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Cold War in Broad StrokesFEBRUARY 8, 2017
The Cold War 1945-‐1989
Soviet LeadersJoseph Stalin 1924-1953
Georgy Malenkov 1953-1955 Nikita Khrushchev 1955-1964 Leonid Brezhnev 1964-1982
Yuri Andropov 1982-1984 Konstantin Chernenko 1984-1985
Mikhail Gorbachev 1985-1991
American PresidentsHarry Truman 1945-1953
Dwight Eisenhower 1953-1961 John F. Kennedy 1961-1963 Lyndon Johnson 1963-1969 Richard Nixon 1969-1974 Gerald Ford 1974-1977
Jimmy Carter 1977-1981 Ronald Reagan 1981-1989
Five Themes:
• ideology
• national expansionism
• economic hegemony
• militarization
• patriotic culture
Ideology Soviet Union
• totalitarian dictator
• communist autarky
• close observation and intimidation of the population
• removal of personal freedoms
• vast majority of the population living on or below the poverty lime
• closed press and state censorship and propaganda
• atheist
United States
• president elected by the people in an open election
• capitalist and free economy
• freedom of speech and beliefs held at the heart of the constitution
• laissez-‐faire attitude and rights of the individual
• living standards generally high, focus on living the “American dream”
• free press and vibrant cultural opportunities
National ExpansionIT MUST BE THE POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES TO SUPPORT FREE PEOPLE WHO ARE RESISTING ATTEMPTED SUBJUGATION BY ARMED MINORITIES OR BY OUTSIDE PRESSURES.
-‐ TRUMAN DOCTRINE
• Spheres of Influence • George Kennan’s Long Telegram • Containment • NSC-‐68 • Proxy Wars
• Korean Conflict • Cuban Missile Crisis • Vietnam War • Soviet-‐Afghan War
The Cuban Missile Crisis Timeline (Partial)1959 January 1: Fidel Castro assumes power after the Cuban Revolution - see Cuban Timeline 1960 December 19: Cuba openly aligns itself with the Soviet Union and their policies.
1961 January 3: The U.S. terminates diplomatic relations April 17: "The Bay of Pigs" - A group of Cuban exiles, backed by the US, invades Cuba at the Bay of Pigs in a failed attempt to trigger an anti-Castro rebellion June 3-4: Khrushchev and Kennedy hold summit talks in Vienna regarding the Cuban Missile Crisis
1962 August 31: Senator Kenneth Keating tells the Senate that there is evidence of Soviet missile installations in Cuba September 11: Soviet Foreign Minister, Andrei Gromyko, warns that an American attack on Cuba could mean war with the Soviet Union October 14: A U-2 flying over western Cuba obtains photographs of missile sites October 14 - 17: The Joint Chiefs of Staff strongly advise Kennedy to make an air strike ( the discussions are referred to as the EX-COMM's ) October 18: Gromyko assures Kennedy that Soviet Cuban aid has been only for the "defensive capabilities of Cuba." October 22: Congressional leaders are shown the photographic evidence of the Soviet missile Cuban installations and the President addresses the nation regarding the Cuban crisis October 22: U.S. military forces go to DEFCON 3 October 23: Kennedy receives a letter from Khrushchev in which Khrushchev states that there is a, "serious threat to peace and security of peoples." Robert Kennedy speaks with Ambassador Dobrynin
The Cuban Missile Crisis Timeline (Cont.)
October 24: Soviet ships, en route to Cuba, reverse their course except for one. US Military forces go to DEFCON 2 October 25: JFK sends a letter to Khrushchev placing the responsibility for the crisis on the Soviet Union October 26: Khrushchev sends a letter to President Kennedy proposing to remove his missiles if Kennedy publicly announces never to invade Cuba October 27: An American U-2 is shot down over Cuba killing the pilot, Major Rudolf Anderson October 27: A U-2 strays into Soviet airspace, near Alaska, and is nearly intercepted by Soviet fighters October 27: Kennedy sends Khrushchev a letter stating that he will make a statement that the U.S. will not invade Cuba if Khrushchev removes the missiles from Cuba October 28: Khrushchev announces over Radio Moscow that he has agreed to remove the missiles from Cuba. In return the US agrees to the withdrawal of US nuclear missiles from Turkey ending the Cuban Missile Crisis
Militarization• National Security Act of 1947
• Department of Defense
• National Security Council
• CIA
• NATO
• Warsaw Pact
• Arms Race
• 1945 -‐ US tests & uses bomb on Japan
• 1949 -‐ Soviet Union test Joe I • 1950 -‐ Truman authorizes h-‐bomb test
• 1952 -‐ H-‐bomb test, codenamed Mike
• 1954 -‐ BRAVO tests in Bikini Atoll (14.8 megaton yield)
• 1955 -‐ Soviet H-‐bomb test • 1961 -‐ Soviet H-‐bomb test with 58 megaton yield
Hiroshima Before Mike
After Mike
Patriotic Culture
Spies
de-‐Stalinization
Economic Hegemony
Brezhnev Doctrine Sinatra Doctrine
Hungary Poland
East Germany
Bulgaria Czechoslovakia
Romania