伽ce軸げ血グ鎚肌J血珊坤げ以〟Ⅳ2－50α0あer200J，助みち止血Ⅳ

ROLEOFISO14001INMARPOLCONVENTION

FORTHEASSURANCEOF

CONTINUALENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT

Dr．IsmailDehaER，Dr・AyseYILMAZ，Dr．MustafaYILMAZ，ErcumentSAHIN

ITUMaritimeFaculty

81716Tuzla－Istanbul，Turkeydehaer＠care2．com

ABSTRACT

ShipManagementCompanies areresponsiblefortheprevention ofenvironmentalpollution caused by their

managed vessels・When they areinitiatlng tOimplement allcompulsory requlrementS that are dennedin

MARPOL，STCW Convention and separate Port State Control requlrementS，they are confrontlng SOme

hesitations or confusions that could result an environmental denciency，Misunderstanding orlack of

environmental management philosophy directly causes the hesitations or confusions at Ship Management

Companies・TakinglntO aCCOunt，the requlrementS OfISO14001and theinternational marine pollution

PreVention rules，Management Cover Up Cycle Modelis proposedinthis study fbrinternationally trading

ShipplngCOmpanies．

ManagementCover－UpCycleModelisabackwardandfbrwarddata－driVenprocess．Itmeanstheactionswillbe

taken step by step・The steps are toidentifythe environmentalaspects，analyse theimpacts，meaSuretheSlgnincantimpacts，andthen tailorasolutionthatcould be namedastarget．When the targetisinitiated to

implement，its effbctivenessis measured・If needed，the approach R）r reaChing the targetis adjusted fbr

efftctiveness．Whensuccessisachieved，thesetofprocessactionsisclos占d．LongtermmonitorlnguSually

followstoensurethattheenvironmentalhazardousoccurrencedoesnotariseagaln．Aswe11asthatthismodelenables to upgrade the management staffand the crew members know－how fbr ensurlng an ef托ctive

EnvironmentalManagementSystem．

KEYWORDS：ApplicationofISO14001forships，ManagementModel，MarineEnvironmentalPollution

l．Introduction

AnumberofadministrationsandauthoritieshaveseenRttointroducetheirownrulesorlegislationstocover

pollutionpreventioncausedbytheships，COnSideredasPSC（PortStateControl）requirements．Theexistingrules

andregulationswhicharedescribedinMARPOL（MarinePollution）Conventionstatesonlythepreventionfbr

theoccurenceofoilspillorleakage，garbagedisposallimits，handlingofgarbageandsludge to shore－based

facilities，thespecificationsandtheoperationalconditionofsewagethreatmentunits，ballastlnganddeballatlng

OPerationsetc・Ilisdifficultinaninternationalenvironmenttoreftrtoaslnglespecincpieceofrulesasitmay

not apply to all shipping companies and multinational　shipboard activities caused by difftrent cultural

managementknowhowor thebackground・

Theonlyde丘nedmanagementruleforprevetlngtheshipboardpollutionisdirectlycoupledwithensurlngSafb

Operationalconditions，CalledasISM（IntemationalSafttyManagement）Code（ErandSogut，1999）・Hencethe

ISMCodeindicatessomecountermeaSureSfbrpollutionprevetion，itsmainconceptde航nesoccupationalhealth

andsafetyconditionsof vessel’Sequlpment，CargOOfshipandcrewmembers・Forthisreason，theISMCode

WaSmademandatoryunderthenewchapterIXoftheSOLAS（SafttyofL舵atSea）Convention（Traves1997）・BesidestheISMCodethatis onlycompulsorylnternationalshipmanagementstandardinshippingbusiness，

denneswhattodobutdoesnotmakeanyclearexplanationsonhowtodo．

Takinginto account the above mentioned considerations，Management Cover Up Cyle（MCUC）modelis

PreSentedinthisstudybyutilisingISO14001EnvironmentalManagementStandard，withintheparallelviewof

－31－

COmpulsory existing shipping rules thatare eStablished byIMO（InternationalMaritime Organisation）to

COmpenSatetheweakpointsofpollutionpreventionactivitiesonboardtheships・

2・OverviewofManagementStandardsandRules

2．lISMCODE

TheInternationalManagementCodefbrthesaftoperationofshipsandpollutionprevention（ISMCode）was

adoptedbytheIMOGeneralAssemblywiththeresolutionA．741（18）OnitseighteenthsessioninNovember

1993（IACS，1996）・TheISMCodeaimsatcontributingtosaftrshippingandpollutionprevetionbylayingdownrequlrementSforaclearlinkbetweenshoreandseastaffofacompanyandfbradesignatedperSOntOStrengthen

thatlink・AkeyaspectoftheISMCodeisthatcompaniesmusthaveaverifiableSMS（SafttyManagement

System）in place・For the system to be efftctivelyimplemented there must becommitment fbrm the top，

responsibilitiesasslgnedandmeasuresinplacetoremedythedenciencies・IthastodaybecomeverysplitthemanagementofavesselintoseveraldistinctmanagementdepartmentS・ThesemaylnCertaincircumstances，WOrk

independentlyofeachotherorevenbeseparatecompanies・Thesecan benarroweddownto‥CreWmanagementl

technica］management，0perationalmanagement，COmmerCialmanagementandinsurancemanagement．Inrelation

to the Code，the relevant“management”is the one which has responsibility for the actualtechnicaland

Operationalmanagementoftheships．

2．2MARPOLCONVENTION

MarpoIConventioncoversallthetechnicalaspectsofpollutionfbrmships，eXCePtthedisposalofwasteintothe

Seabydumplngandappliestoshipsofalltypes，althoughitdoesnotapplytopollutionarislngOutOfthe

explorationandexploitationofsea－bedmineralresources・TheconventionhastwoprotocoIsdealingrespeCtively

WithreportsonincidentsinvoIvingharmfulsubstancesandarbitrationnveannexesthatcontainregulationsfbr

thepreventionofvariousfbrmsofpollutionasfollows：

AnnexI　　＝Preventionofpollutionbyoil

AnnexII　：Controlofpollutionbynoxiousliquidsubstances

Annexm　：Preventionofpollutionbyharmfulsubstancescarriedinpackagedformorinffeightcontainersorportabletanksorroadandrailtankwagons

AnnexIV　：Preventionofpollutionbysewage

AnnexV　　＝Garbagemanagementplan

andtheprotocolof1997（AnnexVIonregulationsfbrthepreventionofairpollutionfbrmships）（Wright，1999）．

2．3STCWCONVENTION

TheIMOConventiononStandardsofTraining，CertincationandWatchkeepingforSeafhrers（STCW），1978WaSSubstantiallyrevisedinJuly1995．Theconventionasarnendedhasbecomeknown as STCW95（IMO，

1995）・Thiswi11improvethestandardofseamen’squalincationsanditwillhelptosavelives，ShipsandcargO

andimproveenvironmentalprotection・ThemaingoalsofSTCW95areニ

●　TotransfbralldetailedtechnicalrequlrementStOanaSSOCiatedCode．

●　Toclarifytheskillsandcompetencerequiredandtotakeaccountofmodprntralnlngmethods．

●　TorequireFlagStateAdministrationstomaintaindirectcontroloverthequalincationsofthosemasters，

OmCerSthattheyauthorisetoserveontheirshipsbyanendorsementprocedure・

．　To make parties to the Convention accountable to each other，throughIMO，fbr their properimplementationoftheConventionandthequalityoftheirtralnlngandcertiiicationactivities

ThesystemtoensureauhifbrmstandardofcompetencecanbecalledthecoreoftherevisedSTCWConvention．

Forthenrsttime，thestandardsfbrseafarerCOmpetenCearebasednotonlyonkJlOwiedgerequlrementSbutare

directlylinkedtotheseafhrer’sabilitytoperfbrmtheirtaskssafblyandeffbctively．

IntheprocessofqualincationfbraproftssionalcertincatetheweighthasshifledfbrmexaminationsbythemaritimeschoolorAdministration’sexaminationboardtotheabilitytodemonstratesafbandefncientstruCtured

－32－

andcontrolledonboardtrainlngandperformanceevaluation・Thissystemisbasedonthefbllowlngkeyconcepts

asfunctions，levelofresponsibility，SeagOlngSerViceandspec摘cationofcompetencestandards．

2．4ISO1400lSTANDARD

ISO14000series of standards contains requlrementS and guidelines fbr establishing and maintalnlng an

Organisation’S environmental management system・EnvironmentalManagement Systemis the struCture Of

policies，PrOCedures，documentation，etCandithasinplacetocontroltheimpactofitsproducts，SerVices，and

processesontheenvironment・TheonlystandardthatcontainsrequlrementSandthustheonlystandardthose

Organisations can actually be reglStered to beISO14001・ISO14001requlreS a documented system fbr

COntrOllingtheenvironmentalefftctsoftheprocessesthattheorganisationusestodevelopandproduceproducts

Or SerVices（ISO，1996）・The basic premiSe behindIS014001is that there are certain elements every

managementsystemmusthaveinplaceinordertoensurethatorganisation’snegativeefftctsontheenvironment

areminimised．

4．THEINTERRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHEISMCODE，THESTCWCONVENTION，MARPOLCONVENTIONANDISO14001STANDARI）

TheISM Code covers safとty and prevention risks while the STCW Convention coversthe competenCe Of

Shipboardpersonnel，theISO1400lcoversthespeci鮎drequlrementSfbranenvironmentalmanagementsystem，

toenableanorganizationtofbrmulateapolicyandobjectivestaskinglntOaCCOuntlegislativerequlrementSandinfbrmationaboutsign摘cantenvironmentalimpacts（ISO，1996）．

TherearemanylinksbetweentheISMCodeandIS014001standard・ManagementResponsibilityisdefinedin

IS014001，aS StruCtureS and responsibility（Clause4・4・1）and environmentalmanagement program（Clause

4・3・4）・TheauthorsoftheISMCodefbunditmorepracticaltodefinesuchresponsibilitiesinseparateSeCtions

likesafttyand environmentalprotectionpolicy（clause2），COmpanyreSPOnSibilityand authority（Clause3），designatedperson（S）（Clause4），maSter’sresponsibilityandauthority（clause5），reSOurCeSandperSOnnel（clause

6），Ver摘cationreviewandevaluation（Clause12）・Clause70ftheISMCodecorrespondlheR）llowingclausesof

ISO1400lsuchasthewholerequirementsofplanning（Clause4・3），training，aWareneSSandcompetenCy（clause

4・4・2）andoperationalcontrol（Clause4・4・6）・Clause80ftheISMCodecorrespondsdirectlytoemergencyPreParednessandresponse（Clause4・4・7）inISO14001・Clause90ftheISMCode，althoughitcoversawider

neldthanISO14001，COVerSthenonconformance，COrreCtiveandpreventiveaction（Clause4．5．2）inISO14001．

TheconcemSOfclauselOoftheISMCodearedividedthefbllowlngparagraphsasmonitorlngandmeasurement

（clause4・5．1）andoperationalcontrol（Clause4・4．6）．Similarlytheconcernsofclause H oftheISMCodearedividedthefbllowingparagraPhsasenvironmentalmanagementsystemdocumentation（clause4．4．4），document

COntrOl（Clause4・4・5）andrecords（Clause4・5・3）inISO14001・Clause120ftheISMCodecorrespondthefbllowingclausesofISO14001suchastheenvironmentalmanagementsystemaudit（Clause4．5．4），management

review（clause4．6）．Moredetai11inksbetweenISMCode，andISO14001StandardisgiveninTablel．

Simi1ar1ythe comparison betweenISM Code，STCW Convention，MARPOL Convention andISO14001

StandardisglVeninTable2・ManyofthedirectcompanyresponsibilitiesintheSTCWConventionarelargelyderived fbrm the relevant provisionsin theInternationalSaftty Management（ISM）Code．The difftrence

however，isthatwhereastheISMCodegenerallyrequlreSShippingcompaniestoensurethatcertainproceduresrelatedtoperSOnnelareestablished．

TheSTCWConventionstlpulatesinsomedetailthatcompaniesmustbeabletodemonstratethattherelevant

STCWprovisionshavebeenimplemented，tOenSurethattheaimsoftheconventionaremet，i．e．thatseafhrers

employedonboardarecompetentqualifiedandcanindeedperfbrmtheirdutiessaftlyandefftctively．

Shipboard activities thatare mentionedin MARPOL Convention technically describethe main aspeCtS Of

pollutionpreventioncausedbyships，buttherequlrementSOfthisconventionarenotdirectlylinkedtoISMCode

acceptdenningandplannlngtheoperationsinbothclauses7and80fISMCode・Thisresultstoexplainwhatto

do，butnotclearlydefinehowtodo，howtomanageorhowtofbllowup．Forthisreasonthecauseofintegration

processofIS01400日SproftssionallyneededintoShipManagementBusiness・

－33－

TablelLinksbetweenISMCodeandISO14001Standard

A ctive links

betw een

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くぢ

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増

∽U「⊃t＝Cq

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已○’こ；d■．■

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ISM C ode

＆ 150 14001

くつ∽ーくじら’q

＞ヽ【q【＝く○

【の言

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tコOU

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＞ヽ書 芸

し．■U＞

l一t＝tUU

句∽

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芸壱 銅 旨く

出び

字 音 l⊃ 1〉U

N rべ■＜ 寸 lバく ，－U＼亡〉lL

卜占 ，lJ∝目し

d Z 三 百 － ヨ 遥 M▼・．■

4．1 G eneral

requlrem entS

4．2 Environm ental

policy

4・3 P annlng

ポ・　一　一一4．J．J助 V‘rp乃m e〝Jd

叩 gCJ

‾－、く、津・．・箋≡＝＝一、・衰・く．・．：：：

4．J．2 上沼gdJ＆oJんgr

m 印加卯脚山

4．3．j O りgcJfve∫α〝d

JαJ鷲eJ∫

4．3．4 血 vfrp乃m g乃ねJ

肋 乃dg．p m gr8m m g

4 ・4 1m plem entation and

Operation4．4．J ∫Jm c仙作品

化jpO托∫肋J的・

4 4・2 刀Ⅶ山肌g dW dre．＆

COJ乃peJg乃Ce 1ミト：・．郡閻．．．．．※…：．．．存…4．4．J Cb肌用〟用k drわ乃

4 4．4 肋 vfn 〟d〝8g．

∫yJ．（b c〟m e乃ねrわ乃

4．4．5 8 0C〟m e〃f CoJ汀れクJ

4．4．6 （わgm Jわ乃αJ

C（肌rJp J 忘謂

4 4・7助 町阿り

p でpd d ＆re岬卯∫e

．用．

■眠射・．■．．．4．5 C hecking ＆

COrreCtive act）On　 ′＝完■崇

鎧衰蓑＿4．5．日血血血厘牒

m gα∫〟nヲ〝1g佗J

4．エ2 〃c c 4 α〝d m ￥皇－‾■‡説：被　：ヾく－

4．5．j 尺gcol血

4 5．4 助 vh 〟d〝dg．

伽 ．A批由

4・6 M anagem ent

R eview

冊

…．怒

5．MANAGEMENTCOVER・UPCYCLE（MCtJC）MODEL

Thepurposeof’一Covering－UpCyclemodel’’istomakeanadequateincorporationbetweenallmaritimerelated

internationalrequlrementS andlheISO14001EnvironmentalManagement Standardinto Ship ManagementBusiness・Covering－UpCycleModelcanberecognizedattwodifftrentmilestones．

－34－

Table2ComparisonofISMCode，STCWConvention，MARPOLConventionandISO14001Standard

ISM Code ST C W

C onventionM AR PO L ISO 14001Convemtiom Standard

FieId ofApplication

M anagementof

Sa砧tyatseaandpollutionPreVention

Training， PreventionofImprovementof

existlngSyStem StOCert摘cationand pollutionfrom reducethelevelofWaCthkeeping Ships pollution in

envlrOnment

Applicableto　 Ship

M anagem ent

Admi nistrations，

tralnlngSerVices，

m aritim etralnlnginstitutions．ship

managem entCOm paniesan dShipboar d0pe rations

Shipboard

OPerationsfbralltypesofships

A llorganisations

thatwi shestoim plem ent

“EnvironmentalM anagem entSystem”

PurpoSe：M anaglng Sak ty

andpollutionpreventionrequlrem entS

Training，

Cert摘Cation andWaCthkeepingrequlrementS

Reducing theriskSelfdeclar ation of

COnfbm anceDem onstrate Ofpo11ution form regardingw ithCOm Pliancewi th Ships envi ronm ental

m anagem ent

M eans：Im plem entation of

Sak ty Trainlng Pollution

preventionregulations and

rules

Environm entalM anagem ent M anagement M anagement

System System System

St血em e ofShorebased audit

O rganisation’S Class摘cation Envi ronm ental

certi航cationand shipboard Society’ssurvey System

audit A udit prOgram Audit

Validity5yearssu叫ectto 5 yearssu句ectto 5 yearssubjectto 3yearssu叫ectto

audit assessment SurVeyS audit

Com pliance M andatory M andatory M andatory V oluntary

ThefirstmilestonedennestheindividualrdationshipsofeachstandardorlegiSlationthatcouldbemanagedin

SeparatephasescalledasT．Covering－Up一’・Thentheaimofthesecondmilestoneistomakeanefncientintegration

Ofeachdennedphaseofhrstmilestoneiscalledas”CyclicBuildUpProcess…．Whenthetwomilestonesare

initiatedtoimplementinactualshippingpracticesthenthemanagementprocessiscalledasCover－UpCycleModel．

ThefundamentalapproachoftheCover－UpCyclemodelenablesabackwardandfbrwarddata－drivenprocess．lt

meanstheactionswi11betakenstepbystep．ThestepsaretoidentifytheenvironmentalaspeCtS，analysethe

impacts，meaSuretheslgn摘cantimpacts，andthentailorasolutionthatcouldbenamedastarget・Whenthetarget

isinitiatedtoimplement，itseffbctivenessismeasured．Ifneeded，theapproachforreachingthetargetisadjusted

fbrefftctiveness．Whensuccessisachieved，thesetofprocessactionsisclosed．LongtermmonitorlnguSually

fbllowstoensurethatthenon－COmpliancesanddencienciesdonotariseagaln．

－35－

Theinfrastructure oforganisationin maritimeindusけy that supports Managemetlt Cover Up Cycle Model

（MCUCM）isveryimportant．Thatin丘astructureissetupsothatshoe－basedkeypersonnelcanidentifyaspeCtS，

departmentheadscanselectandreviewduetotheirpriority，ManagementRepresentative（S）orChiefExecutive

Ofncer（S）can support relevant resources and theperSOnnel whois responsiblefrom process can able to

implementroutineoperationalproceduresinanefncientmanner．

Together，the process and thein丘astruCture have the potentialto yield measurable differences to establish

COntinualimprovemenLMCUCMsimplyconstitutesthreekeyingredients‥

1）Interestandsupport丘omexecutivemanagementandoperationmanagement．

2）Enthusiasmamongshore－basedandshipboardperSOnnelfbridentifyingaspectsandteaminguptosoIvethem．

3）TechnicalsupportfbrteamsusingtheMCUCMprocess，

Wherethesedon’texist，mOmentumWaneSand sodoespreventionofdeficiencies．Butwhereallthreeexist，

MCUCMproducesresultstocomplytherequlrementSOfMaritimeSafttyManagementSystem・

Decisions on the perfbrmance parameters selection andits own characteristics shouldalways one of the

bllowlng：

□　GO（proposalmeetsselectioncriteriaandisapri0ritynow）

ロ　HOLD（meetsthecriteria，butnotapriority）

□　NO－GO（fai1stoomanycriteria）

口　REFINE（CertaincriterialeavequestionsthatmustberesoIvedbefbreadecision）

ロ　REFER（notourfunction）

Go’SarenOminationsthatmeettheperfbrmanceparameterselectioncriteriaandareaprlOrltynOW・EachGO

Carriesanimplicationandmanagementthinkstheproblemisimportantenoughfbrstafftore－StruCturetheirtime・

Hold’Sarenominationsthatmtheselectioncriteria，butarenotjudgedaprlOrltyatthetime・HOLD’Sarerare

Sincemostproposalsthat斤目heselectioncriteriaareimportant・WhenanominationbecomesaHOLD，itisheld

untilalaterdatefbrevaluation．InthisrespecttheselectioncriteriamightconstitutefbllowlngS：

／山鹿pm地肌柁C〟rrわg7

／　山鹿red∫励節Cα乃J加md〝ん紺地rfぶた？

／　ね‘rw油∫乃〟β。血どぶ（砕け〟d乃dgeme柁Jみ∫fem’∫mJe7

／　九才ゐ叩用地mJα曙gg㈲喝あわ椚α眈rム〟用0日00鋸gわ加地？／　α〝∫〟CCg∫∫お肌gd∫〟rgd7

No・gO’sarenominationsthatdorLOtfittheselectioncriteria．Generally，NO－GO’Sareeithernotrecumng，nOt

MaritimeSafttyManagementSystem’sjob，Thisisnottosaythattheyarenotimportant・

Re瓜me’sarenominationswithun－anSWeredquestionsononeormoreselectioncriteria・Usually，thenominatoris

askedtoresearchtheproblemthenreturnfbrthenextperformancecontrol．

Re鎚r’sarenominationsabout，“It’snotourfunction．”

Inthisrespectconsiderationoftheslgni爪canceofenvironmentalimpactsshouldinclude，butisnotlimitedto，the

fo1lowlngCriteriainshipmanagernentprocess＝

◆　∫CdJeqrJゐgJ〝甲dCr

◆　∫gVgrJ砂qfJ力efJ叩dCr

◆　PnP d鋸上砂q OCC〟rre〝Ce

◆　血相如乃呼‘叩αCJ

◆ク0加血Jreg〟Jdわけα〝dJegdJeJpO∫以re

◆　櫛C〟的，げCJlα〃g如g如才叩dCJ

◆　CがrqrCゐd〃g加g〟王ef叩dCJ

◆　炉CげC加托geO托0班erαC〟V如gdndpnDCe∫∫eぶ

◆　cO乃Cgm∫qf血Je柁∫Jedクddg∫

Thesamplefbrmatofenvironmentalaspects，impacts，theircriteriaofsignincanceandtherelatedo叫ectivesare

proposedinTable3．

－36－

Table3．

Severalexamplesofshipboardenvironmentalaspectsandimpacts

No

Activities

Aspect

Impact

Criteriaof

Sig山瓜cance

Signifkamt

Impat：t

0叫ective

Target

1Runnlng

englneS

Fueland

lube．oil

Contaminationof

Improperplanned

S¢apOllution

Reducingbilge

ImprovlngPlanned

CauSeleakagefrom

1eakagesoccur

BilgeWater

malntenanCe，

CauSed

bythe

Water

maintenance

plpeS，JOlntS，

Inefftctual

COntami

natedbilge

COntam

ination

SyStem

elbowsetc．in

englnerOOm

precaution

Water

CauSed

byFueland

Lube．Oilleakages

2Generalcleanlng

Usage

ofwasted

Contaminationof

Asaresultofnot

Seapollution

Reducingbilge

Using

speCialtrays

workson

boardthe

Oils（kerosene，gaS

BilgeWater

uslngSpeCialtrays

CauSedby

the

Water

orwastecotton　fbr

vessel

Oilelc．）during

orwastecottonfbr

COntam

inated

bilge

COntam

lnatlOn

Cleanlng

purPOSe

Cleanlng

inthe

englnerOOm

Cleanlng

purPOSe

during

cleanlng，

wastedoiltobe

POured

tothe

bilge．

Water

CauSed

bywasted

Oilsduring

cleanlng

prOCeSS

3Filtercleanlng

Spi11age

may

occur

Contaminationof

Carelessor

Seapollution

ReduciJlgbilge

Filtersshouldbe

during

BilgeWater

incorrect

CauSed

bythe

Water

Clean

edinspecial

transportation

oftransportation

ofCOntam

inated

bilge

contam

ination

traysandinthe

缶1ters

負1ters

Water

CauSed

bycareless

transportationof

n1ters

designated

areas

4Processingalley

FoodWaste

Seapollution

Throw

away

tothe

Seapollution

Categorisationof

Establishingand

andpantry

neareStland

CauSed

byfood

WaSte

garbage

implementlng

Garbage

Managem

entPlan

5CleanlngprOCeSS

Solidcarbon

Seapollution

Throw

awaylntO

Seapollution

Categorisationof

Establishingand

during

maintenance

residuesgenerated

bypur摘

ersor

Cleaning

jobs

Sea

CauSed

bysolid

Carbonresidues

garbage

implementlng

Garbage

Managem

entPlan

6Duringballastlng，

Transkrof

EcologJCal

Impactofmarine

0ccurrenceofnon

Bal1astWater

Establishingand

de－ballashng

harmfulaquatic

equilibriumchange

SPeCiesonthe

indigenous

exchange

operation

implem

entlng

OPerations

Organisms，and

（eco－SyStem

envlrOnm

ent

diseasesinmarine

BallastWater

pathogensinto

coastalwaters

Change）

environm

ent

Managem

entPlan

4．ResultsandDiscussions

ThisstudyisgenerallyconcentratlngOntheimportanceofISO14001requlrementSimplementation fbrShip

ManagementCompanies・Althoughtheidentificationofpolicystatement，reSPOnSibilitiesofshipboardperSOnnel

and emergency preparedness fbr each typeOfcontlngenCies，internalaudits，management reView activities，

Calibration and testlng prOCedures of relevant equlpment are already establishedin accordancewith the

requlrementSOfISMCodeandstatutorycertificationofships，theenvironmentalplannlngapprOaChandtheir

targetSwithintheframeWOrkofdennedobjectivesarenotclearlyknownandpracticedbothbytheshore－based

managementStaffandcrewmembers．

ApproprlateimplementationofISO14001requlrementSwithintheparal1elviewofManagementCoverUp

CycleModelcouldenabletheShipManagementCompaniesreducetheirunfbrseenexpenSeSand therateofdetentionsorarrestduringvariousportstatecontroIs．

Consequentlythisproposedmodelcouldbeasupportivepreventiveactionfbrreducingthemarinepollutionand

therectificationofenvironmentalmanagementrulesthatarenotclearlyde丘nedinMARPOLConvention．The

advantageofManagementCover－UpCycleModelcanenabletheshipboardenvironmentalprotectionaclivities

bycontrolling巾eprocessasabackwardandfbrwarddata－drivenprocess・Itmeanstheactionswi11betakenstep

bystep．Thestepswilldennetheenvironmentalaspects，analysetheimpacts，meaSuretheslgn摘cantimpacts，

and then tailor a solution that could be named as target．When the targetisinitiated toimplement，its

effbctivenessismeasured・Ifneeded，theapproach fbrreachingthe targetis aqustedfbre晩ctiveness・The

proposedmethodcanespeciallyenablethetankerandgascarrieroperatorstointegratetheirexistlngStruCtureS

forthenewinternationalrulesandregulations．

Re鎚remces

（1）Er，I．D．andO．S．Sogut（1999）：AnOverviewofManagementStandardsfbrShipManagementCompanies，

JournalofNavalArchitectureandShipbuildingIndustry，47，153－156・

（2）IACS．（1996）：InterpretationoftheInternationalManagementCodefbrthesafboperationsofshipsandfbr

pollution prevention（ISM Code）adopted byIMO Resolution A741・（18），InternationalAssociation ofClass摘cationSocieties，London．

（3）IMO．（1995）：InternationalConvention on Standards of Training，Certincation and Wacthkeeping fbr

Seahrers1978asamendedin1995（STCWConvention），InternationalMaritimeOrganisation，London．

（4）ISO14001（1996）：EnvironmentalManagementSystems－Specincationwithguidanceforuse，International

StandardOrganisation，Switzerland・

（5）ISO14004（1996）：EnvironmentalManagement Systems－Generalguidelines on principles systems and

SuppOrtlngteChniques，InternationalStandardOrganisqtion，Switzerland・

（6）Traves，M．（1997）：ImplementingtheISMCode：Anefftctiveresponsefbrshoremanagementandseastaff，

InternationalCommandSeminar．NauticalInstitute，19－25．

（7）Wright．A．A．（1999）：ExhaustEmissionsfromCombustionMachinery，MarineEngineeringPracticeSeries，

Part20．InstituteofMarineEngineers，London．

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