RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© KZ©„K 2012 wk¶vel© † ‡K · PDF file07.03.2013 · 4. jvj†Nvov ÑbvivqYM‡½vcva¨vq 22 5. jLviGKz‡k ÑAveyeKiwmwÏK 30 6. Qweiis

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mßeYv©mßg †kªwY

msKjb, iPbv I m¤úv`bv

Aa¨vcK W. gvneyeyj nKAa¨vcK wbiÄb AwaKvixAa¨vcK W. wek¦wRr †NvlAa¨vcK W. iwdKDjøvn LvbAa¨vcK W. ˆmq` AvwRRyj nKAa¨vcK k¨vgjx AvKeiAa¨vcK W. †mŠwgÎ †kLiW. miKvi Ave`yj gvbœvbW. †kvqvBe wReivbkvgxg Rvnvb Avnmvb

RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv|

RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©69-70, gwZwSj evwYwR¨K GjvKv, XvKv

KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ|

[ cÖKvkK KZ©„K me©¯^Z¡ msiw¶Z ]

cÖ_g cÖKvk : A‡±vei, 2011

Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úvRcvidg© Kvjvi MÖvwd· (cÖvt) wjt

cÖ”Q` I wPÎv¼bmy`k©b evQvi

myRvDj Av‡e`xb

wWRvBbRvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©

gy`ª‡Y :

ÔÔmiKvi KZ©„K webvg~‡j¨ weZi‡Yi Rb¨ÕÕ

cÖm½-K_v

wk¶v RvZxq Dbœq‡bi c~e©kZ©| AvaywbK I hy‡Mvc‡hvMx wk¶v Qvov AvZ¥wbf©ikxj, `¶ I gh©v`vm¤cbœ RvwZ-MVbm¤¢e bq| GB cÖZ¨q I cÖ‡Yv`bv †_‡KB RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ-2010 cÖYxZ nq| D³ wk¶vbxwZi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨mvg‡b †i‡L bZzb GK RxebvKvO¶v I Rxeb-ev¯ZeZvi cUf~wg‡Z iwPZ nq wbgœgva¨wgK I gva¨wgK ¯Z‡iibZzb wk¶vµg| 2011 mv‡j cÖYxZ GB wk¶vµ‡gi D‡Ïk¨‡K h_vh_fv‡e mßg †kªwYi mßeY©v kxl©KcvV¨cy¯ÍKwU‡Z cÖwZdwjZ Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| d‡j cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU‡Z cÖwZwU Mí, KweZv I cÖeÜ Ggbfv‡ewbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q hv‡Z wk¶v_©xiv G‡`‡ki BwZnvm-HwZn¨, wkí-ms¯‹…wZ, bxwZ-ˆbwZKZv I g~j¨‡eva m¤c‡K©aviYv jvf K‡i Ges GB Rb‡Mvôxi Rxebhvcb, gyw³hy‡×i gnvb AR©b, †`k‡cÖg, gvbeZv‡eva, cÖK…wZ‡PZbv,bvix-cyiy‡li mggh©v`v, åvZ…Z¡‡eva I weÁvb-†PZbv BZ¨vKvi Zvrch©c~Y© welq wb‡q fvevi my‡hvM cvq| my¯’wPšZvi PP©v I cwi”Qbœ Rxeb‡eva m¤c‡K© wk¶v_©x‡ì AvMÖnx K‡i †ZvjvB GB Av‡qvR‡bi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨| d‡jAwbevh©fv‡eB msKwjZ iPbv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wKQy wKQz iPbv ms‡¶wcZ I cwigvwR©Z Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| GQvov RvZxqcÖZ¨vkv Abyhvqx cÖPzi cv‡Vi fvi †_‡K wk¶v_©x‡ì gy³ K‡i ¯^í I my›ì Av‡qvR‡bi g‡a¨ Zv‡ì Avbw›`ZwePiY wbwðZ Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

bZzb wk¶vµg Abymv‡i g~j¨vqb‡K AviI djcÖm~ Kivi Rb¨ †`‡ki myaxRb I wk¶vwe`M‡Yi civg‡k©i Av‡jv‡KmiKvwi wm×všZ Abyhvqx cÖwZwU Aa¨vq‡k‡l Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ bgybv wn‡m‡e eûwbe©vPwb I m„Rbkxj cÖkœ ms‡hvRbKiv n‡q‡Q| Gi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x‡ì gyL¯’wbf©iZv eûjvs‡k nªvm cv‡e Ges Zviv AwR©Z Ávb I Abyavebev¯ZeRxe‡b cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z Ges †h‡Kv‡bv welq‡K wePvi-we‡k-lY I g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvi‡e| GQvov cÖ‡Z¨Kwk¶v_©x‡K ev¯ZeRxe‡bvc‡hvMx Kg©Kv‡Êi m‡½ m¤c„³ Kivi Rb¨ wewPÎ Kv‡Ri Av‡qvRb ivLv n‡q‡Q| Kg©-Abykxjb kxl©K As‡k wk¶v_©xiv e¨w³MZ `¶Zv, m„RbkxjZv, iywP I †mŠ›`h©‡ev‡ai cwiPq w`‡Z cvi‡e| evbv‡bi†¶‡Î me©Î Abym„Z n‡q‡Q evsjv GKv‡Wgxi evbvbixwZ| cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU cix¶vg~jK ms¯‹iY wn‡m‡e cÖKvwkZn‡jv|

wk¶vµg Dbœqb GKwU avivevwnK cÖwµqv Ges Gi wfwË‡Z cvV¨cy¯ZK iwPZ nq| Kv‡RB cvV¨cy¯ZKwUi AviImg„w×mva‡bi Rb¨ †h‡Kv‡bv MVbg~jK I hyw³m½Z civgk© ¸iy‡Z¡i m‡½ we‡ewPZ n‡e| AwZ ¯^í mg‡qi g‡a¨cvV¨cy¯ZKwU cÖYqb Kiv‡Z wKQz fyjÎywU †_‡K †h‡Z cv‡i| cieZ©x ms¯‹i‡Y cvV¨cy¯ZKwU‡K AviI my›ì,†kvfb I ÎywUgy³ Kivi †Póv Ae¨vnZ _vK‡e|

cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU iPbv, m¤cv`bv, m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I Kg©-Abykxjb cÖYqb I cÖKvkbvi Kv‡R huviv AvšZwiKfv‡e †gav Ikªg w`‡q‡Qb, Zuv‡ì RvbvB abëv`| cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU wk¶v_©x‡ì Avbw›`Z cvV I cÖZ¨vwkZ `¶Zv AR©b wbwðZKi‡e e‡j Avkv Kwi|

cÖ‡dmi †gvt †gv¯Ídv KvgvjDwÏb

†Pqvig¨vbRvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv|

m~wPcÎ

M`¨

1. ejvB Ñ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi 12. jvB‡eªwi Ñ †gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb †PŠayix 9

3. gvj¨`vb Ñ i‡Yk `vk¸ß 15

4. jvj †Nvov Ñ bvivqY M‡½vcva¨vq 22

5. jLvi GKz‡k Ñ AveyeKi wmwÏK 30

6. Qwei is Ñ nv‡kg Lvb 35

7. †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb Ñ †mwjbv †nv‡mb 40

8. kã †_‡K KweZv Ñ ûgvqyb AvRv` 45

9. †mB †Q‡jwU Ñ gvgybyi ikx` 50

10. evsjv‡`‡ki ¶z`ª RvwZmËv Ñ G †K †kivg 57

KweZv

1. evsjv‡`‡ki ü`q Ñ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi 65

2. Avb›` Ñ myKzgvi ivq 69

3. Ac~e© cÖwZ‡kva Ñ Kvwj`vm ivq 72

4. Kzwj-gRyi Ñ KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg 76

5. e½eÜz Ñ RmxgD`&`xb 80

6. †gjv Ñ Avnmvb nvexe 85

7. †g w`‡bi KweZv Ñ myfvl gy‡Lvcva¨vq 88

8. Dc‡`k Ñ ¯^Y©Kzgvix †èx 92

9. ¯§„wZ‡mŠa Ñ d‡qR Avng` 97

10. GB A¶‡i Ñ gnv‡è mvnv 101

cwiwkó

1. Kg©-Abykxjb Ñ 106

2. m„Rbkxj cÖkœ : wKQz K_v Ñ 107

welq †jLK c„ôv

ejvBiex›`ªbv_ VvKzi

gvby‡li RxebUv c„w_exi bvbv Rx‡ei BwZnv‡mi bvbvcwi‡”Q‡ì Dcmsnv‡i, Ggb GKUv K_v Av‡Q| †jvKvj‡qgvby‡li g‡a¨ Avgiv bvbv RxeRš‘i cÖ”Qbœ cwiPq †c‡q_vwK, †m K_v Rvbv| e¯‘Z Avgiv gvbyl ewj †mB c`v_©‡K†hUv Avgv‡ì wfZiKvi me RxeRš‘‡K wgwj‡q GK K‡iwb‡q‡QÑÑAvgv‡ì evN-†Mvi“‡K GK †Luvqv‡o w`‡q‡Q cy‡i,Awn-bKzj‡K GK LvuPvq a‡i †i‡L‡Q| †hgb, ivwMYx ewjZv‡KB hv Avcbvi wfZiKvi mgy`q mv-†i-Mv-gv-¸‡jv‡KmsMxZ K‡i †Zv‡jÑÑZvi ci †_‡K Zv‡ì Avi †MvjgvjKievi mva¨ _v‡K bv-wKš‘, msMx‡Zi wfZ‡i GK-GKwUmyi Ab¨-mKj myi‡K Qvwo‡q we‡kl n‡q I‡V, †Kv‡bvUv‡Zga¨g, †Kv‡bvUv‡Z †KvgjMvÜvi, †Kv‡bvUv‡Z cÂg|

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iv‡Î e„wói c‡i cÖ_g mKv‡j mvg‡bi cvnv‡oi wkLi w`‡q KuvPv †mvbvi‡Oi †iv`&`yi †è`vi“e‡bi Dc‡i G‡mc‡oÑÑI KvD‡K bv e‡j Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í wM‡q †mB †è`vi“e‡bi wb¯Í× QvqvZ‡j GKjv AevK n‡q ùvwo‡q _v‡K,Mv QgQg K‡iÑÑGB-me cÖKvÊ Mv‡Qi wfZiKvi gvbyl‡K I †hb †`L‡Z cvq| Zviv K_v Kq bv, wKš‘ mg¯ÍB†hb Rv‡b| ZvivÑÑme †hb A‡bK Kv‡ji `v`vgkvq, GK †h wQj ivRv‡ì Avg‡ji|

Ii fv‡e‡fvjv †PvLUv †Kej †h Dc‡ii w`‡KB Zv bq, A‡bK mgq †`‡LwQ I Avgvi evMv‡b †eov‡”Q gvwUi w`‡KKx Luy‡R Lyu‡R| bZzb A¼zi¸‡jv Zv‡ì †KuvKov‡bv gv_vUzKz wb‡q Av‡jv‡Z dz‡U DV‡Q GB †`L‡Z Zvi Jrmy‡Kïmxgv †bB| cÖwZw`b Suy‡K c‡o c‡o Zv‡ì‡K †hb wRÁvmv K‡i, ÔZvi c‡i? Zvi c‡i? Zvi c‡i?Õ Zviv IiwPi-Amgvß Mí| m`¨-MwR‡q-IVv KwP KwP cvZv, Zv‡ì m‡½ Ii Kx †h GKUv eqm¨fve Zv I †Kgb K‡icÖKvk Ki‡e| ZvivI I‡K Kx GKUv cÖkœ wRÁvmv Kievi Rb¨ AuvKzcuvKz K‡i| nq‡Zv e‡j Ô†Zvgvi bvg KxÕ,nq‡Zv e‡j Ô†Zvgvi gv †Kv_vq †MjÕ| ejvB g‡b g‡b DËi K‡i, ÔAvgvi gv †Zv †bB|Õ

†KD Mv‡Qi dzj †Zv‡j GB‡U Ii e‡ov ev‡R| Avi KviI Ii GB ms‡Kv‡Pi †Kv‡bv gv‡b †bB, GUvI †m ey‡S‡Q|GBR‡b¨ e¨_vUv jy‡Kv‡Z †Póv K‡i| Ii eq‡mi †Q‡j¸‡jv Mv‡Q wXj †g‡i †g‡i AvgjKx cv‡o; I wKQy ej‡Zcv‡i bv, †mLvb †_‡K gyL wdwi‡q P‡j hvq| Ii m½xiv I‡K L¨vcvevi R‡b¨ evMv‡bi wfZi w`‡q Pj‡Z Pj‡ZQwo w`‡q `ycv‡ki MvQ¸‡jv‡K gvi‡Z gvi‡Z P‡j, dm& K‡i eKzjMv‡Qi GKUv Wvj †f‡O †bq-Ii Kuv`‡Z j¾vK‡i, cv‡Q †mUv‡K †KD cvMjvwg g‡b K‡i| Ii me‡P‡q wec‡ì w`b, †hw`b Nvwmqvov Nvm KvU‡Z Av‡m|†Kbbv, Nv‡mi wfZ‡i wfZ‡i I cÖZ¨n †`‡L †`‡L †ewo‡q‡Q; GZUzKz-UzKz jZv, †eMywb nj&‡` bvgnviv dzj, AwZ†QvU †QvU; gv‡S gv‡S KwÈKvwi MvQ, Zvi bxj bxj dz‡ji ey‡Ki gvSLvbwU‡Z †QvÆ GKUzLvwb †mvbvi †duvUv;†eovi Kv‡Q Kv‡Q †Kv_vIev Kv‡jv‡g‡Ni jZv, †Kv_vIev AbšÍg~j; cvwL‡Z-LvIqv wbgd‡ji wewP c‡o †QvU †QvUPviv †ewi‡q‡Q, Kx my›ì Zvi cvZvÑÑmg¯ÍB wbôzi wbovwb w`‡q w`‡q wbwo‡q †djv nq| Zviv evMv‡bi †kŠwLbMvQ bq, Zv‡ì bvwjk †kvbevi †KD †bB|

GK-GKw`b Ii KvwKi †Kv‡j G‡m e‡m Zvi Mjv Rwo‡q e‡j, ÔÔH Nvwmqvov‡K e‡jv-bv, Avgvi H MvQ¸‡jv †hbbv Kv‡U|ÕÕ

KvwK e‡j, ÔÔejvB, Kx †h cvM‡ji g‡Zv ewKm | I †h me R½j, mvd bv Ki‡j Pj‡e †Kb|ÕÕ

ejvB A‡bK w`b †_‡K eyS‡Z †c‡iwQj, KZK¸‡jv e¨_v Av‡Q hv m¤ú~Y© Ii GKjviBÑIi Pvwi w`‡Ki †jv‡Kig‡a¨ Zvi †Kv‡bv mvov †bB|

GB †Q‡ji Avmj eqm †mB †KvwU ermi Av‡MKvi w`‡b, †hw`b mgy‡`ªi Mf© †_‡K bZzb-RvMv c¼¯Í‡ii g‡a¨c„w_exi fvex AiY¨ Avcbvi R‡b¥i cÖ_g µ›`b DwV‡q‡Q-†mw`b cï †bB, cvwL †bB, Rxe‡bi Kjie †bB,Pviw`‡K cv_i Avi cuvK Avi Rj| Kv‡ji c‡_ mg¯Í Rx‡ei AMÖMvgx MvQ, m~‡h©i w`‡K †Rvo nvZ Zz‡j e‡j‡Q,ÒAvwg _vKe, Avwg euvPe, Avwg wPicw_K, g„Zzï ci g„Zzï ga¨ w`‡q AšÍnxb cÖv‡Yi weKvkZx‡_© hvÎv Kie†iŠ‡`ª-ev`‡j, w`‡b-iv‡Î|Ó Mv‡Qi †mB ie AvRI DV‡Q e‡b e‡b, ce©‡Z cÖvšÍ‡i, Zv‡ìB kvLvq c‡Î aiYxicÖvY e‡j e‡j DV‡Q, ÒAvwg _vKe, Avwg _vKe|Ó wek¦cÖv‡Yi g~K avÎx GB MvQ wbiew”Qbœ Kvj a‡i `y¨‡jvK‡K†`vnb K‡i, c„w_exi Ag„ZfvÊv‡ii R‡b¨ cÖv‡Yi †ZR, cÖv‡Yi im, cÖv‡Yi jveY¨ mÂq K‡i; Avi DrKwÉZ cÖv‡YievYx‡K Anwb©wk AvKv‡k D”Q¡wmZ K‡i †Zv‡j, ÔAvwg _vKe|Õ †mB wek¦cªv‡Yi evYx †Kgb-GKiKg K‡i Avcbvii‡³i g‡a¨ ïb‡Z †c‡qwQj H ejvB| Avgiv ZvB wb‡q Lye †n‡mwQjyg|

2 ejvB

GKw`b mKv‡j GKg‡b Le‡ii KvMR cowQ, ejvB Avgv‡K e¨¯Í K‡i a‡i wb‡q †Mj evMv‡b| GK RvqMvq GKUvPviv †`wL‡q Avgv‡K wRÁvmv Ki‡j, ÔÔKvKv, G MvQUv Kx|ÕÕ

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Avwg ejjyg, ÔÔgvjx‡K ej‡Z n‡e, GUv Dc‡o †d‡j †`‡e|ÕÕ

ejvB Pg‡K DVj| G Kx `vi“Y K_v| ej‡j, ÔÔbv, KvKv, †Zvgvi `ywU cv‡q cwo, Dc‡o †d‡jv bv|ÕÕ

Avwg ejjyg, ÔÔKx †h ewjm Zvi wVK †bB| G‡Kev‡i iv¯Ívi gvSLv‡b D‡V‡Q| e‡ov n‡j Pvi w`‡K Zz‡jv Qwo‡qAw¯’i K‡i †`‡e|ÕÕ

Avgvi m‡½ hLb cvi‡j bv, GB gvZ…nxb wkïwU †Mj Zvi KvwKi Kv‡Q| †Kv‡j e‡m Zvi Mjv Rwo‡q a‡i duywc‡qduywc‡q Kuv`‡Z Kuv`‡Z ej‡j, ÔÔKvwK, Zzwg KvKv‡K eviY K‡i `vI, MvQUv †hb bv Kv‡Ub|ÕÕ

DcvqUv wVK VvI‡iwQj| Ii KvwK Avgv‡K †W‡K ej‡j,ÔÔI‡Mv ïb‡Qv! Avnv, Ii MvQUv †i‡L `vI|ÕÕ

†i‡L w`jyg| †Mvovq ejvB hw` bv †`LvZ Z‡e nq‡Zv IUv Avgvi j¶B n‡Zv bv| wKš‘ GLb †ivRB †Pv‡L c‡o|eQiLv‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ MvQUv wbj©‡¾i g‡Zv g¯Í †e‡o DVj| ejvB‡qi Ggb n‡jv, GB MvQUvi Õc‡iB Zvi me‡P‡q†mœn|

MvQUv‡K cÖwZw`bB †`Lv‡”Q wbZvšÍ wb‡e©v‡ai g‡Zv| GKUv ARvqMvq G‡m ùvwo‡q KvD‡K LvwZi †bB, G‡Kev‡iLvov j¤^v n‡q DV‡Q| †h †`‡L †mB fv‡e, GUv GLv‡b Kx Ki‡Z| Av‡iv `y-Pvievi Gi g„Zz¨`‡Êi cÖ¯Íve Kiv†Mj| ejvB‡K †jvf †`Lvjyg, Gi e`‡j Lye fv‡jv KZK¸‡jv †Mvjv‡ci Pviv Avwb‡q †è|

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wKš‘ KvUevi K_v ej‡jB AuvZ‡K I‡V, Avi Ii KvwK e‡j, ÔÔAvnv, GgwbB Kx Lvivc †`L‡Z n‡q‡Q|ÕÕ Avgvi†eŠw`wì g„Zz¨ n‡q‡Q-hLb GB †Q‡jwU Zuvi †Kv‡j| †eva Kwi †mB †kv‡K `v`vi †Lqvj †Mj, wZwb we‡j‡ZGwÄwbqvwis wkL‡Z †M‡jb| †Q‡jwU Avgvi wbtmšÍvb N‡i KvwKi †Kv‡jB gvbyl| eQi `‡kK c‡i `v`v wd‡iG‡m ejvB‡K wejvwZ Kvq`vq wk¶v †`‡eb e‡j cÖ_‡g wb‡q †M‡jb wmg‡jq-Zvi c‡i we‡jZ wb‡q hvevi K_v|

Kuv`‡Z Kuv`‡Z KvwKi †Kvj †Q‡o ejvB P‡j †Mj, Avgv‡ì Ni n‡jv k~b¨|

Zvic‡i `yeQi hvq| B‡Zvg‡a¨ ejvB‡qi KvwK †Mvc‡b †Pv‡Li Rj †gv‡Qb, Avi ejvB‡qi k~b¨ †kvevi N‡i wM‡qZvi †Quov GK-cvwU Ry‡Zv, Zvi iev‡ii dvUv †Mvjv, Avi Rv‡bvqv‡ii MíIqvjv Qwei eB bv‡obPv‡ob; GZw`‡bGB-me wPý‡K Qvwo‡q wM‡q ejvB A‡bK e‡ov n‡q D‡V‡Q, GB K_v e‡m e‡m wPšÍv K‡ib|

mßeY©v 3

†Kv‡bv-GK mg‡q †`Ljyg, j²xQvov wkgyjMvQUvi e‡ov evo †e‡o‡QÑÑGZ`~i AmsMZ n‡q D‡V‡Q †h Avi cÖkªq†Ìqv P‡j bv| GK mg‡q w`jyg Zv‡K †K‡U|

Ggb mg‡q wmg‡j †_‡K ejvB Zvi KvwK‡K GK wPwV cvVv‡j, ÔÔKvwK, Avgvi †mB wkgyjMv‡Qi GKUv †dv‡UvMÖvdcvwV‡q `vI|ÕÕ

we‡j‡Z hvevi c~‡e© GKevi Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q Avmevi K_v wQj, †m Avi n‡jv bv| ZvB ejvB Zvi eÜzi Qwe wb‡q†h‡Z PvB‡j|

Zvi KvwK Avgv‡K †W‡K ej‡jb, ÔÔI‡Mv ïb‡Qv, GKRb †dv‡UvMÖvdIqvjv †W‡K Av‡bv|ÕÕ

wRÁvmv Kijyg, ÔÔ†Kb!ÕÕ

ejvB‡qi KuvPv nv‡Zi †jLv wPwV Avgv‡K †`L‡Z w`‡jb|

Avwg ej‡jg, ÔÔ†m MvQ †Zv KvUv n‡q †M‡Q|ÕÕ

ejvB‡qi KvwK `yw`b AbœMÖnY Ki‡jb bv, Avi A‡bK w`b ch©šÍ Avgvi m‡½ GKwU K_vI Kb wb| ejvB‡qievev I‡K Zuvi †Kvj †_‡K wb‡q †Mj, †m †hb Iui bvwo wQu‡o; Avi Ii KvKv Zuvi ejvB‡qi fv‡jvevmvi MvQwU‡KwPiKv‡ji g‡Zv mwi‡q w`‡j, Zv‡ZI Iui †hb mg¯Í msmvi‡K evRj, Zuvi ey‡Ki g‡a¨ ¶Z K‡i w`‡j|

H MvQ †h wQj Zuvi ejvB‡qi cÖwZi~c, ZviB cÖv‡Yi †`vmi|

kãv_© I UxKv

cwi‡”Q` Ñ cy¯Í‡Ki Ask we‡kl|Dcmsnvi Ñ †Kv‡bv e³…Zv ev †jLvi †kl Ask|Avgv‡ì g‡a¨ evN-Mi“‡K GK †Luvqv‡ocy‡i w`‡q‡Q Ñ G K_vi A_© n‡”Q gvby‡li g‡a¨ cïZ¡ I gbyl¨Z¡ GKB mv‡_ _v‡K|ivwMYx Ñ Mv‡bi my‡ii we‡kl we‡kl aib|ga¨g Ñ my‡ii DuPz‡Z IVv ev wb‡P bvgv---GB †h êwPÎ¨, G‡K ejv nq ÔMÖvgÕ

ev Ô¯îMÖvgÕ; ¯îMÖv‡gi GKwU cÖKvi‡K ejv nq ga¨g|MvÜvi Ñ ¯îMÖv‡gi Z…Zxq ¯î (Mv)|†Kvgj MvÜvi Ñ MvÜv‡iiB GKwU †Kvgj iƒc|cÂg Ñ ¯îMÖv‡gi cÂg ¯î (cv)|cÖK…wZ Ñ ¯^fve|Zvi cÖK…wZ‡Z Ñ G K_vi gv‡b n‡”Q, ejvB‡qi ¯^fv‡ei g‡a¨ MvQcvjv‡K fv‡jvevmvi

†PZbvUv †ewk| †m †Kgb K‡i n‡q‡Q e„¶‡cÖgx|¯Íw¤¢Z Ñ †ewk AevK n‡q w¯’i n‡q hvIqv| GLv‡b MwZ _vwg‡q w¯’i n‡q hvIqv

†gN‡K †evSv‡”Q|AiY¨ Ñ eb|

4 ejvB

Av‡gi †evj - Av‡gi ¸wU|wbweo Ñ Nb| AšÍi½|

Ae¨³ Ñ hv e¨³ Kiv ev ejv hvq bv|†e½gv-†e½wg Ñ wen½gÑcvwL| wen½gvÑcvwLi bvix wj½| wen½g kãwU †jvKgy‡L

†e½gv Avi wen½gv †e½wg n‡q †M‡Q| iƒcK_vi M‡í G †e½gv-†e½wg cvwLi D‡j-L Av‡Q| †jL‡Ki Kíbvq Zviv gvby‡li fvlvqK_v e‡j| fwel¨‡Zi K_v Rvbv‡Z cv‡i| KLbI KLbI c_ †`Lvq|

Av¯ÍiY Ñ QvDwb|¸”Q Ñ R‡ov n‡q _vKv ev R‡ov K‡i ivLv †Kv‡bv wKQy|wkLi Ñ P~ov, kxl©|wb¯Íä Ñ bxie|`v`vgkvq Ñ evevi evev, `v`y|fv‡e‡fvjv †PvL Ñ Av‡eM ev wPšÍvhy³ †PvL|A¼zi Ñ exR †_‡K cÖ_g †ei nIqv MvQ ev jZv|wPi Amgvß Ñ hv KLbI †kl n‡e bv|eqm¨ Ñ mgeqmx, eÜz|cÖZ¨n Ñ cÖwZ+An= cÖZ¨n| AnÑw`b| cÖ‡Z¨K w`b|Kw›UKvwi Ñ GK cÖKvi MvQ| Ilya ˆZwi Ki‡Z jv‡M|Kv‡jv‡g‡Ni jZv Ñ GK cÖKvi †flR| Ilya ˆZwi Ki‡Z jv‡M Ggb jZv|AbšÍg~j Ñ GK ai‡bi †flR Mv‡Qi †kKo|Mf© †_‡K Ñ †fZi †_‡Kc¼ Ñ cuvK| Kv`v|weKvk Ñ dz‡U IVv, †e‡o IVv|Zx_© Ñ cyY¨¯’vb| cweÎ ¯’vb|weKvkZx_© Ñ cwic~Y©fv‡e †e‡o IVvi ¯’vb|cÖjvc Ñ A_©nxb K_vevZ©v|e¨MÖ Ñ e¨¯Í, AvMÖnx|mg„w× Ñ DbœwZ|wb‡e©va Ñ †evKv|cÖkªq Ñ AwZ Avì ev Avk&Kviv †Ìqv|Abœ Ñ fvZ; AviI we¯—…Z A‡_© Lvevi|cÖwZi~c Ñ cÖwZg~wZ©| ejvB‡K we‡jZ wb‡q hvIqvi ci ejvB‡qi wcÖq wkgyj

MvQwUB Zvi wbtmšÍvb KvwKgvi Kv‡Q ejvB‡qi cÖwZg~wZ© n‡q D‡VwQj|ejvB‡qi KvwKgv ejvB‡K fv‡jvevm‡Zb| ZvB Zvi wcÖq MvQwU‡KIfv‡jv‡e‡mwQ‡jb|

mßeY©v 5

ev`j Ñ el©v, e„wó|aiYx Ñ c„w_ex|wek¦cÖvY Ñ we‡k¦i cÖvY| Avm‡j MvQcvjv Qvov gvbyl euvP‡Z cv‡i bv, ZvB

MvQcvjv‡K wek¦cÖvY ejv n‡q‡Q|g~K Ñ †evev, hvi K_v ejvi ¶gZv †bB|wbiew”Qbœ Ñ wbt+Aew”Qbœ= wbiewQbœ| GKUvbv weiwZnxbfv‡e|`y¨‡jvK Ñ ¯^M©| cyivYRvZxq MÖ‡š’ ejv n‡q‡Q; f~‡jvKÑc„w_ex; `y¨‡jvKÑ¯^M©,

Avi cvZvjÑc„w_exi wb‡PKvi RMr|Ag„Z fvÊvi Ñ GwUI †cŠivwYK kã| GKiKg cvbxq Av‡Q hv cvb Ki‡j cvbKvix

Avi gi‡e bv| ZvB Gi bvg Ag„Z| GB Ag„‡Zi fvÊvi| Ag„Z ivLvi ¯’vb|jveY¨ Ñ D¾¡jZv I †mŠ›`h©|

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨

wk¶v_x©‡ì cÖK…wZ-†cÖ‡g DØy× Kiv|

cvV-cwiwPwZ

gvby‡li m‡½ cÖK…wZi i‡q‡Q wbweo m¤úK©| iex›`ªbv_ wek¦vm K‡ibÑÑgvbyl I cÖK…wZ wg‡j m„wó nq GKK mËv|gvby‡li m‡½ cÖK…wZi GB AvwZ¥K m¤ú‡K©i K_vB Av‡jvP¨ †QvUM‡í wkíi~c †c‡q‡Q|

ejvB cÖK…wZi mšÍvb| cÖK…wZi cÖwZwU Dcv`vb‡K †m wcÖqZg e¯‘ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i| Mv‡Qi Kvbœv †m ïb‡Zcvq, ïb‡Z cvq Nvm Avi b`xi AvZ©bv`| GB AvZ©bv` ejvB‡qi wPË‡jv‡K mÂvi K‡i kªve‡Yi Kv‡jv †gN| †mB†gN †_‡KB Kvbœv n‡q S‡i c‡o e„wóÑÑejvB‡qi †Pv‡Li AkÖ“| wkgyj MvQUv †K‡U †dj‡j ejvB‡qi g‡bi Ae¯’v†Kgb n‡Z cv‡i Zv Abygvb K‡i †jLK Rvbv‡”Qb ÔH MvQ †h wQj Zuvi ejvB‡qi cÖwZi~c, ZviB cÖv‡Yi †`vmiÕ|

ÔejvBÕ M‡í cwi‡e‡ki K_vI ejv n‡q‡Q| e„¶ Avgv‡ì cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ i¶v K‡i| iex›`ªbv‡_i g‡Z, e„¶Bgvby‡li cig eÜz| eZ©gvb Kv‡ji cwi‡ek msK‡Ui †cÖ¶vc‡U ÔejvBÕ MíwU cvVK‡K m‡PZb K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡i|

†jLK-cwiwPwZGkxq‡ì g‡a¨ whwb cÖ_g †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi †c‡q wek¦mfvq evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨‡K gh©v`vi Avm‡b cÖwZwôZK‡i‡Qb wZwb n‡jb Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi| iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi 1861 wLªóv‡ãi 7B †g (25†k êkvL, 1268e½vã) KjKvZvq †Rvovmuv‡Kvi weL¨vZ VvKzi cwiev‡i Rš§MÖnY K‡ib| ¯‹z‡j wbqwgZ cÖvwZôvwbK wk¶v Zuvinq wb| m‡Z‡iv eQi eq‡m we‡j‡Z e¨vwi÷vwi co‡Z wM‡qwQ‡jb| †m-cov †kl bv n‡ZB †`‡k wd‡i Av‡mbwZwb| wKš‘ ¯^wk¶v I mvabvq GKK Ae`v‡b wZwb evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨‡K GZ mg„× K‡i‡Qb hvi †Kv‡bvZzjbv †bB| Kve¨, †QvUMí, Dcb¨vm, bvUK, cÖeÜ, m½xZÑÑmvwn‡Zï mKj kvLv Zuvi Avðh© Ae`v‡b mg„×n‡q‡Q| e¨vKiY, fvlvZË¡, Q›` Ges wPÎKjv‡ZI wZwb Amvgvb¨ Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb|

Abb¨mvaviY Zuvi cÖwZfv| wZwb GKvav‡i mvwnwZ¨K, wPšÍvwe`, wk¶vwe`, myiKvi, MxwZKvi, bvU¨Kvi,bvU¨cÖ‡hvRK Ges Awf‡bZv| kªxwb‡KZb I wek¦fviZxi g‡Zv cÖwZôvb M‡o wZwb wk¶vq bZzb aviv m„wó

6 ejvB

K‡i‡Qb| iex›`ªbv‡_i GKwU †`k‡cÖgg~jK Mvb evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msMxZ| iex›`ªbv‡_i †jLv MÖ‡š’i msL¨vA‡bK| †QvU‡ì Rb¨ †jLv Zuvi wewfbœ iPbv msKwjZ n‡q‡Q ÔˆK‡kviKÕ bv‡g GKwU msKj‡b|

1941 wLªóv‡ãi 7B AvM÷ (22‡k kªveY, 1348 e½vã) KjKvZvq wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib|

Kg©-Abykxjb

K. †Zvgvi Rb¥w`‡b Ges Avlvp gv‡mi cÖ_g w`‡b †Zvgvi evwo‡Z GKwU K‡i dzj I Ilwa Mv‡Qi Pviv†ivcY Ki (GKK KvR )|

L. MvQ KvUv e‡Üi cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ e¨vbvi, cøvKvW©, †cv÷vi ˆZwi K‡i GKwU i¨vwji Av‡qvRb Ki (`jMZ KvR) |

M. †Zvgvi Pvicv‡ki 30wU Mv‡Qi bvg †jL|

bgybv cÖkœ

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. wkgyj MvQwU Dc‡o †dj‡Z †P‡qwQj †K?

K. gvjx L. KvKv

M. m½xiv N. KvwK

2. ejvB‡qi cÖwZ KvwKi wQjÑÑ

i. myMfxi ggZ¡‡eva

ii. ¯^vfvweK D`vmxbZv

iii. mšÍv‡bi †mœn

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K. i L. ii

M. i I ii N. i I iii

KweZvskwU cvV K‡i wbgœwjwLZ cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:nVvr Avwg Pg‡K DwVnj‡` cvwLi Wv‡KB‡”Q K‡i Qy‡U †eovB†gNbv b`xi euv‡K|

3. KweZvs‡ki ÔAvwgÕ ejvB M‡íi †Kvb PwiÎwUi mv‡_ Zzjbxq?

K. KvKv L. †Ljvi mvw_

M. ejvB N. Nvwmqvov

mßeY©v 7

4. D³ PwiÎwUi g‡a¨ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡QÑÑ

i. cÖK…wZ †cÖg

ii. AùzU Av‡eM

iii. KvÊÁvbnxbZv


K. i L. ii


m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. gv-nviv †Q‡j wbZvB| ¯^fv‡e Kx GKUv QUdUv‡bv Aw¯’i fve| evMv‡b cvwL WvK‡jB wXj Qyuo‡Z B”Qv K‡i|jZv‡bv dzj Mv‡Qi WMv¸‡jv wQu‡o Wvj †f‡O bó K‡i †Ìqv‡ZB Ii hZ Avb›`| evevi †mœnnxb kvm‡bwbZvB‡qi gbUv AviI ¶yä n‡q I‡V| GKUv †evev Kó wbZvB‡qi gb‡K AviI PÂj we¶zä K‡i †Zv‡j|

K. d‡UvMÖvdIqvjv‡K WvK‡Z ejv n‡qwQj †Kb?L. Nvwmqvov G‡j ejvB fq †cZ †Kb?M. Aby‡”Q‡ì wbZvB‡qi mv‡_ ejvB‡qi cv_©K¨ †Kv_vq, e¨vL¨v Ki|N. Aby‡”Q‡` ewY©Z wbZvB‡qi AvPiY Kxfv‡e cwieZ©b Kiv m¤¢eÑÑÔejvBÕ M‡íi Av‡jv‡K we‡k-lY Ki|

2. mvivw`b †Uv-†Uv K‡i R½‡j Ny‡i †eov‡Z fv‡jvev‡m Acy| †Kvb Mv‡Q AvZv a‡i‡Q, †Kvb evMv‡b †_vKv †_vKvRvg iwOb n‡q D‡V‡Q, †Kv_vq †QvÆ †Suv‡c NyNy wK kvwjK evmv †eu‡a‡Q, mvivw`b Gme Lyu‡R †eov‡bv‡ZB IiAvb›`| wKšÍy A‡bKw`b ci KvKv evwo wd‡i Avmv‡ZB Ii gykwKj n‡q‡Q| Acyi evB‡i †ei nIqv m¤ú~Y©eÜ| mvivw`b eB‡q gyL ¸u‡R c‡o _vK‡Z nq Zvi| Rvbvjv w`‡q evMv‡bi w`‡K ZvwK‡q Acyi gbUv †KgbQUdU K‡i|

K. †Kvb MvQwUi cÖwZ ejvB‡qi me‡P‡q †ewk `ye©jZv wQj?

L. ejvB‡qi KvwK‡K wPwV †jLvi KviY Kx wQj? e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. Acyi evevi mv‡_ ejvB‡qi KvKvi cv_©K¨ †`LvI|

N. GKB cÖK…wZ Acy I ejvB‡qi gb `yiKg K‡i M‡o‡QÑÑwe‡k-lY Ki|

8 ejvB

jvB‡eªwi†gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb †PŠayix

cy¯Í‡Ki †kªwYe× msMÖn‡K jvB‡eªwi ev MÖš’vMvi ejv nq| mKj cÖKvi Ávb‡K GKÎ K‡i ¯’vwqZ¡`v‡bi AwfcÖvq†_‡K jvB‡eªwii m„wó| GK e¨w³i c‡¶ me©we`¨vwekvi` nIqv Am¤¢e| wewfbœ e¨w³ wewfbœ we`¨vq cvi`wk©Zv jvfK‡i| Avevi †h e¨w³ †h we`¨vq cvi`wk©Zv jvf K‡i, Zvi meUzKz Ávb gw¯Í‡®‹ aviY KivI Zvi c‡¶ m¤¢e nqbv| ZvB cÖ‡qvRb Ggb †Kv‡bv Dcvq D™¢ve‡bi, hvi †`Šj‡Z ìKvi Abyhvqx mg¯Í wel‡q GKUv †gvUvgywU Ávbjvf Kiv hvq| d‡j jvB‡eªwii m„wó|

jvB‡eªwi wZb cÖKviÑÑe¨w³MZ, cvwievwiK I mvaviY| e¨w³MZ jvB‡eªwi e¨w³g‡bi †Lqvjg‡Zv M‡o I‡VÑÑZvn‡q _v‡K e¨w³i g‡bi cÖwZwe¤^| e¨w³ †h ai‡bi iPbv fv‡jvev‡m Zvi cÖvPzh©, Avi †h ai‡bi iPbv cQ›` K‡ibv Zvi Abycw¯’wZ n‡q _v‡K e¨w³MZ jvB‡eªwii êwkó¨| GLv‡b e¨w³ †¯^”QvPvix mgªvU, †Lqvjg‡Zv M‡o †Zv‡jZvi Kíbvi ZvRgnj| Kve¨‡cÖwgK n‡j Kve¨MÖš’ wb‡q, K_vmvwnZ¨‡cÖwgK n‡j K_vmvwnZ¨ w`‡q, BwZnvmwcÖqn‡j HwZnvwmK MÖš’ w`‡q †m mvwR‡q †Zv‡j Zvi †Uwej, Avjgvwii †kjdÑÑmewKQy| Kv‡iv evav †Ìqvi AwaKvi†bB, AvcwË Kievi `vwe †bB, Dc‡`k †Ìqvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †bB| GLv‡b †m ¯^vaxb, ¯^Zš¿|

e¨w³MZ jvB‡eªwi †hgb e¨w³i B”Qvi cÖwZwe¤^, cvwievwiK jvB‡eªwi †Zgwb cwiev‡ii AšÍM©Z e¨w³mg~‡nimgwóMZ B”Qvi cÖwZ”Qvqv| GLv‡b †hgb G‡Ki i“wPi Ici eûi AZ¨vPvi A‡kvfb, †Zgwb eûi i“wPi IciG‡Ki Rei`w¯Í Ab¨vq| `k R‡bi i“wPi w`‡K bRi †i‡LB cvwievwiK jvB‡eªwi mvRv‡Z nq|

e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK jvB‡eªwi e¨w³ ev cwiev‡ii gwR©gvwdK M‡o I‡V| mvavi‡Yi ûKzg Pvjvevi g‡Zv †mLv‡b

wKQyB †bB| jvB‡eªwim¤úbœ e¨w³i PvjPj‡b Ggb GKUv kªx dy‡U DV‡Z eva¨, hv Ab¨Î cÖZ¨¶ Kiv `y®‹i|mwZ¨Kvi ê`»¨ ev wPrcÖK‡l©i AwaKvix n‡Z n‡j jvB‡eªwii m‡½ AšÍi½Zv m„wó Kiv Aek¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq|ZvQvov, jvB‡eªwi ev †kªwYe× cy¯ÍK msMÖn M„nm¾vi Kv‡RI jv‡M| Avi GB ai‡bi M„nm¾vq jvf GB †h, evB‡iicvwicv‡Uï m‡½ Zv gvbwmK †mŠ›`‡h©iI cwiPq †`q| jvB‡eªwi m„R‡b Zrci n‡q abx e¨w³iv cy¯ÍK †Kbvi †bkvm„wó Ki‡j †`‡ki c‡¶ jvf n‡e GB †hÑÑAbeiZ euvav‡bv cy¯ÍK¸‡jv nvZov‡Z nvZov‡Z Zv‡ì Pvgovi Z‡j†h GKwU gb myß i‡q‡Q, †m m¤^‡Ü Zuviv m‡PZb n‡q DV‡eb| jvB‡eªwi m„R‡bi ì“Y Zuviv wb‡Riv ZZUvjvfevb bv n‡jI Zuv‡ì cyÎKb¨v‡ì h‡_ó DcK…Z nIqvi m¤¢vebv | nq‡Zv GB jvB‡eªwi _vKvi ì“YB cwiYZeq‡m †m mymvwnwZ¨K ev mvwnZ¨-mgS`vi n‡q DV‡e| G Avkv ïay wfwËnxb Kíbv bq, eo eo mvwnwZ¨K evKwe‡ì Rxebx Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, ev‡j¨ Zvuiv wcZvi A_ev cvwievwiK jvB‡eªwi †_‡K mvwnZ¨mvabvi †cÖiYvjvf K‡i‡Qb|

mvaviY cvVvMvi AvaywbK wRwbm| KviY, HwZnvwmKiv Kx ej‡eb Rvwb †b, †h ÁvbvR©b¯ú„nv †_‡K cvVvMv‡iiRb¥, e¨vcKfv‡e Zvi RvMiY¯ú„nv mn‡R †gUv‡bv m¤¢e bq| Áv‡bi evnb cy¯ÍK, Avi cy¯ÍK wK‡b cov †h`ytmva¨ e¨vcvi, Zv aviYv Kiv mnR| cy¯Í‡Ki e¨vcv‡iI mgevqbxwZi Avek¨K| A_v©r G‡¶‡ÎI `‡k wg‡j KvRbv Ki‡j mv_©KZv jvf Kiv Am¤¢e| G e¨vcv‡i `‡ki wgwjZ dj¯î~c hv cvIqv hvq, Zv‡KB mvaviY jvB‡eªwi ejvnq| Aek¨ mvaviY jvB‡eªwi e¨w³i `vbI n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e e¨w³MZ cÖfv‡ei PvB‡Z mvavi‡Yi cÖfveB †mLv‡bejeËi n‡Z eva¨| hw` bv nq, Z‡e mvaviY cvVvMvi bv e‡j e¨w³MZ cvVvMvi ejvB fv‡jv|

mvaviY jvB‡eªwii cy¯ÍK †kªwYe× Ki‡Z h‡_ó mZK©Zvi cwiPq w`‡Z n‡jI cy¯ÍK wbe©vP‡b we‡kl mveavbZvicwiPq w`‡Z nq e‡j g‡b nq bv|

mvaviY jvB‡eªwii cy¯ÍK msMÖn weh‡q Av‡iKwU K_v ejv ìKvi| cy¯ÍK wbe©vPbKv‡j RvZxq êwkó¨ ev RvZxqmsKxY©Zvi cwiPq hZ Kg †Ìqv nq, ZZB fv‡jv| KviY, hZ`~i g‡b nq, cvVvMvi RvZxq êwk‡óï i¶K bq,e¨w³MZ êwk‡óï weKvkK| Avi fv‡jv cy¯ÍK‡jLK hLb †Kv‡bv we‡kl m¤cÖ`v‡qi †jvK bb, mg¯Í m¤úª`v‡qiAvZ¥xq, ZLb cy¯ÍK wbe©vPbKv‡j msKxY© g‡bvfvem¤úbœ bv nIqvB fv‡jv|

RvZxq Rxebaviv M½v-hgybvi g‡Zv `yB avivq cÖevwnZ| GK avivi bvg AvZ¥i¶v ev ¯^v_© cÖmvi, Av‡iK avivibvg AvZ¥cÖKvk ev cigv_© e„w×| GKw`‡K hy×weMÖn, gvgjvd¨vmv` cÖf„wZ K`h© w`K, Aci w`‡K mvwnZ¨wkí, ag©cÖf„wZ Kj¨vYcÖ` w`K| GKw`‡K ïay Kv‡Ri Rb¨ KvR, Aci w`‡K Avb‡›ì Rb¨ KvR| GKw`‡K msMÖn, Av‡iKw`‡K m„wó| †h RvwZ wØZxq w`KwUi cÖwZ D`vmxb †_‡K ïay cÖ_g w`KwUi mvabv K‡i, †m RvwZ KLbI DuPzRxe‡bi AwaKvix n‡Z cv‡i bv| †Kv‡bv cÖKv‡i wU‡K _vK‡Z cvi‡jI be be êfe m„wó Zvi Øviv m¤¢e nq bv|gvbwmK I AvwZ¥K Rxe‡bi mvabv †_‡K Pwi‡Î †h kªx dz‡U I‡V, Zv †_‡K Zv‡K GK iKg ewÂZ _vK‡ZB nq|Rxe‡b kªx †dvUv‡Z n‡j wØZxq w`KwUi mvabv Avek¨K| Avi †mRb¨ jvB‡eªwi GK Ag~j¨ Ae`vb|

jvB‡eªwi RvwZi mf¨Zv I DbœwZi gvb`Ê| KviY, eyw×i RvMiY-wfbœ RvZxq Av‡›`vjb ûRyMwcÖqZv IfvewejvwmZvi bvgvšÍi, Avi cy¯ÍK Aa¨qb e¨ZxZ eyw×i RvMiY Am¤¢e|

jvB‡eªwii †kªôZv GBLv‡b †h, Zv Avgv‡ì Wvjfv‡Zi eë¯’v bv Ki‡Z cvi‡jI mf¨Zvi Av`k©wU A¶yYœ K‡iAvgv‡ì Av‡jvKvwfmvix K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡i|

10 jvB‡eªwi

kãv_© I UxKv

AwfcÖvq - B”Qv, D‡Ïk¨, AvKv•¶v|me©we`¨vwekvi` - me wel‡q cvwÊ‡Zï AwaKvix|cvi`wk©Zv - ˆbcyY¨, cUzZv|D™¢veb - Avwe®‹vi, M‡elYv K‡i bZzb wKQy †ei Kiv|cÖwZwe¤^ - cÖwZ”Qvqv, cÖwZ”Qwe, cÖwZdwjZ AweKj i~c|†¯^”QvPvix - †h Avcb B”Qvbyhvqx AvPiY K‡i|†¯^”QvPvix mgªvU - †h ivRv Avcb B”Qv Abyhvqx ivR¨ cwiPvjbv K‡ib| GLv‡b

evK¨vskwUi we‡kl A_© n‡”QÑÑe¨w³MZ ¯^vaxb i“wP I cQ›` AbyhvqxeB msMÖnKvix| †Lqvjg‡Zv M‡o †Zv‡jb Zuvi Kíbvi mvgªvR¨|

ZvRgnj - mgªvU kvn&Rvnvb †hgb K‡i ZvRgnj ˆZwi K‡i wkíxg‡bi cwiPqw`‡qwQ‡jb, †Zgwb e¨w³MZ jvB‡eªwi n‡”Q e¨w³i wbR¯^ i“wP Iwkíxg‡bi wb`k©b|

Kve¨‡cÖwgK - †h KweZv fv‡jvev‡m|cÖwZ”Qvqv - cÖwZdjb, cÖwZ”Qwe|A‡kvfb - hv †kvfb ev my›ì bq|Rei`w¯Í - Ryjyg, cxob, evovevwo|gwR©gvwdK - B”Qv Abyhvqx, †Lqvj Abymv‡i|kªx - †mŠ›`h©|`y®‹i - `ytmva¨, mn‡R Kiv hvq bv Ggb|ê`»¨ - cvwÊZ¨|wPrcÖKl© - ÁvbPP©vi d‡j g‡bi DbœwZ|cvwicvU¨ - k„•Ljv, †MvQv‡bv fve|m„Rb - m„wó|mgevq bxwZ - eû gvbyl wg‡j cÖvwZôvwbK I †¯^”Qvg~jK D‡`¨v‡M †`‡ki

Dbœqb I RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Yi bxwZ|mgS`vi - †ev‡S Ggb, imÁ|¯ú„nv - B”Qv, AvKv•¶v|ejeËi - AwaKZi kw³kvjx|†kªwYeÜ - †kªwY ev êwkó¨ Abyhvqx mvwi mvwi mvRv‡bv|m¤cÖ`vq - we‡kl mgvR I †Mvôx|weKvkK - hv weKvk NUvq|AvaywbK wRwbm - AvaywbK Kv‡ji Av‡MI mvaviY cvVvMvi wQj| Z‡e mgevq c×wZ‡Z

M‡o IVv mvaviY cvVvMvi †ewk wQj bv|

mßeY©v 11

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨

jvB‡eªwi eënv‡ii gva¨‡g wecyj ÁvbfvÊv‡ii m‡½ wk¶v_x©‡ì m¤ú„³ Kiv|

cvV-cwiwPwZ

gvbemf¨Zvi µg AMÖMwZi avivq gvby‡li AwR©Z Ávb, gnr Abyfe mwÂZ n‡q _v‡K MÖš’vMv‡i| Gi gva¨‡gc~e©cyi“‡li Ávb mÂvwiZ nq DËicyi“‡li Kv‡Q| ZvB ÁvbPP©v, Ávb-A‡š^lY I M‡elYvi †¶‡Î MÖš’vMv‡iicÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acwimxg|

MÖš’vMvi n‡”Q wewfbœ ai‡bi eB‡qi †kªwYe× msMÖnkvjv| me ai‡bi Áv‡bi GKÎ mgv‡ek NwU‡q ÁvbPP©vicÖmv‡i avivevwnK I ¯’vqx f~wgKv cvj‡bi Rb¨ jvB‡eªwii m„wó| we‡k¦i ÁvbfvÊvi GZ eûgyLx I wecyj †h,†Kv‡bv GK R‡bi c‡¶ me Ávb AvniY Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvB GwU eënvi K‡i wewfbœ e¨w³ Zuvi cÖ‡qvRb I AvMÖnAbyhvqx ÁvbPP©v Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

MÖš’vMvi wZb ai‡bi : e¨w³MZ, cvwievwiK I mvaviY|

e¨w³MZ MÖš’vMvi M‡o I‡V e¨w³i i“wP I AvMÖngvwdK msM„nxZ eB w`‡q| c¶všÍ‡i, cvwievwiK MÖš’vMv‡icwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì mevi i“wP I Pvwn`vi cÖwZdjb N‡U|

e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK jvB‡eªwi †_‡K e¨w³ wb‡R, Zvi cwiev‡ii m`mïv Ges DËivwaKvixiv DcK…Z nq| A‡bKeo eo mvwnwZ¨K i‡q‡Qb huviv DËivwaKvi-m~‡Î cÖvß jvB‡eªwi †_‡K mvwnZ¨mvabvi DcKiY I †cÖiYv†c‡q‡Qb|

mvaviY cvVvMvi A‡bKUv nvj Avg‡ji m„wó| hv‡ì c‡¶ e¨w³MZ I cvwievwiK jvB‡eªwi Kiv m¤¢e nq bv, Zv‡ìI mvaviY RbM‡Yi Ávb¯ú„nv †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ G ai‡bi cvVvMv‡ii m„wó| eB Áv‡bi evnb n‡jI GKR‡bi c‡¶me eB †Kbv m¤¢e bq| d‡j mvaviY cvVvMvi _vK‡j wZwb DcK…Z nb| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mvaviY cvVvMvi nq‡Zve¨w³MZ `v‡bi d‡jB M‡o I‡V| wKš‘ †mLv‡b `vZvi f~wgKv gyL¨ nq bv, mvavi‡Yi f~wgKv I ¯^v_© †mLv‡bcÖvavb¨ cvq| mvaviY cvVvMv‡ii eB wbev©P‡bi †ejvq D`vi `„wófw½ ìKvi, †hb Zv‡Z mKj m¤cÖ`v‡qi mKjeq‡mi †jvK DcK…Z n‡Z cv‡i|

mvaviYZ RvZxq Rxe‡bi AMÖMwZ `ywU avivq n‡q _v‡K| GKwU n‡”Q ivóªxq Kg©KvÊ I ¯^v_©i¶vi w`K, Ab¨wUn‡”Q mvwnZ¨wkí m„wó I gbbPPv©i w`K| †h RvwZ †Kej cÖ_g avivwU wb‡q e¨¯Í _v‡K, †m RvwZ DuPz Rxe‡biAwaKvix n‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB DbœZ RvwZ MV‡b gvbwmK I AvwZ¥K mvabv Acwinvh©| Avi †m‡¶‡Î jvB‡eªwiif~wgKv I Ae`vb Amvgvb¨| MÖš’vMvi ZvB RvZxq weKvk I DbœwZi gvb`Ê| MÖš’vMvi eënvi I eB covi Af¨vmM‡o †Zvjv Qvov RvZxq †PZbvi RvMiY nq bv|

†jLK-cwiwPwZ

†gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb †PŠayix 1903 wLªóv‡ã †bvqvLvjx †Rjvi KvÂbcyi MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| 1943 wLªóv‡ã XvKvwek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K Gg.G. cvm K‡i wZwb wewfbœ miKvwi K‡j‡R Aa¨vcbv K‡ib|

12 jvB‡eªwi

wZwb wQ‡jb GK D`viü`q, i“wPkxj I ms¯‹…wZgvb gvbe‡cÖwgK| Zuvi cÖeÜMÖš’ Ôms¯‹…wZ-K_vÕq i‡q‡Q Rxeb‡Kmy›ì K‡i M‡o †Zvjvi AvKv•¶vi K_v| Zuvi `ywU Abyev`MÖš’ n‡jv ÔmyLÕ I Ômf¨ZvÕ|

1956 wLªóv‡ãi 18B †m‡Þ¤î 53 eQi eq‡m wZwb ci‡jvKMgb K‡ib|

Kg©-Abykxjb

K. †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i DrK‡l©i G-hy‡M jvB‡eªwi eënv‡ii ¸i“Z¡ wb‡q weZK© cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Av‡qvRb (`jMZ KvR)|

L. e¨w³MZ I cwiev‡ii msMÖ‡n _vKv MÖš’ wKsev ¯‹zj-jvB‡eªwii msMÖ‡n _vKv †Zvgvi fv‡jvjvMv MÖš’mg~‡ni GKwUZvwjKv cÖYqb K‡i welq-wk¶K‡K †`LvI (GKK KvR)|

bgybv cÖkœ

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. cy¯Í‡Ki †kªwYe× msMÖn‡K Kx e‡j?

K. cy¯ÍK weµq †K›`ª L. cy¯ÍK cÖKvkbx

M. covi Ni N. jvB‡eªwi

2 eB covi Af¨vm RvwZi Kx DcKvi K‡i?

K. RvZxq †PZbvi RvMiY N‡U L. RvwZ m¤ú`kvjx nq

M. fv‡jv †jLK m„wó nq N. mK‡jB mvwnZ¨PP©v Ki‡Z cv‡i

3. Rxe‡b kªx †dvUv‡Z n‡j cÖ‡qvRbÑÑ

i. wkí-mvwn‡Zï cÖmviZv jvf

ii. A_©‰bwZK mg„w× mvab

iii. AvwZ¥K I gvbwmK DbœwZ mvab


K. i L. i I ii

M. ii N. i I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI:

1. e¨w³ †h ai‡bi iPbv fv‡jvev‡m Zvi cÖvPzh©, Avi †h ai‡bi iPbv cQ›` K‡i bv Zvi Abycw¯’wZ n‡q _v‡Ke¨w³MZ jvB‡eªwii êwkó¨| GLv‡b e¨w³ †¯^”QvPvix mgªvU, †Lqvjg‡Zv M‡o †Zv‡j Zvi Kíbvi ZvRgnj|Kve¨‡cÖwgK n‡j Kve¨MÖš’ w`‡q, K_vmvwnZ¨‡cÖwgK n‡j K_vmvwnZ¨ w`‡q, BwZnvmwcÖq n‡j HwZnvwmK MÖš’w`‡q †m mvwR‡q †Zv‡j Zvi †Uwej, Avjgvwii †kjdÑÑme wKQy| Kv‡iv evav †Ìqvi AwaKvi †bB, AvcwËKievi `vwe †bB, Dc‡`k †Ìqvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †bB| GLv‡b †m ¯^vaxb, ¯^Zš¿|

mßeY©v 13

K. jvB‡eªwi KZ cÖKvi?

L. ÔGLv‡b e¨w³ †¯^”QvPvix mgªvU, †Lqvjg‡Zv M‡o †Zv‡j Zvi Kíbvi ZvRgnj|ÕÑÑK_vwU eywS‡q †jL|

M. †Zvgvi jvB‡eªwi Zzwg Kxfv‡e mvRv‡Z PvI †jL|

N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K e¨w³MZ jvB‡eªwii fv‡jv I Lvivc w`‡Ki GKwU Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Ki|

2. Aq‡bi evev iv‡k`y¾vgvb wcZvi GKgvÎ DËivwaKvix wn‡m‡e ˆcZ…K evwowUi mv‡_ wcZvi e¨w³MZcvVvMviwUiI DËivwaKvix n‡q‡Qb| Aq‡bi `v`y BwZnvm I HwZn¨ wel‡qi eB cov Ges msMª‡n AvMÖnxwQ‡jb| iv‡k`y¾vgvb mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ fv‡jvev‡mb Ges evevi cvVvMviwU‡Z wZwb wb‡Ri Awfi“wPims‡hvRb Ki‡jb| Aqb Zvi fv‡jvjvMv M‡íi eB¸‡jv‡K jvB‡eªwii GK cv‡k ¯’vb K‡i w`j| jvB‡eªwiims¯ú‡k© G‡m ax‡i ax‡i BwZnv‡mi eB covi AvMÖn Abyfe Ki‡Z jvM‡jv|

K. mvaviY RbM‡Yi Ávb¯ú„nv †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ †Kvb jvB‡eªwi cÖ‡qvRb?

L. jvB‡eªwi RvwZi mf¨Zv I DbœwZi gvb`Ê|ÑÑDw³wU e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. Aq‡bi `v`yi jvB‡eªwiwU wQj GKwU e¨w³MZ jvB‡eªwiÑÑcÖe‡Üi Av‡jv‡K Dw³wU e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. iv‡k`y¾vgvb evevi jvB‡eªwiwU‡K GKwU cvwievwiK jvB‡eªwi‡Z i~cvšÍwiZ K‡i‡QbÑÑgšÍe¨wUi†hŠw³K KviY we‡k-lY Ki|

14 jvB‡eªwi

gvj¨`vbi‡Yk `vk¸ß

GKvË‡ii gyw³hy‡×i R‡qi ci N‡i wd‡i G‡jv NiQvov gvbyl| †`‡ki evB‡i P‡j wM‡qwQj GK †KvwU †jvK|Avi †`‡ki wfZ‡i GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K Av‡iK cÖv‡šÍ Qy‡U †ewo‡qwQj AviI GK †KvwU| Gevi mevi wb‡Ri wb‡RiN‡i †divi cvjv| hviv wd‡i G‡jv Zviv †`Lj, hv‡ì †i‡L wM‡qwQj, Zv‡ì g‡a¨ A‡b‡K †bB|

wnsmª cvwK¯Ívwb nvbv`vi evwnbx I ¯’vbxq Avjeì ivRvKviiv MÖv‡gi ci MÖv‡g nZ¨vhÁ Pvwj‡qwQj|gyw³‡hv×vm‡gZ AmsL¨ bi-bvix-wkï‡K b`xi avi †Nu‡l M‡o IVv Pi¸‡jvi weivb GjvKvq R‡ov K‡i Zviv LybK‡iwQj| cÖvq cÖ‡Z¨KUv gnKzgvq K‡qKUv K‡i ea¨f~wg ˆZwi n‡qwQj|

¯^vaxbZvi wVK c‡iB GB ea¨f~wg¸‡jv‡Z wb‡LuvR‡ì wP‡ýi †LuvR Kiv n‡jv| c‡i GB ea¨f~wg¸‡jv n‡jvkwn`f~wg|

†h NUbvUvi K_v GLv‡b ejwQ, †mUv GB iK‡gi GKUv ea¨f~wg wb‡q| ¯^vaxbZvi c‡ii eQ‡ii NUbv|SvjKvwV‡Z GKUv QvÎm‡¤§j‡b †hvM w`‡Z †M‡jb XvKv †_‡K Aa¨vcK Kvgvj| cÖavb AwZw_ wn‡m‡e| w÷gv‡ij¤^v c_|

gyw³hy‡×i mgq Aa¨vcK Kvgvj †÷bMvb Kuv‡a Zz‡j wb‡qwQ‡jb Ges wQ‡jb a‡jk¦ixi avi †Nu‡l GK MÊMÖv‡g|gv‡S gv‡S jÂ wb‡q `Lj`vi evwnbxi †jv‡Kiv M‡Ä M‡Ä nvbv w`Z| Zv‡ì m‡½ `y-GKUv LÊhy× K‡iwQ‡jbwZwb| K‡jR I ¯‹z‡ji K‡qKwU †Q‡j‡K `Lj`vi evwnbxi j‡Âi Ici Suvwc‡q covi †SuvK †_‡K †VwK‡q ivL‡Zn‡q‡Q Zuv‡K| GK SuvK †Q‡j gyw³‡hv×v‡ì GB †QvU `jwU‡K mvnvh¨ KiZ| ìKvi n‡j †bŠKv evBZ| G‡ìmevB‡K wb‡q wew”Qbœ MÖvg GjvKvq GKUv msmv‡ii g‡Zv †c‡ZwQ‡jb wZwb| bZzb mgvR MVb wb‡q Av‡jvPbvKi‡Zb| eB cov‡Zb|

SvjKvwV hvIqvi mgq w÷gv‡ii †W‡K j¤^v b`xc‡_ `vuwo‡q `~i-`~iv‡šÍi `„k¨ †`LwQ‡jb Aa¨vcK Kvgvj|MvQcvjvq XvKv AmsL¨ MÖvg‡K †`‡L Kíbvi †Pv‡L Zuvi g‡b nw”Qj, gyw³hy‡×i iYv½bUv Lye `xN©| a‡jk¦ixiwKbviv †_‡K GZUv eyS‡Z cviv hvq wb| Gevi wd‡i wM‡q iYv½‡bi we¯—…wZi e¨vcviUv eywS‡q ejv hv‡e MÖv‡gimevB‡K| GgbwK XvKv‡ZI ejv hv‡e| †Q‡j‡g‡qiv †Kv_vq Kx K‡i‡Q Zvi GKUv wnmve †ck Kiv hv‡e|

SvjKvwV mÜ¨v b`xi av‡i GKUv e›ì| GLv‡b GKUv K‡jR Av‡Q| Lyjbv Avi ewikv‡ji †hvMm~Î GLv‡b| QvÎ-Av‡›`vj‡b bvg Av‡Q| b`xi av‡ii K‡j‡R b`xi †Kv‡j Av‰kke jvwjZ †Q‡j‡ì ¸Ä‡b S‡ov †XD I‡V|Ewg©jZvI i‡q‡Q| nvRvi Lv‡bK Zi“Y-Zi“Yxi m‡½ mv¶vr cwiP‡qi my‡hvM †c‡q‡Qb Aa¨vcK Kvgvj|

Mfxi iv‡Z †RwU‡Z w÷gvi †VK‡j wmuwo jvMv‡bvi c‡i QvÎiv Zuv‡K cÖvq k~‡b¨ Zz‡j bvgvj| Zv‡ì aviYv, XvKviAa¨vcK Avi eyw×Rxexiv SvjKvwV‡K †Mu‡qv g‡b K‡i| w÷gviUvi eënviI A‡bKUv †bŠKvi g‡Zv| IVvbvgvKivi mg¯Í `vwqZ¡ hvÎx‡ì|

myZivs †mB iv‡Z Aa¨vcK Kvgvj SvjKvwVi Avi wKQy †`L‡Z †c‡jb bv|

mKvj AvUUvq evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKv D‡Ëvjb Ki‡Z n‡jv Zuv‡K| GKwU †QvU e³…Zv Ki‡jb| Gic‡iQvÎQvÎxiv mevB jvBb K‡i ùvovj| Aa¨vcK Kvgvj‡K jvB‡bi gv_vq wM‡q ùvov‡Z n‡jv|

GKwU †Q‡j webxZfv‡e ejj, Ôm¨vi, GLb Avgiv ea¨f~wg‡Z hve| †mLv‡b GKwU ¯§„wZdjK Av‡Q| Zv‡Z Avcwbgvjv †`‡eb|Õ gyw³hy‡×i mgq cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbx jÂ †_‡K e›`‡i nvbv w`Z| hv‡K mvg‡b †cZÑÑcyi“l, †g‡q Iwkï wbwe©‡k‡l a‡i wb‡q GB ea¨f~wg‡Z ùvo Kwi‡q ¸wj K‡i gviZ| weR‡qi ci K¼vj Avi Lywji g‡a¨cvM‡ji g‡Zv e›`‡ii gvbyl Zv‡ì AvcbRb‡K Luy‡R‡Q| wb‡qI wM‡q‡Q A‡b‡K Av›`vR K‡i gv_vi Lywj| AvRG‡Kev‡i cwi®‹vi|

SvjKvwV e›ìUv‡K cÖvq me©vs‡k †cwi‡q `xN©c_ †nu‡U Aa¨vcK Kvgvj wM‡q †cuŠQ‡jb ea¨f~wg‡Z| †`L‡jb mÜ¨vb`xi av‡i GKUv Pi| û-û nvIqv| GiB avi †Nu‡l BU w`‡q euvav‡bv DuPz †ew`| †ewì Ici †k¦Zcv_‡ii djK|Zv‡Z kwn`‡ì D‡Ï‡k GKUv †jLb| msw¶ß †jLv, wKš‘ Zx¶è|

Aa¨vcK Kvgvj‡K GB DuPz wQgQvg †ew`wUi cuv‡k ùvwo‡q e³…Zv Ki‡Z n‡jv| LvwbKUv `~‡i `xN© wgwQj ùvwo‡qi‡q‡Q| Aa¨vcK Kvgvj a‡jk¦ixi av‡ii evwm›`v I gyw³‡hv×v‡ì K_v ej‡jb| ej‡jb, SvjKvwVi evwm›`v Igyw³‡hv×v‡ì K_v| ea¨f~wgi Ici w`‡q ZLb e‡q P‡j‡Q DÏvg evZvm| Aa¨vcK Kvgv‡ji K_v¸‡jv‡K †mBevZvm †hb jy‡d jy‡d wb‡q hvw”Qj|

Gic‡iB gvjv †èvi cvjv| Aa¨vcK Kvgvj `ywU gvjv `yB nv‡Z DuPz‡Z Zz‡j mg‡eZ RbZv‡K †`Lv‡jb| Zvicigvjv `ywU ¯§„wZdj‡Ki Ici ivL‡jb| wKš‘ m‡½ m‡½ evZvm G‡m GK SUKvq gvjv `ywU‡K †d‡j w`j| Avevi

16 gvj¨`vb

mšÍc©‡Y ivL‡Z †M‡jb| AveviI e¨_© n‡jb| gvjv `ywU‡K ¯§„wZdj‡Ki †Kv_vI †MuvRvi Dcvq wQj bv|

Aa¨vcK Kvgvj `y‡Uv BU Avb‡Z ej‡jb, gvjv `ywU‡K Pvcv w`‡Z| †mB k~b¨ cÖvšÍ‡ii g‡Zv ea¨f~wgi P‡ii †RvinvIqvq fvwi wRwbm bv n‡j gvjv ivLv hv‡e bv, GK_v Rvbv‡jb| GKwU †Q‡j P‡ii g‡a¨ †LuvRvLyuwR Ki‡Z Ki‡ZnVvr G‡m ùvovj Aa¨vc‡Ki mvg‡b| Zvi nvZ `ywU †cQb w`‡K|

Ñ m¨vi|

Ñ e‡jv|

Ñ †c‡qwQ Pvcv †èvi wRwbm| wKš‘ G¸‡jv †h gv_vi Lywj|

Aa¨vc‡Ki wew¯§Z †Pv‡Li mvg‡b Zz‡j aij †m gv_vi Lywj `ywU| wb‡R‡K mvg‡j wb‡q Aa¨vcK ej‡jb, ÔAvðh©|huv‡ì gvjv †Ìqv n‡”Q Zv‡ìB n‡q `yRb wK †Zvgvi nv‡Z D‡V G‡m‡Q| wKš‘ Gu‡ì wbðqB bvg wQj| Kxbvg?Õ LvwbK¶Y Pzc K‡i †_‡K wZwb Lywj `y‡Uv Zz‡j wPrKvi K‡i DV‡jb, ÔG‡ì GKR‡bi bvg †hb cvi“j,Av‡iKR‡bi bvg wmZviv| cvi“j Avi wmZvivi Rb¨ iBj gvjv|Õ

Zvici Aa¨vcK Kvgvj H `ywU gv_vi Lywj w`‡qB gvjv `ywU Pvcv w`‡jb †mB ¯§„wZdj‡Ki Ici| gvjv `ywU‡K †`‡Lg‡b n‡jv, gvjv Mjvq cvi“j Avi wmZviv †ewì Ici D‡V ùvwo‡q‡Q| Aa¨vcK P‡j G‡jb wgwQ‡ji gv_vq|KvD‡K Avi wKQy Ly‡j ej‡jb bv| ea¨f~wg‡Z hv‡ì cÖvYbvk Kiv n‡qwQj, Zv‡ì wbKU-AvZ¥xqiv wØavq co‡ebGB Lywj wb‡q| Zvi †P‡q eis mK‡ji Zid †_‡K gvjv w`‡q Zuv‡ì‡K ¯§„wZc‡U euvwP‡q ivLv hvK|

kãv_© I UxKv

gyw³hy× - ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡bi `xN© cUf‚wg‡Z 1971 mv‡j gyw³hy× msNwUZ nq|1970 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡b e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡AvIqvgx jxM wbi¼zk msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b Ki‡jI cvwK¯Ív‡biZrKvjxb KyPµx kvmK‡Mvôx ¶gZv n¯ÍvšÍi bv K‡i 25†k gvP©iv‡Zi AÜKv‡i Nywg‡q _vKv evOvwj‡ì Ici wbwe©Pv‡i AvµgYK‡i| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjqmn XvKvi Ab¨vb¨ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© ¯’vcbvq Av¸bawi‡q †`q| †jvKRb‡K a‡i a‡i ¸wj K‡i nZ¨v K‡i| Gi Av‡M7B gvP© †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b (eZ©gvb †mvnivIqv`©x D`¨v‡b) e½eÜz†kL gywReyi ingvb GK wekvj Rbmgv‡e‡k GKwU HwZnvwmK fvlY†`b| †mLv‡b wZwb gyw³ msMÖv‡gi AvnŸvb RvbvbÑÑÔGev‡ii msMÖvgAvgv‡ì gyw³i msMÖvg| Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg|Õ e¯‘Ze½eÜzi GB †NvlYvi ci Ges 25†k gvP© cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbxiee©‡ivwPZ nvgjvi ci ïi“ nq gyw³hy×| cÖvq GK †KvwU evOvwjcÖwZ‡ekx-†`k fvi‡Z Avkªq †bq| fvi‡Z msw¶ß cÖwk¶Y MÖnYK‡i evsjvi `vgvj †Q‡jiv †`‡k G‡m gyw³‡hv×v cwiP‡q cvwK¯Ívwbevwnbx‡K cÖwZnZ Ki‡Z _v‡K| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki †fZiKvi¯^vaxbZv-we‡ivax GKwU KzPµxgnj ivRvKvi, Avjeì, Avjkvgm&-i~‡c cvwK¯Ívwb‡ì mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z _v‡K| Zviv Ges Zv‡ì

mßeY©v 17

†`vmiiv cÖvq wZwik j¶ evOvwj‡K wbg©gfv‡e nZ¨v K‡iÑÑAmsL¨gv-†ev‡bi B¾Z jyÉb K‡i| gyw³evwnbx Ges †kl ch©v‡q fviZxqwgÎevwnbxi m‡½ `xN© bq gvm hy‡×i ci cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbx 16BwW‡m¤î 1971 mv‡j AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡i| Rb¥ nq ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠgevsjv‡`‡ki|

Avjeì Ñ cvwK¯Ív‡bi nvbv`vi evwnbx‡K mn‡hvwMZv Kivi Rb¨ ¯^vaxbZv-we‡ivaxGKwU evwnbxi bvg wQj Avjeì| Avjeì kãwUi AwfavwbK A_©c~Y©P›`ª| wKš‘ GLv‡b †`kwe‡ivax A‡_© G kã eëüZ n‡q‡Q|

ivRvKvi Ñ ivRvKvi kãwUi g~j A_ © †¯^”Qv‡meK, Z‡e 1971-G evsjv‡`‡ki¯^vaxbZv-we‡ivax I cvwK¯Ív‡bi nvbv`vi evwnbxi mn‡hvMx GKwUA¯¿avix †`k-we‡ivax KzPµx evwnbxi bvg wQj ÔivRvKviÕ|

ea¨f~wg Ñ ea ev nZ¨v Kivi ¯’vb| evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i mgq cvwK¯Ív‡bi`Lj`vi evwnbx I evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv-we‡ivaxiv ¯^vaxbZvi R‡b¨hy×iZ gyw³‡hv×v I ¯^vaxbZvi c‡¶i †jvK‡ì b`x ev we‡jiav‡i, e‡b wKsev †cvov evwo‡Z wb‡q wM‡q †g‡i †djZ| †mB eaKiv ev †g‡i †djvi RvqMvwU‡K ejv nq ea¨f~wg| SvjKvwV‡ZGgbB GKwU ea¨f~wg wQj| Ôgvj¨`vbÕ MíwU †mB ea¨f~wg wb‡q|XvKvq iv‡qi evRv‡i G-iKg GKwU ea¨f~wg cvIqv †M‡Q| †mLv‡bkwn` nIqv exi mšÍvb‡ì ¯§i‡Y GKwU ¯§„wZ‡mŠa wbg©vY Kivn‡q‡Q|

MÊMÖvg Ñ Rbeûj MÖvg| GLv‡b kni †_‡K `~‡ii MÖvg †evSv‡Z eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

iYv½b Ñ hy×‡¶Î|

†hvMm~Î Ñ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g|

Ewg©jZv Ñ Ewg©ÑÑ†XD| Avi Ewg©jZv ej‡Z AvKv-euvKv †XD‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

eyw×Rxex Ñ huviv Ávb-eyw×i PP©v K‡ib|

D‡Ëvjb Ñ †Zvjv|

¯§„wZdjK Ñ g„Z e¨w³ ev kwn`‡ì ¯§iY K‡i wgbvi ev ¯Í¤¢ Ges †mŠa wbg©vYKiv nq| Zv‡Z kwn‡ì bvg-cwiPq D‡j-L K‡i GKwU djK jvMv‡bvnq| Zuv‡ì ¯§i‡Y wKQy K_vI †jLv _v‡K| G‡KB e‡j ¯§„wZdjK|

wbwe©‡k‡l Ñ we‡kl †bB hv‡Z| A_©vr †f`v‡f` bv K‡i|

†ew` Ñ g‡Âi g‡Zv DuPz ¯’vb|

cÖvYbvk Ñ Rxeb aŸsm Kiv, †g‡i †djv|

nZ¨vhÁ Ñ nZ¨vi Abyôvb, G‡Ki ci GK wbg©g Ly‡bi NUbv|

18 gvj¨`vb

Av‰kke Ñ wkïKvj †_‡K|

†RwU Ñ RvnvR Nv‡Ui c-vUdig|

wQgQvg Ñ †MvQv‡bv| cwicvwU|

mšÍc©‡Y Ñ Lye mveav‡b| mZK©Zvi m‡½|

wØav Ñ †`vUvbv| mskq|

¯§„wZcU Ñ ¯§„wZi gwY‡KvVvq|

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨

wk¶v_x©‡ì gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvq DØz× Kiv|

cvV-cwiwPwZ

gyw³hy‡× bvg bv Rvbv AMwYZ gvby‡li AvZ¥Z¨vM Ges Zuv‡ì cÖwZ kª×v‡ev‡ai cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q Ôgvj¨`vbÕ M‡í|

GKvË‡ii gyw³hy‡×i mg‡q cvwK¯Ívwb `Lj`vi evwnbx MÖv‡g MÖv‡g Pvwj‡Q wbg©g nZ¨vKvÊ| Zv‡ì †`vmi wQjAvjeì Avi ivRvKviiv| gyw³msMÖvgx‡ì g‡bvej †f‡O w`‡Z ZLb ˆZwi Kiv nq AmsL¨ ea¨f~wg| AMwYZ bvix-cyi“l-wkï‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq Gme ea¨f~wg‡Z| nvbv`vi evwnbx I Zv‡ì †`vmi‡ì AZ¨vPv‡i †`kQvov nq GK†KvwU gvbyl|

gyw³hy‡×i weR‡qi ci NiQvov gvbyl N‡i †d‡i| ZLb wb‡LuvR, wbnZ wKsev ¸g n‡q hvIqv AvZ¥xq-¯^R‡bi †LuvRwb‡Z wM‡q Avwe®‹…Z nq AmsL¨ ea¨f~wg| Gme ea¨f~wg Avm‡j G †`‡ki jv‡Lv kwn‡ì ¯§„wZ-weRwoZ kwn`f~wg|

SvjKvwV‡Z GK QvÎ-m‡¤§j‡b †hvM w`‡Z wM‡q Aa¨vcK Kvgvj‡K Dcw¯’Z n‡Z n‡qwQj Ggb GK kwn`f~wg‡Z|†mLv‡b GK Afvebxq AwfÁZvi gy‡LvgywL nb wZwb|

m‡¤§jb ïi“ nIqvi Av‡M m‡¤§j‡b AvMZ mevi m‡½ wZwb †M‡jb b`xi av‡i GKUv P‡ii ea¨f~wg‡Z kwn` ¯§i‡Ywbwg©Z ¯§„wZdj‡K dzj w`‡Z| G‡K G‡K `ywU gvjv ¯§„wZdj‡K ivL‡ZB b`xi Zx‡ii †Lvjv nvIqvi †Zv‡o †m¸‡jvc‡o †Mj wb‡P| gvjv `ywU fvwi wKQy w`‡q Pvcv †Ìqvi Rb¨ BU LyuR‡Z wM‡q GKRb wb‡q G‡jv `ywU gv_vi Lywj|Zv †`‡L Aa¨vcK wew¯§Z| A‡bKUv †hb bvg bv Rvbv kwn‡ì c¶ †_‡K `yRb kwn` eywS gvjv wb‡Z G‡m‡Qb|Av‡eMvc-yZ Aa¨vcK Zuv‡ì `ywU KvíwbK bvg D”PviY Ki‡jb, †hb mKj kwn‡ì cÖZxK n‡q I‡Vb Zuviv| gv_viLywj `ywU w`‡q wZwb gvjv `ywU Pvcv w`‡jb ¯§„wZdj‡Ki Ici| g‡b n‡jv, `yRb kwn` †hb kª×v-wb‡ew`Z †mB gvjvMjvq c‡i †mLv‡b ùvwo‡q Av‡Qb|

†jLK-cwiwPwZ

i‡Yk `vk¸ß wQ‡jb GKvav‡i mvsevw`K, cÖvewÜK I cÖMwZkxj eyw×Rxex| wZwb wQ‡jb weªwUkwe‡ivax ¯^vaxbZvmsMÖv‡gi Ab¨Zg AMÖ‡mbv| cÖMwZkxj †jLK Av‡›`vj‡bi msMVK I †bZ…‡Z¡i f~wgKv cvj‡bi Rb¨ cvwK¯ÍvwbkvmK‡Mvôxi nv‡Z wZwb evievi Kviv‡fvM K‡ib| wZwb wQ‡jb Ôˆ`wbK msev`Õ-Gi mvsevw`K| wZwb Ôwkíxi¯^vaxbZvi cÖ‡kœÕ, ÔDcb¨v‡mi wkíi~cÕ, ÔAvqZ `„wó‡Z AvqZ i~cÕ BZ¨vw` MÖ‡š_i †jLK|

mßeY©v 19

i‡Yk `vk¸‡ßi Rb¥ 1912 mv‡ji 12B Rvbyqvwi| Zuvi ˆcZ…K Avevm †jŠnRO-Gi MvDcvov MÖv‡g| 1997 mv‡ji4Vv b‡f¤î wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib|

Kg©-Abykxjb

K. †Zvgvi GjvKvi GKRb gyw³‡hv×vi hy×Kvjxb Kvwnbx wjwce× K‡i †kªwYwk¶‡Ki Kv‡Q Rgv `vI|

L. gyw³hy‡×i Ici wfwË K‡i GKwU KweZv, Mí A_ev bvwUKv †jL|

M. †Zvgvi cÖZ¨¶ Kiv AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv wèm/ weRq wèm/ ¯^vaxbZv wè‡mi Abyôv‡bi GKwUweeiY `vI|

N. evsjv‡`‡ki A‡bK RvqMvq ea¨f~wgi mÜvb cvIqv †M‡Q| †Zvgvi GjvKvq GKvË‡ii †Kv‡bv ea¨f~wgi‡q‡Q wKbv †m-m¤ú‡K© †LvuR bvI| ea¨f~wg‡Z cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbxi nv‡Z hviv kwn` n‡q‡Qb Zuv‡ìm¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z †Póv Ki| Zzwg †hme Z_¨ Rvb‡Z cvi Zv LvZvq wj‡L iv‡Lv|

bgybv cÖkœeûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. Ôwkíxi ¯^vaxbZvi cÖ‡kœÕ MÖš’wUi †jLK †K?

K. ûgvqyb Avn‡g` L. bvivqY M‡½vcva¨vq

M. †mwjbv †nv‡mb N. i‡Yk `vk¸ß

2. Aa¨vcK Kvgvj `ywU gv_vi Lywj Zz‡j wPrKvi K‡i `ywU bvg e‡jwQ‡jb| bvg `ywU n‡jv :

K. c„w_ex, g„wËKv L. †gvnvb, †gvnb

M. cvi“j, wmZviv N. `xcv, wbcv

3. ea¨f~wg‡Z

i. kwn`‡ì Kei †Ìqv nq

ii. bvix-cyi“l‡ì wbwe©Pv‡i nZ¨v Kiv nq

iii. kwn`‡ì wP‡ýi †LuvR Kiv nq


K. i I i i L. i I iii

M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

wb‡Pi Ask c‡ov Ges 4 I 5bs b¤î cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :gyw³hy‡×i mgq Aa¨vcK Kvgvj bZzb mgvR MVb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Zb| eB co‡Zb|

4. G mgq wZwb wQ‡jb

K. cÖavb AwZw_ L. gyw³‡hv×v

M. we‡kl AwZw_ N. cÖavb Av‡jvPK

20 gvj¨`vb

5. Aa¨vcK Kvgvj bZzb mgvR MVb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Zb, eB cov‡Zb †Kb?

i. wZwb Aa¨vcK wQ‡jb e‡j

ii. gyw³‡hv×v‡ì msMwVZ Kivi Rb¨

iii. mevB‡K wb‡q msmv‡ii g‡Zv †c‡ZwQ‡jb e‡j


K. i L. ii

M. iii N. ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. Aa¨vcK †gvqv‡¾g wgicyi ea¨f~wg‡Z G‡m‡Qb| Zuvi nv‡Z Av‡kcv‡ki ¯‹z‡ji wk¶v_x©iv dz‡ji †Zvov Zz‡jw`‡jb| wZwb dz‡ji †ZvovwU ea¨f~wgi †ew`‡Z †i‡L kª×vebZ wP‡Ë wKQy¶Y w¯’i n‡q iB‡jb| Zuvi¯§„wZc‡U †f‡m DV‡jv PiKvev MÖv‡gi gyw³hy‡×i ¯§„wZ| cvwK¯Ívwb nvbv`vi evwnbx H MÖv‡gi wKQy ivRvKvi,Avje`‡ii mnvqZvq jyUcvU Pvwj‡q nZ¨v K‡iwQ‡jv 26 Rb bvixcyi“l| †mB jvk¸‡jv Zviv GKUv †QvU cyKz‡i†d‡jwQj| †`k ¯^vaxb nIqvi ci weRqx gyw³‡hv×vMY Zv‡ì AvZ¥xq¯^Rb‡K LuyR‡Z wM‡q †c‡qwQ‡jb wKQygv_vi Lywj I nvo|

K. SvjKvwVi ea¨f~wg‡Z †K gvjv w`‡Z wM‡qwQ‡jb?

L. ea¨f~wg ej‡Z Kx eyS?

M. Aa¨vcK †gvqv‡¾‡gi m‡½ Ôgvj¨`vbÕ M‡í Kvi m‡½ Ges Kx wgj cvIqv hvq?

N. Ôea¨f~wg¸wj cvwK¯Ívwb‡ì AZ¨vPvi I G‡`‡ki AMwYZ gvby‡li Rxeb-DrmM©‡K ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`q|ÕÑÑÔgvj¨`vbÕ Mí Aej¤^‡b e¨vL¨v Ki|

2. weby gv‡qi mv‡_ †fvjv G‡m‡Q gyw³‡hv×v‡ì ¯§i‡Y GKwU ¯§„wZdjK D‡Øvab Ki‡Z| Zvi evev wQ‡jbGKRb exi gyw³‡hv×v| 1971 mv‡j wZwb Av‡iv A‡b‡Ki m‡½ kwn` n‡q‡Qb| cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbx IivRvKviiv kwn` gyw³‡hv×v‡ì GK weivb cÖvšÍ‡i MZ© K‡i gvwUPvcv †`q| ¯^vaxbZvi ci evev wd‡i bvG‡j webyi gv A‡bK K‡ó GB ea¨f~wgi K_v Rvb‡Z cv‡ib| A‡bK AÁvZbvgv kwn‡ì mv‡_ webyi evevijvkI i‡q †M‡Q GB ea¨f~wg‡Z| AvR GLv‡bB ¯§„wZdjK D‡Øvab Ki‡e weby|

K. Aa¨vcK Kvgvj †Kb SvjKvwV‡Z wM‡qwQ‡jb?

L Aa¨vcK Kvgvj gvjv `y‡Uv ¯§„wZdj‡K ivL‡Z cviwQ‡jb bv †Kb?

M. D×„Zvs‡ki mv‡_ †Zvgvi cwVZ Ôgvj¨`vbÕ M‡íi mv`„k¨ eY©bv Ki|

N. kwn`‡ì ¯§„wZ i¶vq webyi ¯§„wZdjK D‡Øvab f~wgKv ivL‡eÑÑgvj¨`vb M‡íi Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki|

mßeY©v 21

jvj †NvovbvivqY M‡½vcva¨vq

ZLb Avgvi e‡qm †Z‡iv eQ‡ii †ewk bq| ZLb Avgvi Rvbvjvi evB‡ii `~‡i Zvje‡bi gv_vi Ici mÜ¨vZviv DVZAvi †mB Zvivi w`‡K †P‡q †P‡q _i _i K‡i †Ku‡c †Ku‡c DVZ Avgv‡ì ZzjmxZjvq mÜ¨vcÖ`x‡ci wkLvUv| ZLbˆP‡Îi `ycyi f‡i †hZ Avgv‡ì evMv‡bi Puvcvi M‡Ü, ZLb fiv el©vq Ki‡Zvqvi bxj Rj †Nvjv n‡q, †dbv Zz‡jÑÑAvgv‡ì evwoi NvU Qvwc‡q cÖvq Av¯Ívej ch©šÍ D‡V AvmZ| GKUv bqÑÑ`y‡Uv †Nvov| GKUv KzPKz‡P Kv‡jv, ZviKcv‡j kv`v GKUv `vMÑÑVvKyigv Zvi bvg w`‡qwQ‡jb ÔPuv`KcvwjÕ| Avi GKUv UKU‡K jvjÑÑQyUevi mgq †Kki¸‡jv†b‡P DVZ hLb, wVK g‡b n‡Zv Av¸‡bi wkLv Kuvc‡Q KZ¸‡jv| ZviI bvgKiY VvKzigvB K‡iwQ‡jb Lye m¤¢e ÔjvjyÕ|

†ivR mKv‡j cov †kl n‡q hvIqvi ci Avi ¯‹y‡j hvIqvi gv‡Si mgqUzKz Avwg G‡m GKUv Rj‡PŠwK †U‡b wb‡qemZzg Avgv‡ì †mB g¯Í †cqviv MvQUvi Zjvq| GKm‡½ `y‡Uv KvR n‡Zv| Qy‡Zvi wgw¯¿ ZvwiYx Zvi nvZzwo-KivZ-iüv`v wb‡q VKvVK Nm-Nm K‡i KvR KiZ †mLv‡b| Avgv‡ì evwo‡Z cÖvq ev‡iv gvmB euvav wQj †m|KLbI VvKzigvi cy‡Rvi N‡ii wmsnvmb ˆZwi KiZ, KLbI N‡l-N‡l cwi®‹vi KiZ nj‡` i‡Oi KuvVvjKv‡Viwcuwo, KLbI Mo‡Zv wcjmyR, KLbI-ev AviI Rb-`yB †jvK R‡ov K‡i Avjgvwi-Uvjgvwi evbvZ|

ZvwiYx Avgvi Dcj¶ wQj e‡U, wKš‘ Avmj j¶ wQj ivghk| mvg‡bi Av¯Ívej †_‡K †m ZLb Puv`Kcvwj Avijvjy‡K †ei K‡i G‡b cÖvYc‡Y `jvBgjvB KiZ| PUvm-PUvm K‡i Ggb †Rv‡i Po gviZ †h Avwg wkD‡i D‡VfveZzg, I-iKg GKwU PvwU Mv‡q jvM‡jB Avwg AÁvb n‡q coe| A_P †Nvov `y‡Uv‡K †`LZzg, m¤ú~Y© wbwe©Kvi-†PvL ey‡R NvmUvm Kx-me wPwe‡q PjZÑÑeis Lye Avivg cv‡”Q e‡jB g‡b n‡Zv ZLb|

Gfv‡eB PjwQj| nVvr KvÊ NUj GKUv| †e‡ì `j G‡jv MÖv‡gÑÑG‡`‡ki †jvK hv‡ì ejZ Bivwb| †mB cxi-gywk©‡ì cÖKvÊ eUMvQUv| †mLv‡b G‡m Zviv Zuvey †djj|

cvRvgv, Kv‡jv KzZ©v, gv_vq cvMwo, Kv‡b exi‡eŠwjÑÑcyi“‡li `j; †g‡q‡ì ci‡b g¯Í-g¯Í is‡ei‡Oi KzwP-†Ìqv NvMiv, Mjvq cyuwZ Avi cv_‡ii gvjv, gv_vq iwOb i“gvj| Qywi-†Qviv, †kKo-evKo, bvbviK‡gi Ilya,Av‡iv Kx-me UzwKUvwK wRwbmcÎ evwo-evwo †dwi K‡i †eovZ| A‡bK ivZ ch©šÍ †Xvj-KiZvj evwR‡q Mvb-evRbvI PjZ Zv‡ì|

GKw`b Kvi m‡½ Qywi-KuvwPi ìv`wi wb‡q nVvr †L‡c DVj Zv‡ì GKRb, dm K‡i GKLvbv †Qviv †ei K‡i†djjÑÑLyb K‡iB e‡m Avi wK| evev Z¶zwb Bivwb‡ì WvwK‡q Avbv‡jb, †mB †jvKUv‡K bv‡K LZ †Ìqv‡jb,ûKzg Ki‡jb, Kvj †fvi nIqvi Av‡MB I‡ì MÖvg †Q‡o P‡j †h‡Z n‡e|

†kl iv‡ZB P‡j †Mj †e‡ìv|

wKšÍy †mw`b mKv‡j jvjy‡K wRb civ‡Z wM‡qB GK wech©¯Í KvÊ|

K_v †bB, evZ©v †bBÑÑnVvr wPu-wnu-wnu K‡i GKUv weKU wPrKvi Qvoj jvjyÑÑZvi Agb †eqvov we`Nz‡U WvK Avwg†Kv‡bvw`b ïwb wb| Zic‡iB ZovK-ZovK-ZovK K‡i jvdv‡Z Avi¤¢ Kij, jvw_ Qyuo‡Z jvMj cvM‡ji g‡Zv|

cvMj Qvov Kx Avi| ivghk Kv‡Q G‡Mv‡Z cvij bv, evev‡K †`L‡j †h †Nvovi †PvL ch©šÍ Lywk‡Z f‡i I‡V e‡jg‡b n‡Zv AvgviÑÑ†m †hb KvD‡KB Avi wPb‡Z cvi‡Q bv| wKQy¶Y `vcv`vwc Kij, †mB i³-Rgv‡bv weKUwPrKv‡i †_‡K-†_‡K mviv cvov Kuvwc‡q w`‡j, `yB jvw_‡Z evMv‡bi euvKvwii A‡a©K †eov Dwo‡q w`‡j, Zvici nVvrQyU‡Z Avi¤¢ Kij| Ki‡Zvqvi cvk w`‡q, Ckvbxi Kvjxgw›ì Qvwo‡q †hb GKUv jvj Av¸‡bi SjK wgwj‡q †Mj|

evwo‡Z nBnB ïi“ n‡q †Mj| VvKzigv nvZ-cv Qvwo‡q Kuv`‡Z em‡jb, evev _g_‡g gy‡L M¤¢xi n‡q e‡m iB‡jbZuvi BwR‡PqviUvq| †Nvovi mÜv‡b †jvK QyUj, †PŠwK`vi QyUj, wKšÍy jvjy‡K †h Avi wd‡i cvIqv hv‡eÑÑGgbAvkvB Ki‡Z cvij bv †KD|

†PvL gyQ‡Z-gyQ‡Z ivghk mvg‡b G‡m ùvovj| †hb mg¯Í Aciva ZviB|

ÑÑûRyi, Avgvi wKQy gvjyg n‡”Q bv| Kvj ivZZK †Nvov GK`g wVK wQj †jwKbÑÑ

cÖwZ‡ekx Ifviwmqvievey ej‡jb, G wbðq Bivwb¸‡jvi KvÊ gkvB| Avcwb I‡ì Zvov‡jb MÖvg †_‡K, ZvB †kva†bevi R‡b¨ ivwË‡i PzwcPzwc G‡m †Nvovi Lvev‡i wKQy wel-wUl wgwk‡q w`‡q‡Q| I‡ì Amva¨ KvR †bB|

welYœfv‡e gv_v †b‡o evev ej‡jb, ZvB m¤¢e|

jvjy †hw`b Zvi ivOv †Kk‡i Av¸‡bi wkLv Dwo‡q Dévi g‡Zv A`„k¨ n‡q †Mj, †mB w`b we‡K‡j ZLb Avgv‡ìwLowKi w`KUvq †KD wQj bv| ZvwiYx wgw¯¿ Zvi hš¿cvwZ ¸wQ‡q wb‡q P‡j †M‡Q, ivghk Lye m¤¢e jvjy‡KLyuR‡Z †ewi‡q‡Q, evev‡K mvwjwmi R‡b¨ †W‡K wb‡q †M‡Q| Avi mevB evwoi †fZ‡i| †mB mgq Avwg wLowKievB‡i G‡m ùvovjyg|

ZLb fiv Ki‡Zvqvi R‡j †bŠ‡Kvi cv‡j †mvbvwj †iv`ÑÑeK wdi‡Q, gvQivOv wdi‡Q, Kv‡Kiv fvOv MjvqWvKvWvwK Ki‡Q| Avwg b`xi w`‡K P‡jwQjyg el©vi R‡j ïï‡Ki wWMevwR †`L‡Z, nVvr cv _g‡K †Mj Avgvi|

wVK Av¯Íve‡ji mvg‡b jvjy ùvwo‡q| nüv, jvjyB| KLb wd‡i G‡m‡Q †KD Rv‡b bv| G‡Kev‡i gvwUi g~wZ©i g‡Zvw¯’i| we‡K‡ji Av‡jvq jvj cÖKvÊ kixiUv Aci~c †`Lv‡”Q ZviÑÑg‡b n‡jv IUv GKUv Av¸‡bi †Nvov|

mßeY©v 23

Kx‡mi AvKl©‡Y Rvwb bvÑÑAvwg ax‡i-ax‡i GwM‡q †Mjyg Zvi w`‡K| mKv‡j Zvi i“`ª fq¼i g~wZ© Avwg †`‡LwQZvi ¶z‡i-¶z‡i Kxfv‡e gvwU wVK‡i-wVK‡i DVwQjÑÑï‡bwQ, Kx wnsmª MR©b KiwQj †m| Zey Avgvi fq Kij bv|Avwg Zvi Kv‡Q †Mjyg, Zvi j¤^v LiL‡i Mjvq nvZ †evjvjyg A‡bK ax‡i, Zvi gm„Y †c‡Ui ¯úk© Abyfe Kijyg,Zvi †ivgKyc †_‡K Nv‡gi GKUv Avðh© gv`K MÜ ax‡i-ax‡i Avgv‡K Awff~Z Ki‡Z jvMj|

wRb civB wQj, †mB Ae¯’v‡ZB mKv‡j Qy‡U cvwj‡qwQj †m| wb‡Ri AÁv‡ZB GKUv MÜ Db¥v`bv Avgv‡K †c‡qemj, †iKveUv Avgvi c‡¶ †ek DuPz n‡jI LvwbKUv †Póv Ki‡ZB †`LjygÑÑKLb Avwg †mvRv jvjyi wc‡V D‡Ve‡mwQ|

Zvic‡iB jvjyi †c‡U cv‡qi GKUv †VvKi w`‡q ejjyg, jvj– PjÑÑPj|

Avevi †mB A™¢yZ AvIqvRÑÑ†hb GKUv cvMj Avgvi Kv‡bi Kv‡Q Zx¶è weKU Mjvq wn-wn K‡i †n‡m DVj| Avijvjy QyUj| jvj Av¸‡bi njKv QyUjÑÑgvwU w`‡q bq, AvKvk †e‡q| †hb Uvb-Kiv aby‡Ki wQ‡j †_‡K Zxi Doj|evZvm G‡m Avgvi `yB Kv‡b av°v w`‡Z jvMj, g‡b n‡Z jvMj †h †KvbI mgq GKUzK‡iv †Quov-KvM‡Ri g‡ZvD‡o hve Avwg| Avi Zvi A_© †h Kx Zv-I eyS‡Z evwK †bB Avgvi|

†cQb †_‡K †hb A‡bK¸‡jv Mjvi wPrKvi Kv‡b G‡jv: †LvKb-†LvKb-jvjy-jvjy|

A_©vr †jv‡K †`L‡Z †c‡q‡QÑÑivgh‡ki ¯îI wPb‡Z cvijyg Avwg|

Avwg ZLb ï‡q c‡owQ †Nvovi Ici| jvMvg †Q‡o w`‡q `ynv‡Z Mjv Rwo‡q a‡iwQ Zvi, gyL ¸u‡RwQ †mB †bkv-aiv‡bv D‡ËRK Nv‡gi M‡Üi †fZi| evZvm cÖwZ gyn~‡Z© `myï g‡Zv †Nvovi wcV †_‡K Avgv‡K wQwb‡q wb‡q†h‡Z PvB‡Q|

Zvici nVvr Kx‡mi †Vv°i †L‡q †NvovUv AvPgKv k~‡b¨ jvwd‡q DVj, Zvi Mjv †_‡K `ye©j-n‡q Avmv nv‡Zi euvabwQU‡K Ly‡j †Mj Avgvi, AviÑÑ

hLb †PvL PvBjyg ZLb g‡b n‡jv Mvp AÜKvi Pviw`‡K| Avwg †hb GKUv Kz‡qvi †fZ‡i Dcyo n‡q c‡o AvwQ|Kx Am¤¢e, Kx Awek¦vm¨ hš¿Yv Avgvi euv cv‡qÑÑAvgvi ey‡Ki cuvRiv‡Z|

Avwg AvZ©bv` Ki‡Z †Mjyg, Mjv †_‡K Pvcv †MvOvwbi g‡Zv Kx-GKUv wem`„k aŸwb †ewi‡q G‡jv| †c‡Ui ZjvqGKUv nvZ Pvcv c‡o‡Q, †mUv‡K †U‡b †ei Ki‡Z PvBjyg, cvijyg bv| wKš‘ GB kvixwiK †Póv Avi Abyf~wZid‡j Avgvi RgvU n‡q-hvIqv ¯Íä gw¯Í®‹Uv GZ¶‡Y GKUz GKUz K‡i mwµq n‡q DVj| ZLb†`LjygÑÑAÜKvi bq, †g‡U-Aby¾¡j †R¨vrmœv Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q| Avgvi mvg‡b AmsL¨ gvwU| wXwe, BZ¯ÍZK‡qKUv fvOv euvk| Avi Avgvi euvw`‡KÑÑnvZ wZ‡bK `~‡i GKUv wbðj weivU Qvqv| GB weeY© †R¨vrmœv‡ZI ZviD¾¡j jvj isÑÑZvi wms‡ni g‡Zv †Kki, Zvi wc‡Vi Ici PKP‡K ev`vwg Pvgovi wRb| jvjy|

jvjy `vuwo‡q Av‡Q| GLb Avi ivOv Av¸b bqÑÑ†hb †cvov gvwUi ˆZwi GKUv weivU †Nvov| bo‡Q bvÑÑWvK‡QbvÑÑ j¨vRUv ch©šÍ `yj‡Q bv GZUzKz| GKUv AUj, APj g~wZ©|

mviv kix‡i Avevi †mB hš¿YvÑÑ†mB RuvZvi g‡a¨ wc‡l hvIqvi `ytmnZg Dcjwä| Avwg cÖvYc‡Y wPrKvi Ki‡ZwM‡qI _g‡K †Mjyg| mvg‡b I Kx R¡j‡Q? I Kx‡mi †PvL? GK bq, `yB bq, AvU-`k, nq‡Zv AviI †ewk| Ava BwÂGK BwÂi eëav‡b †Rvovq-†Rvovq meyR Av¸bÑÑKx wbôzifv‡eB R¡jR¡j Ki‡Q| Avwg eyS‡Z cvijygÑÑAvwgB IB

24 jvj †Nvov

†PvL¸‡jvi j¶¨ÑÑ`„wói †fZi w`‡q †hb KZ¸‡jv jvj wRf Avi aviv‡jv ùv‡Zi †Quvqv Avgvi mviv kixi‡K ¯úk© Ki‡ZjvMj|

†mB †Nvov QyUevi mgq GKUv fq Avgv‡K A‡PZbvi mxgv‡šÍ †cuŠ‡Q w`‡qwQj, GLb Avi GKUv fq Avgvimev©‡½i hš¿Yvi †fZ‡i AviI `ytmn AvZ‡¼i mÂvi Kij| Avwg eyS‡Z cvijyg, Iiv †kqvj| Avgvi g‡b cojevevi gy‡L †kvbv †mB †jvKUvi K_vÑÑnvU †_‡K wdi‡Z-wdi‡Z hvi K‡jiv n‡qwQj, iv‡Zi †ejv c‡_i av‡i †hGKUv eUZjvq c‡o wQj, Avi R¨všÍ Ae¯’v‡ZB †kqv‡jiv hv‡K wQu‡o-wQu‡o †L‡q †d‡jwQj|

Iiv Avgv‡KI †L‡Z Avm‡Q| †Rvovq-†Rvovq meyR †Pv‡Li †fZi Avwg KZ¸‡jv aviv‡jv ùvZ‡K ¯úóB †`L‡Zcvw”Q|

ZLbÑÑ†mB mgq, Avevi †mB kã| †mB cvM‡ji nvwmi g‡Zv GKUv Zx¶è B-wn-wn|

†cvov gvwUi †NvovUv b‡o DVj| wZb jv‡d GwM‡q wM‡q we`y¨r-†e‡M cv Qyoj †cQ‡b| meyR †Pv‡Li m‡¤§vnb †K‡U†Mj AvgviÑÑ†`Ljyg, A‡bKLvwb wbivc` `~i‡Z¡ Zviv m‡i †M‡Q, jvjyi cv‡qi mxgvbvi Kv‡QI ùvovevi mvnm †bBZv‡ì| Zvic‡i mg¯Í ivZ|

GKevi jvjy mvg‡b Qy‡U hv‡”Q, GKevi wcQ‡b, GKevi WvB‡b, GKevi euv‡q| meyR †PvL¸‡jv †hb AvgviPviw`‡K wN‡i-wN‡i jy‡KvPzwi †Lj‡Q, Avi jvjy Avgv‡K euvPv‡”QÑÑAvgv‡K euvPv‡”Q †mB ivwk-ivwk aviv‡jv ùv‡ZiAÜ Avw`g wnsmv †_‡K|

nVvr jvjyi ¶z‡ii av°vq Kx-GKUv Mov‡Z Mov‡Z P‡j G‡jv Avgvi w`‡K| VK K‡i jvMj Avgvi Kcv‡j| Avwg†`L‡Z †cjygÑÑAvgvi †Pv‡L †mB me meyR †Pv‡Li Av‡jv cÖwZdwjZ n‡Z-n‡Z wbkvP‡ii g‡Zv Avgvi `„wóI Zx¶èn‡q D‡VwQjÑÑAvwg †`Ljyg, †mUv mv`v GKUv bigyÊ| fyZz‡o M‡íi eB‡qi Qwe‡Z †hgb †`Lv hvqÑÑwVK ZvB|

Avgvi Kcv‡j †mB bigy‡Êi VvÊv KwVb ¯úk© Abyfe K‡i †klevi wPrKvi Zz‡j Avwg Ávb nvivjyg|

Avi GKUv weKU k‡ã wØZxqevi †PvL PvBjyg Avwg| mKv‡ji †iv` Sjgj Ki‡Q Pviw`‡K| GKUv KeiLvbvi g‡a¨c‡o AvwQ Avwg| A‡bKUv `~‡i evev‡K †`L‡Z cvw”Q, ivghk‡K †`LwQ, †`L‡Z cvw”Q AviI A‡bK †jvKRb‡K|evevi nv‡Zi e›`yKUv †_‡K †auvqv DV‡Q ZLbI, Avi Avgvi cv‡kB wb‡Ri UKU‡K jvj kixi‡K i‡³ AviI ivOvK‡i w`‡q gvwU‡Z KvZ n‡q c‡o cv Qyuo‡Q jvjy, cÖKvÊ gm„Y †cUUv †kl wbtk¦v‡mi Uv‡b-Uv‡b †XD‡qi g‡Zv IVv-cov Ki‡Q|

wZb gvm c‡o _vK‡Z n‡qwQj Avgv‡K| ey‡Ki cuvRivi `y‡Uv nvo-†f‡O wM‡qwQj, Ly‡j wM‡qwQj euv nuvUzi †RvovUv|Zey Zvi g‡a¨ Kuv`‡Z-Kuv`‡Z evev‡K e‡jwQjyg, †Kb gvi‡jÑÑjvjy‡K †Kb gvi‡j Zzwg?

Reve †Ìqvi Av‡M evev gyL Nywi‡q wb‡qwQ‡jb| aiv Mjvq e‡jwQ‡jb, Avgv‡ì w`‡K †Z‡o AvmwQj †h| Avgiv†f‡ewQjyg cvMj n‡q eywS I †Zv‡K †g‡iB †d‡j‡Q|

kãv_© I UxKv

Av¯Ívej Ñ †Nvov ev nvwZ ivLvi ¯’vb|†Kki Ñ †Nvov, wmsn cÖf„wZ cÖvYxi Nv‡oi j¤^v †jvg; †Kki-Gi AviI GKwU

A_© Av‡Q Avi Zv n‡jv dz‡ji †fZiKvi Pz‡ji g‡Zv mi“ A½|

mßeY©v 25

wkLv Ñ Av¸‡bi †h nj&Kv I‡V Zvi Ic‡ii w`KUv|

gd¯^j Ñ MÖvgvÂj, ivRavbx‡K ev bMi‡K e‡j mì| Avi MÖvgvÂj‡K e‡jgd¯^j|

Qy‡Zvi wgw¯¿ Ñ m~Îai, Qy‡Zvi, KvVwgw¯¿|

wcjmyR Ñ MvQv, `xc ev evwZ ivLvi Rb¨ avZz ev Kv‡Vi ˆZwi Ô÷¨vÛÕ|

ivghk Ñ M‡íi GKwU PwiÎ| wZwb mwnm A_©vr †Nvovi PvjK I Zvi cvj‡biKv‡R wbhy³|

wbwe©Kvi Ñ weKvik~b¨| wbwj©ß ev D`vmxb|

exi‡eŠwj Ñ cyi“‡li Kv‡bi Mqbv|

Ckvbxi Kvjxgw›ì Ñ w`bvRcy‡ii GKwU RvqMvi bvg Ckvbx| †mLvbKvi Kvjxgw›ì|

Ifviwmqvi Ñ Bs‡iwR overseer, cwi`k©KRvZxq c`|

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨

cÖvwYRM‡Zi cÖwZ ggZ¡‡eva m„wó|

cvV-cwiwPwZ

Ôjvj †NvovÕ MíwU bvivqY M‡½vcva¨v‡qi ÔmgMÖ wK‡kvi mvwnZ¨Õ †_‡K msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| MÖš’wUi cÖKvkKvj2001|

GKwU wK‡kvi Avi GKwU jvj i‡Oi †ek eo AvKv‡ii †Nvov‡KB cÖavb K‡i †Zvjv n‡q‡Q G iPbvq| MíwUibvgI †`qv n‡q‡Q Ôjvj †NvovÕ|

MíwU‡Z cïi cÖwZ gvby‡li ggZ¡‡eva Ges gvby‡li cÖwZ cïi fv‡jvevmv cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|

M‡íi e³v wK‡kviwUi evev `ywU †Nvov wK‡bwQ‡jb| Zv‡ì GKwUi bvg †`qv n‡qwQj ÔjvjyÕ| ÔjvjyÕ GK mg‡qA¯^vfvweK AvPiY K‡i| ÔBivwbÕ e‡j cwiwPZ hvhvei †e‡ì `j MÖv‡g G‡mwQj| Zviv Ab¨vq AvPiY Kiv‡ZwK‡kvi †Q‡jwUi evev, whwb †ek cÖfvekvjx wQ‡jb, Zv‡ì MÖvg †Q‡o P‡j †h‡Z e‡jb| Zviv MÖvg †Q‡o P‡j hvIqvici-ciB †NvovwU cvMjv‡U AvPiY K‡i| A‡b‡Ki aviYv †NvovwU‡K H Bivwb †e‡ì `‡ji †jv‡KivB wKQy LvB‡qcvMj K‡i w`‡qwQj| Zviv †Zv Avevi bvbv iK‡gi wRwb‡mi m‡½ MvQ-MvQov †_‡K cÖ¯‘Z Ilya-UlyaI wewµ KiZ|

cvMjv‡U jvj †NvovUv †Kv‡bv evav bv †g‡b Qy‡U †ewi‡q hvq| Zvici GKvB wd‡i Av‡m| wK‡kviwU Zv‡K †`L‡Zcvq| †NvovwU wRb civB wQj| wK‡kviwU fq bv †c‡q Zvi wc‡V P‡o e‡m| †NvovwUI †QvUv ïi“ K‡i| mwnmivghkmn A‡b‡KB Zv †`L‡Z cvq|

QyU‡Z QyU‡Z A‡bK `~‡i G‡m c‡o Zviv| ivZI n‡q hvq| AÜKvi ivZ| GK mg‡q QyUšÍ †Nvovi wcV †_‡Kwb‡P c‡o hvq wK‡kvi †Q‡jwU| Lye e¨_v cvq †m Ges Ávb nvivq| Ávb G‡j †`L‡Z cvq, †m GKUv M‡Z©i g‡a¨

26 jvj †Nvov

c‡o Av‡Q| Avm‡j RvqMvUv wQj GKUv KeiLvbv A_v©r †Mvi¯’vb| AÜKvi iv‡Z wkqv‡ji `j GwM‡q Av‡m|wkqvjivI RxweZ cÖvYx‡K AvµgY K‡i †g‡i †L‡q †dj‡Z cv‡i| †Q‡jwU fq cvq| †m Zvi evevi Kv‡Q ï‡bwQj,nvU †_‡K †divi c‡_ GKwU †jv‡Ki K‡jiv n‡qwQj, iv‡Zi †ejv †m c‡owQj GKUv eUMvQZjvq, Avi RxweZAe¯’v‡Z AvµgY K‡i wkqv‡jiv Zv‡K †L‡q †d‡jwQj| wKš‘ †Q‡jwU‡K †mB gnvwec‡` g„Zzï gyL †_‡K euvPvq†mB jvj †NvovUv| mvivivZ †m wkqvj¸‡jvi m‡½ jovB K‡i|

Gw`‡K †Q‡jwU I †Nvovi †Luv‡R m‡½ m‡½ †Q‡jwUi evev Ges mwnm ivghkmn †ek K‡qKRb †ewi‡qc‡owQ‡jb| Zviv †`L‡Z cvb †Q‡jwU c‡o Av‡Q; Avi †NvovUv Zv‡ì w`‡K †Z‡o Avm‡Q| ZLb †Q‡jwUi evevm‡½i e›`yK †_‡K ¸wj K‡i †NvovUv‡K †g‡i †d‡jb| Zuviv †Zv Rvb‡Zb bv †h Kx DcKvi †m K‡i‡Q| Dj‡UvZviv †f‡ewQ‡jb †NvovUvB †Q‡jwU‡K †g‡i †d‡j‡Q|

MíwUi fvlv I eY©bv Lye my›ì Ges RxešÍ | Ki‡Zvqv b`x, meyR-k¨vgj MÖv‡gi `„k¨, AÜKv‡ii †fZi wbR©b†Mvi¯’vb Avi †mLv‡b wnsmª Avµg‡Y D`¨Z wkqvj¸‡jv, jvj †Nvov, †Q‡jwU, ivghk, ZvwiYx wgw¯¿ÑÑmevB †hbev¯Íe n‡q Avgv‡ì mvg‡b †f‡m I‡V| g‡b nq NUbvUv †hb Avgiv †`LwQ|

†jLK-cwiwPwZ

bvivqY M‡½vcva¨vq †gavex QvÎ, bvwg Aa¨vcK Ges AZ¨šÍ DuPzgv‡bi GKRb mvwnwZ¨K wQ‡jb| bvivqY ZviQÙbvg| Avmj bvg ZviKbv_| AviI GKwU QÙbvg wQjÑÑZv n‡jv, myb›`| bvivqY M‡½vcva¨vq 1325 e½v‡ã(1918 wLªóvã) w`bvRcy‡ii evwjqvwWw½‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Avw` wbevm ewikv‡ji evmy‡ècvovq|

wZwb w`bvRcyi, dwi`cyi, ewikvj I KjKvZvq wk¶vRxeb AwZevwnZ K‡ib| 1941 wLªóv‡ã KjKvZvwek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K cÖ_g †kªwY‡Z cÖ_g n‡q evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Gg.G. wWwMÖ AR©b K‡ib| Zvici evsjv mvwn‡Z¨†QvUMí wel‡q M‡elYv K‡i wW. wjU. wWwMÖ cvb|

Zuvi iPbvewji g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q ÔDcwb‡ekÕ (wZb LÊ), ÔexZsmÕ (MíMÖš’); †QvU‡ì Rb¨ÑÑÔPvig~wZ©Õ, Ô†Uwb`v IwmÜzNUKÕ-mn †ek wKQy Dcb¨vm, †QvUMí; Ômvwn‡Z¨ †QvUMíÕ bv‡g †QvUMí wel‡q Zuvi GKwU M‡elYv-MÖš’i‡q‡Q| mvwnZ¨K‡g©i Rb¨ wZwb †ekwKQy cyi¯‹viI †c‡q‡Qb|

1377 e½v‡ãi (1970 wLªóvã) 22†k KvwZ©K wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib|

Kg©-Abykxjb

K. †Zvgvi †cvlv ev cwiwPZ †Kv‡bv cÖvYx (Mi“, QvMj, †fov, gwnl, KzKzi, weovj, Li‡Mvk, nuvm, gyiwM,KeyZi, †Kv‡qj BZ¨vw`) wb‡q e¨w³MZ Abyf~wZi cwiPq w`‡q GKwU iPbv wjL|

L. Ôjvj †NvovÕ MíwU‡Z Kx Kx kã Zzwg cÖ_g †c‡jÑÑ Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖYqb Ki|

mßeY©v 27

bgybv cÖkœ

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. ÔZLb fiv Ki‡Zvqvi R‡j †bŠ‡Kvi cv‡j †mvbvwj †iv`, eK wdi‡Q, gvQivOv wdi‡Q, Kv‡Kiv fvOv MjvqWvKvWvwK Ki‡QÕÑÑGLv‡b cÖK…wZi †Kvb mg‡qi eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q?

K. cÖfvZ L. m~h©v‡¯Íi c~e©gyn~Z©

M. †iv‡`jv `ycyi N. m~h© D`‡qi mgq

2. Ô†Rvovq-†Rvovq meyR †Pv‡Li wfZi Avwg KZ¸‡jv aviv‡jv ùvZ‡K ¯úóB †`L‡Z cvw”QÕÑÑG evK¨ w`‡q†jLK Kx ‡evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb ?

K. g„Zz¨fq L. ARvbv AvZ¼

M. kvixwiK hš¿Yv N. †kqv‡ji AvµgY

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges wbgœwjwLZ cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

ÔAvgv‡ì cÖwZ‡ekx GKRb †jvK ivgcyix Pv`‡ii Rb¨ ing‡Zi Kv‡Q wKwÂr avwiZÑÑwg_¨vc~e©K †mB †`bv †mA¯^xKvi K‡i Ges Zvnv jBqv ePmv Kwi‡Z Kwi‡Z ingZ Zvnv‡K Qzwi emvBqv w`qv‡Q|Õ

3. D×„wZi ing‡Zi mv‡_ Ôjvj †NvovÕ M‡íi Kv‡ì wgj j¶ Kiv hvq?

K. ZvwiYx I ivghk L. Bivwb‡ì

M. †e‡ì `j N. Puv`Kcvwj

4. †e‡ì `j‡K MÖvg †_‡K Zvov‡bvi Ab¨Zg KviYÑÑ

i. Zviv wfb‡`wk

ii. Ifviwmqvi eveyi lohš¿

iii. MÖvgevmxi mv‡_ †e‡ì `‡ji A¯^vfvweK AvPiY


K. i L. ii


28 jvj †Nvov

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. †`ŠjZw`qv Nv‡U †cŠuQv‡bvi Rb¨ kvn AvgvbZ †dwiwU †Kej hvÎv ïi“ K‡i‡Q| †dwii Qv‡` b`xi `„k¨Dc‡fv‡Mi Rb¨ R‡ov n‡q‡Q †ekwKQy hvÎx| Zv‡ì g‡a¨ ¯^cb GKRb| ¯^c‡bi mv‡_ Zvi eûw`‡bi m½xwcÖq KzKzi UwgI Av‡Q| nVvr ¯^cb b`x‡Z c‡o †Mj| mK‡j wPrKvi K‡i DVj| ey‡S IVvi Av‡MB †`Lv †MjUwg Suvwc‡q c‡o‡Q b`xi ey‡K, ¯^c‡bi †Kvg‡ii †eë Kvg‡o a‡i cÖvYc‡Y muvZ‡i †RwUK‡ji Kv‡Q wb‡qAv‡m ¯^cb‡K| GwU †`‡L mK‡j ejvewj KiwQj, ÒcïiI eyw× Av‡Q, ggZv Av‡Q|Ó

K. jvj †Nvov M‡í ewY©Z b`xwUi bvg Kx?

L. wK‡kvi †Q‡jwU QyUšÍ †Nvovi wcV †_‡K †Kv_vq c‡o hvq? eywS‡q ‡jL|

M. Uwgi mv‡_ jvjyi Pwi‡Îi Kx mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Ôcïi eyw× Av‡Q, ggZv Av‡QÑÑÔjvj †NvovÕ M‡íi Av‡jv‡K Dw³wU we‡k-lY Ki|

2. `x‡cb †kŠwLb gvbyl| Zvi i‡q‡Q `ywU †NvovÑÑ`yjwK I gyjwK| cÖwZeQi †Nvo‡`Šo cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq Ask wb‡q Rqjvf K‡i Zvi †Nvov `ywU| Gi g~‡j wQj mwn‡mi wbLuyZ Kjv‡KŠkj| GKw`b `yjwK‡K Kviv †hb Pzwi K‡i †bq|eva¨ n‡q `x‡cb gyjwK‡K wb‡qB cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq Ask †bb| nVvr wZwb †`L‡Z cvb `yjwKi wc‡V Ab¨ mwnm|`yjwK †`Šov‡Z cvi‡Q bv| `x‡c‡bi ey‡Ki wfZi †gvPo w`‡q I‡VÑÑ `yjwK †n‡i hv‡e! wZwb wPrKvi K‡i e‡jI‡Vb, ÒAv‡i †evKv mwnmÑÑIi Wvb cv‡q AvNvZ KiÓ| `yjwKi mwnm Wvb cv‡q AvNvZ Ki‡j `yjwK c~Y©D`¨‡g Qy‡U P‡j cÖ_g ¯’vb jvf K‡i|

K. Ôjvj †NvovÕ MíwU †K iPbv K‡ib?

L. wK‡kviwU mwn‡mi Kjv‡KŠkj ey‡S wM‡qwQj Kxfv‡e?

M. `x‡cb `yjwKi Wvb cv‡q AvNvZ Ki‡Z ejj †Kb?

N. Ôgvby‡li cÖwZ cïiI †h fv‡jvevmv _v‡K jvj †Nvov MíB Zvi cÖgvY|ÕÑÑDÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki|

mßeY©v 29

jLvi GKz‡kAveyeKi wmwÏK

jLvi iv‡Zi weQvbv dzUcv‡Zi KwVb kvb| GB kvb w`‡bi †ejvq †iv‡` cy‡o Mig nq| iv‡Z wng †j‡M ei‡dig‡Zv VvÊv nq| VvÊv kv‡b ï‡q jLvi ey‡K Kvwk e‡m| Mv‡q R¡i I‡V|

evc‡K jLv †`‡L wb| †P‡b bv| gv Zvi Z¨vbvLvwb c‡i w`bfi †Ku‡`-†Ku‡` wfL †g‡O †d‡i| jLvi w`b Kv‡U ¸wj†L‡j, †Quov KvMR Kzwo‡q, eÜz‡ì m‡½ gvivgvwi K‡i Avi Lvev‡ii †`vKv‡bi Gu‡UvcvZv †P‡U| iv‡Z gv‡qicv‡k jLv wL‡ì Kó fy‡j hvq|

GB jLv, Qvqv †`L‡j eyK Kvu‡c hvi, †m AvR †fviiv‡Z gv‡qi cvk †_‡K D‡V coj| gv Mjv nuv K‡i Nygy‡”Q| jLvPzwc Pzwc cv †d‡j nvwi‡q †Mj †auvqv-†auvqv Kzqvkvi g‡a¨|

LvwbKUv GwM‡q DuPz †ijjvBb †hb `y‡Uv giv mvc| cvkvcvwk ï‡q Av‡Q PzcPvc| jLv B‡Ui UzK‡iv w`‡q B¯úv‡ZjvB‡b VyK-VyK Vy‡K Zvi Dci Kvb cvZj| nu¨v, kã †kvbv hv‡”Q| †hb Mv‡bi myijnwi e‡q hv‡”Q Kv‡bi wfZiw`‡q| jLv fvwi gRvi `yóz †Q‡j| Mv‡bi gRv dzwi‡q †M‡j ci GK jv‡d jvBb †cwi‡q Icv‡i †cuŠ‡Q †Mj|†mLv‡b g¯Í wbPz Lv`| Zvi wfZi Mwo‡q co‡j nvZ-cv fvO‡e wbN©vZ| Lye mveav‡b Lv` †cwi‡q Icv‡ii WvOvqD‡V G‡jv †m| WvOvUv Avm‡j ebR½‡j AÜKvi| iuv iuv K‡i wSuwSu †cvKv WvK‡Q Avi †a‡o †a‡o Mv‡Qi SuvKovQvov gv_v †b‡o †b‡o fq †`Lv‡”Q jLv‡K|

LP K‡i KuvUv Xy‡K †Mj euv cv‡q| Kx‡mi KuvUv? n‡e nq‡Zv evejv-Uvejvi| jLv Dey n‡q e‡m KuvUvUv Lwm‡q `~‡iQy‡o †d‡j w`j| wKš‘ wel †Zv hvq bv| Kx Amn¨ hš¿Yv| Avu Auv e‡j †Ku‡` w`j jLv| wKš‘ Kuv`‡j †Zv Pj‡ebv| mgq †bB Avi| Zv‡K †h †h‡ZB n‡e| AveQv AÜKvi| wdbwd‡b VvÊv| Mv‡Qi cvZv †e‡q wkwki Mwo‡qco‡Q| LyK LyK K‡i Kvwk Avm‡Q jLvi| Lvwj Mv wkwk‡i wf‡R kxZ jvM‡Q| GKUv Qu¨vPov Wvj jLvi nvdc¨v›UUv†U‡b a‡i‡Q wcQb w`K w`‡q| c¨v›U AvaLmv Ae¯’vq †`Šov‡Z jvMj †m|

GKUv †LuK‡kqvj eywS ZvwK‡q †`LwQj Zv‡K| †`LyK †M| GLb fq fq Ki‡j †`wi n‡q hv‡e| Kv‡RB Gevi†PvL-Kvb ey‡R †`Šo ïi“ Ki‡Z n‡jv Zv‡K| Avi †klUvq †mB A™¢yZ MvQUvi wb‡P †cuŠ‡Q †Mj jLv, hvi Wv‡j Wv‡ji‡³i g‡Zv UyKUz‡K jvj dzj| w`‡bi †ejvq †ijjvB‡bi Dci `vuwo‡q AevK n‡q †_vKv †_vKv dz‡ji jvj SuywUicv‡b ZvwK‡q _v‡K †m| GLb IB Dc‡ii GK †_vKv dzj Zvi †c‡o Avbv PvB|

nv‡Zi gy‡Vv cvwK‡q gbUv‡K k³ K‡i wb‡jv jLv| Zvici Po Po K‡i Mv‡Q D‡V †Mj| G‡Kev‡i KvV‡eovwjiev”Pv †hb| gMWv‡ji KvQvKvwQ G‡m K‡qKUv Zz‡jvwg‡Vi g‡Zv eo eo †_vKv †c‡q †Mj †m| wkwk‡i †fRvZzjZz‡j| Zv †nvK, †Zvgiv GLb Avgvi| bvI me UzcUvc †b‡g G‡mv †Zv Avgvi gy‡Vvi g‡a¨| Kó jvM‡Q| Avnv!Kx‡mi Kó? GB †Zv GKUz c‡i Avwg †Zvgv‡ì Ggb GKUv DuPz RvqMvq wb‡q †i‡L †è, †hLvb Aewa †ZvgivGB Mv‡Qi gMWv‡j †Kv‡bvw`b DV‡Z cvi‡e bv| G‡mv, G‡mv, j²x‡mvbviv me †b‡g G‡mv †Zv|

dzj wb‡q hLb gvwU‡Z †b‡g G‡jv jLv, ZLb mviv kixi R¡‡j hv‡”Q Zvi| KbyB I ey‡K PUP‡U VvÊv| nvZ w`‡q†Ui cvq, UvUKv i³| Mv‡Qi Wvjcvjv KuvUvq fwZ©| Mv-nvZ-cv wQu‡o †M‡Q AvuPo †j‡M| Zv‡Z Kx! wR‡Z †MwQAvwg| M‡e© eyK dz‡j I‡V jLvi|

†mw`b mKvj wQj eo Avðh© my›ì| AvKv‡k nvjKv Kzqvkv| Aí Aí kxZ| Avi `w¶‡Yi mvgvb¨ evZvm| c‡_ c‡_wgwQ‡ji Xj †b‡g‡Q| kZ kZ gvbyl| nv‡Z dz‡ji ¸”Q| †Vuv‡U cÖfvZ‡dwii Mvb| axi cv‡q kwn` wgbv‡ii w`‡KGwM‡q P‡j‡Q| GB wf‡oi g‡a¨ ¶z‡` †UvKvB jLv‡K wVKB †`Lv hv‡”Q| Zv‡K wPb‡Z Kó nq bv| KviY wgwQ‡jimevi Mv‡q Puvì, †KvU, †mv‡qUvi| ïay Zvi Mv †Lvjv D`vg, Mvp Kv‡jv| nvZ Dc‡P co‡Q i³jvj dz‡ji ¸”Q|wgwQ‡j cv wgwj‡q †mI P‡j‡Q kwn` wgbv‡i dzj w`‡Z| mevi m‡½ Mjv wgwj‡q †M‡q Pj‡QÑÑAvgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ivOv‡bv GKz‡k †deª“qvwi, Avwg wK fywj‡Z cvwi? wKš‘ Zvi Mjv w`‡q K_v †Zv †dv‡U bv, ïay kã nq Avu Avu AvuAvuv|

Avm‡j K_v dzU‡e Kx K‡i? jLv †h Rb¥‡evev| evsjv eywj Zvi gy‡L dzU‡Z cvq bv| †m g‡b g‡b e‡jÑÑA Av KL| evB‡i kã nqÑÑAvu Avu Avu Avu |

kãv_© I UxKv

kvb - cv_i| GLv‡b KswKª‡U ˆZwi dzUcv_ †evSv‡Z eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Z¨vbvLvwb - cyiv‡bv †Quov Kvco|

wfL - wf¶v, LqivZ|

†g‡O - †P‡q|

¸wj †Ljv - gv‡e©j w`‡q †Ljv|

Qvqv †`L‡j eyK Kuv‡c hvi - †h wb‡Ri Qvqv‡KI fq cvq| Lye fxZz|

wel - hv kixi XyK‡j †h †Kv‡bv cÖvYx Amy¯’ nq, gvivI hvq| GLv‡b c‡_KuvUv †dvUvi Rb¨ Ôe¨_vÕ A‡_© eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Zz‡jvwg‡V - Zz‡jvi g‡Zv †`L‡Z Ges wgwó Lv`¨ we‡kl| G‡K ÔnvIqvB wgVvBÕ-I e‡j|

gMWvj - Mv‡Qi me‡P‡q DuPz Wvj|

mßeY©v 31

Mvp - Nb|

cÖfvZ †dwi - †fvi‡ejv `j †eu‡a cvovq cvovq Mvb †M‡q mevB‡K RvwM‡q †ZvjviAbyôvb we‡kl| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡k cÖfvZ‡dwi GKwU we‡kl A_© enbK‡i| GwU GKwU we‡kl Abyôvb| 1948 mv‡j evsjv fvlv‡K ivóªfvlvwn‡m‡e eënvi Kivi `vwe‡Z Av‡›`vjb nq| ZLb wQj cvwK¯Ívb|ZLbKvi miKvi †m-`vwe gv‡b bv| ZLb QvÎ-RbZv Zxeª Av‡›`vjbKi‡Z _v‡K| †mB Av‡›`vjb Pi‡g I‡V 1952 mv‡j| 1952 mv‡ji21†k †deª“qvwi XvKvq QvÎ-RbZvi wgwQ‡j ZrKvjxb miKv‡ii cywjk¸wj Pvjvq| Zv‡Z kwn` nb iwdK, mvjvg, eiKZ, ReŸvimn AviIA‡b‡K| ZviB ¯§i‡Y cÖwZeQi 21†k †deª“qvwi cÖfvZ‡dwi Kiv nq|cÖfvZ‡dwii mgq mK‡ji K‡É _v‡K Ave`yj Mvd&dvi †PŠayix iwPZGes kwn` AvjZvd gvngy‡ì myi Kiv Mvb ÔAvgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ivOv‡bv GKz‡k †deª“qvwi, Avwg wK fywj‡Z cvwiÕ|

kwn` wgbvi - kwn‡ì ¯§„wZ i¶vi Rb¨ wbwg©Z wgbvi| fvlv-Av‡›`vj‡bi kwn`‡ì¯§i‡Y XvKv †gwWK¨vj K‡jR nvmcvZv‡ji mwbœK‡U cÖ_g †K›`ªxqkwn` wgbvi wbwg©Z nq|

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨

fvlv-Av‡›`vj‡bi †PZbvq wk¶v_x©‡ì DØy× Kiv|

cvV-cwiwPwZ

i~cKagx© GB MíwU‡Z GKz‡k †deª“qvwii Awebvkx cÖfv‡ei K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| AwZ mvaviY GK wK‡kvi jLv| K_v

ej‡Z cv‡i bv †m| wKš‘ Zv‡Z KxB-ev Av‡m hvq| jLv DuPz Wv‡j D‡V jvj dzj msMÖn K‡i kwn` wgbv‡i hvq

kª×v wb‡e`b Ki‡Z| K_v ej‡Z bv cvi‡jI Zvi gyL w`‡q Avu Auv Auv Auv aŸwbi ga¨ w`‡qB †ewi‡q Av‡m evOvwji

M‡e©i D”PviYÑÑÔAvgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ ivOv‡bv GKz‡k †deª“qvwiÕ|

†jLK-cwiwPwZ

evsjv‡`‡ki wewkó mvwnwZ¨K AveyeKi wmwÏK 1934 wLªóv‡ãi 19†k AvM÷ ev‡MinvU †Rjvi †MvUvcvovq

gvZzjvj‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi ˆcZ…K wbevm GKB †Rjvi êUcyi MÖvg| wZwb `xN©w`b ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi

evsjv wefv‡M Aa¨vcbv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi iwPZ D‡j-L‡hvM¨ MÖš’ n‡jv : ÔRjiv¶mÕ, ÔLiv`vnÕ, ÔGKvË‡ii ü`qf¯§Õ,

Ôevi“` †cvov cÖniÕ BZ¨vw`| AveyeKi wmwÏK evsjv GKv‡Wgx mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹vimn A‡bK cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡i‡Qb|

32 jLvi GKz‡k

Kg©-Abykxjb

K. kwn` wè‡mi Ici †kªwYwk¶v_©xiv Av‡jvPbv Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb Ki‡e|

L. kwn` wèm Dcj‡¶ Qov, KweZv, Mí, cÖeÜ, bvwUKv BZ¨vwì mgš^‡q †`qvwjKv cÖKvk Ki‡e|

bgybv cÖkœ

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. jLv KLb Zvi wL‡ì Kó fy‡j hvq?

K. Nygy‡Z cvi‡j L. gv‡K Kv‡Q †c‡j

M. †Ljvi m½x †c‡j N. cÖfvZ‡dwii Mvb ïb‡j

2. jLv‡K †PvL-Kvb ey‡R †`Šo ïi“ Ki‡Z n‡jv KviYÑÑ

i. †m fq †c‡qwQj

ii. evB‡i AÜKvi wQj

iii. Zv‡K dzj Avb‡Z n‡e


K. i L. ii

M. i I ii N. ii I iii

DÏxcKwU co Ges wbgœwjwLZ cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

evevi mv‡_ cÖfvZ‡dwi‡Z G‡m‡Q w`cy| Ii nv‡Z GKUv UKU‡K jvj †Mvjvc| Ii †Vuv‡U Mv‡bi myi ÔAvgvifvB‡qi i‡³ ivOv‡bvÕ| I jvj †MvjvcwU‡K kwn` wgbv‡ii me‡P‡q DuPy wmuwo‡Z ivL‡Z Pvq|

3. jLv Ges w`cyi g‡a¨ †h wel‡q wgj Av‡Q Zv n‡jvÑÑ

i. cÖfvZ‡dwi‡Z AskMÖn‡Yi B”Qv

ii. kwn`‡ì cÖwZ k ª×v Rvbv‡bvi Av‡eM

iii. cÖwZeÜKZv `~i Ki‡Z A`g¨ evmbv


K. i I ii L. i I iii


mßeY©v 33

4. w`cy Ges jLv `yR‡bB kwn` wèm D`hvcb K‡iwQj; Z_vwc jLvB cÖgvY K‡i‡Q †hÑÑ

i. fv‡jvevmvi Abyf~wZ cÖwZeÜKZvi †P‡q †ewk

ii. AvZ¥wek¦vm Øviv evav‡K AwZµg Kiv hvq

iii. wkïiv eo‡ì †P‡q †ewk Abyf~wZ cÖeY

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK



m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. evwoi DVv‡b gvwU Avi KwÂ w`‡q kwn` wgbvi evwb‡q‡Q wgZz| kwn` wgbv‡i emv‡bv m~h©Uv‡Z jvj is Ki‡ZwM‡q Ii gbUv Avb‡›` f‡i I‡V| †QvU fvB iwb I‡K A‡bK mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q| AvR GKz‡k †d«eªqvwi| Lye†fv‡i Iiv Nyg †_‡K D‡V‡Q| wgZz µ¨v‡P fi K‡i fvB‡K mv‡_ wb‡q kwn` wgbv‡ii cv‡k G‡m ùvovq| ¸b¸b K‡i Mvb K‡i Iiv ÔAvgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ ivOv‡bvÕ| wgZzi †PvL `y‡Uv wPKwPK K‡i I‡V| DVv‡b ùvwo‡qIwgZz kwn` wèm D`&hvc‡bi Avb›` Abyfe K‡i|

K. jLvi gv Kx KvR K‡ib?

L. jLv †Kb dzj Avb‡Z wM‡q GZ Kó K‡iwQj? e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. wgZzi Av‡e‡Mi g‡a¨ jLvi Av‡e‡Mi cÖwZ”Qwe N‡U‡Q Kxfv‡e e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Ôgvby‡li B”Qvkw³i Kv‡Q kvixwiK cÖwZeÜKZv Zz”QÕ| jLv I wgZzi Kvh©µg‡K †K›`ª K‡i Dw³wUÑÑwe‡k-lY Ki|

2. BkwZqvK Gevi e„wË wb‡q Rvcv‡b †jLvcov Ki‡Z P‡j Avmvq kwn` wèm D`hvcb Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| A_PcÖwZeQi †m cÖfvZ‡dwi‡Z AskMÖnY KiZÑÑ e³…Zv, Ave„wË, Av‡jvPbv ïbZ, †m-K_v g‡b K‡i Zvi †PvLR‡j f‡i Av‡m| g‡b g‡b wKQy Kivi Rb¨ B”Qv †cvlY K‡i| AZtci BkwZqvK AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlvwèm I Zvi BwZnvm mncvVx‡ì Kv‡Q Zz‡j aivi cwiKíbv K‡i|

K. jLv iv‡Z †Kv_vq Nygvq?

L. wR‡Z †MwQ Avwg| M‡e© eyK dz‡j I‡V jLvi|ÑÑGB Abyf~wZi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. jLv Ges BkwZqvK `yR‡bi Kv‡Q kwn` wèm wfbœ Avw½‡K G‡m‡Q|ÑÑe¨vL¨v Ki|

N. BkwZqv‡Ki kwn` wèm D`&hvc‡bi AvKv•¶v jLvi kwn` wèm D`&hvc‡bi AvKv•¶viB cÖwZdjb|ÑÑe¨vL¨vKi|

34 jLvi GKz‡k

Qwei isnv‡kg Lvb

Qwe AvuK‡Z B‡”Q n‡”Q?

KvMR †Zv mv`v| †cwÝ‡j AuvKv hvq| nv‡Zi KjgUv w`‡qI AuvKv hvq GB mv`v Rwg‡b|

is n‡j LyDe fv‡jv nq| B‡”Q g‡Zv jvj, bxj, meyR, †e¸wb, njy`, Kv‡jv is N‡l N‡l mv`v KvMRUv f‡i †djvhvq| my›ì GK iwOb Qwe AuvKv n‡q hvq|

njy`, bxj I jvj GB wZbwUB wKš‘ Avmj is| GB wZb is _vK‡j bvbv i‡O fiv cwic~Y© iwOb Qwe AuvKv hvq|GB wZbwU is wgwj‡q wgwk‡q A‡bK is cvIqv hvq| †hgbÑÑ

njy` I bxj †gkv‡j cv‡e meyR|

bxj I jvj †gkv‡j cv‡e †e¸wb|

jvj I njy` †gkv‡j cv‡e Kgjv|

Gfv‡e GKwUi m‡½ Av‡iKwU is ev GKvwaK is wgwk‡q KZ iKg is †h cvIqv hvq Zvi g‡a¨ K‡qKwU is Qvovme¸‡jv mwVK bv‡g †Pbv m¤¢e bq| ZvB wm×všÍ n‡q‡QÑÑjvj, njy` I bxj GB wZbwUB n‡jv †gŠwjK is evcÖv_wgK is | meyR, Kgjv I †e¸wb n‡jv wØZxq ch©v‡qi ev gva¨wgK is Ges Ab¨vb¨ is cieZx© ch©v‡qi|

mv`v I Kv‡jv is Qwe AvuKvi †¶‡Î LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| †gŠwjK is wgwj‡q wgwk‡q GB `y‡Uv is cvIqv hv‡e bv| Z‡emeyR I jvj Nb K‡i wgwk‡q Kv‡jvi KvQvKvwQ Mvp GKwU is ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e|

isabyi mvZwU is| e„wói ci AvKv‡k hLb isaby dy‡U I‡V GKwU GKwU K‡i ¸‡Y mvZwU is Lyu‡R †ei Kiv hvq|njy`, Kgjv, jvj, meyR, bxj, †e¸wb I †Mvjvwc|

evsjv‡`k loFZzi †`k| eQ‡ii 12 gvm‡K Avgiv 2 gvm K‡i cÖK…wZ I AvenvIqvi Kvi‡Y fvM K‡i wb‡qwQ|

êkvL ˆR¨ô GB 2 gvm MÖx®§Kvj| AvenvIqv _v‡K ï®‹ I Mig| e„wó nq Kg| MvQcvjv, Lvj-wej-b`x ïwK‡qhvq| cÖPÊ †iv‡` Mv‡Qi meyR-m‡ZR is weeY© n‡q hvq| Avevi nVvr K‡i AvKv‡k Kv‡jv i‡Oi †g‡Ni QyUvQywU,we`y¨r PgKv‡bv, m‡½ Kv‡b ZvjvjvMv cÖPÊ k‡ã eRªcvZ nq| Zvici So I e„wó| cÖK…wZ‡Z i‡Oi bvbv iKg†Ljv P‡j| is-†ei‡Oi djÑÑAvg, Rvg, Kjv, wjPz, ZigyR GB MÖx®§ FZz‡Z cvIqv hvq| jvj, bxj, Kv‡jv, njy`,†Mvjvwc, Kgjv meyR i‡Oi GB evnvwi dj¸‡jvi ¯^vÌ wgwó|

el©vKvj n‡jv Avlvp-kªveY gvm| wSiwS‡i Aí e„wó †_‡K Si Si K‡i cÖej †e‡M e„wó nq G mgq| gvV-NvU-b`xbvjv wSj-wej cvwb‡Z UBUz¤^yi| cvwb †c‡q MvQcvjv m‡ZR n‡q hvqÑÑbvbv iKg meyR i‡O f‡i hvq MvQcvjv,eb-R½j, avb‡¶Z, cvU‡¶Z BZ¨vw`| mv`v I Kgjv i‡Oi K`g dzj el©v FZzi dzj| GB FZz‡Z m‡ZR ImeyR KPze‡b hLb Kgjv i‡Oi j¤^v j¤^v dzj †dv‡U PgrKvi jv‡M †`L‡Z| KPzdzj ZiKvwi wn‡m‡eI my¯^v`y|

kirKvjÑÑmv`v I ¯^”Q bx‡ji QovQwo| fv`ª I Avwk¦bÑÑGB `yB gvm kirKvj| G mg‡q e„wó e‡m hvq| my›ìbxj AvKv‡k †cuRv Zz‡jvi g‡Zv ¸”Q ¸”Q †gN †f‡m †eovq| MvQcvjv b`xbvjv cÖK…wZi mewKQy GB FZz‡ZSKS‡K| b`xi av‡i I we‡j Aí cvwb‡Z Kv`v gvwU‡Z meyR MvQ †_‡K †ei n‡q big mv`v Kvkdzj| evZv‡mi†`vjvq GB Kvkdzj hLb †`vj LvqÑÑmy›ì big i‡Oi Kvi‡Y gb Avb‡›` †b‡P I‡V| we‡j, cyKz‡i G mgqkvcjvdzj †dv‡U| †ewki fvM kvcjv mv`v, jvj kvcjvI Av‡QÑÑhv †`L‡Z LyeB my›ì| fiv b`x I Lv‡j mv`v,jvj, bxj I njy` wewfbœ i‡Oi cvj‡Zvjv †bŠKv-PjvP‡ji `„k¨ †gvnbxq|

†ngšÍ FZz n‡jv KvwZ©K I AMÖnvqY gvm| meyR avb‡¶‡Zi is njy` n‡Z ïi“ K‡i| FZzi †kl w`‡KÑÑA_v©rAMÖnvqY gv‡m cy‡iv gv‡V njy` ev †Mi“qv i‡Oi evnvi| avb †c‡K wM‡q‡Q| Pvwliv `j †eu‡a dmj KvUv ïi“ K‡i|

Gic‡iB †cŠl I gvN gvmÑÑkxZKvj| e‡b R½‡j, evwoi AwObvq me©ÎB bvbv i‡Oi dzj †dvUv ïi“ nq| GBdzj †dvUv kx‡Zi c‡i emšÍ FZz ch©šÍ Pj‡Z _v‡K| wkgyj, cjvk Avi K…òP~ov Mv‡Q hLb dzj †dv‡U, nj‡`Mv‡Qi Sjg‡j njy` i‡Oi dz‡j cy‡iv cÖK…wZ †hb i‡Oi Drm‡e †g‡Z I‡V| gv‡V wZ‡ji †¶‡Z mv`v I nvjKv†e¸wb dzj Ges mi‡li †¶‡Z dz‡j dz‡j njy‡ì eb¨v bv‡g GB kxZKv‡jB| kx‡Zi Kvi‡Y gvby‡li †cvkv‡KAv‡m i‡Oi êwPÎ¨| jvj, bxj, njy`, Kv‡jv wewPÎ i‡Oi Mig Kvco I Uzwc eënvi K‡i gvbyl| kxZKv‡jKzqvkvI cÖK…wZ‡Z †auvqv‡U ai‡bi GK gvqvwe is Avgv‡ì †Pv‡Li mvg‡b Zz‡j a‡i| LyeB VvÊv I eid-cov †`k†_‡K P‡j Av‡m Avgv‡ì †`‡k j¶ cvwL| Suv‡K Suv‡K D‡o G‡m Giv Avkªq †bq Avgv‡ì †`‡ki Lv‡j we‡jb`x‡ZÑÑhv‡ì ejv nq AwZw_ cvwL| is-†ei‡Oi cvjK Gme cvwLi| kx‡Zi †k‡l em‡šÍi ïi“‡Z Giv AveviP‡j hvq wb‡Ri †`‡k|

dvêyb I ˆPÎ emšÍKvj| loFZzi †kl FZz| G mgq Mv‡Q Mv‡Q †hb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvÑÑ†K KZ my›ì I m‡ZR dzj†dvUv‡Z cv‡i| bvbv i‡Oi cvj‡K †m‡R †QvUeo me cvwL Mv‡Q Mv‡Q †b‡P †eovq, D‡o †eovq| dz‡ji gay †L‡qD‡o †eovq Avb‡›`| Ab¨w`‡K nvRvi j¶ iwOb cÖRvcwZ| GZ is-†ei‡Oi †h wn‡me Kiv m¤¢e bq| bvbv i‡Oi†gvngq †cÖiYvq gvbylI ¯^fvemyjf Avb‡›` †g‡Z I‡V| evmšÍx I D¾¡j i‡Oi †cvkv‡K, mvR-m¾vq Drm‡e†g‡Z I‡V| ZvB emšÍ FZzB n‡jv i‡Oi FZz|

A‡bK Kvj Av‡M †_‡KBÑÑevsjv‡`‡ki loFZz‡Z Avgv‡ì cwi‡e‡k, wbm‡M© D¾¡j-my›ì bvbv i‡Oi †h mgv‡ekN‡U‡QÑÑi~‡ci iKg‡di N‡U P‡j‡QÑÑZv evOvwji gb‡K bvbvfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q| ZvB Avgiv †`wL Avgv‡ì

36 Qwei is

MÖvgxY mgv‡Ri †jvKwkíxiv gvwUi cyZzj, Kv‡Vi cyZzj, Kvco I Zzjvi cyZzj, †mvbvi cyZzj, j²xmiv, m‡Li nuvwo,bKwkKuv_v, nvZcvLv, cvwU, Mí ejvi c‡U Z_v †jvKwk‡í D¾¡j I m‡ZR is eënvi K‡i Qwe I wkí‡K my›ì I†gvnbxq i~c w`‡q P‡j‡Q|

Zuv‡Z ˆZwi Kvc‡o ZuvwZiv Ges ¶z`ª b„‡Mvôxi †jv‡Kiv Zv‡ì ˆZwi Zuv‡Zi †cvkv‡K iwOb my‡Zvi eyb‡U i‡OiSjgj gbKvov me kvwo I †cvkvK evwb‡q P‡j‡Q| Avgv‡ì wkïiv GLb Qwe Avu‡K| wewfbœ †`‡ki Zzjbvqevsjv‡`‡ki wkï‡ì is A‡bK D¾¡j Ges mvnmx †gŠwjK is‡Nulv| ZvB Lye mn‡RB evsjvi wkï‡ì Qwe‡K Avjv`vêwk‡ó¨ †Pbv hvq|

Pvi“Kjv wk¶vcÖwZôv‡b wk¶vcÖvß wPÎwkíx‡ì Qwei mvg‡b ùvov‡j GKB K_v g‡b n‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki wkíxivA‡bK gy³ mnR I mvnmx| jvj, bxj, njy`, meyR, †e¸wb, Kgjv, Kv‡jv Ges mv`v is‡K wkíxiv my›ìfv‡eQwe‡Z, bKwkKuv_vq, nvZcvLvq, cyZz‡j, nvuwocvwZ‡j eënvi Ki‡Qb| ZvB evsjvi wkíx‡ì wkíKg© mviv we‡k¦cÖksmv cv‡”Q|

kãv_© I UxKv

LyDe Ñ Lye| †Rvi †`qvi Rb¨ ejv n‡q‡Q LyDe|

†gŠwjK is Ñ hvi g‡a¨ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv i‡Oi wgkªY N‡U wb| GKwU gvÎ i‡O MwVZ|

lo Ñ Qq|

cÖPÊ Ñ Kov, K‡Vvi|

Avfv Ñ `xwß, D¾¡jZv|

†Mi“qv Ñ †g‡U|

evnvi Ñ †kvfv, †mŠ›`h©|

me©Î Ñ me RvqMvq|

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨

FZz‡f‡` cÖK…wZi wewPÎ †mŠ›`‡h©i m‡½ wk¶v_©x‡ì cwiwPZ K‡i †Zvjv|

cvV-cwiwPwZ

Avgiv Pvicv‡k MvQ-jZvcvZv, dzj, gvV, b`x cvnvo-ce©Z BZ¨vw` †`wL| †`wL gvbyl‡ì, Rš‘‡ì| Zv‡ì i~cAv‡Q| is Av‡Q| †mB iƒc‡K bvbvb i‡O wb‡Ri g‡Zv hviv Auv‡Kb Zv‡ì Avgiv ewj wPÎwkíx| wewfbœ FZz‡ZIAvgv‡ì Pvicv‡ki cwi‡e‡ki iƒc I is e`‡j hvq| wPÎwkíx ZvI Zv‡ì Qwe‡Z i‡O-†iLvq dzwU‡q †Zv‡jb|Qwei †mB bvbvb is I i‡Oi êwP‡Îï K_vB †jLK nv‡kg Lvb Zuvi ÔQwei isÕ †jLvwU‡Z dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb|

†jLK-cwiwPwZ

wkíx nv‡kg Lvb 3iv êkvL, 1348 m‡b Puv`cyi †Rjvi dwi`MÄ _vbvi †kKw` MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb Puv`cyinvmvb Avjx nvB¯‹zj †_‡K g¨vwUªKz‡jkb cvm K‡ib Ges 1961 wLªóv‡ã XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Pvi“Kjv Bbw÷wUDU

mßeY©v 37

†_‡K cÖ_g †kªwY‡Z mœvZK wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| 1963 †_‡K 2007 wLªóvã ch©šÍ wZwb Pvi“Kjv Bbw÷wUD‡UAa¨vcK wn‡m‡e Kg©iZ wQ‡jb| wZwb †QvU‡ì eB I ¯‹zjcvV¨ eB‡qi Qwe Gu‡K L¨vwZ AR©b K‡i‡Qb GeswbqwgZfv‡e Qwe Gu‡K P‡j‡Qb| †`‡ki Pvi“Kjv I ï× ms¯‹…wZ weKv‡ki Rb¨ wZwb A‡bK Av‡›`vjb K‡i‡Qb|Gwkqv I BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ †`‡k wPÎKjv wel‡q evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i‡Qb| wkï-wK‡kvi Av‡›`vjbÔKwPKuvPvi †gjvÕi wZwb Ab¨Zg msMVK|

†QvU‡ì Qwe AuvKv welqwU mgv‡R wZwbB cÖwZwôZ K‡ib| e½eÜz ¯§„wZ Rv`yNi I XvKv bMi Rv`yN‡ii wZwbAb¨Zg cÖwZôvZv| Qwe AvuKvi cvkvcvwk wZwb mvwnZ¨PP©vI K‡ib| G ch©šÍ Zuvi 15wU eB cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|D‡j-L‡hvM¨ eB : ÔQwe AvuKv Qwe †jLvÕ, ÔRqbyj MíÕ, Ô¸wjwe× 71Õ| wZwb A‡bK cyi¯‹vi I m¤§vbbvq f~wlZn‡q‡Qb| GKz‡k c`K (1992) Ges ¯^vaxbZv c`K (2011) G‡¶‡Î we‡klfv‡e D‡j-L‡hvM¨|

Kg©-Abykxjb

K. cÖK…wZwbf©i Qov, KweZv ev Mí wj‡L †`qvj-cwÎKv cÖKvk (†kªwYi mKj wk¶v_©xi `jMZ KvR)|

L. cÖK…wZwbf©i Qwe Gu‡K cÖ`k©bxi Av‡qvRb (†kªwYi mKj wk¶v_©xi `jMZ KvR)|

M. †kªwYi mKj wk¶v_©x‡K wb‡q my›ì nv‡Zi †jLv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Av‡qvRb|

bgybv cÖkœ

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. Qwe AvuKvi †gŠwjK is¸‡jv Kx?

K. njy`, meyR I †e¸wb L. jvj, njy` I Kgjv

M. jvj, bxj I njy` N. njy`, bxj I meyR

2. AMÖnvq‡Y gv‡V †Mi“qv i‡Oi evnvi †`‡L †evSv hvq AvKv‡kÑÑ

i. isaby D‡V‡Q

ii. gv‡V avb †c‡K‡Q

iii. gvby‡li †cvkv‡K êwPÎ¨ G‡m‡Q


K. i L. ii



kxZKv‡j we`¨vjq †_‡K †divi c‡_ hvbR‡U AvU‡K hvq mweZv‡ì Mvwo| Rvbvjv w`‡q †m †`L‡Z cvq GKwU†jvK `ynv‡Z †ek KwU cvwL wb‡q wPrKvi K‡i ej‡Q, ÔLvB‡Z gRv cvwLi ivRv wbqv hvbÕ| mweZvi Kv‡QcvwL¸‡jv‡K A‡Pbv g‡b n‡jI Zvi gbUv Lvivc n‡q hvq|

38 Qwei is

3. mweZvi †`Lv cvwL¸‡jv‡K Avgiv Kx cvwL ewj?

K. kx‡Zi cvwL L. gvqvwe cvwL

M. AwZw_ cvwL N. em‡šÍi cvwL

4. mweZvi gb Lviv‡ci KviYÑÑ

i. cvwL-wkKvwi‡ì A‡b‡KiB wePvi n‡”Q bv

ii. cvwL-wbab cÖK…wZi †mŠ›`‡h©i nvwb NUvq

iii. GLbI A‡b‡K cvwLi gvsm cQ›` K‡i


K. i L. ii

M. i I ii N. i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. MZ wW‡m¤^‡i wi`g Zvi gvgvi evwo Av‡jvKw`qvq †eov‡Z hvq| Zvi kL Rv‡M †m gvgvi evwoi we`¨vj‡q†eov‡Z hv‡e| Zvi gv Zv‡K †mLvbKvi bxjKgj we`¨vj‡q wb‡q hvq| we`¨vj‡q ZLb weRq wèm Dcj‡¶wPÎv¼b cÖwZ‡hvwMZv PjwQj| †mLv‡b †m wkï‡ì AvuKv my›ì my›ì Qwe †`‡L Awff~Z n‡q c‡o| GKwe‡K‡j gv‡qi mv‡_ MÖv‡g Nyi‡Z wM‡q †`‡L MÖv‡gi †g‡qiv Kvc‡o wewfbœ `„k¨cU Gu‡K myZv w`‡q Kuv_v †mjvBKi‡Q| †m Rvb‡Z cv‡i kn‡i †hgb G¸‡jvi Kì i‡q‡Q †Zgwb we‡`‡kI i‡q‡Q Gi e¨vcK Pvwn`v|

K. †cŠl I gvN G `yB gvm‡K Kx ejv nq?

L. evsjv‡`‡ki wkï‡ì AvuKv Qwei Ab¨Zg êwkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. Av‡jvKw`qv MÖv‡gi †g‡q‡ì ˆZwi wk‡íi wek¦e¨vcx Pvwn`vi KviY Kx? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Ôwe`¨vj‡qi wk¶v_x©‡ì AvuKv Qwe¸‡jv †hb Avgv‡ìB cÖK…wZ|ÕÑÑÔQwei isÕ cÖe‡Üi Av‡jv‡K eY©bv Ki|

2. Pvi“Kjv Bbw÷wUDU-Gi Avgš¿‡Y wbS©i I wbjq j‡¶èŠ †_‡K XvKvq G‡m‡Q| D‡Ïk¨ G †`‡ki †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ìmv‡_ Qwe AuvKvq Ask †bIqv| Pvi“Kjvi eKzjZjvq Qwei †gjvi Av‡qvRb| †`wk-we‡`wk †Q‡j-†g‡qiv GiAskMÖnYKvix| wbS©‡ii †PvL GKwU Qwei Kv‡Q G‡m _g‡K hvq| QwewU h‡kvi †_‡K Avmv HwZ‡nï AvuKv|GwU †hb GKwU wfbœ cÖK…wZi Qwe|

K. evsjv‡`‡ki FZz KqwU?

L. G‡`‡ki cÖK…wZi bvbvi~‡ci cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q Qwe‡ZÑÑeywS‡q †jL|

M. wbS©i HwZ‡nï Qwe‡Z Kx êwkó¨ †`L‡Z cvqÑÑe¨vL¨v Ki|

N. wPÎwkí‡K we‡k¦i ìev‡i Zz‡j ai‡Z DÏxc‡K Dwj-wLZ Qwe AvuKvi Av‡qvR‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki|

evsjv mßeY©v 39

†iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb†mwjbv †nv‡mb

†iv‡Kqv 1880 mv‡j iscyi †Rjvi cvqive›` MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv Rnxi †gvnv¤§` Avey Avjx mv‡eicÖf~Z f~m¤úwËi AwaKvix wQ‡jb| cvqive›` MÖv‡g Zuv‡ì evwowU wQj wekvj| mv‡o wZb weNv Rwgi gvSLv‡b wQjZuv‡ì evwowU|

GB cwiev‡i cuvPwU mšÍvb Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| `yB cy‡Îi bvg Aveyj Avmv` Beªvnxg mv‡ei I Lwjj mv‡ei| wZbKb¨vi bvg Kwigy‡bœmv, †iv‡Kqv I †nvmvdiv|

†iv‡Kqv †h mg‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb †m mg‡q evOvwj gymjgvb mgv‡R wk¶vi e¨vcK cÖPjb wQj bv| d‡jgymjgvbiv wk¶v-`x¶v, PvKwi, mvgvwRK cÖwZôvi w`K †_‡K wcwQ‡q wQj| †g‡q‡ì Ae¯’vb wQj LyeB †kvPbxq|c`©vcÖ_v K‡Vvifv‡e gvbv n‡Zv e‡j †g‡q‡ì wk¶v jv‡fi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM wQj bv| wKš‘ †gavex †iv‡Kqvi cÖejAvMÖn wQj †jLvcovi cÖwZ|

†iv‡Kqvi eo `yB fvB KjKvZvi †m›U †Rwfqvm© K‡j‡R D”Pwk¶v jvf K‡ib| †evb‡ì AvMÖn †`‡L eo fvBBeªvnxg mv‡ei Kwigy‡bœmv I †iv‡Kqv‡K Bs‡iwR wk¶vq wkw¶Z K‡ib| †evb Kwigy‡bœmvi Aby‡cÖiYvq †iv‡Kqvevsjv mvwnZ¨ iPbv I PP©vq AvMÖnx n‡q I‡Vb| †iv‡Kqv Zuvi iwPZ ÔgwZPyiÕ wØZxq LÊ Kwigy‡bœmv‡K DrmM©K‡iwQ‡jb| DrmM©-c‡Î wZwb wj‡LwQ‡jb, ÔAvcvRvb! Avwg ˆkk‡e †ZvgviB †mœ‡ni cÖmv‡` eY©cwiPq cwo‡ZwkwL| Aci AvZ¥xqMY Avgvi D`y© I dviwm covq ZZ AvcwË bv Kwi‡jI ev½vjv covi †Nvi we‡ivax wQ‡jb|GKgvÎ ZzwgB Avgvi ev½vjv covi AbyK‚‡j wQ‡j|Õ bvbv evav Gwo‡q †iv‡Kqv Avcb mvabvq evsjv fvlvq mvwnZ¨m„wó K‡i‡Qb| ZvB †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb Avgv‡ì mvg‡b GKRb AmvaviY bvix|

1898 mv‡j wK‡kvix eq‡mB wenv‡ii fvMjcy‡ii wWcywU g¨vwR‡÷ªU ˆmq` mvLvIqvZ †nv‡m‡bi m‡½ †iv‡Kqviwe‡q nq| ¯^vgxi mn‡hvwMZvq wZwb Zuvi cov‡kvbvi PP©v Pvwj‡q †h‡Z cv‡ib| evsjv, Bs‡iwR I D`y© fvlvqcvi`kx© n‡q I‡Vb|

mvwnwZ¨K wn‡m‡e Zuvi AvZ¥cÖKvk N‡U 1902 mv‡j| KjKvZv †_‡K cÖKvwkZ ÔbecÖfvÕ cwÎKvq Qvcv nq Zuvi cÖ_giPbv ÔwccvmvÕ| wewfbœ mg‡q Zuvi iPbv bvbv cwÎKvq Qvcv n‡Z _v‡K| 1905 mv‡j cÖ_g Bs‡iwR iPbvÔmyjZvbvR wWªgÕ gv`ªvR †_‡K cÖKvwkZ GKwU cwÎKvq Qvcv nq| Zuvi iPbv myaxgn‡ji `„wó AvKl©Y K‡i| wZwbmvwnwZ¨K wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ n‡q I‡Vb|

1909 mv‡j ˆmq` mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb gviv hvb| †iv‡Kqv fvMjcy‡i Zuvi bv‡g mvLvIqvZ †g‡gvwiqvj Mvj©m ¯‹zjcÖwZôv K‡ib| ZLb ¯‹z‡ji QvÎx wQj cuvP Rb| 1911 mv‡j GB ¯‹zjwU KjKvZvq ¯’vbvšÍwiZ K‡ib| ïi“‡ZQvÎxmsL¨v wQj AvU| Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í ¯‹z‡j QvÎxi msL¨v evo‡Z _v‡K|

†iv‡Kqv evOvwj gymjgvb †g‡q‡ì wkw¶Z Kivi Rb¨ ïay ¯‹zjB cÖwZôv K‡ib wb, N‡i N‡i wM‡q †g‡q‡ì‡K ¯‹z‡jcvVv‡bvi Rb¨ evev-gv‡qi Kv‡Q Av‡e`b-wb‡e`b K‡i‡Qb| GB Kv‡R wZwb wQ‡jb GKRb wbijm cwikªgx Kgx©|Zuvi AK¬všÍ cÖ‡Póvi d‡j bvixwk¶vi AMÖMwZ m~wPZ nq| †g‡qiv ax‡i ax‡i wk¶vi Av‡jvi w`‡K G‡Mv‡Z _v‡K|

1915 mv‡j wZwb ÔAvÄygv‡b LvIdvwZ‡b BmjvgÕ bv‡g GKwU gwnjv msMVb cÖwZôv K‡ib| GB cÖwZôvb †_‡K`yt¯’ bvix‡ì wewfbœfv‡e mvnvh¨ Kiv n‡Zv| Zv‡ì nv‡Zi KvR †kLv‡bv n‡Zv, mvgvb¨ †jLvcov †kLv‡bvieë¯’vI wQj| GK K_vq GB msMVbwUi j¶¨ wQj mgv‡Ri mvaviY `yt¯’ bvix‡ì ¯^vej¤^x K‡i †Zvjv|

†iv‡Kqvi cÖKvwkZ eB‡qi msL¨v cuvPwU : ÔgwZPyiÕ 1g LÊ (1904), ÔmyjZvbvR WªxgÕ (1908), ÔgwZP~iÕ 2q LÊ(1922), ÔcÙivMÕ (1924) Ges ÔAe‡ivaevwmbxÕ (1931)|

wZwb 1932 mv‡ji 9B wW‡m¤î KjKvZvq g„ZyëiY K‡ib|

†iv‡Kqv GB Dcgnv‡`‡ki GKRb `~i`„wóm¤úbœ gvbyl| bvixwk¶vi AMÖ`~Z wn‡m‡e evOvwj gymwjg mgv‡Ri Kv‡Qkª‡×q| wesk kZvãxi m~Pbvq wZwb `yBfv‡e bvix‡ì gyw³i c_ †`‡LwQ‡jb| GK. †g‡q‡ì Rb¨ ¯‹zj ¯’vcbK‡i, `yB. wb‡Ri iPbvq gyw³i w`K wb‡`©kbv w`‡q| bvixev`x †jLKiv †iv‡Kqv‡K Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g bvixev`xwn‡m‡e D‡j-L K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e me©Kv‡ji me©‡kªô GB evOvwj bvix †h bvixgyw³i AMÖ`~Z wQ‡jb Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv wØaviKviY †bB|

kãv_© I UxKv

cÖf~Z - cÖPzi|

jv-†LivR - wb®‹i| †h Rwg †fvM Kivi Rb¨ miKvi‡K Ki ev LvRbv w`‡Z nq bv|

f~m¤úwË - RwgRgv|

mvgvwRK cÖwZôv - mgv‡R †MŠiegq Ae¯’vb| mgv‡R MY¨gvb¨ nIqv|

†kvPbxq - Lye `ytLRbK|

cÖej - cÖPÊ, Zxeª|

mßeY©v 41

AvMÖn - B”Qv|Aby‡cÖiYv - Drmvn, †Kv‡bv wel‡q KviI g‡a¨ B”Qv RvMv‡bv|LÊ - fvM, Ask|DrmM© - KviI D‡Ï‡k †Kv‡bv wKQy †Ìqv|†iv‡Kqv Zuvi iwPZ ÔgwZP~iÕ - cÖPwjZ GKwU cÖ_v GB †h †jL‡Kiv eB wj‡L, Zuvi eBwU KviI bv‡gDrmM© K‡iwQ‡jb DrmM© K‡ib| †iv‡Kqv Zuv‡K wk¶v I mvwnZ¨ iPbvq DrmvwnZ Kivi

K_v g‡b †i‡L Zuvi †jLv ÔgwZP~iÕ bvgK eBwUi 2q LÊ Kwigy‡bœmvibv‡g DrmM© K‡iwQ‡jb|

eY©cwiPq - evsjvfvlv †kLv ïi“ Kivi Rb¨ Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii †jLv GKwU eB|ev½vjv - evsjv| ÔevsjvÕ †evSv‡Z ev½vjv kãwUB wKQyKvj Av‡MI eënvi Kiv

n‡Zv| Ôev½vjvÕ kãwUB ÔevsjvÕq cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|AbyK~‡j - c‡¶|wbijm - hvi AjmZv ev Kzu‡owg †bB| wbt+Ajm = wbijm|¯^vej¤^x - ¯^ÑÑwbR| †h wb‡RB wb‡Ri Aej¤^b| A_v©r †h cwiev‡i I mgv‡R

wb‡RB wb‡R‡K Pvjv‡Z cv‡i| we‡kl K‡i LvIqv-civi R‡b¨ KviIIci wbf©i Ki‡Z nq bv|

`~i`„wóm¤úbœ - `~i`„wóÑÑ`~i‡K †`Lvi `„wó| GLv‡b `~i ej‡Z fwel¨r Kvj†evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †h Zvi Áv‡bi Øviv fwel¨‡Z Kx NU‡Z cv‡i ZveyS‡Z cv‡i, Zv‡K `~i`„wóm¤úbœ ejv nq|

wesk - wek ev Kzwo|bvixev`x - whwb cyi“‡li Aa¯ÍbZv †_‡K, cyi“‡li m‡½ bvixi †h êlg¨ i‡q‡Q

Zv `~i K‡i bvixi †hvM¨ gh©v`v cÖwZôv Kivq wek¦vmx I mwµq Zv‡Kejv nq bvixev`x|

AMÖ`~Z - c_cÖ`k©K|

wØav - `y-fv‡M wef³| GLv‡b Ôm‡›`nÕ A‡_© eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨

bvixi Kg©RM‡Zi cÖwZ kª×v‡eva RvMÖZ Kiv|

cvV-cwiwPwZ

†iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb evsjv‡`‡ki bvix-Av‡›`vj‡bi AMÖ`~Z| wek kZ‡Ki ïiyi w`‡K hLb G‡`‡ki bvixivwk¶v-`x¶v I mKj AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ wQ‡jb ZLb wZwb cÖvq GKK †Póvq †g‡q‡ì wk¶vi Rb¨ Av‡›`vjb M‡o†Zv‡jb| Zuvi GB Av‡›`vj‡bi nvwZqvi wQj KjgÑÑ†jLv‡jwL| GKwU wkw¶Z I ms¯‹…wZgvb cwiev‡ii m`m¨wQ‡jb wZwb| wKš‘ Zvi ciI †h cÖwZK‚jZvi wfZi w`‡q Zuv‡K wk¶vMÖnY Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q Zvi Zzjbv P‡j bv| d‡jbvixwk¶vi P¨v‡jÄ m¤ú‡K© wZwb fv‡jvfv‡eB AeMZ wQ‡jb| GB cUf‚wg‡ZB wZwb Zuvi †jLv‡jwLi RMr‡K†hŠw³K I kvwYZ K‡i †Zv‡jb| d‡j Awbevh©fv‡eB bvixgyw³i Av‡›`vj‡b Zuvi Kg©RMr AZxe ¸iyZ¡c~Y© †cÖiYv n‡qAv‡Q|

42 †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb

†jLK-cwiwPwZ

evsjv‡`‡ki wewkó Jcb¨vwmK I MíKvi †mwjbv †nv‡mb 1947 wLªóv‡ãi 14B Ryb ivRkvnx‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|Zuvi ˆcZ…K wbevm j²xcyi †Rjvi nvwRicvov MÖv‡g| wZwb GKmgq evsjv GKv‡Wgxi cwiPvjK c‡` `vwqZ¡iZwQ‡jb| †mwjbv †nv‡m‡bi D‡j-L‡hvM¨ MÖš’ n‡jv : ÔR‡jv”Q¡vmÕ, ÔnvOi b`x †MÖ‡bWÕ, ÔgMœ ˆPZ‡b¨ wkmÕ,Ô†cvKvgvK‡oi NiemwZÕ, ÔwbišÍi NÈvaŸwbÕ, Ô¶iYÕ, ÔKuvUvZv‡i cÖRvcwZÕ, ÔKvj‡KZz I dzj-ivÕ, ÔMvqÎx mÜ¨vÕ,Ô`xcvwš^ZvÕ, Ôhy×Õ, Ô†Lvj KiZvjÕ, ÔgwZRv‡bi †g‡qivÕ, Ôgyw³hy‡×i MíÕ BZ¨vw`|

†mwjbv †nv‡mb evsjv GKv‡Wgx mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹vi, wdwjcm& mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹vi, evsjv‡`k Pjw”PÎ cyi¯‹vimn A‡bKcyi¯‹vi jvf K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi †jLv Mí I Dcb¨vm we‡k¦i wewfbœ fvlvq Ab~w`Z n‡q‡Q Ges Zuvi wjwLZ Dcb¨vmAej¤^‡b Pjw”PÎ wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q|

Kg©-Abykxjb

K. wk¶v_x©iv cwiwPZ gwnqmx bvixi (gv, †evb, wkw¶Kv cÖgyL) Kg©RMr wb‡q iPbv wjL‡e (GKK KvR)|

bgybv cÖkœ

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. †eMg †iv‡Kqvi cÖwZwôZ cÖ_g ¯‹zjwU KZRb QvÎx wb‡q hvÎv ïi“ K‡i?

K. wZb L. cuvP

M. mvZ N. bq

2. †eMg †iv‡Kqvi mg‡q evOvwj gymjgvb mgv‡Ri Ae¯’v wQjÑÑ

i. AbMÖmi

ii. cðvrc`

iii. ¯^vfvweK


K. i L. ii


M`¨vskwU cvV K‡i 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

cov‡kvbvi cÖwZ Av‡gbvi cÖPÊ AvMÖn| ¯‹zj evwo †_‡K A‡bK `~‡i| †Kv‡bv mncvVxI KvQvKvwQ _v‡K bv| †Kejgv‡qi †cÖiYv I wb‡Ri cÖej B”Qvkw³ Av‡gbv‡K Amva¨ mva‡b †cÖiYv RywM‡q‡Q|

3. Aby‡”Q‡ì Av‡gbvi cÖ‡Póv cÖe‡Üi †Kvb Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq?

K. Beªvnx‡gi L. Lwj‡ji

M. †eMg †iv‡Kqvi N. †nvmvdivi

mßeY©v 43

4. cÖe‡Üi D³ Pwi‡Îi g~j j¶¨ wQjÑÑ

i. bvixi ¯^vej¤^b

ii. bvixi wk¶v

iii. mvwnZ¨ iPbv


K. i L. ii


m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. kixdv †PŠayix nvi bv gvbv g‡bvfve I K‡Vvi cwikª‡gi gva¨‡g AvR mgv‡R mycÖwZwôZ| wKš‘ ˆkk‡e wZwbcov‡kvbvi †Zgb my‡hvM cvb wb| Rxe‡bi AwfÁZv w`‡q wZwb eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Qb, mgv‡R †g‡qiv wcwQ‡qAv‡Q| ZvB wZwb Luy‡R Lyu‡R Amnvq †g‡q‡ì‡K ¯‹z‡j fwZ© Kwi‡q †`b| kZ evav Avm‡jI †g‡q‡ì wk¶viwel‡q Avcm K‡ib wb wZwb|

K. †eMg †iv‡Kqv †Kv_vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?

L. †eMg †iv‡Kqv‡K bvixgyw³i AMÖ`~Z ejv n‡q‡Q †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. Aby‡”Q‡ì kixdv †PŠayix Ges †eMg †iv‡Kqvi ˆkk‡e Kx Awgj j¶ Kiv hvq? Av‡jvPbv Ki|

N. kixdv †PŠayix †eMg †iv‡Kqvi Amgvß KvR‡KB c~Y©Zv †`qvi j‡¶¨ KvR K‡i hv‡”QbÑÑwe‡k-lY Ki|

2. gv`vi †Z‡imv AvRxeb gvby‡li †mev K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi †mevi KvR †Kv‡bv †`k ev mgv‡R mxgve× wQj bv|Avgv‡ì evsjv‡`k †_‡K ïi“ K‡i mg¯Í c„w_ex Ry‡oB Zuvi †mev-cÖwZôvb M‡o D‡V‡Q| †hLv‡b †ivM, `ytL,`vwi`ª¨, AmnvqZv, cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM †mLv‡bB gv`vi †Z‡imv Zvi †mevi nvZ evwo‡q w`‡q‡Qb| gv`vi†Z‡imv wQ‡jb mKj mgv‡Ri mKj †`‡ki|

K. †eMg †iv‡Kqv †Kv_vq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib?

L. †eMg †ev‡Kqvi mg‡q bvixi Ae¯’v †Kgb wQj? e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. gv`vi †Z‡imvi Kv‡Ri m‡½ †eMg †iv‡Kqvi Kv‡Ri êmv`„k¨ wbiycY Ki|

N. Ô†eMg †iv‡KqvI †mev K‡i‡Qb, AbïKg †mev|ÕÑÑcÖe‡Üi Av‡jv‡K gšÍe¨wU we‡k-lY Ki|

44 †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb

kã †_‡K KweZvûgvqyb AvRv`

KweZv Kv‡K e‡j, ejv Lye gykwKj| wKšÍy Avgiv hviv co‡Z cvwi, Zviv Kg-†ewk KweZv wPwb| KweZviI †PnvivAv‡Q| eB‡q ev cwÎKvq †h-†jLv¸‡jv Lye my›ìfv‡e Qvcv‡bv nq, †h-†jLv¸‡jv, cO&w³¸‡jv Lye †ewk eo nq bv,†h-¸‡jv‡Z GKwU cO&w³ Av‡iKwU cO&w³i mgvb nq, †m-†jLv¸‡jvB KweZv| †h-†jLv¸‡jv co‡j gb †b‡P I‡V;Mvb †M‡q DV‡Z B‡”Q K‡i, †Pv‡L ey‡K is-†ei‡Oi ¯^cœ G‡m Rgv nq, Zv-B KweZv| hv co‡j, `y-wZbevi co‡jAvi †fvjv hvq bv, g‡bi †fZi hv bvP‡Z _v‡K, Zv-B KweZv| KweZv Kviv †j‡Lb? Kweiv †j‡Lb KweZv| ZuvivGKwU k‡ãi cv‡k Av‡iKwU kã ewm‡q, GKwU k‡ãi mv‡_ Av‡iKwU kã wgwj‡q KweZv †j‡Lb| Avgiv hw` wKQyevbv‡Z PvB, Zvn‡j wKQy-bv-wKQy wRwbm jv‡M| Dcgv GKwU Nywo evbv‡Z Pvq| Nywo evbv‡bvi R‡b¨ DcgviìKvi jvj-bxj KvMR, my‡Zv, euv‡ki UzK‡iv| †gŠwj GKwU cyZzj evbv‡Z Pvq| Zvi ìKvi nj‡` UzK‡iv Kvco,my‡Zv, wZbUv jvj †evZvg, `y‡Uv meyR KuvUv, GKUz Zz‡jv| †Zgwb KweZv evbv‡Z n‡jI wRwbm PvB| KweZviR‡b¨ ìKvi kãÑÑis‡ei‡Oi kã| ÔcvwLÕ GKUv kã, Ôb`xÕ GKUv kã, ÔdzjÕ GKUv kã, ÔgvÕ GKUv kã;Ggb nvRv‡iv k‡ãi ìKvi nq KweZv †jLvi R‡b¨| Kwe n‡Z cv‡i †K? †m-B n‡Z cv‡i Kwe, †h wjL‡Z cv‡iKweZv, hvi fv‡jvevmv Av‡Q k‡ãi R‡b¨| †h kã‡K fv‡jvev‡m Lye, kã‡K Avì K‡i K‡i †h Lye myL cvq,†mB n‡Z cv‡i Kwe| Kweiv †Mvjv‡ci g‡Zv my›ì my›ì K_v e‡jb, Puv‡ì g‡Zv ¯^cœ †`‡Lb| ZzwgI †Mvjv‡cig‡Zv my›ì K_v ej‡Z PvI, Puv‡ì g‡Zv ¯^cœ †`L‡Z PvI? †Zvgvi hw` k‡ãi R‡b¨ Avì-fv‡jvevmv bv _v‡K,Zvn‡j cvi‡e bv Zzwg †Mvjv‡ci g‡Zv jvj MÜfiv K_v ej‡Z, Puv‡ì g‡Zv †R¨vrmœvfiv ¯^cœ †`L‡Z|

Zzwg wK wjL‡Z PvI dz‡ji g‡Zv KweZv? evbv‡Z PvI b~cy‡ii k‡ãi g‡Zv Qov? hw` PvI Z‡e †Zvgv‡K mvivw`bfve‡Z n‡e k‡ãi K_v| †Lj‡Z n‡e k‡ãi †Ljv| bvbvb iK‡gi kã Av‡Q Avgv‡ì fvlvq| †Zvgv‡K Rvb‡Z

n‡e †m-me kã‡K| wKQy wKQy kã Av‡Q, †h¸‡jvi Mv‡q njy`-meyR-jvj-bxj-ev`vwg-L‡qwi is Av‡Q| †Zvgv‡KwPb‡Z n‡e k‡ãi is| A‡bK kã Av‡Q, †h¸‡jvi kixi †_‡K myi †e‡ivq : †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv k‡ã euvwki myi †kvbvhvq, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv k‡ã †kvbv hvq nvwmi myi| †Kv‡bv k‡ã ev‡R ïK‡bv cvZvi LmL‡m AvIqvR, †Kv‡bvwU‡Z†envjvi myi| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv kã †Zvgvi cv‡qi b~cy‡ii g‡Zv ev‡R| †Zvgv‡K ïb‡Z n‡e k‡ãi myi I ¯î|A‡bK kã Av‡Q evOjv fvlvq †h¸‡jvi kixi †_‡K myMÜ †e‡ivq| †Kv‡bvwUi kixi †_‡K †f‡m Av‡m jvj†Mvjv‡ci MÜ, †Kv‡bvwUi Mv †_‡K Av‡m KuvVvjPuvcvi NÖvY, †Kv‡bvwU †_‡K Av‡m evZvwe‡jeyi myevm| Zzwg hw`†`L‡Z cvI k‡ãi kix‡ii is, ïb‡Z cvI k‡ãi myi, †Ui cvI k‡ãi myMÜ, Zvn‡jB cvi‡e Zzwg Kwe n‡Z|

Kweiv kã w`‡q †j‡Lb bvbvb iK‡gi KweZv| KL‡bv Zuviv Lye nvwmi K_v e‡jb, KL‡bv e‡jb Kvbœvi K_v|KL‡bv Zuviv e‡jb ¯^‡cœi K_v, KL‡bv Zuviv Pvicv‡k hv †`‡Lb, Zvi K_v e‡jb| wKš‘ me mgqB Zuviv K_ve‡jb k‡ã| kã ewm‡q ewm‡q Zuviv evbvb KweZv| KweZv wjL‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡gB Rvb‡Z n‡e bvbvb iK‡gi kã|Zvici Av‡m kã w`‡q hv ej‡Z PvB, Zvi K_v| wKš‘ Kxfv‡e ejv hvq †mB K_v?

KweZvq Avgiv A‡bK wKQy ej‡Z cvwi| KL‡bv ej‡Z cvwi Ni-dvUv‡bv nvwmi K_v| ej‡Z cvwi UMe‡M iv‡MiK_v| ej‡Z cvwi Lye PgrKvi fv‡jv K_v| KL‡bv evRv‡Z cvwi bv‡Pi kã| Avevi KL‡bv AvuK‡Z cvwi iwObQwe| wKšÍy me mgqB g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, IB K_v bZzb n‡Z n‡e| hv GKevi †KD e‡j †M‡Q, †h-Qwe GKevi†KD Gu‡K †M‡uQ, Zv ejv hv‡e bv, †m-Qwe AvuKv hv‡e bv| Avi K_v ej‡Z n‡e, bvP‡Z n‡e, Qwe AvuK‡Z n‡eQ‡›`| ZvB KweZv wjL‡Z n‡j kã‡K Rvb‡Z n‡e, Rvb‡Z n‡e Q›`, Avi _vK‡Z n‡e ¯^cœ| hvi †Pv‡L ¯^cœ †bB,†m Kwe n‡Z cv‡i bv| ¯^cœ _vK‡j g‡b Av‡m bZzb fvebv, †b‡P †b‡P Av‡m Q›`, Avi kã|

†h‡Kv‡bv welq wb‡qB Zzwg wjL‡Z cv‡iv KweZv| evwoi cv‡ki MwjUv, `~‡ii avb‡LZUv, †cvlv †eovjUv evcyZzjUv‡K wb‡q KweZv †jLv hvq, hw` g‡b ¯^cœ _v‡K| iv¯Ívi †`vKvwb‡K wb‡q KweZv †jLv hvq, hw` ¯^cœ _v‡K|Avi hv †bB, Zv wb‡qI KweZv †jLv hvq, hw` ¯^cœ _v‡K| Gevi GKUv KweZv †jLv hvK| KweZvwUi bvg w`w”QÔ†`vKvwbÕ| iv¯Ívi †gv‡oi †`vKvb`vi‡K Zzwg-Avwg wPwb| †m wewµ K‡i mv`v `ya, L‡qwi P‡jv‡jU, jvj cyZzj,meyR cvb| Gme wRwbm Avgiv wK‡b LvB, †`vKvwb‡K PKP‡K UvKv w`B| Zvi wRwbmcÎ wewµ †`‡L gv_vq AvgviGKUv fve G‡jv| fveUv n‡jv : Avwg GKUv †`vKvb Ly‡jwQ `yw`b a‡i, wKš‘ †m-†`vKv‡b `ya, P‡Kv‡jU, cvbwewµ nq bv| wewµ nq Ggb me wRwbm, hv †KD †e‡P bv, hv †KD †K‡b bv| ïay ¯^‡cœB †m-me wRwbm †ePv‡KbvP‡j| fveUv gv_vq G‡jv, m‡½ kã G‡jv, Avi Q›` G‡jv| cÖ_‡g wjLjvg :

`yw`b a‡i wewµ KiwQ

PKP‡K Lye Puv‡ì Av‡jv

UzKUz‡K jvj cvwLi Mvb|

K_vUvB PgK †`q mevi Av‡M : PKP‡K Puv‡ì Av‡jv, UzKUz‡K jvj cvwLi Mvb wewµi e¨vcviUv †ek bZzb| mvivc„w_ex‡Z Luy‡R Ggb †`vKvb cvIqv hv‡e bv| Q›ÙvI †ek, `y‡j `y‡j Avm‡Q| G-wZbwU cO&w³ covi mv‡_ mv‡_kã, Q›`, K_v wg‡j GK iKg ¯^cœ ˆZwi nq †Pv‡L Avi g‡b| Gici AviI GwM‡q †h‡q wjLjvg :

wewµ KiwQ Puvcvi MÜ

¯^‡cœ †`Lv bv‡Pi Q›`

†Mvjvc dz‡ji gy‡Li i~c|

46 kã †_‡K KweZv

GLv‡b Q›`-wgj AviI gayi| wewµi wRwbm¸‡jv Av‡Mi g‡ZvB PgKcÖ`| Z‡e GLv‡b ¯^cœ AviI †e‡o‡Q, QweIAviI iwOb| Puvcvi MÜ cvIqv †Mj Ges †e‡R DVj ¯^‡cœ †`Lv bv‡Pi Q‡›ì b~cyi| G-bvP ¯^cœ Qvov Avi †Kv_vI†`Lv hvq bv, Ggb bvP bvP‡Z cv‡i bv †KD| Ô†Mvjvc dz‡ji gy‡Li iƒcÕ ejvi mv‡_ mv‡_ †Mvjvc dzj GKwU wgwó†g‡qi g‡Zv dz‡U DV‡jv, †g‡qwUi gyL n‡q DVj †Mvjvc, Avi †Mvjvc n‡q DVj †g‡qwUi gyL| ¯^cœ R‡ov n‡jv†Pv‡L|

KweZvwU‡K Avwg Avi wjL‡Z PvB bv| B‡”Q n‡j †Zvgiv wjL‡Z cv‡iv| KweZv wjL‡Z n‡jB bZzb K_v fve‡Zn‡e, Avi †m-K_v‡K cwi‡q w`‡Z n‡e kã I Q‡›ì iwOb mvR‡cvkvK| †Zvgiv GLb †QvU, G-†QvU _vKvimgqUv †ek my›ì | evievi Avgvi †QvU mg‡qi K_v g‡b c‡o| Avwg †`L‡Z cvB, †QvU Avwg ùvwo‡q AvwQcyKz‡ii cv‡o, GKUv kv`v gvQ jvd w`‡q Avevi Xy‡K †Mj cvwb‡Z| †`L‡Z cvB kvcjv dz‡U‡Q, cvwb jvj n‡q†M‡Q| GKUv Po–B D‡o †Mj, Zvi †Vuv‡U wPKb GKUv Kz‡Uv| Gme Avgv‡K KweZv wjL‡Z e‡j| †Zvgiv GLb†QvU, G eq‡m †Zvgiv Lye †ewk K‡i †`‡L †b‡e| hZ cv‡iv, †`L| †`L, †`L Ges †`L| ey‡Ki g‡a¨, g‡big‡a¨ Qwe RgvI, is RgvI, myi RgvI| eo n‡j G Qwe, myi, is †Zvgv‡ì Lye DcKvi Ki‡e| Lye †QvU eq‡m wKKweZv †jLv DwPZ? Zzwg wK AvRB e‡m hv‡e KweZv wjL‡Z? AvR e‡mv bv, A‡c¶v K‡iv| †QvU eq‡mB KweZv†jLv ïi“ Ki‡j g‡b Lye KuvPv K_v Av‡m, fve‡Z B”Qv K‡i bv, Ges eo n‡jI †Q‡jgvbywl Kv‡U bv| †QvU eq‡mDwPZ KweZv cov, cov Ges cov| Pviw`‡Ki Qwe †`Lv, †`Lv Ges †`Lv| †QvU eq‡m ey‡K Rgv‡bv DwPZ kã AviQ›`| Zvici GKw`b, hLb eo n‡e, kã, Q›`, Qwe, myi, is me `j †eu‡a Avm‡e †Zvgvi Kv‡Q, ej‡e Avgv‡ìZzwg KweZvq iƒc `vI| Zzwg nq‡Zv GKv GKv N‡i e‡m kã-Q›`-Qwe-myi-is wgwj‡q evbv‡e GK bZzb wRwbm,hvi bvg KweZv|

kãv_© I UxKv

Dcgv Ñ Zzjbv| GLv‡b GKwU †g‡qi bvg wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

b~cyi Ñ cv‡q civi AjsKvi ev Mqbv|

PgKcÖ` Ñ hv AevK K‡i †`q|

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨

wk¶v_x©‡ì m„wókxj n‡Z AbycÖvwYZ Kiv|

cvV-cwiwPwZ

mvwn‡Zï bvbv i~‡ci g‡a¨ GKwU n‡”Q KweZv| Av‡jvP¨ iPbvq KweZvi wkíiƒc I Zvi êwkó¨ Aciƒc fvlvqewY©Z n‡q‡Q| Kv‡K ejv hvq KweZv? †jL‡Ki g‡Z, hv co‡j g‡bi wfZi ¯^cœ †R‡M I‡V, Qwe †f‡m I‡V, ZvBKweZv| k‡ãi m‡½ kã wgwj‡q †jLv nq KweZv|

†Kej KweivB wjL‡Z cv‡ib KweZv| †Kbbv KweivB ¯^cœ †`L‡Z cv‡ib, ZvivB cv‡ib ¯^‡cœi Qwe AvuK‡Z| bZzbQwe bZzb fve †Kej Kwe‡ì †PZbvq †Ljv K‡i e‡j Zviv wjL‡Z cv‡ib KweZv| KweZv wjL‡Z n‡j k‡ãi iƒc-is-MÜ-eY©-myi I Q›` wPb‡Z nq, Rvb‡Z nq| Kweiv †P‡bb Ges Rv‡bb k‡ãi Gme gvqvex iƒc| ZvB ZuvivwjL‡Z cv‡ib KweZv|

mßeY©v 47

A‡bK welq wb‡qB KweZv †jLv hvq| Z‡e KweZv †jLvi Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB cÖ‡qvRb ¯^cœ| whwb ¯^cœ †`L‡Z Rv‡bb bv,wZwb wjL‡Z cv‡ib bv KweZv| ¯^cœ †`Lvi Rb¨ ˆkke-ˆK‡kv‡i co‡Z n‡e KweZvi ci KweZv, `y†PvL †g‡j†`‡L wb‡Z n‡e hv-wKQy †Pv‡L c‡o, Zvi meUv| A_v©r KweZv †jLvi Rb¨ PvB AwfÁZv| KweZvi iƒc I ZviiPbv-†KŠkj eZ©gvb iPbvi DcRxe¨ welq|

†jLK-cwiwPwZ

evsjv‡`‡ki wewkó M`¨wkíx, fvlvweÁvbx, Jcb¨vwmK I Kwe ûgvqyb AvRv` 1947 wLªóv‡ãi 28†k GwcÖj gyÝxMÄ†Rjvi weµgcy‡ii AšÍM©Z ivwoLvj MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| AZ¨šÍ †gavex ûgvqyb AvRv` `xN©w`b XvKvwek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv wefv‡M Aa¨vcbv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi D‡j-L‡hvM¨ MÖš’ n‡jv : Kve¨ ÔA‡jŠwKK Bw÷gviÕ, ÔR¡‡jvwPZvevNÕ, Ôme wKQy bó‡ì AwaKv‡i hv‡eÕ, ÔKvd‡b †gvov AkÖ“we›`y; Dcb¨vmÑÑÔQvcvbœ nvRvi eM©gvBjÕ, ÔmewKQyÕ †f‡O c‡oÕ, MíÑÑÔhv`yK‡ii g„Zz¨Õ, cÖeÜÑÑÔwbweo bxwjgvÕ, ÔevOjv fvlvi kÎ“wgÎÕ, ÔevK¨ZË¡Õ, Ôjvjbxj `xcvewjÕ, ÔK‡Zv b`x m‡iveiÕ BZ¨vw`|

wZwb evsjv GKv‡Wgx cyi¯‹vimn Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡i‡Qb| ûgvqyb AvRv` 2004 wLªóv‡ãi 12BAvM÷ gyZzëiY K‡ib|

Kg©-Abykxjb

K. †Zvgvi cwVZ †Kv‡bv MÖš’/ †Kv‡bv KweZv/ †Kv‡bv Mí wb‡q GKwU mgv‡jvPbv †jL| †Zvgvi fv‡jv jvMvev fv‡jv bv-jvMv hyw³mnKv‡i wjL‡e|

L. †Uwjwfkb ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wgwWqv‡Z †Zvgvi †`Lv †Kv‡bv wm‡bgv/ bvUK wb‡q GKwU mgv‡jvPbv †jL|

bgybv cÖkœ

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. gykwKj k‡ãi A_© Kx?

K. †ivMevjvB L. †gjv‡gkv

M. Kó Kiv N. mnRZi

2. evsjv‡`‡ki wewkó fvlvweÁvbx n‡jbÑÑ

K. ûgvqyb AvRv` L. ûgvqyb Avn‡g`

M. kvgmyi ivngvb N. Avnmvb nvwee

3. Ôïay ¯^‡cœB †m me wRwbm †ePv‡Kbv P‡j|ÕÑÑGB ev‡K¨ Ô†ePv‡KbvÕ kãwU Kx A‡_© eëüZ n‡q‡Q?

K. wewbgq cÖ_v L. µq-weµq

M. eënvi N. Av`vb-cÖ`vb

48 kã †_‡K KweZv

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. gvndzRv PgrKvi KweZv †j‡Lb| ¯‹zj-Rxeb †_‡KB wZwb bvbv kã wb‡q wPšÍv Ki‡Zb| Rxe‡b wewfbœAs‡ki ¯§„wZ‡K k‡ãi †fZi mvRv‡Z cQ›` Zvi| gvndzRvi fvB‡cv Zv‡K Lye cQ›` K‡i| KviY wZwb ZvifvB‡cv wbS©i‡K bvbv KweZv †kvbvb| wbS©i Zvi dzdz gvndzRv‡K †c‡jB KweZv, Qov ejvi evqbv a‡i|GKw`b wbS©i Zvi dzdz‡K e‡j ÔÔdzdz Zzwg G‡Zv my›ì my›ì KweZv Kxfv‡e †j‡Lv?ÕÕ gvndzRv DËi †`q,ÔÔZzwg †Zvgvi Pvicv‡ki my›ì my›ì ¯^cœgq kã¸‡jv‡K ey‡K aviY K‡i ivL‡e, †`L‡e ZzwgI GKw`bPgrKvi KweZv wjL‡Z cvi‡e|Ó

K. kã †_‡K KweZv cÖe‡Üi †jLK †K?

L. Q›` ej‡Z Kx eyS?

M. Dc‡ii D×„wZi gvndzRv I Zvi fvB‡cv wbS©‡ii m‡½ Ôkã †_‡K KweZvÕ cÖe‡Üi wgj †Kv_vq?

N. ÔZzwg †Zvgvi Rxe‡bi Pvicv‡ki my›ì my›ì ¯^cœgq kã¸‡jv‡K ey‡K aviY K‡i ivL‡e, †`L‡e ZzwgIGKw`b KweZv wjL‡Z cvi‡e|Õ ÑÑG Dw³i Av‡jv‡K Ôkã †_‡K KweZvÕ cÖe‡Üi g~j e³e¨ †jL|

mßeY©v 49

†mB †Q‡jwUgvgybyi ikx`

1g `„k¨ :

(MÖv‡gi cvk w`‡q hv‡”Q †mv‡gb, mvey I AviRy| mevB Zviv Mvb MvB‡Z MvB‡Z ¯‹z‡j hv‡”Q| †ek Zvov Zv‡ì|GKmgq nVvr †_‡g hvq AviRy| Iiv AviRy‡K †d‡jB P‡j hvq| AviRyi e¨_v cv‡q| mvey wd‡i Av‡m| )

mvey Ñ Kx n‡jv Avevi?

AviRy Ñ Avwg †h Avi nuvU‡Z cviwQ bv|

mvey Ñ †ivR †ivR †Zvi Rb¨ Avwg m¨v‡ii eKzwb †L‡Z cvie bv|

AviRy Ñ wVK Av‡Q †Zviv hv, Avwg GKvB G¶zwb hve|

mvey Ñ _vK Zvn‡j|

(P‡j hvq mvey| AviRy e‡m c‡o| G mgqB H c_ w`‡q hvw”Qj GK AvBmwµgIqvjv|)

AvBmwµgIqvjv Ñ AvBmwµg, AvBmwµg PvB AvBmwµg| Kx n‡jv AviRy wgqv, Zzwg GLv‡b e‡m KxKi‡Qv?

AviRy Ñ wKQy bv|

AvBmwµgIqvjv Ñ ¯‹z‡j hv‡e bv?

AviRy Ñ bv|

AvBmwµgIqvjv Ñ ¯‹z‡j duvwK †Ìqv wKš‘ Lye Lvivc, AvwgI Lye ¯‹zj duvwK w`Zvg| Avgvi Ae¯’v`¨v‡Lv| hw` †jLvcovUv KiZvg Zvn‡j wK Avi AvBmwµg †dwi Ki‡Z n‡Zv? hvI¯‹z‡j hvI| PvB AvBmwµg, AvBmwµg|

AviRy Ñ fvB †kv‡bvÑÑZzwg †Kvb w`‡K hv”Q?

AvBmwµgIqvjv Ñ Avwg †Zv hve H evRv‡ii w`‡K|

AviRy Ñ AvR ¯‹z‡ji w`‡K hv‡e bv? AvBmwµg Lve, wUwdb wcwiq‡Wi mgqÑÑ

AvBmwµgIqvjv Ñ K¬vm hLb P‡j ZLb †Zv Avi AvBmwµg wewµ nq bv| Avgvi evRv‡ii mgq P‡jhvq| PvB AvBmwµg| (P‡j hvq| nvIqvB wgVvBIqvjvi cÖ‡ek|)

AviRy Ñ fvB †kv‡bv|

nvIqvB wgVvBIqvjv Ñ ïay ïay WvK‡Qv †Kb? Gfv‡e mgq bó n‡j Avgvi nvIqvB wgVvB †h k~‡b¨ wgwj‡q hv‡e|AviRy Ñ †Zvgvi nvIqvB wgVvB wK †g‡Ni g‡Zv †h, †gN Rg‡Q Avi k~‡b¨ wgwj‡q hv‡”Q|

nvIqvB wgVvIqvjv Ñ nu¨v, †g‡Ni PvB‡ZI A‡bK nvjKvÑÑZvB †Zv wgwj‡q hvq| hvBÑÑPvB nvIqvBwgVvB (P‡j hvq)|

AviRy Ñ GLb Avwg Kx Ki‡ev? evwo †M‡j evev ej‡e ¯‹z‡j duvwK †`qvi gZjeÑÑ¯‹z‡j†M‡j m¨vi ej‡e ùvwo‡q _v‡Kv| Avwg †Zv `vuwo‡q _vK‡Z cvie bv| GLb Kx n‡e?

2q `„k¨ :

(wUwd‡bi NÈv ev‡R| mcy, mvey I Av‡iv †Q‡j-†g‡qiv wUwdb wcwiq‡W †ewi‡q Avm‡Q| Zviv †Lj‡Q| G mg‡qAv‡mb wk¶K jwZd m¨vi| )

jwZd m¨vi Ñ GB mvey, Gw`‡K †kv‡bvÑÑAv”Qv AviRy‡K †`LwQ bv †h?

mvey Ñ AviRy, m¨vi gvSc‡_ G‡m ejj †Zviv hv, GiKg gv‡S gv‡SB K‡i AviRy|

jwZd m¨vi Ñ wKš‘ †Kb K‡i?

mvey Ñ GgwbB|

jwZd m¨vi Ñ GgwbB gv‡b? B‡”Q K‡i bv wK †Kv‡bv mgm¨v Av‡Q Ii?

mvey Ñ Rvwb bv m¨vi|

jwZd m¨vi Ñ Av”Qv| GB †h mcy, Gw`‡K †kv‡bv, †Zvgvi Kx g‡b nq, AviRy wK B‡”Q K‡iB¯‹zj KvgvB Ki‡Q?

†mv‡gb Ñ m¨vi, Ii †h Kx nq? nVvr K‡i e‡j Avwg Avi †h‡Z cviwQ bv| †Zviv ùvov, ZLbIqvwb©s‡ej †e‡R †M‡Q| Avi wK ùvov‡Z cvwi? ZvB †Zv P‡j Avwm, †mUvB fv‡jvbv m¨vi?

jwZd m¨vi Ñ †Kv_vq †hb GKUv mgm¨v g‡b n‡”Q|

mßeY©v 51

wgVy Ñ m¨vi H †Q‡jUvi mv‡_ AvgviI †`Lv n‡q‡Q|

jwZd m¨vi Ñ †Kv_vq?

wgVy Ñ H †h cjvkZjxi AvgevMv‡bi ILv‡b e‡m Av‡Q| Avgvi mv‡_ bvbvb K_v|

jwZd m¨vi Ñ bvbv K_v? Zvn‡j ¯‹z‡j G‡jv bv †Kb?

wgVy Ñ GKmgq ejj Zzwg wK ¯‹z‡ji w`‡K hv‡e? Avwg ejjvgÑÑbv GLb evRv‡i hve|Zvici wUwdb wcwiq‡Wi w`‡K ¯‹z‡ji w`‡K hve|

jwZd m¨vi Ñ Zvn‡j †Zv LyeB wPšÍvi K_v| Av”Qv H AvgevMv‡b wK GL‡bv Av‡Q?

†mv‡gb Ñ g‡b nq GZ¶‡Y evwo P‡j †M‡Q|

jwZd m¨vi Ñ †Zvgiv P‡jv †ZvÑÑ

mvey Ñ m¨viÑÑ(I‡ì †Pv‡L gy‡L Awb”Qv| nvIqvBwgVvBIqvjv †nu‡K Pj‡QÑÑ nvIqvBwgVvB| jwZd m¨vi I‡ì `yBRb‡K wb‡qB iIbv †`b|)

3q `„k¨ :

(AvgevMvb| Amnvq AviRy e‡m Av‡Q| GKv †m D‡V `vuovq| GKUv cvwL WvK‡Q| Zv‡K AbymiY Kivi †PóvKi‡Q †m|)

AviRy Ñ cvwL, GKUz wb‡P bv‡gv bv| †Zvgvi mv‡_ K_v KB| Avgv‡K ¯‹z‡j wb‡q hv‡e?mvey, mcy Iiv †KD wb‡q †Mj bv| Zzwg wb‡q hvI bv! †Zvgvi Wvbvq fi K‡i P‡jhve| Kx n‡jv? †b‡g †M‡j †Kb? †gN Avgvq wb‡q hvI bv| †Zvgvi †Kv‡j e‡mP‡j hve ¯‹z‡j| Kx ej‡Qv? wf‡R hve? wfRjvg| Avevi ïwK‡q hveÑÑZeyI †Zvm¨vi eyS‡eb, †QvU cvwL P›`bv, GB †h kvwjK Avgv‡K †`L‡Z cv”Q bv? AvwgGKjv e‡m AvwQ| Avgvi eyKUv †d‡U hv‡”Q| Avgvi mv‡_ K_v e‡jv bvÑÑP›`bvAvgvq wb‡jv bv, †gN Avgvq wbj bvÑÑ kvwjK Avgvi mv‡_ K_v e‡j bv|

(Kuv`‡Z _v‡K| nVvr Dcw¯’Z nq jwZd m¨vi|)

jwZd m¨vi Ñ AviRy, Zzwg Kvu`‡Qv †Kb? †Zvgvi Kx n‡q‡Q? Zzwg ¯‹z‡j hvI wb †Kb?

†mv‡gb Ñ Kuvw`m †Kb? m¨vi‡K ej bv| (AviRy Kuv`‡QB)

jwZd m¨vi Ñ †Kv‡bv fq †bB, e‡jvÑÑ

AviRy Ñ m¨vi, Avwg †ewk `~i nuvU‡Z cvwi bv| cv `y‡Uv Aek n‡q Av‡m|

jwZd m¨vi Ñ †Zvgvi evev-gv‡K e‡jv wb †Kb?

AviRy Ñ e‡jwQÑÑevev e‡jb nuvUv-nuvwU Ki‡jB wVK n‡q hv‡e|

jwZd m¨vi Ñ †Zvgvi cv `y‡Uv †`wLÑÑ G †Zv †ivM, †Zvgvi cv wPKb n‡q †M‡Q|

AviRy Ñ gv Rv‡b, †mB †QvU‡ejvq Kx †hb AmyL n‡qwQj †mB †_‡KB cvUv wPKbÑÑgv†ev‡S wKš‘ Kuv‡` kyay|

jwZd m¨vi Ñ †Zvgiv †Lqvj K‡iv wb?

52 †mB †Q‡jwU

†mv‡gb Ñ bv m¨vi|

jwZd m¨vi Ñ †Zvgv‡ì eÜz bv?

†mv‡gb Ñ R¡x m¨vi|

jwZd m¨vi Ñ †Zvgvi hw` GiKg n‡Zv?

†mv‡gb Ñ Avgiv eyS‡Z cvwi wb m¨vi| GiKg eyS‡j Avgiv `yR‡b a‡i GBfv‡e wb‡q †hZvg|

(`yR‡bB Kuv‡a nvZ w`‡q I‡K Zz‡j †d‡j|)

jwZd m¨vi Ñ e‡jv ¯‹z‡j hv‡e? bv wK evwo hv‡e?

AviRy Ñ ¯‹z‡j m¨vi| ( I‡ì Kuv‡a nvZ Zz‡j AviRy ¯‹z‡j hvq|)

jwZd m¨vi Ñ P‡jv| †`wL †Zvgvi wPwKrmvi Rb¨ Avgiv Kx Ki‡Z cvwi|

kãv_© I UxKv

†mB †Q‡jwU Ñ Ô†mB †Q‡jwUÕ bvgK GB †jLvwU GKwU bvwUKv| GwU G eB‡qi Avi me †jLvi g‡Zvbq| G‡Z K‡qKRb we‡kl we‡kl RvqMvq †_‡K wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ K_v ej‡Q| Gai‡bi iPbv †Kej covi Rb¨ bq| G¸‡jv g‡Â Awfbq K‡i †jvK‡K †`Lv‡bvnq| G ai‡bi †jLv eo cwim‡i _vK‡j Zv‡K e‡j bvUK|

`„k¨ Ñ bvUK ev bvwUKv welq¸‡jv‡K NUbv¯’j Abymv‡i fvM K‡i †bqv nq| GK-GKwUNUbv¯’j‡K Ô`„k¨Õ ejv nq| Ô†mB †Q‡jwUÕ bvwUKvi wZbwU NUbv¯’j‡K wZbwU`„‡k¨ fvM K‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| 1g `„k¨ÑÑMÖv‡gi cv‡ki iv¯Ív| 2q `„k¨ÑÑmvey,AviRy‡ì ¯‹zj| 3q `„k¨ÑÑAvgevMvb|

gZje Ñ D‡Ïk¨ ev dw›`|

cv‡Vi-D‡Ïk¨

kvixwiK I gvbwmKfv‡e myweavewÂZ wkï‡ì cÖwZ ggZ¡‡eva m„wó|

cvV-cwiwPwZ

bvU¨Kvi gvgybyi ikx` iwPZ Ô†mB †Q‡jwUÕ GKwU bvwUKv| G bvwUKvwU‡Z GKwU we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkkyi cÖwZmnvbyf~wZ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| GKB mv‡_ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q wkïi cÖwZ eo‡ì ggZ¡‡eva| AviRy, †mv‡gb I mvey wZbeÜz GKB we`¨vj‡q GKB †kªwY‡Z c‡o| wKš‘ we`¨vj‡q †nu‡U Avm‡Z AviRyi Lye Kó nq| gv‡S gv‡S Zvi cvAek n‡q Av‡m| eÜz‡ì mv‡_ mgvb Zv‡j Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| KLbI KLbI e‡m c‡o| eÜziv AviRyi R‡bÄv‡¯Í Av‡¯Í nuv‡U| Zv‡Z we`¨vj‡q †h‡Z †`wi n‡q hvq Ges Iiv wk¶‡Ki Kv‡Q eKzwb Lvq| Avm‡j n‡qwQjwK, AviRy †QvU‡ejvq fxlY Amy‡L c‡owQj| Zv‡Z Zvi cv mi“ n‡q hvq| wKš‘ AviRy Rv‡b bv †Kb Zvi cv Aekn‡q Av‡m| Zvi gv Rv‡bb AviRyi Amy‡Li K_v| wZwb Kuv‡`b|

mßeY©v 53

GKw`b we`¨vj‡q hvIqvi c‡_ cv Aek n‡q †M‡j, AviRy eÜz‡ì we`¨vj‡q P‡j †h‡Z e‡j| †m iv¯Ívi cv‡ke‡m _v‡K| AvBmwµgIqvjv Av‡m, nvIqvB-wgVvBIqvjv Av‡m| †m Zv‡ì mv‡_ K_v e‡j| Zviv P‡j hvq| AviRyfv‡e cvwL wKsev †gN Zv‡K hw` Dwo‡q wb‡q we`¨vj‡q w`‡q †hZ|

Gw`‡K wk¶K jwZd m¨vi AviRy‡K K¬v‡m Dcw¯’Z n‡Z bv †`‡L †mv‡gb‡ì KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ †R‡b †mv‡gb‡ìm‡½ wb‡q AviRyi †Luv‡R iIqvbv nb| AviRy‡K †`‡L wZwb eyS‡Z cv‡ib †h AviRyi cv Aek n‡q Avmv GKUv†ivM| ZLb jwZd m¨v‡ii K_vq †mv‡gb‡ì g‡b mnvbyf~wZ Rv‡M| Zv‡ì mnvqZvq AviRy we`¨vj‡q hvq|

†jLK-cwiwPwZ

gvgybyi ikx` evsjv‡`‡ki wewkó bvU¨Kvi, Awf‡bZv I wb‡`©kK| wZwb 1948 wLªóv‡ãi 29†k †deªyqvwi Uv½vBj†Rjvi KvwjnvwZ Dc‡Rjvi cvBKov MÖv‡g gvZzjvj‡q Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi ˆcZ…K wbevm GKB †Rjvi NvUvBjDc‡Rjvi fveb`Ë MÖv‡g| Zuvi iwPZ D‡j-L‡hvM¨ bvUK n‡jv : ÔIiv K`g AvjxÕ, ÔIiv Av‡Q e‡jBÕ, ÔBewjkÕ,ÔwMwbwcMÕ, ÔAeevwnKvÕ, ÔmgZUÕ, Ôcv_iÕ, ÔivpvOÕ, Ô†j‡e‡`dÕ, Ô†Pi mvB‡KjÕ BZ¨vw`| evsjv‡`‡kigÂbvU‡Ki L¨vwZgvb bvUë¨w³Z¡ gvgybyi ikx` evsjv GKv‡Wgx mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹vi, AvjvIj mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹vimnA‡bK cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡i‡Qb|

Kg©-Abykxjb

1. we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkï‡ì cÖwZ ggZ¡‡eva m„wói j‡¶¨ Rbm‡PZbZv m„wói Rb¨ †cv÷vi, c-̈vKvW©,e¨vbvi ˆZwi K‡i i¨vwji Av‡qvRb Ki (†kªwYi mKj wk¶v_x©i KvR)|

2. bvwUKvwU Awfbq K‡i cÖ`k©‡bi eë¯’v Ki (†kªwYi mKj wk¶v_x©i KvR)|

bgybv cÖkœ

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1| AviRy Zvi eÜz‡ì mv‡_ ¯‹z‡j †h‡Z †h‡Z e‡m c‡o †Kb?

K. †m ¯‹z‡j †h‡Z Pvq bv L. m¨vi Zv‡K eKzwb w`‡Z cv‡i

M. Zvi ¯‹zj duvwK †èvi B‡”Q wQj N. †iv‡Mi Kvi‡Y †m nuvU‡Z cv‡i bv

2. AviRy cvwL‡K wb‡P bvg‡Z e‡jÑÑ

i. K_v ejvi Rb¨

ii. Mvb ïbvi Rb¨

iii. Zvi Wvbvq fi w`‡q D‡o hvevi Rb¨


K. i L. ii

M. ii I ii N. iii I i

54 †mB †Q‡jwU

3. jwZd m¨vi mcy‡K ej‡jbÑÑ†Zvgv‡ì eÜz bv?ÑÑGi KviY?

i. mcy I Zvi eÜz‡ì KZ…©K AviRy‡K †d‡j hvIqv

ii. AviRyi cv wPKb n‡q †M‡Q Zv †Lqvj bv Kiv

iii. AviRyi cv wPKb nIqvi Kvi‡Y nuvU‡Z bv cviv


K. i L. ii I iii

M. i I ii N. i, ii I iii

4. gv †ev‡S wKš‘ Kuv‡`ÑÑAviRyi gv Kx †ev‡S?

K. †Q‡ji cv wPKb n‡q hv‡”Q

L. †Q‡ji cv GKw`b c½y n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i

M. †Q‡ji cv‡qi †Kv‡bv wPwKrmv n‡”Q bv

N. AviRyi gv Amnvq

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :

†i‡eKv Kv‡Qi wRwbm †`L‡Z cvq wKš‘ `~‡ii wRwbm Svcmv †`‡L| GKw`b †m j¶ Kij `~‡ii Svcmv wRwbmA‡a©K †`Lv hv‡”Q Avi A‡a©K cy‡iv AÜKvi| gv‡K Rvbv‡j wZwb ej‡jb †Pv‡L cvwb w`‡j wVK n‡q hv‡e| wKš‘Zv nq wb| eis Ae¯’v AviI Lvivc n‡”Q|

5. †i‡eKv I Ô†mB †Q‡jwUÕi AviRy †Kvb ai‡bi wkï?

K. ¯^vfvweK L. cywónxb

M. myweavewÂZ N. eyw×nxb

6. AviRy I †i‡eKvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbÑÑ

i. gvZvwcZvi mnvbyf~wZ

ii. mgv‡Ri mnvbyf~wZ

iii. ¯^v¯’¨ m¤úwK©Z weÁvbm¤§Z aviYv


K. i L. ii


mßeY©v 55

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. Avwe` nvmvb 7g †kªwYi QvÎ iIk‡bi Kv‡Q Zvi we`¨vj‡q Abycw¯’wZi KviY Rvb‡Z PvB‡j †m wKQy bv e‡jPzc _v‡K| †kªwYi Ab¨ wk¶v_x©‡ì wR‡Ám Ki‡j Zviv cÖvq GK‡hv‡M e‡jÑÑm¨vi, iIkb cÖvqB ¯‹zj KvgvBK‡i| wk¶K iIkb‡K e‡jbÑÑAvi KvgvB Ki‡e? †Kv‡bv DËi iIkb †`q bv| cv‡qi e„×v½ywj w`‡q †g‡SLyuo‡Z _v‡K| DËi bv †c‡q wk¶K iIkb‡K A‡bK eKv †`b| K‡qKw`b ci iIk‡bi evev wk¶K RbveAvwe` nvmvb‡K e‡jbÑÑm¨vi, iIk‡bi GKUv eo mgm¨v Av‡Q| wbqwgZ ¯‹zj Ki‡j nVvr GZ †ewk Amy¯’nq †h Zvi mg¯Í ¯§„wZ nvwi‡q hvq| eKvSKv Ki‡j Ii ¯‹z‡j Avmv eÜ n‡q hv‡e|

K. wgVy AviRy‡K †Kv_vq e‡m _vK‡Z †`‡L‡Q?

L. AvBmwµgIqvjv AviRy‡K ¯‹zj duvwK w`‡Z wb‡la Kij †Kb? eywS‡q †jL|

M. iIkb I AviRyi g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Avwe` nvmv‡bi wePvi KvRwU jwZd m¨v‡ii Zzjbvq KZUzKz †hŠw³K n‡q‡Q Zv g~j¨vqb Ki|

56 †mB †Q‡jwU

evsjv‡`‡ki ¶z`ª RvwZmËvG †K †kivg

Avgv‡ì wcÖq gvZ…f~wg GB evsjv‡`k eû RvwZ, eû fvlv I eû ms¯‹…wZi GKwU †`k| GLv‡b cÖavb Rb‡MvôxÔevOvwjÕ-i cvkvcvwk i‡q‡Q cÖvq Aa©kZ ¶y`ª RvwZmËv| †Zgwb †`‡ki cÖavb I ivóªfvlv ÔevsjvÕ-i cvkvcvwki‡q‡Q A‡bK fvlv Ges Hme RvwZ‡Mvôxi bvbv e‡Y©i wewPÎ ms¯‹…wZI| ZviciI Avgiv mevB RvZxqZvi cwiP‡qGK Ges †`k‡K fv‡jvevmvi †¶‡ÎI HKë×| êwP‡Îï g‡aÏ GB †h GKZvi kw³ GwUB Avgv‡ìevsjv‡`k‡K my›ì I eY©gq K‡i Zz‡j‡Q|

evsjv‡`‡k emevmiZ ¶z`ª RvwZmËvi msL¨v wb‡q wfbœ wfbœ gZ i‡q‡Q| Z‡e mvaviYfv‡e GB msL¨v 46wU e‡jAbywgZ| cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvgmn wewfbœ cvnvwo Rbc` QvovI †`‡ki mgZjf~wg †hgb K·evRvi, cUzqvLvwj, ei¸bv,gqgbwmsn, Rvgvjcyi, Uv½vBj, e¸ov, ivRkvnx, cvebv, w`bvRcyi Ges wm‡jU AÂ‡j cÖavbZ G‡ì emwZ|GBme Rb‡Mvôx kZ kZ ermi a‡i GB f~L‡Ê emevm Ki‡Q| Zv‡ì cÖvq cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB i‡q‡Q wbR¯^ fvlv,mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZ| cÖwZwU RvwZ‡Mvôxi Kv‡Q Zv‡ì fvlv I ms¯‹…wZ LyeB wcÖq| evsjv‡`‡k †hme msL¨v¯^íRvwZmËvi evm Zv‡ì g‡a¨ D‡j-L‡hvM¨ n‡jvÑÑPvKgv, gvigv, wÎcyiv, Mv‡iv, muvIZvj, gwYcywi, Lvwm, †gªv,ivLvBb, nvRs, ZÂ½¨v, eg, †KvP, cvnvwoqv, ivReskx, gv‡jv, IivuI BZ¨vw`| G‡ì g‡a¨ K‡qKwU Rb‡MvôxiRxeb I ms¯‹…wZ wb‡q wb‡P ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

PvKgv

g‡½vjxq Rb‡Mvôxi AšÍM©Z PvKgv‡ì cÖavb emwZ cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi ivOvgvwU, LvMovQwo I ev›ìevb †Rjvq|wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ Zviv ÔPvOgvÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| Zviv Avh© fvlv‡Mvôxi AšÍ©fy³| Zv‡ì wbR¯^ nidI Av‡Q|PvKgviv wcZ…Zvwš¿K| wcZvB cwiev‡ii cÖavb| PvKgv mgv‡Ri cÖavb n‡jb ivRv| MÖv‡gi cÖavb n‡jb Kvievwi|MÖv‡gi hveZxq mgm¨v wZwbB wb®úwË K‡ib| K‡qKwU MÖvg wb‡q MwVZ nq †gŠRv| †gŠRvi cÖavb n‡jb †nWg¨vb|wZwb RbM‡Yi Øviv wbe©vwPZ Ges ivRv KZ©„K g‡bvbxZ nb| †nWg¨vb ivRv I Kvievwii g‡a¨ †hvMm~Î wn‡m‡eKvR K‡ib| GQvov PvKgv mgv‡R ÔMSvÕ ev Dc`j Ges Ô¸wLÕ ev †Mvôx Av‡Q| PvKgviv cÖavbZ †eŠ× ag©vej¤^x|Z‡e Zvi cvkvcvwk GLbI Zviv wKQy wKQy cÖK…wZc~RvI K‡i _v‡K| GiKg wKQy c~Rvi bvg n‡jvÑÑ_vbgvbv,ag©Kvg, fZ`¨v, cvsc~Rv, Ryggviv c~Rv BZ¨vw`| PvKgv cyi“‡liv ÔaywZÕ I gwnjviv ÔwcbbÕ cwiavb K‡i _v‡K|cyi“‡liv wb‡R‡ì Zuv‡Z ˆZwi ÔwmjygÕ (Rvgv) c‡i| †g‡qiv ÔLvw`Õ-†K Iobv wn‡m‡e eënvi K‡i|

PvKgv‡ì cÖavb Lv`¨ fvZ, gvQ, gvsm I kvK-mewR| HwZ‡nï Ask wn‡m‡e ¯’vbxqfv‡e ˆZwi cvbxq ÔPzqvwbÕPvKgv mgv‡R cÖPwjZ| PvKgv Rxe‡bi bvbv ch©v‡q wewfbœ †jŠwKK AvPvi Abyôvb _v‡K| we‡qi mgq †Q‡jiAwffveK‡K NUKmn K‡bi evwo‡Z Kgc‡¶ wZbevi hvIqv-Avmv Ki‡Z nq| cÖwZevi Pzqvwb, cvb-mycvwi I wcVvwb‡q †h‡Z nq| P~ovšÍ w`bZvwiL w¯’i Kivi Abyôvb‡K Ôg`wcjvj MQv‡bvÕ e‡j| Hw`b wewfbœ wel‡qi mv‡_Kb¨vc‡¶i `vwe`vIqv DÌvcb Kiv nq| Kb¨vcY‡K Zviv Ô`vfvÕ e‡j| Avi Kb¨vi Rb¨ `vweK…Z e¯¿ IAj¼vi‡K e‡j Ô†evqvwjÕ| we‡qi w`b GKRb hyeZxi wc‡V euvk I †e‡Zi ˆZwi my›ì Suvwc Ôdzjev‡isÕ-G K‡iK‡bi †evqvwj enb K‡i wb‡q hvIqv nq| bvbv AvbyôvwbKZvi ci eiK‡bi mvgvwRK ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`v‡bi AbyôvbÔR`b evbvnÕ ev †Rvovevjv cwiPvwjZ nq| we‡qi mgq ÔPzOjvsÕ c~Rv AbywôZ nq| we‡qi Abyôvb cwiPvjbv K‡ibÔISvÕ| PvKgv‡ì we‡qi †èZv n‡jv wZbRbÑÑci‡gk¦ix, KvjvBqv ev m`vMi Ges †bBbv½v| weRy DrmePvKgv‡ì GKwU cÖavb Drme| ˆP‡Îi †kl `yBw`b ÔdzjweRyÕ I Ôg~jweRyÕ Ges c‡njv êkvL‡K ÔMh©¨vch©¨vÕ e‡jAvL¨vwqZ K‡i _v‡K Zviv| †jvKb„Z¨MxZ wn‡m‡e ÔRygbvPÕ I ÔweRybvPÕ †ek RbwcÖq|

Mv‡iv

Mv‡iv Rb‡Mvôxi cÖavb emwZ gqgbwmsn, Uv½vBj I wm‡jU AÂ‡j| g‡½vjxq Rb‡Mvôxi AšÍM©Z Mv‡ivivgvZ…m~Îxq| †g‡qiv cwiev‡ii m¤úwËi gvwjK nq| weev‡ni ci ei ¯¿xi evwo‡Z wM‡q emevm K‡i _v‡K| mšÍvb-mšÍwZiv gv‡qi c`we aviY K‡i| Z‡e cwievi Ges mgvR cwiPvjbv I kvm‡b cyi“‡livB `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡K|GKB †Mv‡Î weevn Mv‡iv mgv‡R wbwl×| Mv‡iv‡ì wbR¯^ ag© Av‡Q| GwU GK ai‡bi cÖK…wZ c~Rv| ÔZvZviv iveyMvÕZv‡ì cÖavb †èZv| wZwb Ab¨vb¨ †èZv‡ì mnvqZvq c„w_ex, MvQcvjv, RxeRš‘ cÖf„wZ m„wó K‡ib| c„w_exm„wó‡Z Zv‡K mnvqZv K‡ib b¯Í bycvÊy I gvwP| Ab¨vb¨ †èZviv n‡jb mvjRs (m~h©), †QvQyg (P›`ª), †gb (c„w_ex),bevs (g„‡Zi i¶K) BZ¨vw`| Zviv cy‡ivwnZ‡K ÔKvgvjÕ e‡j| Z‡e GLb AwaKvsk Mv‡iv wLªó ag©vej¤^x| Av‡MMv‡iv mgv‡R A‡bK AvwLs bKgv (ivRv) wQj| mswb bKgv (MÖvg-cÖkvmK) MÖv‡gi kvmb I wePvi cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb|

Mv‡iviv cÖavbZ K…wlRxex| cvnv‡o emevmKvixiv Ryg Pvl K‡i| Avi mgZjf~wgi Mv‡iviv mvaviY wbq‡g K…wlKvRK‡i| bvix I cyi“l GKmv‡_ gv‡V KvR K‡i| Rb¥ †_‡K g„Zz¨ Aewa Rxe‡bi bvbv ch©v‡q wewfbœ agx©q I mvgvwRKAvPvi-Abyôvb cvjb Kiv nq| Mv‡iviv fvZ, gvQ, cï-cvwLi gvsm Ges bvbv kvK-mewR †L‡q _v‡K| wb‡R‡ìˆZwi GKai‡bi cvbxqI cÖPwjZ| Zv‡ì cyi“l‡ì ci‡b _v‡K Mv‡›`v, cvš¿v, Rvgv, Kvw` ev KwUc BZ¨vw`†cvkvK| Avi †g‡qiv c‡i †iwKs, Rvib, Avbcvb, Kwcs BZ¨vw`| Zviv wewfbœ ai‡bi Aj¼viI eënvi K‡i_v‡K| Mv‡iv ms¯‹…wZ‡Z MxZev`¨ I b„Z¨ LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| Zv‡ì wbR¯^ wKQy ev`¨hš¿I Av‡Q| dmj †evbv,bevbœ, beel© BZ¨vw` Dcj‡¶ wewfbœ Drm‡ei Av‡qvRb nq| ÔIqvb MvjvÕ Mv‡iv‡ì GKwU RbwcÖq Drme|

gvigv

g‡½vjxq Rb‡Mvôxi AšÍM©Z gvigv‡ì cÖavb emwZ cve©Z¨ PUªMÖv‡gi ev›ìevb, ivOvgvwU I LvMovQwo‡Z| gvigvfvlvI g‡½vjxq fvlvcwiev‡ii| Zv‡ì wbR¯^ eY©gvjvI Av‡Q| gvigv Rb‡Mvôx †ek K‡qKwU †Mv‡Î wef³| GB†MvÎ¸‡jv n‡jvÑÑ†c‡jsmv, wi‡MÖmv, _smv, d«vsmv, gv‡ivmv BZ¨vw`| gvigviv cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB †eŠ× ag©vej¤^x|we‡qi mgq agx©q I †jvKvPvi wgwj‡q bvbv Abyôvb cvjb Kiv nq| wb‡R‡ì †Mv‡Î weevn‡K gvigv mgv‡RDrmvwnZ Kiv nq| gvigviv wcZ…Zvwš¿K| m¤úwËi DËivwaKv‡i †Q‡j I †g‡q‡ì mgvb AwaKv‡ii K_v ejvAv‡Q| Z‡e cwievi I mgvRRxe‡b cyi“‡liB cÖvavb¨ _v‡K| we‡qi ci bvix-cyi“l B‡”Q Ki‡j gv-evevi evwo wKsevk¦ïievwo‡Z ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm Ki‡Z cv‡i| gvigv‡ì mvgvwRK kvmbeë¯’vq ivRv cÖavb| ivRvi Aax‡b _v‡Kb†ivqvRv-dvBbwm (MÖvg-cÖavb), PMBs-†P‡q (wnmve-wbKvk I `wjj-`¯Ív‡eR cÖ¯‘ZKvix), `MBs- `g`v †egmv(†`ni¶x I cywjk), ZvBsmv-ZMsMs (`j‡bZv), †evqvwm (Av‡`k-wb‡la †NvlYvKvix), †nWg¨vb Kvievwi (†gŠRviivR¯^ Ki Av`vqKvix) BZ¨vw`|

gvigviv fvZ, gvQ, ïuUwK, cï I cvwLi gvsm Lvq| GQvov wewfbœ ebR Zwi-ZiKvwiI †L‡q _v‡K| Zviv Ryg PvlK‡i Ges ebR m¤ú` Avni‡Yi gva¨‡g RxweKvwbe©vn K‡i| gvigv †g‡qiv jyw½i g‡Zv †`L‡Z wb‡R‡ì Zuv‡ZˆZwi bKkv Kiv ci‡bi Kvco Ô_vwgÕ ev Ô_vwesÕ cwiavb K‡i Avi e-vDR RvZxq Rvgv Ô†e`vB AvswMÕ c‡i|cyi“‡liv jyw½ I we‡kl ai‡bi Rvgv cwiavb K‡i _v‡K| eq¯‹ cyi“‡liv gv_vq mv`v cvMwo ÔLesÕ euv‡a| †eŠ×ag©vej¤^x n‡jI gvigviv GLbI wewfbœ †è-†èxi c~Rv Ges bvbv AvPvi-Abyôvbvw` cvjb K‡i| Zv‡ì me‡P‡qeo Drme n‡jv bee‡l© mvsMÖvB †èxi c~Rv I G Dcj‡¶ Av‡qvwRZ mvsMÖvB Drme| mvsMÖvB Drme wZbw`b a‡iP‡j| cÖ_g w`b‡K e‡j ÔcvBs †QvqvBKÕ ev dzj †Zvjv Drme, wØZxq w`b n‡jv ÔmvsMÖvB ivBKz ev AvBK¨vÕ A_©vrmvsMÖvB †èxi AvMgb wèm; Avi Z…Zxq w`b‡K ejv nq ÔmvsMÖvB Avc¨vBbÕ ev mvsMÖvB †èxi wbM©gb wèm|

58 evsjv‡`‡ki ¶z`ª RvwZmËv

gwYcywi

e„nËi wm‡jU AÂ‡j emevmKvix gwYcywiiv g‡½vjxq Rb‡Mvôxi| gwYcywi fvlvI g‡½vjxq fvlvcwiev‡iiAšÍfy©³| G‡ì wbR¯^ eY©gvjvI Av‡Q| gwYcywiiv †hLv‡bB emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i †mLv‡b K‡qKwU cwievi wg‡jM‡o †Zv‡j cvov| cÖwZwU cvov‡ZB _v‡K †ègw›ì I gÊc| H gw›ì I gÊc‡K wN‡iB AewZ©Z nq H cvovihveZxq agx©q I mvgvwRK Kg©KvÊ| cvovi e‡qv‡R¨ô GKRb‡K wbe©vwPZ Kiv nq ÔLyj AvnvjÕ ev cvovcÖavbwn‡m‡e| gw›ì cwiPvjbv I †èZvi c~Rv-AP©bvi Rb¨ _v‡K GKwU eªvþY cwievi| K‡qKwU cvov wg‡j AveviMwVZ nq ÔcvbPvqÕ| cvbPvi cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ eªvþY‡ì g‡a¨ †_‡K GKRb‡K wbe©vPb Kiv nq Ôcy‡ibÕ ev eªvþY-cÖavb| gwYcywi mgv‡R cvov I cvbPv‡qi f~wgKv LyeB ¸iyZ¡c~Y©|

gwYcywi Rb‡Mvôx mvZwU †Mv‡Î wef³| G¸‡jv‡K †qK ev kvjvB e‡j| cÖwZwU †qK ev kvjvB‡qi Aax‡b AveviA‡bK kv‰M ev esk _v‡K| GKB †qK ev kvjvB‡qi weevn gwYcywi mgv‡R wbwl×| gwYcywi‡ì cÖvPxb a‡g©i bvgÔAv‡cvKcvÕ| Z‡e gwYcywi‡ì AwaKvskB GLb mbvZb a‡g©i ˆPZb¨g‡Zi Abymvix| wKš‘ mbvZb a‡g©iAbymvix n‡jI cÖwZwU gwYcywi cwiev‡i M„n‡èZv wn‡m‡e cÖvPxb a‡g©i †è-†èx‡ì c~Rv Kiv n‡q _v‡K|gwYcywi‡ì GKwU D‡j-L‡hvM¨ Ask Bmjvg ag©vej¤^x| mbvZb ag©vej¤^x gwYcywi‡ì cÖavb Drme ivm Drme,i_hvÎv BZ¨vw`| ivm Drme Dcj‡¶ ivmb„Z¨mn Ab¨vb¨ b„Z¨vbyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Avi Av‡cvKcva‡g©i cÖavb Drme ÔjvBnvivIevÕ| gwYcywiiv cÖavbZ K…wlRxex| fvZ, gvQ, kvK-mewR gwYcywi‡ì cÖavb Lv`¨|gwYcywi cyi“‡liv mvaviY aywZ, MvgQv, Rvgv BZ¨vw` cwiavb K‡i| Avi †g‡qiv c‡i wb‡R‡ì ˆZwi Ôdv‡bKÕ,e-vDR Avi Iobv RvZxq ÔBbœvwdÕ| Z‡e we‡kl agx©q I mvgvwRK Abyôv‡b †g‡qiv Ôˆjdv‡bKÕ bv‡gi Kvi“Kvh©gq`vwg GK ai‡bi †cvkvK c‡i| gwYcywi ms¯‹…wZi me‡P‡q AvKl©Yxq w`K n‡jv b„Z¨| jvBnvivIev, _vej†Pvswewimn wewfbœ †jvKb„Z¨ Ges ivmb„Z¨, g„`½b„Z¨, _vO-Zv BZ¨vw` LyeB RbwcÖq|

mßeY©v 59

wPÎ : b„ZïZ gwYcywi

wÎcyiv

cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi LvMovQwo, ivgMo, ivOvgvwU, KvßvB Ges PÆMÖvg †Rjv, e„nËi Kzwgj-v, †bvqvLvwj I wm‡jUAÂ‡j emevmKvix wÎcyiv Rb‡Mvôx g‡½vjxq gnvRvwZi Ask| Zv‡ì fvlvi bvg ÔKKeiKÕ| G‡ì wbR¯^ †Kv‡bveY©gvjv †bB| wÎcyiv mgvReë¯’v wcZ…Zvwš¿K| †Q‡jivB m¤úwËi DËivwaKvix nq| wÎcyiviv eZ©gv‡b mvaviYfv‡embvZb wn›`y ag©vej¤^x| wKš‘ Zviv GLbI Zv‡ì cÖvPxb †jvKR a‡g©i bvbv †è-†èxi c~Rv AP©bv K‡i Geswewfbœ Abyôvbvw` K‡i| wÎcyiv-we‡q‡Z wewfbœ ch©vq _v‡K| Gi GKwU n‡jv ÔPK KvbvBÕ| Hw`b eic¶we‡klfv‡e ˆZwi cvbxq ÔKvevsÕ bv‡gi we‡kl cv‡Î K‡i wb‡q Av‡m Ges AvbyôvwbK cÖ¯Íve †`q| we‡qi w`bZvwiL Ges Ô`vdvÕ A_v©r Kb¨vcYmn wewfbœ K_vevZ©v P~ovšÍ Kiv nq| we‡qi w`b bvbv AvbyôvwbKZv _v‡K| GiGKwU n‡jv we‡qevwo‡Z †fv‡Ri R‡b¨ ea Kiv k~K‡ii KwjRv †`‡L `¤úwZi fwel¨r wba©viY Kiv|

wÎcyiv †g‡qiv Kvco eq‡b LyeB `¶| Zviv wb‡R‡ì ci‡bi Kvco wb‡RivB Zuv‡Z ˆZwi K‡i| Zvi Ic‡iiAskUv‡K ejv nq ÔwimvBÕ Ges wb‡Pi Ask‡K ÔwibvBÕ| Avi cyi“‡liv cwiavb K‡i wb‡R‡ì ˆZwi MvgQv I aywZ|wÎcyiv RvwZi cÖavb Lv`¨ fvZ, ïuUwK gvQ I wewfbœ cï-cvwLi gvsm| wÎcyiviv K…wlRxex| Zviv cvnv‡o Ryg PvlK‡i| Ryg Pvl‡K Zv‡ì fvlvq ejv nq Ô†nvMÕ| wÎcyiv‡ì m½xZ I b„Z¨ LyeB mg„×| Zv‡ì g‡a¨ wewfbœm½x‡Zi cÖPjb †hgb Av‡Q, †Zgwb Av‡Q bvbv cÖKv‡ii b„ZÏ| GiKg wKQy b„Z¨ n‡jvÑÑKv_viK b„Z¨ (gv½wjKb„Z¨), PgjvB b„Z¨ (dmj N‡i †Zvjvi ci Avb›`-b„Z¨), LygPvgvs b„Z¨ (em‡šÍi AvMg‡b b„Z¨), Mwoqv ev MovBqvb„Z¨ (Mwoqv †èZvi D‡Ï‡k wb‡ew`Z b„Z¨) BZ¨vw`| wÎcyiv‡ì cÖavb Drme beel© ev êmyL| wÎcyiv Rb‡MvôxiÔêmyLÕ, gvigv‡ì ÔmvsMÖvBÕ Ges PvKgv‡ì ÔweRyÕ Drm‡ei cÖ_g A¶i wb‡q ÔêmvweÕ Drme GLb beel©Dcj‡¶ cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi RvZxq Drme|

mvuIZvj

muvIZvj Rb‡Mvôxi †jvK cÖavbZ DËie½ Ges wm‡j‡Ui Pv evMv‡b emevm K‡i| Aw÷ªK Rb‡Mvôxi AšÍM©ZmvuIZvjiv g~jZ 12wU †Mv‡Î wef³| G¸‡jv n‡jvÑÑwK¯‹z, gygy©, †ngeªg, gvivwÛ, †mv‡ib, UzWy BZ¨vw`| Zv‡ìfvlvI AwóªK cwiev‡ii| mvuIZvj mgvR wcZ…Zvwš¿K| m¤úwËi gvwjKvbvq Ges mgvR I cwiev‡i cyi“lB cÖavb|muvIZvj‡ì wbR¯^ ag© Av‡Q| wKš‘ †Kv‡bv ag©MÖš’ †bB| GB a‡g©i cÖavb †èZv wb‡qI weZK© Av‡Q| †KDe‡jb Zv‡ì Avw` †èZv Ôwms †ev½vÕ, †KD e‡jb ÔVvKziÕ, Avevi Kv‡iv g‡Z ÔaigÕ| Ôwms †ev½vÕ A_© m~h©|wn›`y a‡g©i cÖfv‡e muvIZvj‡ì A‡b‡K GL‡bv gbmv, PÊx, wke GiKg †jŠwKK I †cŠivwYK †èZvi c~Rv K‡i_v‡Kb| A‡b‡K Avevi wLªó a‡g© ag©všÍwiZ n‡”Qb| †ckvi w`K †_‡K muvIZvj Rb‡Mvôx cÖavbZ `yB fv‡Mwef³ÑÑK…lK I kªwgK| A‡b‡Ki R‡b¨ K…wl †hgb cÖavb RxweKv †Zgwb A‡b‡K Avevi kªwgK wn‡m‡e wewfbœRvqMvq KvR K‡i _v‡K| weªwUk-we‡ivax ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡b muvIZvj‡ì msMÖvgx f~wgKv we‡kl K‡i ÔmuvIZvjwe‡`ªvnÕ I Ôbv‡Pvj K…lK we‡`ªvnÕ BwZnv‡m we‡klfv‡e ¯§iYxq n‡q Av‡Q|


mvuIZvjiv LyeB cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ _v‡K| evwoNi †j‡c gy‡Q cwi®‹vi ivLv nq Ges †`qv‡j bvbv iO w`‡q QweAvuKv nq| Zv‡ì Rxe‡b wewfbœ Avb›`-Abyôvb _v‡K| GiKg wKQy Abyôvb n‡jvÑÑdvêyb gv‡m Ômvj‡mBÕ,ˆPÎgv‡m Ô†ev½veyw½Õ, êkvL gv‡m Ô†nvgÕ, Avlvp gv‡m ÔnvwoqvÕ BZ¨vw`| Ô†mvnivBÕ n‡”Q muvIZvj mgv‡Ri†kªô Drme| GUv A‡bKUv †cŠl-cve©‡Yi g‡Zv| Zv‡ì Av‡iKwU eo Drme n‡jv Ôdv¸qvÕ ev ÔevnvÕ| mvuIZvjb„‡Z¨ †g‡q-cyi“l `je× n‡q bv‡P| GiKg wKQy bvP n‡jvÑÑjvM‡ou, †`vs, wSKv, wisRv, evnv BZ¨vw`| GBmebv‡Pi mv‡_ XvK-†Xvj, euvwk, wk½v, gv`j cÖf„wZ ev`¨hš¿ eëüZ nq| Zv‡ì Szgyi bvP LyeB RbwcÖq|

evsjv‡`‡ki GBme ¶z`ª b„ZvwË¡K RvwZmËvi Rxeb I ms¯‹…wZ Avgv‡ì RvZxq ms¯‹…wZ‡K mg„× K‡i‡QÑÑewY©jI êwPÎ¨c~Y© K‡i‡Q| †`‡ki mvgwMÖK Dbœq‡bI i‡q‡Q Zv‡ì weivU Ae`vb| Zviv AvR RvZxq g~javiviB Ask|

kãv_© I UxKvb„ZË¡ - gvby‡li D™¢e I cwiPq m¤ú‡K© †h kv‡¯¿ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq Zv‡K b„ZË¡ ejv nq|

¶z`ª RvwZmËv - evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨vi e„nËi Ask n‡”Q evOvwj| evOvwj Qvov AviI wKQy Rb‡Mvôxev RvwZ Av‡Q, hviv fvlv, mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ cÖf„wZi w`K †_‡K evOvwj‡ì g‡Zvbq| G mKj RvwZmËvi GK-GKwU‡K ejv n‡q‡Q ¶z`ª RvwZmËv| †hgb PvKgv,gvigv, muvIZvj, nvRs, wÎcyiv BZ¨vw`|

ms¯‹…wZ - e¨w³, †Mvôx ev m¤cÖ`v‡qi AvZ¥cwiPq cvIqv hvq Ggb êwkó¨‡K ejv nq ms¯‹…wZ|evOvwji GKwU we‡kl êwkó¨ Av‡Q, Zvi Øviv evOvwj‡K Ab¨vb¨ RvwZ†Mvôx †_‡KAvjv`v Kiv hvq| †Zgwb ¶z`ª RvwZmg~‡ni ms¯‹…wZI Avjv`v Avjv`v| Z‡ebvMwiK‡Z¡i cwiP‡q evsjv‡`‡ki mK‡jB GK I Awfbœ|

Avh©fvlv - BD‡iv‡c cÖ_g D™¢e N‡U‡Q Ggb GKwU cÖavb fvlv‡Mvôxi bvg B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlv†Mvôx| Zvi GKwU kvLvi bvg Avh© fvlv| GB Avh© fvlv †_‡K evsjv, wnw›Ìwoqv, PvKgv cÖf„wZi fvlvi m„wó n‡q‡Q|

Lvw` - nv‡Z KvUv (†gwk‡b bq) myZv w`‡q ˆZwi Kvco|

mßeY©v 61

wPÎ : muvIZvj b„Z¨

wcZ…Zvwš¿K cwievi - gvbe mgv‡R `yÕiK‡gi cwievi cÖ_vi m„wó n‡q‡Q: (K) wcZ„Zvwš¿K, (L)gvZ…Zvwš¿K| cwiev‡ii cÖavb †bZ…Z¡, A_©‰bwZK ¶gZv I m¤úwË hw` cyiy‡linv‡Z _v‡K Zvn‡j †m-iK‡gi cwievi‡K ejv nq wcZ…Zvwš¿K cwievi| Avi †hcwievi cÖ_vq D³ †bZ…Z¡ I ¶gZv bvixi nv‡Z _v‡K, Zv‡K ejv nqgvZ…Zvwš¿K| evOvwj‡ì g‡Zv PvKgv‡ì cwievi wcZ…Zvwš¿K| Z‡e GKv‡jgvZ…Zvwš¿K cwiev‡iI wcZ…Zvwš¿K cwiev‡ii cÖfve c‡o‡Q|

gvZ…m~Îxq cwievi Ñ wKQz mgvR Av‡Q †hLv‡b cyiylMY mgvR cwiPvjbv I kvm‡bi AwaKvix n‡jI bvix‡ìcwiP‡qB cwievi cwiwPZ nq| G ai‡bi cwievi‡K gvZ…m~Îxq cwievi e‡j| †hgb :Mv‡iv cwievi|

HwZn¨ - AZx‡Zi †h mKj cÖ_v, ixwZ-bxwZ hv eZ©gvb Kv‡jI AbymiY Kiv nq, Zv‡K HwZnë‡j|

†jŠwKK AvPvi - Abyôvb-¯’vb I RvwZ we‡k‡li HwZn¨MZ AvPvi-Abyôvb hvi g‡a¨ eZ©gvb bvMwiKi“wPi cÖfve c‡o wb, Zv‡K †jŠwKK AvPvi-Abyôvb ejv nq|

c`we - Dcvwa, hv bv‡gi †k‡l †hvM K‡i esk cwiPq †`qv nq| c`we ej‡Z Kg©‡¶‡Î ¯Íiev gh©v`vI †evSvq|

Ryg - cvnv‡o Pvlvev‡ì we‡kl c×wZ|

g‡½vjxq fvlv‡Mvôx - GKwU fvlv‡MvôxÑÑGB fvlv‡Mvôxi AšÍM©Z cÖwZwU fvlvi Avjv`v i~c I êwkóÄv‡Q|

gÊc - c~Rv ev mfv-mwgwZi Rb¨ Qv`hy³ PZ¡i|

cªexY - eq¯‹|

eqb - †evbv|

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨

evsjv‡`‡k emevmiZ wewfbœ ¶y`ª RvwZ‡Mvôx m¤ú‡K© AewnZ nIqv|

cvV-cwiwPwZ

evsjv‡`‡k g~j Rb‡Mvôx n‡”Q evOvwj RvwZ| evOvwj QvovI G‡`‡k Av‡iv A‡bK RvwZ‡Mvôxi gvbyl evm K‡i| ¶z`ªGB RvwZmËvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q PvKgv, Mv‡iv, gvigv, gwYcywi, wÎcyiv, mvuIZvj cÖf„wZ Rb‡Mvôx|

¶z`ª RvwZ‡Mvôxi cÖ‡Z¨KwUiB i‡q‡Q ¯^Zš¿ cwiPq, wbR¯^ ms¯‹…wZ I RxebvPvi| ¶z`ª RvwZ‡Mvôxi g‡a¨K‡qKwU m¤ú‡K© GLv‡b ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| PvKgv, Mv‡iv, gvigv, gwYcywi, wÎcyiv I muvIZvj‡ìm¤ú‡K© msw¶ß GB Av‡jvPbv e„nËi RvZxqZv‡eva m„wó‡Z mnvqK n‡e e‡j aviYv Kiv hvq|

evsjv‡`‡ki ¶z`ª RvwZ‡Mvôxi ms¯‹…wZ I RxebvPvi Avgv‡ì RvZxq ms¯‹…wZ‡K mg„× K‡i‡Q, K‡i‡Q êwPÎ¨gqI ewY©j| †`‡ki mvgwMÖK Dbœq‡b ¶z`ª RvwZ‡Mvôxmg~n ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ae`vb †i‡L P‡j‡Q| e¯‘Z GK_v AvRAb¯^xKvh© †h, ¶z`ª RvwZ‡Mvôx GLb g~j aviviB Ask|


†jLK-cwiwPwZ

evsjv‡`‡k gwYcywi mvwnZ¨PP©vi †¶‡Î cw_K…r Kwe I cÖvewÜK G †K †kivg| Zuvi Rb¥ 1953 wLªóv‡ãi 27†k†deª“qvwi nweMÄ †Rjvi Pzbvi“NvU Dc‡Rjvi wekMuvI MÖv‡g| b„RvwZ‡Mvôx gwYcywi‡ì AwaKvi Av`v‡qi msMÖv‡giAb¨Zg Kgx© G †K †kivg gwYcywi mvwnZ¨ msKjb ˆgivÕi cÖavb m¤úv`K| wZwb `xN©w`b miKvwi e¨vs‡K PvKwiK‡i‡Qb| GLb Aemi Rxebhvcb Ki‡Qb|

gwYcywi RvwZmËvi m`m¨ G †K †kiv‡gi D‡j-L‡hvM¨ MÖš’ n‡jv: ÔemšÍ Kzwbœ cvjMx ˆjivsÕ. ÔgwYcywi KweZvÕ,ÔˆPZ‡b¨ AwaevmÕ, Ôgwb`xß gwYcywi I weòzwcÖqv weZK©Õ, ÔBwZnv‡mi `c©‡Y †`LvÕ, Ôevsjv‡`‡ki gwYcywi Îqxms¯’vwZi wÎ‡eYx m½‡gÕ, Ô†bv‡½ŠexÕ (gwYcywi †QvUMí), ÔiOjvbMx AvwZqv`v bywir †_vKcvÕ (gwYcywi KweZv)|

Kg©-Abykxjb

†Zvgvi GjvKvi wewfbœ †jvKR-mvs¯‹…wZK Abyôv‡bi cwiPq w`‡q GKwU iPbv †jL (GKK KvR)|

bgybv cÖkœ

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. evsjv‡`‡k emevmiZ ¶z`ª RvwZmËvi AvbygvwbK msL¨v KZ?

K. 43 L. 44

M. 45 N. 46

2 evsjv‡`‡ki ¶z`ª RvwZmËvi êwkó¨ n‡”QÑÑ

i. Zv‡ì ms¯‹…wZ êwPÎ¨gq

ii. Zviv HwZn¨‡K jvjb K‡i

iii. Zviv RvZxq g~javiviB Ask


K. i I ii L. ii I iii

M. iii I i N. i, ii I iii


AvR c‡njv êkvL| w`‡bi †ejv Zi“Y-Zi“Yxiv †bŠKvq iwOb cvwb †i‡L G‡K Aci‡K wQwU‡q †Ljv K‡i‡Q|MZiv‡ZI Iiv †èxi AvMgb Dcj‡¶ AvBK¨v Abyôv‡b b„Z¨MxZ cwi‡ekb K‡iwQj, Z…Zxq w`b †èxi wbM©gYwèm cvjb Ki‡e|

3. DÏxcKwUi Abyôvb¸‡jv Kviv cvjb K‡i?

K. PvKgv L. gvigv

M. gwYcywi N. muvIZvj

mßeY©v 63

4. bee‡l© cvwjZ GB AbyôvbwUi g~j bvg Kx?

K. Mh©¨vch©¨v L. Iqvb Mvjv

M. gì MÖvB N. Nyg Pvgvo

5. DÏxc‡K Dwj-wLZ AbyôvbwUÑÑ

i. ewY©j I êwPÎ¨c~Y©

ii. agx©q w`K w`‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y©

ii. K…wlRxex‡ì Acwinvh©




m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. mÄxe PvKgv Zvi eÜz ivqnv‡bi we‡q Dcj‡¶ PÆMÖv‡g G‡m‡Q| we‡qi w`b e‡ii m½x n‡q eihvÎxi mv‡_mÄxe Kb¨vc‡¶i evwo‡Z Av‡m Ges we‡qi cy‡iv AbyôvbwU KvQ †_‡K †`‡L Avbw›`Z nq| we‡q‡ZKb¨vc‡¶i †Kv‡bv ai‡bi `vwe-`vIqv †bB †`‡L †m LyeB AevK nq| Ae‡k‡l wd‡i hvIqvi w`b †m eÜz‡Kbeea~mn Avm‡Q bee‡l© Zvi evwo hvIqvi wbgš¿Y †`q| †m Rvbvq beel© D`hvcb Zv‡ì RvZxq Drm‡eiGKwU Ask| GB ewY©j I êwPÎ¨c~Y© AbyôvbwU †`‡L ivqnvb LyeB Avb›` cv‡e|

K. PvKgv cwiev‡ii cÖavb †K?

L. †nWg¨v‡bi f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. mÄx‡ei AevK nIqvi KviY Ôevsjv‡`‡ki ¶z`ª RvwZmËvÕ cÖeÜwUi Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. mÄx‡ei RvZxq DrmewU Kxfv‡e Avgv‡ì ms¯‹…wZ‡K ewY©j I êwPÎ¨gq K‡i‡Q we‡k-lY Ki|

2. ¯‹z‡j covi mgq wÎcyiv RvwZ‡Mvôxi †g‡q jvjgwZi mv‡_ gvigv RvwZ‡Mvôxi †g‡q Aw`wZi eÜzZ¡ nq|jvjgwZ‡K wbR¯^ †cvkv‡K PgrKvi †`L‡Z jv‡M| Aw`wZ Rvb‡Z †c‡i‡QÑÑjvjgwZ ZuvZI eyb‡Z cv‡i|jvjgwZi Kv‡Q I‡ì RvwZ‡Mvôx m¤ú‡K© ï‡b GKevi QywU‡Z Aw`wZ LvMovQwo cvnvwo Sb©vi av‡ijvjgwZ‡ì evwo‡Z †eov‡Z hvq| I †`L‡Z cvq jvjgwZi evev K…wl KvR I k~Ki cvjb K‡ib| Ii gv‡qinv‡Zi cvwLi gvsm I ïuUwK ivbœv fvwi gRvi| iv‡Zi †ejv jvjgwZ m½x‡ì wb‡q PgrKvifv‡e K_vi“K b„Z¨cwi‡ekb K‡i|

K. wÎcyiv Rb‡Mvôx †Kvb gnvRvwZi Ask?

L. be`¤úwZi fwel¨r wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ wÎcyiv RvwZ‡Mvôx‡Z †h ms¯‹vi cÖPwjZ Av‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. jvjgwZ AvPvi-AvPi‡Y Zvi wbR¯^ †h ms¯‹…wZi cwiPq cvIqv hvq, Zv eY©bv Ki|

N. wÎcyiv RvwZ‡Mvôxi Rxeb-hvc‡bi mv‡_ gvigv RvwZ‡Mvôxi Rxeb-hvc‡bi Zzjbvg~jK wPÎ A¼b Ki|


evsjv‡`‡ki ü`qiex›`ªbv_ VvKzi

AvwR evsjv‡`‡ki ü`q n‡Z KLb Avcwb

Zzwg GB Aci~c i~‡c evwni n‡j Rbbx!

I‡Mv gv, †Zvgvq †`‡L †`‡L AuvwL bv wd‡i!

†Zvgvi `yqvi AvwR Ly‡j †M‡Q †mvbvi gw›`‡i \

Wvb nv‡Z †Zvi LoM R¡‡j, euv nvZ K‡i k¼vniY,

`yB bq‡b †mœ‡ni nvwm, jjvU‡bÎ Av¸beiY|

I‡Mv gv, †Zvgvi Kx gyiwZ AvwR †`wL †i!

†Zvgvi gy³‡K‡ki cyÄ †g‡N jyKvq Akwb,

†Zvgvi AuvPj S‡j AvKvkZ‡j †iŠ`ªembx!



hLb Abv`‡i PvB wb gy‡L †f‡ewQ‡jg `ytwLbx gv

Av‡Q fvOv N‡i GKjv c‡o, `y‡Li eywS bvB‡Kv mxgv|

†Kv_v †m †Zvi `wi`ª †ek, †Kv_v †m †Zvi gwjb nvwm -

AvKv‡k AvR Qwo‡q †Mj IB Pi‡Yi `xwßivwk!

I‡Mv gv, †Zvgvi Kx gyiwZ AvwR †`wL †i!


AvwR `y‡Li iv‡Z my‡Li †mªv‡Z fvmvI aiYx -

†Zvgvi Afq ev‡R ü`qgv‡S ü`qniYx!



kãv_© I UxKv

Rbbx - gv, gvZv|LoM - Luvov, hy‡× eëüZ cÖvPxb A¯¿, cÖvYx ewj †`qvi A¯¿|LoM R¡‡j - Lo‡Mi aviv‡jv Ask R¡jR¡j K‡i|k¼vniY - fq‡K `~i Kiv|jjvU‡bÎ - Kcv‡ji †PvL| GUv †cŠivwYK wPšÍvRvZ|gyiwZ - g~wZ©, AvKvi, cÖwZgv|cyÄ - ¯Í~c, ivwk, mg~n|Akwb - evR, eRª|gy³‡K‡ki cyÄ †g‡NjyKvq Akwb - †Lvjv Kv‡jv Pz‡ji g‡a¨ evR jywK‡q hvq|†iŠ`ªembx - †ivìƒc †cvkvK civ, †iv‡ì †cvkvK A_©vr D¾¡j †ek|Abv`‡i - Ah‡Zœ, D‡c¶vq|gwjb - D¾¡j bq Ggb| gqjvhy³| welYœ I ¤-vb|`xwßivwk - Av‡jvi QUv|ü`qniYx - gb‡K ekxf~Z K‡i Ggb|Afq ev‡R ü`q gv‡S - g‡bi g‡a¨ wØavnxb mvnm RvMÖZ nq|

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨

¯^‡`k‡cÖg RvMÖZ Kiv|

cvV-cwiwPwZ

iex›`ªbv‡_i ÔMxZweZv‡bÕi ¯^‡`k ch©v‡qi G MvbwU KweZv wn‡m‡e M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| wek¦Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKziÔevsjv‡`‡ki ü`qÕ KweZvq †`k-Rbbxi cwic~Y© Qwe dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb| cÖ_‡gB Avgiv †`wL, evsjv gv‡qi Ac~e©iƒc Avi Zvi cÖwZwU N‡ii `‡ivRv †mvbvq †gvov‡bv, meyR-k¨vgj evsjvi GB iƒc wUwK‡q ivL‡Z ggZvgqx†`kgvZv Avevi iy`ª I fqsKi n‡q I‡V KL‡bv KL‡bv| Zuvi mšÍvb‡ì †`b msMÖv‡gi wk¶v| wZwb GKB m‡½n‡q I‡Vb msMÖvgx I ggZvgqx| evOvwji BwZnvm co‡j evsjv‡`‡ki GB `yB iƒcB Avgiv †`wL| `xN©Kv‡ji¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g †mvbvi eiY evsjv gv‡qi gvV, c_, NvU, N‡ii AvwObv evievi i³v³ n‡q‡Q| evB‡ii kw³ hLbAvgv‡ì kvmb I †kvlY K‡i‡Q, ZLb Abv`‡i Ae‡njvq evsjv gv‡qi `yt‡Li mxgv wQj bv| wKš‘ Zuvi ggZv I†cÖiYvq evsjvi mšÍv‡biv msMÖvg K‡i‡Q nvRvi eQi a‡i| evOvwjiv †`kgvZvi AwaKvi i¶vq ivRc‡_ i³w`‡q‡Q| evsjv gv-†K we‡`wk kw³i nvZ †_‡K gy³ Ki‡Z Rxeb w`‡q‡Q wZwik j¶ mšÍvb| iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡iiKweZvq Gfv‡eB D‡V G‡m‡Q evsjv gv‡qi GK cwic~Y© AmvaviY QweÑ hv‡K wb‡q Avgv‡ì †MŠie, Avgv‡ì ¯^cœ|

66 evsjv‡`‡ki ü`q

†jLK-cwiwPwZ

M`¨vs‡k `ªóe¨|

Kg©-Abykxjb

¯^vaxbZv I kwn` wèm Dcj‡¶ †Zvgiv ¯‹z‡j Av‡jvPbv mfvi Av‡qvRb Ki| Av‡jvPbv mfvi Av‡jvPbv g‡bv‡hvMw`‡q †kvb I wjwce× Ki| mfv‡k‡l Av‡jvPbv ky‡b †Zvgvi Kx Abyf~wZ nq Zv wjwce× Ki I wk¶‡Ki Kv‡QRgv `vI|

Av‡jvPbv Abyôv‡bi bvg :

Abyôv‡bi ¯’vb :

ZvwiL :

weeiY `vwLjKvixi bvg :

†ivj b¤î :

Abyôv‡b Av‡jvPK‡ì Av‡jvPbvi mvims‡¶c -

Av‡jvPK-1:

Av‡jvPK-2:

Av‡jvPK-3:

mfvcwZ:

Avgvi Abyf~wZ : (we¯Í…Zfv‡e †jLvi †Póv Ki)

bgybv cÖkœ

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. ÔgyiwZÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx?K. AvKvi L. `„k¨M. `kv N. Kg©

2. Ô†f‡ewQ‡jg `ytwLbx gvÕ - GLv‡b `ytwLbx gv ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?K. Amnvq †`k L. civaxb evsjv‡`kM. `wi`ª †`k N. mvR-m¾vnxb †`k

DÏxcKwU c‡o wbgœwjwLZ cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|ab avb¨ cy®úfiv Avgv‡ì GB emyÜivZvnvi gv‡S Av‡Q †`k GK mKj †`‡ki †mivI †m ¯^cœ w`‡q ˆZwi †m †h ¯§„wZ w`‡q †Niv

mßeY©v 67

3. DÏxc‡Ki m‡½ mv`„k¨c~Y© n‡”Q evsjv‡`‡ki ü`q KweZvi -i. `yqvi AvwR Ly‡j †M‡Q †mvbvi gw›`‡iii. †Zvgvq †`‡L †`‡L AuvwL bv wd‡iii. `y‡Li iv‡Z my‡Li †mªv‡Z fvmvI aiYx

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?K. i I ii L. i I iiiM. ii I ii N. i, ii I iii

Dc‡ii mv`„‡kï wfwË †KvbwU ?K. meyR k¨vgj L. †kªôZ¡M. ¯§„wZgqZv N. cwic~Y©Zv

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

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àxwP - cÖvPxb fviZxq †cŠivwYK Kvwnwb‡Z Av‡Q, ˆ`Z¨ e„Ëvmyi †èZv‡ì ivRv B‡›`ªi KvQ †_‡KZuvi ¯^M©ivR¨ †K‡o wb‡qwQj| †m ei †c‡qwQj cÖPwjZ †Kv‡bv avZe A¯¿ w`‡q Zv‡KnZ¨v Kiv hv‡e bv| ZvB †èivR B‡›`ªi Aby‡iv‡a àxwP bvgK GK gnvgyywb A_v©r mvaKcÖvY Z¨vM Ki‡jb Ges Zvi nvo w`‡q GKwU A¯¿ evbv‡bv n‡jv| Zvi bvg ÔeRªÕ| †mBeRª w`‡q B›`ª e„Ëvmyi‡K nZ¨v K‡i Zvi ¯^M©ivR¨ D×vi Ki‡Z cvi‡jb| KviY H eRª†Zv Avi †Kv‡bv cÖPwjZ avZe A¯¿ bq|

G KweZvq kªgRxex gvbyl-Kzwj-gRyi‡ì àxwPgywbi m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hkªgRxex gvby‡liv mf¨Zvi we¯Ív‡i kªg w`‡q mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Qb Ges Ki‡Qb ZvivB AvRAe‡nwjZ| Zv‡ì kª‡gi Ici fi K‡i hviv abx n‡q‡Qb, ZuvivB mKj myweav‡fvMx|Kwe `ytL K‡i Z¨vMx àxwPi m‡½ Z¨vMx Kzwj-gRy‡ii Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb|

ev®ú-kKU - ÔkKUÕ gv‡b Mvwo| ev®ú-kKU n‡”Q ev®ú Øviv PvwjZ Mvwo| GLv‡b †ijMvwo|cvB - gy`ªvi GKK we‡kl, GLb †hgb UvKv I cqmv| wKQyKvj Av‡MI UvKv Avbv cvB- BZ¨vw`

GK‡K gvb wba©viY K‡i gy`ªv ˆZwi I eënvi Kiv n‡Zv| ÔcvBÕ wQj GK cqmvi wZbfv‡Mi GK fvM| wZb ÔcvBÕ‡Z GK ÔAvbvÕ, †lvj Avbvq GK UvKv| GLbKvi wnmv‡e GKcvB GK UvKvi 192 fv‡Mi GK fvM| G KweZvq ÔcvBÕ ej‡Z Kzwj-gRyi‡ì gRywiiÔ¯^íZvÕ †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Kwe e‡j‡Qb LvUzwbi Zzjbvq Zuviv gRywi cvb Kg wKš‘ gvwjKgybvdv ev jvf cvb Zvi Zzjbvq A‡bK A‡bK †ewk| cvB-Gi wewbg‡q Ô†µviÕ|

†µvi - †KvwU|Vywj - †Pv‡Li Ici XvKwb| mi‡l ev Kv‡¯Í †ZjexR †_‡K †Zj evi Kivi Rb¨ Av‡M ÔNvwbÕ

bvgK †`wk hš¿ eënvi Kiv n‡Zv hv Mi“ w`‡q Uvbv n‡Zv| Mi“‡K hLb Nvwb‡Z †Rvovn‡Zv, ZLb Zvi †Pv‡L XvKwb civ‡bv n‡Zv| H XvKwbi bvg ÔVywjÕ| ÔVywjLy‡jÕ gv‡bm‡PZb n‡q|

AÆvwjKv - cÖvmv`, Ab¨ K_vq myD”P `vjvb ev BgviZ|

w`‡b w`‡b eûevwoqv‡Q †`bv - AZxZKvj †_‡K gvbe mf¨Zv hZ AMÖmi n‡q‡Q, ZZB kªgRxex gvbyl‡ì Ae`vbI

†e‡o‡Q| wKš‘ Zuviv †c‡q‡Qb AíB|kvej - †jvnvi ˆZwi gvwU †Luvovi nvwZqvi|MuvBwZ - cv_i, BU cÖf„wZ Øviv wbwg©Z KwVb ¯’vb †Luvovi Rb¨ jv½‡ji AvKv‡ii `ygy‡Lv Kzovj|e‡¶ - ey‡K|beDÌvb - bZzb K‡i IVv, gv‡b †Kv‡bv fv‡jv Kv‡Ri Rb¨ bZzb K‡i D‡`¨vMx nIqv|

mßeY©v 77

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨

wewfbœ †kªwY-†ckvi gvby‡li cÖwZ k ª×v‡eva RvMÖZ Kiv|

cvV-cwiwPwZ

KweZvwU KvRx bRi“j Bmjv‡gi Ômvgëv`xÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i AšÍM©Z| ÔKzwj-gRyiÕ KweZvq Kwe gvbemf¨Zvi h_v_©

iƒcKvi kªgRxex gvby‡li AwaKv‡ii c‡¶ Kjg a‡i‡Qb|

hyM hyM a‡i Kzwj-gRy‡ii g‡Zv j¶‡KvwU kªgRxex gvby‡li nv‡Z M‡o D‡V‡Q gvbemf¨Zv| G‡ìB AK¬všÍ kª‡g I

Nv‡g †gvUi, RvnvR, †ijMvwo Pj‡Q| M‡o D‡V‡Q `vjvb‡KvVv, KjKviLvbv| G‡ì †kvlY K‡iB awbK‡kªwY

n‡q‡Q weË-m¤ú‡ì gvwjK| wKš‘ hyM hyM a‡i mgv‡R GB Kzwj-gRyiivB me‡P‡q ewÂZ I D‡cw¶Z| GK

†kªwYi ü`qnxb ¯^v_©vÜ gvbyl G‡ì kª‡gi wewbg‡q cvIqv weË-m¤ú‡ì meUzKzB †fvM Ki‡Q A_P G‡ì Zviv

gvbyl wn‡m‡e MY¨ Ki‡ZI bvivR|

†jLK-cwiwPwZ

Ab¨vq, †kvlY I wbh©vZ‡bi wei“‡× we‡`ªvn Ges wec-e I †`k‡cÖ‡gi DÏxcbvgq KweZv wj‡L evsjvi Rbg‡b whwb

we‡`ªvnx Kwe wn‡m‡e bw›`Z Avmb †c‡q‡Qb, wZwb Kwe KvRx bRi“j Bmjvg|

eû wewPÎ I we¯§qKi Zuvi Rxeb| †Q‡j‡ejvq †j‡Uvi `‡j Mvb K‡i‡Qb, i“wUi †`vKv‡bi KvwiMi n‡q‡Qb,

†mbvevwnbxi nvwej`vi n‡q hy‡× †hvM w`‡q‡Qb, weªwUkiv‡Ri wei“‡× ivR‡`ªv‡ni Aciv‡a KviveiY K‡i‡Qb|

wZwb cwÎKvI m¤úv`bv K‡i‡Qb| KweZv, Dcb¨vm, bvUK, cÖeÜ, m½xZ cÖf„wZ †¶‡Î wZwb D‡j-L‡hvM¨ Ae`vb

†i‡L‡Qb|

wZwb †h ïay eo‡ì Rb¨ wj‡L‡Qb Zv bq, †QvU‡ì Rb¨ †jLv Zuvi Kve¨MÖš’ n‡”Q-ÔwS‡OdzjÕ,ÔmÂqbÕ,Ôwc‡j

cUKvÕ, ÔNyg RvMv‡bv cvwLÕ, ÔNyg cvovwb gvwmwcwmÕ Ges bvUK ÔcyZz‡ji we‡qÕ|

bRi“‡ji KweZv I Mvb evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡× †cÖiYv wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| Zuvi iwPZ ÔmÜ¨vÕ MÖ‡š’i AšÍM©Z

ÔPj& Pj& Pj&Õ MvbwU Avgv‡ì iY-msMxZ| wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Kwe|

bRi“‡ji Rb¥ 11B ˆR¨ô, 1306 mv‡j (24†k †g 1899) ea©gvb †Rjvi Avmvb‡mvj gnKzgvi Pzi“wjqv MÖv‡g| Zuvi

g„Zz¨ 12B fv`ª, 1383 mv‡j (29†k AvM÷ 1976) XvKvq|

78 Kzwj-gRyi

Kg©-Abykxjb

K. †Zvgvi cwiwPZ wewfbœ †kªwY‡ckvi gvby‡li GKwU ZvwjKv cÖYqb Ki (GKK KvR)|

L. wewfbœ †kªwY‡ckvi gvby‡li Rxeb-hvc‡bi Dci GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb Ki (GKK KvR)|


1. ÔPzc iI hZ wg_¨vev`xi `jÕ- Kv‡ì weiy‡× Kwe GLv‡b †¶vf cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb?

K. wg_¨vev`x‡ì L. abx‡ì

M. myweav‡fvMx‡ì N. ¯^v_©ci m¤ú`kvjx‡ì

2. ÔKzwj-gRyiÕ KweZvq Kwe Kv‡ì RqMvb K‡i‡Qb?

K. Kzwj‡ì L. gRyi‡ì

M. kªgRxex‡ì N. ewÂZ‡ì

3. Ô†`wLby †m w`b †i‡jÕ- G Pi‡Yi Ô†`wLbyÕ k‡ãi cÖK…Z fveÑÑ

K. †`‡L L. †`wLqv

M. †nwi N. †`Ljvg

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

†eZb w`qvQ?ÑÑPzc iI hZ wg_¨vev`xi `j!

KZ cvB w`‡q Kzwj‡ì ZzB KZ †µvi †cwj ej&?

ivRc‡_ Ze Pwj‡Q †gvUi, mvM‡i RvnvR P‡j,

†ijc‡_ P‡j ev®ú-kKU, †`k †Q‡q †Mj K‡j,

ej †Zv Gme Kvnv‡ì `vb!

K. DÏxc‡K Kwe Kv‡ì †eZb †Ìqvi K_v e‡j‡Qb?

L. DÏxc‡K Kwe Kv‡ì wei“‡× †¶vf cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb?

M. mgvR Dbœq‡b kªwgK‡ì Kxfv‡e eënvi Kiv DwPZ? DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Dc¯’vcb Ki|

N. DÏxc‡K gvbemf¨Zvi †h w`K Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q Zv we‡k-lY Ki|

mßeY©v 79

e½eÜzRmxgD`&`xb

gywReyi ingvbIB bv‡g †hb wemywfqv‡mi AwMœ-DMvix evb|e½‡`‡ki G cÖvšÍ n‡Z mKj cÖvšÍ †Q‡q,R¡vjvq R¡wj‡Q gnvKvjvbj SÅv-Akwb †e‡q|gv‡qi ey‡Ki fv‡qi ey‡Ki †ev‡bi ey‡Ki R¡vjv,Ze m¤§yL c‡_ c‡_ AvR †`Lv‡q Pwj‡Q Avjv|Rxeb `v‡bi cÖwZÁv j‡q j¶ †mbvbx cv‡Q,†Zvgvi ûKzg Zvwg‡ji jvwM mv‡_ Ze Pwjqv‡Q|ivR fq Avi Kvivk„•Ljv †njvq K‡iQ Rqduvwmi g‡Â gnË¡ Ze KL‡bv nq wb ¶q|evsjv‡`‡ki gyKzUwenxb Zzwg cÖg~Z© ivR,cÖwZ evOvwji ü`‡q ü`‡q †Zvgvi Z³-ZvR|†Zvgvi GKwU AvOyj †nj‡b APj †h miKviAwd‡m Awd‡m Zvjv †j‡M †M‡Q Ñ ¯Íä ûKzg`vi|

GB evOjvq ï‡bwQ Avgiv mKj Kwiqv Z¨vM,mbœ¨vmx †e‡k †`k-eÜzi kvšÍ-gayi WvK|ï‡bwQ Avgiv MvÜxi evYx Rxeb Kwiqv `vb,wgjv‡Z cv‡iwb †cÖg-eÜ‡b wn›`y-gymyjgvb|Zviv hv cv‡iwb Zzwg Zv K‡iQ, a‡g© a‡g© Avi,RvwZ‡Z RvwZ‡Z fywjqv‡Q †f` mšÍvb evOjvi|†Zvgvi ûKz‡g †ij-Rvnv‡Ri PvKv †h P‡jwb AvinvB‡Kv‡U©i eÜ ìRv Lywj‡e mva¨ Kvi!†Zvgvi ûKz‡g Zz”Q Kwiqv kvmb-Îvmb-fq,Avgiv evOvwj g„Zzï c‡_ P‡jwQ Avwb‡Z Rq|

c‡_ c‡_ Zviv wjwLj wjLb ey‡Ki i³ w`‡q,j¶ j¶ QywUj evOvwj †mB evYx dzKvwi‡q|gwievi †m Kx Db¥v`bv †h, fq cvjvBj f‡q,cvM‡ji g‡Zv †Qv‡U bi-bvix g„Zz¨‡i nv‡Z j‡q|

Av‡iv GKw`b ab¨ nBe ab-avb¨‡Z fiv,Áv‡b-Mwigvq nvwm‡e G‡`k mxwgZ-emyÜiv|gv‡Vi c‡Î dm‡jiv Avwm FZzi em‡b †kvwf,ei‡Y myev‡m AvuwKqv hvB‡e bK&mx Kuv_vi Qwe|gvby‡l gvby‡l iwn‡e bv †f`, mK‡j mKjKvi,GKmv‡_ fvM Kwiqv LvB‡e m¤ú` hZ gvi|

kãv_© I UxKv

wemywfqvm - BZvwji †bcj&m&-G Aew¯’Z Av‡MœqwMwi; Vesuvious|

AwMœ-DMvix evb - Av¸b D`&wMiY K‡i Ggb Zxi|

gnvKvjvbj - m„wó aesmKvix Av¸b; cÖjqvwMœ|

Zvwgj - cvjb, gvb¨|

†njv - AeÁv, N„Yv|

cÖg~Z© - we‡klfv‡e cÖKvwkZ; ¯úófv‡e e¨³|

Z³ - ivRwmsnvmb|

ZvR - gyKzU|

ûKzg`vi - wb‡`©k`vZv; GLv‡b cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK|

mbœ¨vmx - msmvi Z¨vM K‡i m„wóKZ©vi a¨v‡b AvZ¥wb‡ew`Z e¨w³|

†`keÜy - fvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZv| cÖK…Z bvg wPËiÄb `vk| wZwb bvgKiv

AvBbRxex wQ‡jb| KvRx bRi“j Bmjv‡gi Nwbô eÜz wPËiÄb | wZwb gvbyl‡K Lye

fv‡jvevm‡Zb|

MvÜx - fvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi gnvb †bZv I RvwZi wcZv| cy‡iv bvgÑ†gvnb`vm

KigPuv` MvÜx| wZwb 1869 mv‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib Ges 1948 mv‡j Zuvi g„Zz¨ nq|

dzKwiqv - evYx; Avnevb|

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨

e½eÜzi Rxebv`‡k©i cUf~wg‡Z †`kvZ¥‡ev‡ai RvMiY|

cvV-cwiwPwZ

e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb evsjv‡`‡ki RvwZi RbK| Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb, †kvlY I wbcxo‡bi nvZ †_‡K evOvwj

RvwZ‡K i¶v Ki‡Z wZwb `xN©Kvj msMÖvg K‡i‡Qb| †Rj, Ryjyg, AZ¨vPvi, duvwmi Av‡`k w`‡qI ˆ¯îvPvix

cvwK¯Ívb miKvi Zuv‡K `gv‡Z cv‡i wb| †kL gywReyi ingvb bvgwU‡KB cÖPÊ fq †c‡Zv cvwK¯Ívwb kvmKiv|

†`‡ki gvby‡li ü`‡q Zuvi ¯’vb wQj msMÖvg I ¯^vaxbZvi †cÖiYv wn‡m‡e| 1948 wLªóv‡ã ïi“ nIqv fvlv Av‡›`vjb

†_‡K ïi“ K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvc~‡e©i mKj Av‡›`vj‡b AskMÖnY I †bZ…Z¡ †`b wZwb| wØZxq wek¦hy× PjvKv‡j

1942-44 wLªóv‡ã g¨vwUªK I AvB. G. cvk Kivi mgq †_‡KB wZwb weªwUkwe‡ivax ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g AskMÖnY

K‡ib| 1947 wLªóv‡ã †`kfv‡Mi ci wZwb KjKvZvq cov‡kvbv †kl K‡i bZzb ivóª cvwK¯Ív‡b P‡j Av‡mb|

eZ©gvb evsjv‡`k ZLb c~e© cvwK¯Ívb wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wQj| cwðg cvwK¯Ívwbiv ïi“ †_‡KB G‡`‡ki Rb‡Mvôxi

Ici wbg©g AZ¨vPvi ïi“ K‡i| G‡`‡ki m¤ú` wb‡q Zv‡ì A_©‰bwZK fvM¨ e`jv‡Z _v‡K| †kL gywReyi ingvb

mßeY©v 81

Gi cÖwZev` Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| Gi d‡j Zuv‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv nq| 1952-i GKz‡k †deªyqvwi‡Z cvwK¯Ívwb kvm‡Kiv

evsjv fvlv i¶vq msMÖvgiZ‡ì ivRc‡_ ¸wj K‡i nZ¨v K‡i| G mgq e½eÜz Kvivi“× wQ‡jb| 1948 wLªóv‡ã

e½eÜzi mwµq eY©vX¨ ivR‰bwZK Rxeb ïi“ nq AvIqvgx jx‡M †hvM`v‡bi ga¨ w`‡q| GK `k‡Ki g‡a¨ wZwb

†`‡ki Awemsevw`Z †bZv I ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡bi Pvj‡K cwiYZ nb| 1966 wLªóv‡ã wZwb evOvwji gyw³ mb` 6

`dv †NvlYv K‡ib| 1968 wLóv‡ã Zuvi wei“‡× cvwK¯Ívb miKvi ÔAvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjvÕ bv‡g wg_¨v gvgjv

Rvwi K‡i| G‡`‡ki QvÎ-QvÎx I mvaviY gvby‡li `ye©vi Av‡›`vj‡b fxZ cvwK¯Ívwb kvmKiv lohš¿g~jK gvgjv

cÖZ¨vnvi Ki‡Z eva¨ nq| 1969 wLªóv‡ãi 23†k †deª“qvwi QvÎ-msMÖvg cwil` †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b (eZ©gvb

†mvnivIqv`x© D`¨vb) Zuv‡K msea©bv cÖ`vb K‡i I Ôe½eÜzÕ Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ K‡i| G‡`‡ki gvby‡li Rb¨

†fvUvwaKvi cÖwZôvqI Zuvi Ae`vb Abb¨| 1970 mv‡j e½eÜy †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ cvwK¯Ívb RvZxq

cwil` wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM wbi¼zk weRq AR©b K‡i| wKš‘ ¶gZvÜ I ˆ¯îvPvix cvwK¯Ívwb kvmKiv ¶gZv

n¯ÍvšÍi bv K‡i lohš¿ AvuU‡Z _v‡K| 1971 wLªóv‡ãi 7B gvP© XvKvi †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki

¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡ib : ÒGev‡ii msMÖvg gyw³i msMÖvg, Gev‡ii msMÖvg Avgv‡ì ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg|Ó 1971-Gi

26†k gvP© iv‡Zi AÜKv‡i cvwK¯Ívwb nv‡qbviv evOvwj‡ì Ici wbgg©fv‡e Suvwc‡q c‡o| cÖ_g iv‡ZB AmsL¨

gvbyl wbnZ nb| e½eÜz‡K †MÖdZvi K‡i wb‡¶c Kiv nq KvivMv‡i| G‡`‡ki mKj ¯Í‡ii gvbyl Zuv‡ì wcÖq

Ôe½eÜzÕi Av`k© I Av‡`‡k DØy× n‡q i³¶qx hy‡× AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| 30 j¶ Rxe‡bi wewbg‡q 16B

wW‡m¤î 1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i| Rb¥ †bq ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k| 1971

mv‡ji 10B Rvbyqvwi cvwK¯Ív‡bi KvivMvi †_‡K e½eÜz gyw³ †c‡q Zuvi wcÖq gvZ…f~wg evsjv‡`‡k cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib

Ges †`kMovi †¶‡Î †bZ…Z¡ nv‡Z †bb| Kwe RmxgD`&`xb Ôe½eÜzÕ kxl©K KweZvq e½eÜz †kL gywReyi

ingv‡bi gnvb GB msMÖvgx Rxe‡bi Zvrch©c~Y© cwiPq Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb|

†jLK-cwiwPwZ

RmxgD`&`x‡bi KwecÖwZfvi D‡b¥l N‡UwQj QvÎRxe‡b| wZwb hLb KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎ, ZLbB Zuvi

ÔKeiÕ KweZvwU KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖ‡ewkKv †kªwYi evsjv msKj‡b AšÍfy©³ n‡qwQj| Zuvi KweZvq mnR-

mij fvlvq, mvejxj Q‡›` i~c †c‡q‡Q MÖvgevsjvi cÖK…wZ I Rxe‡bi bvbvb Qwe|

RmxgD`&`x‡bi weL¨vZ ÔbKkx Kuv_vi gvVÕ Kve¨wU wewfbœ we‡`wk fvlvq Ab~w`Z n‡q‡Q| Zuvi KweZv¸‡jv 15wU

MÖ‡š’ msKwjZ n‡q‡Q| G Qvov wZwb ¯§„wZK_v, ågYKvwnwb, bvUK I cÖeÜ wj‡L‡Qb| wkï‡ì Rb¨ †jLv ÔWvwjg

KzgviÕ Zuvi Abe`¨ iPbv| G QvovI †QvU‡ì Rb¨ wZwb wj‡L‡Qb ÔnvmyÕ, ÔGK cqmvi euvkxÕ BZ¨vw` KweZvMÖš’|

Kg©Rxe‡bi ïi“‡Z RmxgD`&`xb XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q Aa¨vcbv K‡ib, c‡i miKv‡ii cÖPvi wefv‡M `xN© w`b KvR

K‡ib| wZwb MÖvgvÂ‡j Ny‡i Ny‡i A‡bK †jvKmsMxZ msMÖn K‡i‡Qb| KweK…wZi ¯^xK…wZ wn‡m‡e KjKvZvi

iex›`ªfviZx wek¦we`¨vjq Zuv‡K W±i Ae wjUv‡iPvi Dcvwa‡Z m¤§vwbZ K‡i|

RmxgD`&`x‡bi Rb¥ 1903 wLªóv‡ãi 30†k A‡±vei dwi`cy‡ii Zv¤^yjLvbv MÖv‡g| 1976 wLªóv‡ãi 14B gvP©

wZwb XvKvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|

82 e½eÜz

Kg©-Abykxjb

K. RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywRey‡ii Kg©RMr wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb Ki (†kªwYi mKj

wk¶v_©xi KvR)|

L. e½eÜzi Rxeb I Kg© Aej¤^‡b Qov, KweZv, Mí, cÖeÜ wj‡L †`qvj cwÎKv †ei Ki (†kªwYi mKj

wk¶v_©xi KvR)|

bgybv cÖkœ

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. Rq Avb‡Z evOvwj †Kvb c‡_ P‡jwQj ?

K. KuvUvfiv L. g„Zzï

M. hy‡×i N. Kj¨v‡Yi

2. †`keÜzi WvK †Kgb wQj ?

K. kvšÍ-gayi L. eRªKÉx

M. Kzmyg-†Kvgj N. AwMœg‡š¿ fv¯î

3. ¯^vaxb †`‡ki Rb¨ givi Db¥v`bvq Ñ

i. bvix-cyi“l g„Zz¨‡K nv‡Z wb‡q NyiZ

ii. f‡q mK‡j g„Zz¨wPšÍv fy‡j wM‡qwQj

iii. mK‡ji fq f‡q cvwj‡qwQj

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?



DÏxcKwU c‡o wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI :

wPb‡Z bvwK †mvbvi †Q‡j

¶zwìvg‡K wPb‡Z

iy×k¦v‡m cÖvY w`j †h

gy³ evZvm wKb‡Z|

mßeY©v 83

84 e½eÜz

4. DÏxc‡Ki g‡a¨ Ôe½eÜzÕ KweZvi †h welq dz‡U I‡V‡Q Zv n‡jvÑÑi . AvZ¥`v‡bi gvbwmKZv

ii. wPivqZ Kj¨vY Kvgbv

iii. ¯^RvwZi cÖwZ fv‡jvevmv

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?

K. i L. ii

M . i I ii N. ii I iii

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m„Rbkxj cÖkœ : wKQz K_v

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`ÿZvwfwËK eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ:

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N D”PZi `ÿZv 4†Kv‡bv welqe¯‘i we‡kølY (we‡kl †_‡K mvaviY), ms‡kølY (mvaviY †_‡K we‡kl) Ig~j¨vqb Kivi `ÿZv n‡jv D”PZi `ÿZv| AvšÍtm¤úK©, mv`„k¨-êmv`„k¨ wbY©q, Zzjbv Kiv,cv_©K¨ Kiv, †Kv‡bv ¸iyZ¡c~Y© e³e¨ ˆZwi Kiv, wm×všÍ †bIqv, †Kv‡bv wm×v‡šÍi †hŠw³KZvcÖwZcv`b Kiv, gZvgZ cÖ`vb, cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Kiv BZ¨vw` D”PZi ¯Í‡ii `ÿZvi AšÍf©y³|

108 Kg©-Abykxjb

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