ryk'kHkkjr osQ vrhr dh >k¡dh

chrs gq, lkyksa esa esjs eu esa Hkkjr gh Hkkjr jgk gSA bl chp eSa cjkcj mlsle>us vkSj mlosQ izfr viuh izfrfØ;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus dhdksf'k'k djrk jgk gw¡A eSaus cpiu dh vksj ykSVdj ;kn djus dh dksf'k'kdh fd eSa rc oSQlk eglwl djrk Fkk] esjs eu esa bl vo/kj.kk us oSQlk/q¡/yk :i ys fy;k Fkk vkSj esjs rk”kk vuqHko us mls oSQls l¡okjk FkkA

vkf[kj ;g Hkkjr gS D;k\ vrhr esa ;g fdl fo'ks"krk dk izfrfufèkRodjrk Fkk\ mlus viuh izkphu 'kfDr dks oSQls [kks fn;k\ D;k mlus bl'kfDr dks iwjh rjg [kks fn;k gS\ fo'kky tula[;k dk clsjk gksus osQvykok D;k vkt mlosQ ikl ,slk oqQN cpk gS ftls tkunkj dgk tklosQ\ vk/qfud fo'o ls mldk rkyesy fdl :i esa cSBrk gS\

Hkkjr esjs [kwu esa jpk&clk FkkA blosQ cko”kwn eSaus mls ,d ckgjhvkykspd dh u”kj ls ns[kuk 'kq: fd;kA ,slk vkykspd tks orZeku osQlkFk&lkFk vrhr osQ cgqr ls vo'ks"kksa dks] ftUgsa mlus ns[kk Fkkµukilandjrk FkkA ,d gn rd eSa ml rd if'pe osQ jkLrs ls gksdj igq¡pk FkkAeSaus mls mlh Hkko ls ns[kk tSls laHkor% fdlh if'peh fe=k us ns[kk gksrkAesjs Hkhrj 'kadk,¡ flj mBk jgh FkhaA D;k eSaus Hkkjr dks tku fy;k Fkk\ eSa]tks mlosQ vrhr dh fojklr osQ cM+s fgLls dks [kkfjt djus dk lkgldj jgk FkkA ysfdu vxj Hkkjr osQ ikl og oqQN ugha gksrk tks cgqrthoar vkSj fVdkÅ jgk gS] og cgqr oqQN tks lkFkZd gS] rks Hkkjr dk otwnml :i esa ugha gksrk tSlk vkt gS vkSj og g”kkjksa o"kZ rd vius lH;*vfLrRo dh igpku bl :i esa dnkfi cuk, ugha j[k ldrk FkkA og^fo'ks"k* rRo vkf[kj D;k Fkk\

© NCERT

not to

be re

publi

shed

eSa Hkkjr osQ mÙkj&if'pe esafLFkr ¯l/q ?kkVh esa eksgutksnM+ksosQ ,d Vhys ij [kM+k FkkA esjs pkjksarj-IkQ ml izkphu uxj osQ ?kj vkSjxfy;k¡ fc[kjh Fkha ftldk le;ik¡p g”kkj Ok"kZ igys crk;k tkrkgSA lkFk gh ;g Hkh dgk tkrk gSfd ogk¡ ,d izkphu vkSj iw.kZr%fodflr lH;rk FkhA buosQ LFkk;h:i ls fVosQ jgus dk dkj.k gSbldk BsB Hkkjrh;iu vkSj ;ghvkèkqqfud Hkkjrh; lH;rk dk vkèkkjgSA ;g fopkj vk'p;Zpfdr djnsrk gS fd dksbZ laLÑfr ;k lH;rkbl izdkj ik¡p&Ng g”kkj o"kZ ;kmlls Hkh oqQN vf/d le; rdfujarj cuh jgs] og Hkh cjkcj ifjorZu'khy vkSj fodkleku jgdjAI+kQkjl] felz] xzhl] phu] vjc] eè;&,f'k;k vkSj Hkw&eè; lkxj osQ yksxksals mldk cjkcj fudV laioZQ jgkA ;|fi Hkkjr us mUgsa izHkkfor fd;kvkSj Lo;a Hkh muls izHkkfor gqvk] fiQj Hkh mldk lakLÑfrd vk/kj bruke”kcwr Fkk fd og fgyk ughaA bl e”kcwrh dk jgL; D;k gS\

eSaus Hkkjr dk bfrgkl vkSj mlosQ fo'kky izkphu lkfgR; osQ oqQN va'kksadks i<+kA eq> ij fopkjksa dh rstfLork] Hkk"kk dh Li"Vrk vkSj mlosQ ihNslfØ; efLr"d dh lef¼ us xgjk izzHkko MkykA eSaus mu ijkØeh ;kf=k;ksaosQ lkFk Hkkjr dh ;k=kk dh tks lqnwj vrhr esa ;gk¡ phu rFkk if'peh vkSjeè;&,f'k;k ls vk, Fks vkSj viuh ;k=kkvksa dh nkLrku NksM+ x, FksA eSa iwohZ,f'k;k] vaxdksj] cksjkscqnqj vkSj cgqr&lh txgksa esa Hkkjr dh miyfC/;ksa osQckjs esa lkspus yxkA eSa ml fgeky; ij ?kwerk jgk ftldk iqjkus feFkdksa vkSj

eksgutksnM+ks dh ,d ukyh vkSj mldkfo'kky izos'k}kj

5

ryk'k

© NCERT

not to

be re

publi

shed

Hkkjr dh [kkst

6

nardFkkvksa osQ lkFk fudV laca/ gS vkSj ftlus gekjs fopkjksa vkSj lkfgR; dkscgqr nwj rd izHkkfor fd;k gSA igkM+ksa osQ izfr esjs izse us vkSj d'ehj osQlkFk esjs [kwu osQ fj'rs us eq>s mudh vksj fo'ks"k :i ls vkdf"kZr fd;kA blegku ioZr ls fudydj Hkkjr osQ eSnkuksa esa cgus okyh Hkkjr dh fo'kkyufn;ksa us eq>s vkdf"kZr fd;k vkSj bfrgkl osQ vufxur igyqvksa dh ;knrk”kk dhA baMl ;k ¯l/q] ftlosQ vk/kj ij gekjs bl ns'k dk uke iM+k^bafM;k* vkSj ^¯gnqLrku*] vkSj ftls ikj djosQ g”kkjksa o"kks± ls ;gk¡ tkfr;k¡vkSj dchys] dkf-IkQys vkSj -IkQkStsa vkrh jgh gaSA czãiq=k---bfrgkl dh eq[;èkkjkls yxHkx dVh gqbZ] ij iqjkuh dgkfu;ksa esa vkt Hkh thfor] mÙkjiwohZigkfM+;ksa osQ ân; esa iM+h xgjh njkjksa osQ chp ls cjcl ekxZ cukrh gqbZ Hkkjresa izos'k djrh gS vkSj fiQj igkM+ksa vkSj taxyksa ls Hkjs eSnku osQ chp 'kkarje.kh; /kjk osQ :i esa cgus yxrh gSA ;equk] ftlosQ pkjksa vksj uR;] mRlovkSj ukVd ls lac¼ u tkus fdruh ikSjkf.kd dFkk,¡ ,d=k gSaA bu lclsc<+dj gS] Hkkjr dh unh xaxk] ftlus bfrgkl osQ vkajHk ls gh Hkkjr osQ ân;ij jkt fd;k gS vkSj yk[kksa dh rknkn esa yksxksa dks vius rVksa dh vksj [khapkgSA izkphu dky ls vk/qfud ;qx rd] xaxk dh xkFkk Hkkjr dh lH;rk vkSjlaLoQfr dh dgkuh gSA

eSaus iqjkus Lekjdksa vkSj HkXuko'ks"kksa dks vkSj iqjkuh ewfrZ;ksa vkSj fHkfÙkfp=kksa dks ns[kkµvtark] ,yksjk] ,sfyI+ksaQVk dh xq-IkQkvksa vkSj vU; LFkkuksa dksns[kkA eSaus vkxjk vkSj fnYyh esa oqQN le; ckn cuh [kwclwjr bekjrksa dksHkh ns[kk] tgk¡ dk izR;sd iRFkj Hkkjr osQ vrhr dh dgkuh dg jgk FkkA

eSa vius 'kgj bykgkckn esa ;k fiQj gfj}kj esa egku Luku&ioZ oqaQHkosQ esys esa tkrk gw¡ vkSj ns[krk gw¡ fd ogk¡ vc Hkh lSdM+ksa vkSj g”kkjksa dhrknkn esa yksx vkrs gSaµoSls gh tSls g”kkjksa o"kZ ls muosQ iqj[ks xaxk&Lukudjus osQ fy, Hkkjr osQ lHkh dksuksa ls vkrs jgs gSaA eq>s rsjg lkS lky igysphuh ;kf=k;ksa vkSj oqQN nwljs yksxksa }kjk fy[ks bu ioks± osQ o.kZuksa dh ;knvk tkrh gS] xkssfd ml le; Hkh ;s esys iqjkus iM+ pqosQ Fks vkSj vutkusizkphu dky esa xqe gks x, FksA eq>s gSjr gksrh Fkh] fd og dkSu&lh izcy

© NCERT

not to

be re

publi

shed

ryk'k

7

vkLFkk Fkh tks gekjs yksxksa dks vufxur ihf<+;ksa ls Hkkjr dh bl izfl¼unh dh vksj [khaprh jgh gSA

esjs vè;;u dh i"BHkwfe osQ lkFk bu ;k=kkvksa vkSj nkSjksa us feydj eq>svrhr esa ns[kus dh varnZf"V nhA esjs eu esa Hkkjr dh tks rLkohj Fkh mlesaèkhjs&/hjs lPpkbZ dk cks/ ?kj djus yxkA esjs iwoZtksa dh Hkwfe esa ,sls thrstkxrs yksx vkckn gks x, tks g¡lrs&jksrs Fks] I;kj djrs Fks vkSj ihM+k HkksxrsFksA bUgha esa ,sls yksx Hkh Fks ftUgsa ¯”knxh dh tkudkjh vkSj le> FkhA blvrhr osQ lSdM+ksa ltho fp=k esjs eu esa Hkjs FksA tc Hkh fdlh txg tkrkFkk] ml fo'ks"k LFkku ls lac¼ fp=k rRdky esjs lkeus vk [kM+k gksrk FkkAcukjl osQ ikl lkjukFk esa eSaus cq¼ dks mudk igyk mins'k nsrs gq, yxHkxlk-IkQ ns[kkA <kbZ g”kkj o"kZ dk -IkQklyk r; djosQ muosQ oqQN vfHkfyf[kr'kCn tSls nwj ls vkrh izfrèofu dh rjg eq>s lqukbZ iM+sA v'kksd osQ ik"kk.kLraHk tSls vius f'kykys[kksa osQ ekè;e ls eq>s ,d ,sls vkneh osQ ckjs esacrkrs Fks] tks [kqn ,d lezkV gksdj Hkh fdlh vU; jktk vkSj lezkV ls egkuFkkA I+kQrsgiqj lhdjh esa] vius lkezkT; dks Hkqykdj cSBk vdcj fofHkUu erksaosQ fo}kuksa ls laokn vkSj okn&fookn dj jgk FkkA og ftKklq Hkko ls euq";dh 'kk'or leL;kvksa dk gy ryk'k dj jgk FkkA

bl rjg Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl dh yach >k¡dh vius mrkj&p<+koksa osQvkSj fot;&ijkt;ksa osQ lkFk tSls /hjs&/hjs esjs lkeus [kqyrh tk jgh FkhAeq>s bfrgkl osQ ik¡p g”kkj o"kks± ls pyh vk jgh bl lkaLo`Qfrd ijaijk dhfujarjrk esa oqQN foy{k.krk izrhr gksrh gSA ;g ijaijk tks nwj&nwj rdturk esa iSQyh Fkh vkSj ftlus ml ij xgjk izHkko Mkyk FkkA

Hkkjr dh 'kfDr vkSj lhek

Hkkjr dh 'kfDr osQ Ïksrksa vkSj mlosQ iru vkSj uk'k osQ dkj.kksa dh [kkstyach vkSj my>h gqbZ gSA ij mlosQ iru osQ gky osQ dkj.k i;kZIr Li"VgSaA Hkkjr rduhd dh nkSM+ esa fiNM+ x;k vkSj ;wjksi tks reke ckrksa esa ,d”kekus ls fiNM+k gqvk Fkk] rduhdh izxfr osQ ekeys esa vkxs fudy x;kA

© NCERT

not to

be re

publi

shed

Hkkjr dh [kkst

8

bl rduhdh fodkl osQ ihNs foKku dh psruk Fkh rFkk gkSlykean thouh'kfDr vkSj ekufldrk FkhA u;h rduhdksa us if'peh ;wjksi osQ ns'kksa dkslSfud cy fn;k vkSj muosQ fy, viuk foLrkj djosQ iwjc ij vf/dkjdjuk vklku gks x;kA ;g osQoy Hkkjr dh gh ugha] yxHkx lkjs ,f'k;kdh dgkuh gSA

,slk D;ksa gqvk] bl xqRFkh dks lqy>kuk ”;knk eqf'dy gS D;ksafdiqjkus le; esa rks Hkkjr esa ekufld ltxrk vkSj rduhdh dkS'ky dhdeh Fkh ugha] ¯drq ckn dh lfn;ksa esa mÙkjksÙkj fxjkoV dk vkHkkl gksusyxrk gSA thou dh ykylk vkSj m|e esa deh vk tkrh gSA {kh.k gksrhjpukRed izo`fÙk dh txg vuqdj.k dh izo`fÙk ys ysrh gSA tgk¡ dke;kchosQ lkFk fonzksgh fopkj&i¼fr us izÑfr vkSj czãkaM osQ jgL;ksa dks Hksnusdk iz;kl fd;k Fkk] ogk¡ 'kCnkMacj ls ySl Hkk";dkj mldh txg ysrkfn[kkbZ nsus yxrk gSA HkO; dyk vkSj ewfrZ fuekZ.k dk LFkku tfVyiPphdkjh okyh lko/kuh ls dh xbZ uDdk'kh ysus yxhA izHkkoh ¯drqljy] ltho vkSj le`¼ Hkk"kk dh txg] vR;ar vyaÑr vkSj tfVylkfgR; 'kSyh us ys yhA lkgfld dk;ks± dh ykylk vkSj Nydrh gqbZ¯”knxh] ftlosQ dkj.k lqnwj ns'kksa esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk izlkj laHko gksldk Fkk] {kh.k gks pyh vkSj mlosQ LFkku ij egklkxjksa dks ikj djus ijjksd yxkus okyh ladh.kZ :f<+okfnrk us tUe ys fy;kA tk¡p&iM+rky dhfoosdiw.kZ psruk yqIr gksrh xbZ vkSj vrhr dh va/h ewfrZiwtk us mldhtxg ys yhA vrhr osQ fodV Hkkj us mls oqQpy dj j[k fn;k vkSj og,d rjg dh ewPNkZ ls xzLr gks xbZA ekufld tM+rk vkSj 'kkjhfjd FkdkoVdh bl gkyr esa Hkkjr dk ßkl gksus yxkA og xfrghu vkSj tM+ gks x;ktcfd fo'o osQ nwljs fgLls izxfr osQ iFk ij c<+rs x,A

¯drq ;g fLFkfr dk iwjk vkSj iw.kZr% lgh losZ{k.k ugha gSA ;fn osQoytM+rk vkSj xfrghurk dk ,djl vkSj yack nkSj jgk gksrk] rks mldk ukrkvrhr ls iwjh rjg VwV tkrkA ,d ;qx dk var vkSj mlosQ èoalko'ks"kksa ijfdlh u;h ph”k dk fuekZ.k gksrkA bl rjg dk ØeHkax ugha gqvk vkSjHkkjr esa Hkh fujarjrk cuh jghA blosQ vykok] le;&le; ij iqutkZxj.k

© NCERT

not to

be re

publi

shed

ryk'k

9

osQ nkSj vkrs jgsA u, dks le>us vkSj mls vuqowQy cukdj de&ls&deiqjkus osQ ml va'k osQ lkFk] ftldks j{kk djus yk;d le>k x;k] mldklkeatL; djus osQ iz;kl lk-IkQ fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA vDlj iqjkus dk osQoyckgjh <k¡pk izrhd osQ :i esa cpk jgk vkSj mldh varoZLrq cny xbZA ,slhykylk] tks yksxkaas dks ml y{; dh vksj [khaprh gS tks iwjh rjg fl¼ ughafd;k tk ldk gks] vkSj lkFk gh izkphu vkSj uohu osQ chp lkeatL;LFkkfir djus dh bPNk cjkcj cuh jgrh gS µ blh ykylk us mUgsa xfrnh vkSj mUgsa iqjkus dks cuk, j[kus osQ lkFk&lkFk u, fopkjksa dks vkRelkrdjus dh lkeF;Z nhA

Hkkjr dh ryk'k

iqLrdksa] izkphu Lekjdksa vkSj foxr lkaLoQfrd miyfCèk;ksa us eq>esa ,d gnrd Hkkjr dh le> rks iSnk dh ysfdu eq>s mlls larks"k ugha gqvk] u gh eq>sog mÙkj feyk ftldh eSa ryk'k dj jgk FkkA orZeku esjs fy, vkSj eq> tSlscgqr ls vkSj yksxksa osQ fy, eè;;qxhurk] Hk;adj xjhch ,oa nqxZfr vkSj eè;oxZ dh oqQN&oqQN lrgh vkèkqfudrk dk fofp=k feJ.k gSA eSa vius oxZ vkSjviuh fdLe osQ yksxksa dk iz'kald ugha Fkk] fiQj Hkh Hkkjrh; laa?k"kZ esa usrRoosQ fy, eSa fuf'pr :i ls eè; oxZ dh vksj ns[krk FkkA ;g eè; oxZ Lo;adks canh vkSj lhekvksa esa tdM+k gqvk eglwl djrk Fkk vkSj [kqn rjDdh vkSjfodkl djuk pkgrk FkkA vaxzs”kh 'kklu osQ <k¡ps osQ Hkhrj ,slk u dj ikusosQ dkj.k mlosQ Hkhrj fonzksg dh psruk iuihA ysfdu ;g psruk ml <k¡psosQ f[kyk-IkQ ugha tkrh Fkh ftlus gesa jkSan fn;k FkkA ;s ml <k¡ps dks cuk,j[kuk pkgrs Fks vkSj vaxzs”kksa dks gVkdj mldk lapkyu djuk pkgrs FksA ;seè; oxZ osQ yksx bl gn rd bl <k¡ps dh iSnkb'k Fks fd mls pqukSrh nsuk;k mls m[kkM+ isaQdus dk iz;kl djuk buosQ cl dh ckr ugha FkhA

u;h rkdrksa us flj mBk;k vkSj os geas xzkeh.k turk dh vksj ys xb±Aigyh ckj ,d u;k vkSj nwljs <ax dk Hkkjr mu ;qok cqf¼thfo;ksa osQlkeus vk;k tks blosQ vfLrRo dks yxHkx Hkwy gh x, Fks ;k mls cgqr

© NCERT

not to

be re

publi

shed

Hkkjr dh [kkst

10

de vgfe;r nsrs FksA ;g n`'; cspSu dj nsus okyk Fkk blfy, fd mlusgekjs oqQN ewY;ksa vkSj fu"d"kks± esa lansg mRiUu dj fn;k FkkA rc geusHkkjr osQ okLrfod :i dh ryk'k 'kq: dh vkSj blls gekjs Hkhrj bldhle> vkSj }a} nksuksa gh iSnk gq,A oqQN yksx bl xzkeh.k leqnk; ls igysls ifjfpr Fks] blfy, mUgsa dksbZ u;k mÙkstd vuqHko ugha gqvkA ij esjsfy, ;g lgh vFkks± esa u;h ryk'k osQ fy, ;k=kk FkhA xks;k fd eq>s cjkcjvius yksxksa dh vliQyrkvksa vkSj de”kksfj;ksa dk nnZ Hkjk vglkl jgrkFkk] ij Hkkjr dh xzkeh.k turk esa oqQN ,slk Fkk ftls ifjHkkf"kr djukdfBu gS ij mlus eq>s cjkcj vkdf"kZr fd;kA muesa oqQN ,slh ckr Fkhtks eè; oxZ eas vuqifLFkr FkhA

eSa vke turk dh voèkkj.kk dks dkYifud ugha cukuk pkgrkA esjsfy, Hkkjr osQ Ykksxksa dk viuh lkjh fofoèkrk osQ lkFk okLrfod vfLrRogSA mudh fo'kky la[;k osQ ckotwn eSa muosQ ckjs esa vfuf'pr leqnk;ksaosQ ugha] O;fDr;ksa osQ :i esa lkspus dh dksf'k'k djrk gw¡A pw¡fd eSaus mulscgqr vis{kk,¡ ugha j[kh] 'kk;n blhfy, eq>s fujk'kk Hkh ugha gqbZA eSausftruh mEehn dh Fkh mlls dgha vfèkd ik;kA eq>s lw>k fd bldk dkj.kvkSj blosQ lkFk gh muesa tks ,d izdkj dh n`<+rk vkSj var%'kfDr gSmldk dkj.k Hkkjr dh izkphu lkaLo`Qfrd ijaijk gS ftls mUgksaus oqQN va'kksaesa vc Hkh cpk, j[kk gSA fiNys nks lkS o"kks± esa mUgksaus tks vR;kpkj >sykgS cgqr oqQN rks mlh osQ dkj.k lekIr gks x;kA fiQj Hkh oqQN rks ,slk cpjgk gS tks lkFkZd gS vkSj mlosQ lkFk cgqr oqQN ,slk gS tks fujFkZd vkSjvfu"Vdj gSA

Hkkjr ekrk

vDlj tc eSa ,d osQ ckn ,d lHkk esa tkrk rks Jksrkvksa ls eSa vius blns'k dh ppkZ djrkµ¯gnqLrku dh vkSj lkFk gh Hkkjr dhµtks tkfr osQlaLFkkid ^Hkjr* osQ uke ij vkèkkfjr bldk izkphu laLo`Qr uke gSA eSaus'kgjksa esa ,slk de fd;k D;ksafd ogk¡ osQ Jksrk vis{kko`Qr vkèkqfud Fks vkSjos vfèkd nenkj Hkk"k.k dh vis{kk djrs FksA ij lhfer u”kfj, okys

© NCERT

not to

be re

publi

shed

ryk'k

11

fdlkuksa dks eSaus bl egku ns'k dh ckcr crk;k ftldh eqfDr osQ fy,ge laa?k"kZ dj jgs gSa] fd oSQls bldk gj fgLlk nwljs ls fHkUu gksrs gq, HkhHkkjr gSA eSaus mUgsa mÙkj ls nf{k.k vkSj iwjc ls if'pe rd fdlkuksa dhlkekU; leL;kvksa dh tkudkjh nh vkSj ml Lojkt dh Hkh tks oqQN fo'ks"kyksxksa osQ fy, ugha] lc osQ fy,] Hkkjr osQ gj fgLls osQ fy, ,d&lkgksxkA eSaus mUgsa lqnwj mÙkj&if'pe esa [kScj ikl ls dU;koqQekjh ;k osQidksefju rd viuh ;k=kk osQ ckjs esa crk;kA eSaus crk;k fd oSQls gj txgeq>ls fdlkuksa us ,d tSls loky iwNs] D;ksafd mudh leL;k,¡ lekuFkhaµxjhch] d”kZ] fufgr LokFkZ] ”kehankj] egktu] Hkkjh yxku vkSj dj]iqfyl osQ vR;kpkj vkSj ;s lc ml <k¡ps esa fyiVs gq, Fks ftls gekjs mQijfons'kh gqowQer us vkjksfir fd;k FkkA lkFk gh ;g Hkh fd jkgr Hkh lcosQfy, vkuh pkfg,A eSaus bl ckr dh dksf'k'k dh fd os Hkkjr dks v[kaMekudj mlosQ ckjs esa lkspsaA lkFk gh FkksM+k&cgqr ml fojkV fo'o osQ ckjsesa Hkh lkspsa] ftlosQ ge ,d fgLls gSaA

;g dke cgqr vklku ugha Fkk ij mruk eqf'dy Hkh ugha Fkk tSlkeSaus lkspk FkkA gekjs izkphu egkdkO;ksa] iqjkxkFkkvksa vkSj nardFkkvksa dh mUgsaiwjh tkudkjh FkhA bl lkfgR; us vius ns'k dh voèkkj.kk ls mUgsa ifjfprdjk fn;k FkkA bu yksxksa esa ls ges'kk oqQN ,sls Hkh gkssrs gh Fks ftUgksaus HkkjrosQ pkjksa dksuksa esa fLFkr èkk£ed LFkyksa dh ;k=kk dh FkhA

dHkh&dHkh tSls gh eSa fdlh lHkk esa igq¡prk Fkk] esjs Lokxr esa vusdoaQBksa dk Loj xw¡t mBrk Fkkµ ¶Hkkjr ekrk dh t;A¸ eSa muls vpkudiz'u dj nsrk fd bl iqdkj ls mudk D;k vk'k; gS\ esjk iz'u mUgsaeuksjatd yxrk vkSj pfdr djrkA mudh Bhd&Bhd le> esa ugha vkrkfd os eq>s D;k tokc nsa vkSj rc os ,d nwljs dh vksj] vkSj fiQj esjh vksjrkdus yxrsA eSa ckj&ckj loky djrk tkrkA vkf[kj ,d g^k&d^k tkV]ftldk u tkus fdruh ihf<+;ksa ls fe^h ls vVwV ukrk gS] tokc esa dgrkfd ;g Hkkjr ekrk gekjh /jrh gS] Hkkjr dh I;kjh fe^hA eSa fiQj lokydjrkµ¶dkSu lh fe^h\ muosQ vius xk¡o osQ VqdM+s dh ;k f”kys vkSj jkT;

© NCERT

not to

be re

publi

shed

Hkkjr dh [kkst

12

osQ reke VqdM+ksa dh ;k fiQj iwjs Hkkjr dh fe^h\¸ iz'uksÙkj dk ;gflyflyk rc rd pyrk jgrk tc rd os iz;Ru djrs jgrs vkSj vkf[kj esadgrs fd Hkkjr og lc oqQN rks gS gh tks mUgksaus lksp j[kk gS] mlosQ vykokHkh cgqr oqQN gSA Hkkjr osQ igkM+ vkSj ufn;k¡] taxy vkSj iSQys gq, [ksr tksgekjs fy, [kkuk eqgS;k djrs gSa] lc gesa fiz; gSaA ysfdu ftl ph”k dklcls vfèkd egÙo gS og gS Hkkjr dh turkA muosQ vkSj esjs tSlsreke yksxA os lc yksx tks bl fo'kky /jrh ij pkjksa vksj iSQys gSaAHkkjr ekrk ewy :i ls ;gh yk[kksa yksx gSa vkSj mldh t; dk vFkZ gS blhturk tuknZu dh t;A eSaus muls dgk fd rqe Hkkjr ekrk osQ fgLls gks] ,drjg ls rqe [kqn gh Hkkjr ekrk gksA tSls&tSls ;g fopkj /hjs&/hjs muosQfnekx esa cSBrk tkrk] mudh vk¡[ksa pedus yxrha ekuks mUgksaus dksbZ egku[kkst dj yh gksA

Hkkjr dh fofo/rk vkSj ,drk

Hkkjr dh fofo/rk vn~Hkqr gS] izdV gS] og lrg ij fn[kkbZ iM+rh gS vkSjdksbZ Hkh mls ns[k ldrk gSA bldk rkYyqd 'kkjhfjd :i ls Hkh gS vkSjekufld vknrksa vkSj fo'ks"krkvksa ls HkhA ckgj ls ns[kus ij mÙkj&if'pehbykosQ osQ iBku vkSj lqnwj nf{k.k osQ oklh rfey esa cgqr de lekurkgSA mudh uLysa fHkUu gSa] gkyk¡fd muosQ Hkhrj oqQN leku lw=k gks ldrsgSaA os psgjs vkSj 'kjhj&xBu eas] [kkus vkSj igukos esa vkSj Hkk"kk esa ,d nwljsls fHkUu gksrs gSaA mÙkj&if'peh lhekar izns'k esa eè;&,f'k;k dh xed rksgS gh] ogk¡ osQ cgqr ls jhfr&fjokt] tSls d'ehj osQ Hkh] fgeky; osQ mlikj osQ ns'kksa dh ;kn fnykrs gSaA iBkuksa osQ yksd izpfyr u`R; :lh dks”kdu`R; 'kSyh ls feyrs gSaA bu reke fHkUurkvksa osQ ckotwn iBku ij Hkkjrdh Nki oSlh gh Li"V gS tSlh rfey ijA blesa dksbZ vpjt ugha] D;ksafdlhek osQ ;s izns'k] vkSj lkFk gh v-IkQxkfuLrku Hkh] Hkkjr osQ lkFk g”kkjksaOk"kZ ls tqM+s jgs gSaA ;s iqjkus rqoZQ vkSj nwljh tkfr;k¡ tks v-IkQxkfuLrku vkSj

© NCERT

not to

be re

publi

shed

ryk'k

13

eè; ,f'k;k esa clh Fkha] bLyke osQ vkus ls igys] ckS¼ Fkha vkSj mlls Hkhigys oSfnd dky esa ¯gnw FkhaA lheka r {ks=k izkphu Hkkjrh; laLÑfr osQizeq[k osaQnzksa esa ls FkkA vc Hkh Lekjdksa vkSj eBksa osQ <sjksa èoLr vo'ks"kmlesa fc[kjs gSaµfo'ks"k :i ls r{kf'kyk osQ egku fo'ofo|ky; osQ] tksnks g”kkj o"kZ igys viuh izflf¼ dh pje&lhek ij FkkA lkjs Hkkjr osQlkFk gh ,f'k;k osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa ls fo|kFkhZ ;gk¡ [kps vkrs FksA èkeZ&ifjorZuls varj ”k:j vk;k] ij mu {ks=kksa osQ yksxksa us tks ekufldrk fodflr djyh Fkh og iwjh rjg ugha cny ldhA

iBku vkSj rfey nks pje mnkgj.k gSa] ckdh dh fLFkfr dgha bu nksuksaosQ chp esa gSA lcdh viuh vyx&vyx fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa] ij lc ij bllsHkh xgjh Nki Hkkjrh;rk dh gSA ;g tkudkjh csgn gSjr esa Mkyus okyhgS fd caxkyh] ejkBh] xqtjkrh] rfey] vkaèkz] mfM+;k] vleh] dUuM+]ey;kyh] lèkh] iatkch] iBku] d'ehjh] jktiwr vkSj gnqLrkuh Hkk"kk&Hkk"khturk ls clk gqvk fo'kky eè; Hkkx] oSQls lSdM+ksa o"kks± ls viuh&viuhvyx igpku cuk, jgkA blosQ ckotwn bu lcosQ xq.k&nks"k dekscs'k ,dls gSaµbldh tkudkjh iqjkuh ijaijk vkSj vfHkys[kksa ls feyrh gSA lkFk ghbl iwjs nkSjku os ,sls Hkkjrh; cus jgs gSa ftudh jk"Vªh; fojklr ,d gh FkhvkSj mudh uSfrd vkSj ekufld fo'ks"krk,¡ Hkh leku FkhaaA izkphu phu dhrjg izkphu Hkkjr vius vki esa ,d nqfu;k Fkh] ,d laLo`Qfr vkSj lH;rkFkh ftlus reke ph”kksa dks vkdkj fn;k FkkA fons'kh izHkko vk, vkSjvDlj ml laLo`Qfr dks izzHkkfor djosQ mlh esa t”c gks x,A tc Hkhfo?kVudkjh rRo mHkjs rRdky mUgksaus lkeatL; [kkstus osQ iz;kl dksc<+kok fn;kA lH;rk osQ vkjaHk ls gh Hkkjrh; ekul esa ,drk osQ LoIu usviuh txg cuk, j[khA bl ,drk dh dYiuk dHkh fdlh ckgj lsvkjksfir oLrq ;k ckgjh rRoksa osQ ;k fo'okl osQ ekudhdj.k osQ :i esaugha dh xbZA blosQ varxZr fo'oklksa vkSj jhfr&fjoktksa osQ izfr vikjlfg".kqrk dk ikyu fd;k x;k vkSj lkFk gh gj rjg dh fofoèkrk dksekU;rk gh ugha izksRlkgu Hkh fn;k x;kA

© NCERT

not to

be re

publi

shed

Hkkjr dh [kkst

14

fdlh ,d ns'kh; lewg esa] pkgs os fdrus ?kfu"B :i esa ,d&nwljsls tqM+s gksa] NksVh&cM+h fHkUurk,¡ ges'kk ns[kh tk ldrh gSaaA ml lewg dhewy ,drk rc izdV gksrh gS tc mldh rqyuk fdlh vU; ns'kh; lewgls dh tkrh gSA ;g ckr vyx gS fd vDlj nks fudVorhZ lewgksa dhfHkUurk] lhekar bykdksa esa ;k rks èkq¡èkyh iM+ tkrh gSa ;k vkil esa?kqy&fey tkrh gSaA izkphu vkSj eè; ;qx esa] vkèkqfud jk"Vª osQ fopkj ustUe ugha fy;k Fkk vkSj lkearh] èkkfeZd ;k tkrh; lacaèkksa dk egÙovfèkd FkkA fiQj Hkh] esjk fopkj gS fd Kkr bfrgkl esa fdlh Hkh le;,d Hkkjroklh] Hkkjr osQ fdlh Hkh fgLls esa vius gh ?kj dh&lhµviusiudh vuqHkwfr djrk Fkk] tcfd fdlh Hkh nwljs ns'k esa igq¡pdj og vtuchvkSj ijns'kh eglwl djrk FkkA mu ns'kksa esa tkdj ftUgksaus oqQN nwj rdmldh laLo`Qfr ;k èkeZ dks viuk fy;k Fkk] mls vtuchiu dk cksèkfu'p; gh de gksrk FkkA os yksx tks fdlh xSj&Hkkjrh; èkeZ dks ekuusokys Fks ;k Hkkjr esa vkdj ;gha cl x,] oqQN gh ihf<+;ksa osQ xq”kjus osQnkSjku Li"V :i ls Hkkjrh; gks x, tSls ;gwnh] ikjlh vkSj eqlyekuA ftuHkkjrh;ksa us bu èkeks± dks Lohdkj dj fy;k os Hkh èkeZ&ifjorZu osQ ckotwnHkkjrh; cus jgsA

vkt] tc jk"Vªh;rkokn dh voèkkj.kk dgha vfèkd fodflr gks xbZgS] fons'kksa esa Hkkjrh; vfuok;Z :i ls ,d jk"Vªh; leqnk; cukdj fofHkUudkj.kksa ls ,dtqV gksdj jgrs gSa] Hkys gh muesa Hkhrjh erHksn gksaA ,d¯gnqLrkuh bZlkbZ] dgha Hkh tk,] mls gnqLrkuh gh ekuk tkrk gSA bl izdkjfdlh ¯gnqLrkuh eqlyeku dks rqdhZ] vjc] bZjku ;k fdlh Hkh vU; ns'keas] tgk¡ bLyke èkeZ dk izHkqRo gks] ¯gnqLrkuh gh le>k tkrk gSA

esjs [k;ky ls] ge lc osQ eu essa viuh ekr`Hkwfe dh vyx&vyxrLkohjsa gSa vkSj dksbZ nks vkneh fcYkoqQy ,d tSlk ugha lksp ldrsA tceSa Hkkjr osQ ckjs esa lksprk gw¡] rks esjs eu esa cgqr&lh ckrsa vkrh gSaA eSalksprk gw¡µnwj&nwj rd iSQys eSnkuksa vkSj mu ij cls vufxur NksVs&NksVsxk¡oksa osQ ckjs esaA mu dLcksa vkSj 'kgjksa osQ ckjs esa ftudh eSaus ;k=kk dhA

© NCERT

not to

be re

publi

shed

ryk'k

15

o"kkZ ½rq dh ml tknqbZ cjlkr osQ ckjs esa tks >qylh gqbZ èkjrh esa thoulapkj djosQ mls lglk lkSan;Z vkSj gfj;kyh osQ f>yfeykrs izlkj esa cnynsrh gSA fo'kky ufn;ksa vkSj muosQ cgrs ty osQ ckjs esaA BaM dh pknj lsfyiVs [kScj ikl osQ ckjs esaA Hkkjr osQ nf{k.kh fljs osQ ckjs esaA yksxksa osQ ckjsesaµO;fDr vkSj lewg nksuksa :iksa esa vkSj lcls ”;knk c-IkZQ dh Vksih igusfgeky; osQ ;k olar ½rq esa d'ehj dh fdlh igkM+h ?kkVh osQ ckjs esa tksuotkr iwQyksa ls ynh gksrh gS vkSj ftlosQ chp ls dydy&[ky[kydjrk >juk cgrk gSA ge viuh ilan dh rlohj cukrs gSa vkSj mlslgstdj j[krs gSaA

tu laLo`Qfr

eSaus orZeku le; esa Hkkjrh; turk osQ xfr'khy thou&ukVd dks ns[kkA,sls volj ij eSa vDlj mu lw=kksa dks [kkst ysrk Fkk ftuls mudk thouvrhr esa ca¡/k gS] tcfd mudh vk¡[ksa Hkfo"; ij fVdh jgrh FkhaA gj txgeq>s ,d lkaLo`Qfrd i`"BHkwfe feyh ftldk turk osQ thou ij cgqrxgjk vlj FkkA bl i`"BHkwfe esa yksd izpfyr n'kZu] ijaijk] bfrgkl]feFkd vkSj iqjkdFkkvksa dk esy Fkk vkSj buesa ls fdlh dks nwljs ls vyxdjosQ ns[k ikuk laHko ugha FkkA iwjh rjg vf'kf{kr vkSj fuj{kj yksx Hkhbl i`"BHkwfe esa fgLlsnkj FksA yksd&izpfyr vuqoknksa vkSj Vhdkvksa osQekè;e ls Hkkjr osQ izkphu egkdkO;µjkek;.k vkSj egkHkkjr vkSj vU;xzaFk Hkh turk osQ chp nwj&nwj rd izfl¼ FksA gj ?kVuk] dFkk vkSj mudkuSfrd vFkZ] yksdekul ij vafdr Fkk vkSj mlus mUgsa le`¼ vkSj larq"Vcuk;k FkkA vui<+ xzkeh.kksa dks lSdM+ksa in ;kn Fks vkSj viuh ckrphr osQnkSjku os cjkcj ;k rks mUgsa m¼`r djrs Fks ;k fiQj fdlh izkphu jpuk esalqjf{kr fdlh ,slh dgkuh dk mYys[k djrs Fks ftlls dksbZ uSfrd mins'kfudyrk gksA jks”kejkZ dh ”knxh osQ elyksa osQ ckjs esa lh/h&lknh ckrphrdks ;s nsgkrh yksx tc bl rjg dk lkfgfR;d eksM+ nsrs Fks rks eq>s vDljcgqr vk'p;Z gksrk FkkA ;fn esjs eu esa fyf[kr bfrgkl vkSj yxHkx

© NCERT

not to

be re

publi

shed

Hkkjr dh [kkst

16

lqfuf'pr rF;ksa ls fufeZr rLkohjksa dk HkaMkj Fkk rks eSaus eglwl fd;k fdvui<+ fdlku osQ eu esa Hkh mldk viuk rLkohjksa dk HkaMkj gSA ;g ckrvyx gS fd mldk Ïksr iqjkdFkk,¡ ,oa ijaijk vkSj egkdkO; osQuk;d&ukf;dk,¡ gh vf/d Fkha vkSj bfrgkl cgqr deA frl ij Hkh ogcgqr Li"V gksrk FkkA eSa muosQ psgjs] muosQ vkdkj vkSj mudh pky&<kydks è;ku ls ns[krkA muosQ chp cgqr ls laosnu'khy psgjs] cfy"B nsg vkSjlh/s lk-IkQ vo;oksa okys iq#"k fn[kkbZ nsrsA efgykvksa esa yko.;] uezrk]xfjek vkSj larqyu osQ lkFk&lkFk ,d ,slk psgjk tks volkn ls Hkjk gksrkFkkA dHkh&dHkh fdlh nsgkrh jkLrs ;k xk¡o osQ chp ls xq”kjrs gq, esjhu”kj fdlh euksgj iq#"k ;k lqanj L=kh ij iM+rh Fkh rks eSa foLe;&foeqX/gks tkrk FkkA os eq>s iqjkus fHkfÙk fp=kksa dh ;kn fnyk nsrs FksA eq>s bl ckrls gSjr gksrh fd mu reke Hk;kud d"Vksa osQ ckotwn] ftuls Hkkjr ;qxksard xq”kjrk jgk] vkf[kj ;g lkSan;Z oSQls fVdk vkSj cuk jgk! bu yksxksa dkslkFk ysdj ge D;k ugha dj ldrs c'krsZ buosQ gkykr csgrj gksa vkSjbuosQ ikl oqQN djus osQ ”;knk volj gksaA

pkjksa vksj xjhch vkSj mlls iSnk gksus okyh vufxur foifÙk;k¡ iSQyhFkha vkSj bldh Nki gj ekFks ij FkhA ¯”knxh dks oqQpydj foÑr vkSjHk;adj :i ns fn;k x;k FkkA bl foÑfr ls rjg&rjg osQ Hkz"Vkpkj iSnk gq,vkSj yxkrkj vHkko vkSj vlqj{kk dh fLFkfr cuh jgus yxhA ;g lc ns[kusesa lq[kn ugha Fkk] ij Hkkjr dh vlfy;r ;gh FkhA fLFkfr;ksa dks lefiZrHkko ls Lohdkj djus dh izo`fÙk izcy FkhA ij lkFk gh ,d izdkj dhuezrk vkSj Hkyeulkgr Fkh tks g”kkjksa o"kZ dh lkaLÑfrd fojklr dh nsuFkh] ftls cM+s ls cM+k nqHkkZX; Hkh ugha feVk ik;k FkkA

© NCERT

not to

be re

publi

shed