.

am pirobebis Sesruleba damokidebulia erovnul mod-ernizaciaze, proaqtiul liderobaze da struqturuli reformebis gatarebaze, iseve rogorc wesier, ganaTle-bul, da kompetentur pirovnul resursze, romelsac Ses-wevs masStaburi cvlilebis gamxorcielebis unari. saqarT-velos ganviTarebis dRevandeli suraTi safrTxes uqmnis ara mxolod qveynis modernizacias, aramed mis integracias evro-atlantikur struqturebSi. aqedan gamomdinare, saqa-rTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri da demokratiuli ganvi-Tarebis gasaRebi mdgomareobs niWieri axalgazrdebis gan-viTarebasa da maT progresul gamoyenebaSi.

inteleqtualuri resursis marginalizaciisa da misi ucxoeTSi gadinebis procesis SeCerebis mizniT, real-izaciis farTo asparezi unda mieces axalgazrda, lideru-li potencialisa da konkurentuli codnis mqone niWier adamianebs.

maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis motivaciis Sesaqmnelad, gansakuTrebuli aqcenti unda gakeTdes meritokratiuli

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SerCevisa da Sefasebis kriteriumebze, rogorc saxelmwifo marTvis sferoSi, ise politikur partiebsa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebriv organizaciebSi. unda ganxorcieldes efeq-turi sakadro politika maRali zneobis, profesionaliz-misa da kompetenciis mqone adamianebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebis Sesabamisad.

saqarTvelos esaWiroeba saukeTeso codnisa da praq-tikebis gaziareba demokratiuli mmarTvelobis sakiTxeb-Si, ramac xeli unda Seuwyos rogorc institucionaluri sistemis qmediTunarianobis gaumjobesebas, ise qveynis strategiuli prioritetebis gansazRvrasa da mmarTveli struqturebis angariSvaldebulebis gazrdas sazogadoe-bis winaSe.

imis aRiareba, rom mmarTvelobis gaumjobeseba umTav-res saSualebas warmoadgens qveynis mdgradi ganviTarebi-saTvis, qmnis safuZvels saerTaSoriso donorebis mxridan realur saWiroebebze fokusirebuli programebis Sesaqmne-lad. aseTma programebma unda uzrunvelyos, rom samTavro-bo struqturebi, kanonebi da debulebebi, kompetenturo-bis, gamWvirvaleobisa da angariSvaldebulebis pirobebSi mxars uWerdnen proaqtiuli reformebis ganxorcielebasa da demokratiuli mmarTvelobis principebs.

mmarTveli elita pasuxismgebeli unda iyos saxelm-wifo politikis miznebis gansazRvraze da im reformebis ganxorcielebaze, romlebic mniSvnelovania demokratiuli mmarTvelobisaTvis, xolo misi kompetenturoba ki unda aisaxebodes realur politikur qmedebebSi, maT ganxor-cielebasa da politikur meqanizmebSi.

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