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Robustness of the EWMA control chart to non- normality Connie M Borror; Douglas C Montgomery; George C Runger Journal of Quality Technology; Jul 1999; 31, 3

Robustness of the EWMA control chart to non-normality Connie M Borror; Douglas C Montgomery; George C Runger Journal of Quality Technology; Jul 1999; 31,

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國立雲林科技大學 工業工程與管理所 Introduction In this paper, we show that the ARL performance of the Shewhart individuals control chart when the process is in control is very sensitive to the assumption of normality. We suggest the EWMA control chart as an alternative to the individuals chart for non-normal data. We show that, in the non-normal case, a properly designed EWMA control chart will have an in-control ARL that is reasonably close to the value of for the individuals chart for normally distributed date. For all cases, the ARL’s were computed using the Markov chain method.

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Page 1: Robustness of the EWMA control chart to non-normality Connie M Borror; Douglas C Montgomery; George C Runger Journal of Quality Technology; Jul 1999; 31,

Robustness of the EWMA control chart to non-normalityConnie M Borror; Douglas C Montgomery; George C Runger

Journal of Quality Technology; Jul 1999; 31, 3

Page 2: Robustness of the EWMA control chart to non-normality Connie M Borror; Douglas C Montgomery; George C Runger Journal of Quality Technology; Jul 1999; 31,

國立雲林科技大學 工業工程與管理所

Introduction• Individual measurements occur frequently in the che

mical and process industries.• The traditional method of dealing with the case of n=1

is to use the Shewhart individuals control chart to monitor the process mean.

• The individuals control chart has two widely-cited disadvantages :

• (1) the chart is not very sensitive to small shifts in the process mean.

• (2) the performance of the chart can be adversely affected if the observations are not normally distribution.

• It is certainly true that non-normality of the process data is often not a significant concern if the X-bar control chart is used to monitor the mean.

Page 3: Robustness of the EWMA control chart to non-normality Connie M Borror; Douglas C Montgomery; George C Runger Journal of Quality Technology; Jul 1999; 31,

國立雲林科技大學 工業工程與管理所

Introduction• In this paper, we show that the ARL performance of t

he Shewhart individuals control chart when the process is in control is very sensitive to the assumption of normality.

• We suggest the EWMA control chart as an alternative to the individuals chart for non-normal data.

• We show that, in the non-normal case, a properly designed EWMA control chart will have an in-control ARL that is reasonably close to the value of 370.4 for the individuals chart for normally distributed date.

• For all cases, the ARL’s were computed using the Markov chain method.

Page 4: Robustness of the EWMA control chart to non-normality Connie M Borror; Douglas C Montgomery; George C Runger Journal of Quality Technology; Jul 1999; 31,

國立雲林科技大學 工業工程與管理所

Background Information-EWMA•The EWMA is defined as

•Where xi is the current observation and λ, smoothing parameter, is a constant for 0 λ 1≦ ≦•The control limits for the EWMA control chart are

• Where L determines the width of the control limits

11 iii zxz

i

i

LLCL

LUCL

20

20

112

112

Page 5: Robustness of the EWMA control chart to non-normality Connie M Borror; Douglas C Montgomery; George C Runger Journal of Quality Technology; Jul 1999; 31,

國立雲林科技大學 工業工程與管理所

Background Information-EWMA•For large values of i , the steady-state EWMA control limits are

•If any point exceeds the control limits, the process is assumed to be out of control.

2

2

0

0

LLCL

LUCL

Page 6: Robustness of the EWMA control chart to non-normality Connie M Borror; Douglas C Montgomery; George C Runger Journal of Quality Technology; Jul 1999; 31,

國立雲林科技大學 工業工程與管理所

Background Information-Skewed and symmetric distribution

• To study the robustness of the EWMA control chart and the individuals control chart to normality assumption, both skewed and symmetric distribution were examined.

• Symmetric distribution : t distribution• Let k is degree of freedom• The Mean is 0• The Variance is k/(k-2)

Page 7: Robustness of the EWMA control chart to non-normality Connie M Borror; Douglas C Montgomery; George C Runger Journal of Quality Technology; Jul 1999; 31,

國立雲林科技大學 工業工程與管理所

Various t distribution and normal distribution with the same mean and variance

Page 8: Robustness of the EWMA control chart to non-normality Connie M Borror; Douglas C Montgomery; George C Runger Journal of Quality Technology; Jul 1999; 31,

國立雲林科技大學 工業工程與管理所

Background Information-Skewed and symmetric distribution

•Skewed distribution : Gamma distribution

•Let α=0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4, while holding β=1

22

1

exp1

xxxf

Page 9: Robustness of the EWMA control chart to non-normality Connie M Borror; Douglas C Montgomery; George C Runger Journal of Quality Technology; Jul 1999; 31,

國立雲林科技大學 工業工程與管理所

Various Gamma distribution and normal distribution with the same mean and variance

Page 10: Robustness of the EWMA control chart to non-normality Connie M Borror; Douglas C Montgomery; George C Runger Journal of Quality Technology; Jul 1999; 31,

國立雲林科技大學 工業工程與管理所

Results• The normal-theory ARL for individuals control chart

with 3σ is known to be 370.4.• For the EWMA, we can determine the values of λ

and L to obtain approximately the same ARL of 370.4.

• Value of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 were chosen for λ, with the corresponding value of 2.492, 2.703, and 2.86, respectively, chosen for L.

Page 11: Robustness of the EWMA control chart to non-normality Connie M Borror; Douglas C Montgomery; George C Runger Journal of Quality Technology; Jul 1999; 31,

國立雲林科技大學 工業工程與管理所

In-Control ARL’s for EWMA-Gamma EWMA Shewhart

λ 0.05 0.1 0.2 1L 2.492 2.703 2.86 3

Normal 370.4 370.8 370.5 370.4Gam(4,1) 372 341 259 97Gam(3,1) 372 332 238 58Gam(2,1) 372 315 208 71Gam(1,1) 369 274 163 55

Gam(0.5,1) 357 229 131 45

The Best Case

Page 12: Robustness of the EWMA control chart to non-normality Connie M Borror; Douglas C Montgomery; George C Runger Journal of Quality Technology; Jul 1999; 31,

國立雲林科技大學 工業工程與管理所

Out-of-control ARL’s for the EWMA-Gamma

Shift ( Number of Standard Deviations)0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

EWMAλ=0.05

L=2.492

Normal 26.5 10.8 6.8 5 4 3.4Gam(4,1) 26.4 11 6.9 5.1 4.1 3.4Gam(3,1) 26.4 11 7 5.1 4.1 3.5Gam(2,1) 26.4 11.1 7 5.2 4.1 3.5Gam(1,1) 26.4 11.2 7.1 5.3 4.2 3.5

Gam(0.5,1) 26.6 11.4 7.3 5.4 4.3 3.6

EWMAλ=0.1

L=2.703

Normal 28.3 9.8 5.8 4.2 3.3 2.8Gam(4,1) 26.5 9.9 6 4.3 3.4 2.9Gam(3,1) 26.3 9.9 6 4.4 3.5 2.9Gam(2,1) 26 10 6.1 4.4 3.5 2.9Gam(1,1) 25.5 10.1 6.2 4.5 3.6 3

Gam(0.5,1) 25.1 10.2 6.3 4.6 3.7 3.1

Page 13: Robustness of the EWMA control chart to non-normality Connie M Borror; Douglas C Montgomery; George C Runger Journal of Quality Technology; Jul 1999; 31,

國立雲林科技大學 工業工程與管理所

Out-of-control ARL’s for the EWMA-Gamma

Shift ( Number of Standard Deviations)

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

EWMAλ=0.2

L=2.86

Normal 36.2 9.8 5.2 3.6 2.8 2.3Gam(4,1) 28 9.6 5.4 3.8 2.9 2.4Gam(3,1) 27.3 9.5 5.4 3.8 2.9 2.4Gam(2,1) 26.3 9.5 5.4 3.8 3 2.5Gam(1,1) 24.7 9.5 5.5 3.9 3 2.5

Gam(0.5,1) 23.3 9.5 5.7 4 3.2 2.6

Shewhart

Normal 155.2 44 15 6.3 3 2Gam(4,1) 34.2 15 7.7 4.5 3 2.2Gam(3,1) 31 14 7.4 4.5 3 2.2Gam(2,1) 27 12.6 7 4.4 3 2.2Gam(1,1) 21.7 11 6.4 4.2 3 2.3

Gam(0.5,1) 18.3 9.7 6 4.1 3 2.4

Page 14: Robustness of the EWMA control chart to non-normality Connie M Borror; Douglas C Montgomery; George C Runger Journal of Quality Technology; Jul 1999; 31,

國立雲林科技大學 工業工程與管理所

In-Control ARL’s for EWMA-t EWMA Shewhart

λ 0.05 0.1 0.2 1L 2.492 2.703 2.86 3

Normal 370.4 370.8 370.5 370.4t50 369 365 353 283t40 369 363 348 266t30 368 361 341 242t20 367 355 325 204t15 365 349 310 176t10 361 335 280 137t8 358 324 259 117t6 351 305 229 96t4 343 274 188 76

Page 15: Robustness of the EWMA control chart to non-normality Connie M Borror; Douglas C Montgomery; George C Runger Journal of Quality Technology; Jul 1999; 31,

國立雲林科技大學 工業工程與管理所

Out-of-control ARL’s for the EWMA-tShift EWMA

λ=0.05L=2.492

EWMAλ=0.1

L=2.703

EWMAλ=0.2

L=2.86Shewhart

0.5 t50~10 ( 26 )N( 26.5)t8~4 ( 27 )

N、 t50~40( 28.3)t30~4( 28.4~30 )

N( 36.2)t( 36~41 ) N ( 155.2 )

t50~6( 137~73 )t4 ( 63 )

1 N( 10.8)t( 11) N 、 t ( 9.8 ) N、 t50~20( 9.

8)t15~4( 9.9~10.3)

N( 44)t50~8 ( 43~39 )t6~4 ( 38 )

1.5 N( 6.8)t( 6.7) N、 t( 5.8) N、 t( 5.2) N、 t50~20( 15)

t15~4( 16~19 )2 N、 t( 5) N、 t( 4.2) N、 t( 3.6) N( 6.3)

t50~4( 6.4~9 )2.5 N、 t( 4) N、 t( 3.3) N、 t( 2.6) N( 3)

t50~4( 3.3~4 )3 N( 3.4)

t( 3.3) N、 t( 2.8) N、 t( 2.3) N、 t( 2)EWMA is better than Shewhart

Page 16: Robustness of the EWMA control chart to non-normality Connie M Borror; Douglas C Montgomery; George C Runger Journal of Quality Technology; Jul 1999; 31,

國立雲林科技大學 工業工程與管理所

Comparing three EWMA control chart designs

• There have been many suggestion in the literature for designing an EWMA control chart.

• The table compares three EWMA control chart designs.

• 1st column : λ=0.1 and L=2.7 ( Montgomery, 1996 )

• 2rd column : λ=0.1 and L=3 ( computer packages )

• 3th column : λ=0.4 and L=3 ( Hunter, 1989 )

Page 17: Robustness of the EWMA control chart to non-normality Connie M Borror; Douglas C Montgomery; George C Runger Journal of Quality Technology; Jul 1999; 31,

國立雲林科技大學 工業工程與管理所

Comparing three EWMA control chart designs

λ=0.1 λ=0.1 λ=0.4L=2.7 L=3 L=3

Normal 368 838 421Gam(4,1) 339 648 173Gam(3,1) 329 605 153Gam(2,1) 313 538 128Gam(1,1) 272 422 96Gam(0.5,1

)228 328 76

λ=0.1 λ=0.1 λ=0.4L=2.7 L=3 L=3

Normal 368 838 421t50 362 815 368t40 361 808 355t30 358 798 336t20 346 775 301t15 346 751 271t10 333 698 223t8 321 655 195t6 303 582 161t4 272 461 124

For λ=0.1 and L=3, the ARL’s are too large.

For λ=0.4 and L=3, the ARL’s are smaller than the normal-theory value.

In-Control

Page 18: Robustness of the EWMA control chart to non-normality Connie M Borror; Douglas C Montgomery; George C Runger Journal of Quality Technology; Jul 1999; 31,

國立雲林科技大學 工業工程與管理所

Conclusions• 在 In control 的情況下, λ=0.05 and L=2.492 EWMA 管制圖在非常態 ARL 值接近常態假設的 ARL 值。不會超出 8% 的差距(沒有低於 340.76 )。• 在 In control 的情況下,除了極端非常態的分配參數值( t6 、 t4 、 Gam1,1 、 Gam0.5,1 ), λ=0.1 and L=2.

703 EWMA 管制圖在非常態的 ARL 與常態的 ARL 不會超出 15% 的差距(很少低於 315 )。• 在不同的分配參數的情況下, EWMA 偵測製程偏移的能力並沒有太大的差別。