Sesavali

n. maWavariani, a. neverovi, m. jiqia

sagangebo situaciebi

teqnikuri universiteti

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

n. maWavariani, a. neverovi, m. jiqia

sagangebo situaciebi

damtkicebulia saxelmZRvanelod stu-s saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo sabWos mier

Tbilisi

2008

uak 351.862ganxilulia stiqiuri ubedurebebis, avariebisa da katastrofebis saxeobebi, mocemulia maTi saerTo daxasiaTeba da maTTan brZolis Teoria. aseve dacvis yvela saSualebebi, dazianebul keraSi maSveli da sxva gadaudebeli samuSaoebebis organizacia da usafrTxoebis wesebi.

saxelZRvanelo gankuTvnilia samTo-geologiuri fakultetis yvela specialobisaTvis. aseve warmoebebisa da teqnologiuri procesebis usafrTxoebisa da sagangebo situaciebis menejmenti-s specialobis magistrantebisaTvis. misi gamoyeneba aseve SeiZleba mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis.recenzenti asoc. profesori m. lapiaSvili

sagamomcemlo saxli teqnikuri universiteti, 2008

ISBN 978-9941-14-054-9

moduli I. sagangebo situaciebi

1.1. sagangebo situaciebis klasifikacia

sagangebo situacia es aris mdgomareoba, roca obieqtze garkveul teritoriaze an akvatoriaSi sagangebo situaciis mizezis warmoqmnis Sedegad irRveva adamianebis cxovrebisa da saqmianobis normaluri pirobebi, safrTxe emuqreba maT sicocxlesa da janmrTelobas, agreTve zaraldeba mosaxleoba, ekonomikis obieqtebi da bunebrivi garemo.

sagangebo viTareba sagangebo situaciaTa Camoyalibebis zonis konkretuli daxasiaTeba, gamovlenili drois garkveuli momentisaTvis, romelic moicavs saerTo mdgomareobis, dazianebis Sedegebis, arsebuli resursebis, Catarebuli samuSaoebisa da agreTve garemo pirobebis Sesaxeb monacemebs.

sagangebo viTareba Tavisi xasiTis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos: radiaciuli, qimiuri, baqteriologiuri, saxanZro da sainJinro, an kombinirebuli

avaria teqnologiuri ( konstruqciuli, sawarmoo, satrasporto, saeqsploatacio da sxv.) mizezebiTa da gare SemTxveviTi xasiaTis zemoqmedebaTa Sedegad gamowveuli sagangebo SemTxveva, romelsac Tan sdevs nagebobebisa da teqnikur mowyobilobaTa dazianeba, mwyobridan gamosvla an ngreva.

sawarmoo, satransporto katastrofa avaria, romlis Sedegad adgili aqvs adamianTa mravalricxovan msxverpls, mniSvnelovan materialur zarals da sxva mZime Sedegebs.

saxifaTo bunebrivi movlenebi bunebrivi warmoSobis stiqiuri SemTxvevebi.

ekologiuri ubedureba _ xmeleTis, atmosferos, hidrosferosa da biosferos cvlilebani, anTropogenuri da politikuri-diversiul xasiaTis faqtorebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad gamowveuli, romelic gamoixateba am cvlilebebis mkveTr da uaryofiT gavlenaSi adamianis janmrTelobaze, maT sulier sferoze, ekonomikasa da genetikur fondze.

ekologiuri katastrofa gasakuTebiT didi masStabebisa da mZime Sedegebis mqone ekologiuri ubedureba, romelic rogorc wesi xasiaTdeba bunebaSi garemos Seuqcevadi cvlilebebiT.

masStabebisa da Sedegebis simZimis mixedviT sagangebo situaciebi SeiZleba iyos: lokaluri, saobieqto, adgilobrivi, regionaluri, nacionaluri da globaluri.

lokaluri sagangebo situaciis Sedegebi ar scildeba samuSao adgils, samuSao ubans, binas, kerZo nakveTs.

saobieqto sagangebo situaciis Sedegebi ar scildeba ekonomikis obieqtis sazRvrebs da maTi likvidacia SesaZlebelia sakuTari ZalebiTa da resursebiT.

adgilobrivi sagangebo situacia xasiaTdeba dasaxlebuli punqtis, qalaqis an raionis sazRvrebSi gavrcelebis masStabiT; misi Sedegebis likvidacia SesaZlebelia adgilobrivi da Sesabamisad, qalaqis an raionis ZalebiTa da resursebiT.

regionuli sagangebo situaciia xasiaTdeba erTdroulad ramdenime dasaxlebul punqtsa an romelime regionSi gavrcelebis masStabiT; misi Sedegebis likvidacia SesaZlebelia regionuli ZalebiTa da resursebiT.

nacionaluri sagangebo situaciia xasiaTdeba saxelmwifos sazRvrebs SigniT mniSvnelovan teritoriaze gavrcelebis masStabebiT; misi Sedegebis likvidaciisaTvis ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba saxelmwifo Zalebi da resursebi. aseve exmarebian sazRvargareTis Zalebi.

globaluri sagangebo situaciebi, rogorc wesi, Tavis SedegebiT moicavs ramdenime saxelmwifos teritorias. am Sedegebis likvidacia saWiroebs rogorc am saxelmwifoebis Zalebis da resursebis gamoyenebas, aseve saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis Zalebis Tanamoqmedebas.

bunebrivi xasiaTis sagangebo situacia saSiSi bunebrivi movlena, anu stiqiuri ubedurebaa, romelsac miekuTvneba:

geofizikuri saxifaTo movlenebi: miwisZvra, vulkanis moqmedebani.

geologiuri saxifaTo movlenebi: mewyeri, seluri nakadi, Camonaqcevebi, zvavi, kldis Camonarecxi, Rvarcofi, tyis zolis Camoqceva, amrazia, erozia, qvaTacvena, mtvris qariSxali.

meteorologiuri da agrometeorologiuri saxifaTo movlenebia: qariSxali, grigali, Stormi, qarborbala(tornado), qartexili, msxvili setyva, Zlieri kokispiruli wvima, didTovlianoba, Zlieri moyinva, Zlieri qarbuqi, Zlieri sicxe, Zlieri nisli, gvalva, xorSaki(cxeli garemo).

sazRvao hidrologiuri saxifTo movlenebia: tropikuli cikolonebi (taifuni), Zlieri Relva, zRvis donis Zlieri ryeva, Zlieri wylis Relva navsadgurebSi.

hidrologiuri saxifTo movlenebia: wyaldidoba, wylis donis aweva, wylis niaRvari, wylis dabali doneebi, gruntis wylebis donis aweva(datborvebi).

bunebrivi xanZrebia: sagangebo saxanZro saSiSroeba, tyis xanZari, torfis xanZari, xanZari puris yanebSi da stepebSi.

teqnogenuri xasiaTis sagangebo situacia aris teqnosferoSi momxdari avaria da katastrofa, romelsac Tan axlavs adamianis msxverpli da momsaxure personalis janmrTelobisa da mimdebare garemos pirdapiri an arapirdapiri dazianeba. maT miekuTvneba:

satransporto avariebi da katastrofebi xanZrebi da afeTqebebi

avariebi Zliermoqmedi Sxamiani nivTierebebis (ZmSn) mwarmoebel, gadamamuSavebel da Semnaxvel obieqtebze avariebi radiaqtiuri nivTierebebis gamofrqveviT

avariebi biologiurad saxifaTo obieqtebze nagebobebis uecari ngreva eleqtroenergetikuli sistemebis avariebi

hidrodinamikuri avariebi

moduli II. bunebrivi xasiaTis stiqiuri ubedurebebi

2.1 stiqiuri ubedurebebis, sawarmoo avariebisa da katastrofebis saxeebistiqiuri ubedurebebi es bunebis movlenebia, romlebic warmoiqmnebian, rogorc wesi, uecrad da iwveven mosaxleobis cxovelmoqmedebis mkveTr darRvevas, adamianTa da sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelTa msxverpls, materialur faseulobaTa ngrevasa da ganadgurebs. stiqiur ubedurebebs ekuTvnis miwisZvra, wyaldidoba, grigali, qarborbala, Rvarcofi, mewyeri, tyisa da torfis xanZrebi.

avaria es aris Senobis, nagebobis, matareblis, gemis, TviTmfrinavis, manqnis, dazgis gauTvaliswinebeli gamosvla mwyobridan, dazianeba, dangreva da sxva. katastrofa ganadgureba, daRupva, samxedro damarcxeba, dangreva, SemaZrwunebeli moulodneli ubedureba, romelsac Tan axlavs adamianis sicocxlis xelyofa.

2.2 stiqiuri ubedurebebis, avariebisa da katastrofebis Sedegebis likvidaciis amocanebi

sawarmoo avariebisa da stiqiuri ubedurebebis Sedegebis likvidacia moicavs umokles droSi Casatarebel RonisZiebaT erTobliobas, mosaxleobisaTvis yvela saxis daxmarebis aRmoCenas, dazianebis (dasnebovnebis) kerebSi..

Sesabamisad arsebobs katastrofebis, stiqiuri ubedurebebisa da avariebis Sedegebis likvidaciis organizaciuli da sainJinro RonisZiebaTa eqvsi jgufi:

I jgufi stiqiur ubedurebaTa da avariaTa prognozi, mzis aqtiur movlenaTa ciklurobis kanonzomirebis, kosmosuri, meteorologiur, seismur, vulkanur, gliaciologiur biologiur da sxva prognozTa statistikuri monacemebis gaangariSebaTa CaTvliT;

II jgufi brZola stiqiur ubedurebebsa da sawarmoo avariebTan moicavs mosalodneli ubedurebis Sesaxeb mosaxleobis gafrTxilebasa da Semdgomi ngrevisa da danakargebis Semcirebas;

III jgufi maSveli da sxva gadaudebeli samuSaoebis stiqiuri ubedurebisa da sawarmoo avariebis kerebis raionebSi. e.i. sainJinro dazvervis Catareba, ngrevis moculobisa da xarisxis, mowamluli zonis masStabis, xanZris gavrcelebis siswrafisa da mimarTulebis, datborvis, mowamvlisa da sxvaTa dasadgenad; im obieqtebisa da dasaxlebuli punqtebis gamovlena, romlebsac uSualod emuqreba saSiSroeba.

IV jgufi dazaralebuli raionebis mosaxleobisaRvis materialuri da sxva daxmarebis aRmoCena.

V jgufi dasaxlebuli punqtebis, samrewvelo sawarmoebisa da saxalxo meurneobis sxva obieqtebis droebiTi, xolo Semdeg saboloo kapitaluri aRdgena; nawilobrivi rekonstruqciiT dangreuli da dazianebuli samoqalaqo da samrewvelo Senobebisa da nagebobebis, wyaroebis, komunaluri da energetikuli qselebis, kavSirgabmulobisa da trasportis komunikaciebis, maT Soris rkinigzis, saavtomobilo gzebis, xidebis, aerodromebisa da navsadgurebis, sasoflo sameurneo savargulebis aRdgena, istoriis, xelovnebisa da arqiteqturis unikaluri Zeglebis restavracia da konservacia, sruliad dangreulis nacvlad axali Senobebisa da nagebobebis ageba;

VI jgufi sainJinro-teqnikuri RonisZiebebi saxalxo meurneobis obieqtebis myari muSaobis da nagebobebis mdgradobis asamaRleblad avariebisa da katastofebis ganmeorebas. profilaqtikuri samuSaoebis Catareba. Semdgomi ngrevis Tavidan asacileblad xalxis, materialuri faseulobaTa da xelovnebis nimuSTa dasacavad.

stiqiuri ubedurebebis, avariebisa da katastrofebis Sedegebis likvidaciisas yvelaze rTuli da Sromatevadia RonisZiebaTa III da V jgufebSi Semavali samuSaoebi.

2.3 miwisZvra

dRes ukve dadgenilia, rom miwisZvris gamomwvevi mizezebi metwilad dakavSirebulia dedamiwis wiaRSi drekadi Zabvebis dagrovebasa da mis swraf ganmuxtvasTan,. maTi keris siRrme 700km-is farglebSia.miwisZvris warmomSobi mizezebi SeiZleba iyos agreTve vulkanuri procesebi da CaqceviTi an zvavuri movlenebi, romlebic dedamiwis zedapirze iwvevs lokalurad gamovlenil sust biZgebs.

miwisZvris hipocentri adgili dedamiwis wiaRSi, saidanac dasabami mieca qanebis rRvevas; epicentri hipocentris gegmili dedamiwis zedapirze; kera sasruli sididis are dedamiwis wiaRSi, romelic potenciuri energiis swrafad gardaqmnis Sedegad siTburi energiis gamoyofisa da drekadi talRebis gamosxivebis wyaro xdeba; hipocentris koordinatebi; dro keraSi, anu miwisZvris warmoqmnis momenti; epicentruli dro anu epicentrSi Seryevis dawyebis dro.

damuSavebulia ramodenime saxis 12 baliani (iyeneben ZiriTadad evropasa da amerikaSi) da 7 baliani (iyeneben iaponiaSi) skala.

qvemoT mogvyavs 12 baliani skalis aRwera:

1 bali - ar SeigrZnoba mosaxleobi mier.

2 bali - SeigrZnoba mxolod zogierTis mier, romlebic imyofebian wynar mdgomareobaSi, gansakuTrebiT Senobebis zeda sarTulebSi.

3 bali - bevri SeigrZnobs. SenobebSi dakidebuli sagnebi sustad qanaobs, SeiZleba arc CaTvalon miwisZvrad.

4 bali - umravlesoba SeigrZnobs SenobebSi, xolo zogierTi Senobis gareTac. dakidebuli sagnebi mniSvnelovnad qanaobs. avtomobilebi adgilidan iZvris. fanjrebi, WurWeli, Seminuli karebi zanzarebs, Wiqebi wkrialebs, xis kedlebi da CarCoebi tkacunobs.

5 bali - umravlesobis mier SeigrZnoba, rogorc Senobis SigniT, ise gareT. mZinareni iRviZeben. siTxe WurWelSi irxeva da nawilobrivad iRvreba. mcire zomis sagnebi adgilidan iZvris an yiravdeba. SeiZleba daimtvres minis WurWeli, karebi gaiRos, gaCerdes saaTis qanqara, xandaxan irxeva xeebi da svetebi.

6 bali - SeigrZnobs yvela. bevrs SiSi moicavs, zogi gamorbis Senobidan. adamianebs siaruli uWirT, sasadilo da minis WurWeli imtvreva, skdeba zogierTi fanjris mina. mcire zomis sagnebi Taroebidan cviva, kedlebidan suraTebi vardeba. SeiZleba gadaadgildes aveji. D kategoriis qvisa da aguris Senobebis baTqaSSi Cndeba napralebi. rekavs eklesiebisa da skolebis zarebi. xeebi da buCqebi SesamCnevad iryeva.

7 bali - mosaxleoba SeSinebulia, Znelia erT adgilze gaCereba. mZRolebi moZraobis dros amCneven manqanebis ryevas. dakidebuli sagnebi qanaobs, imtvreva aveji. ziandeba Rumelebis milebi. vardeba cudad damagrebuli agurebi, kramitebi da qvebi; Senobidan cviva karnizi, araarmirebuli parapeti da arqiteqturuli morTuloba. D kategoriis qvisa da aguris nagebobebi ziandeba. Cndeba napralebi C kategoriis saxlebSi. wyalsacavebSi SeimCneva talRebi, qviSiani da qviSaqviani sanapiroebis mcire Camococeba. rekavs didi zarebi, ziandeba betonis sarwyavi arxebi.

8 bali - saerTo SiSia, panikis niSnebi. Znelia avtomanqanebis marTva. cviva baTqaSi; ingreva zogirTi agurisa da qvis kedlebi. daiZvris da cviva Rumelisa da qarxnis milebi, Zeglebi, koSkebi da avzebi, roml;ebic maRal sayrdenebzea damagrebuli. daumagrebeli karkasis saxlebi gadaadgildeba fudamentidan. D kategoriis qvisa da aguris Senobebi mZimed ziandeba. ziandeba da nawilobriv ingreva C kategoriis saxlebi, ziandeba zogierTi B kategoriis saxli, A kategoriis saxlebSi dazianeba ar SeimCneva. imtvreva mompali sayrdenebi, tydeba xis totebi. wyaroebsa da WaburRilebSi SeiZleba Seicvalos wylis debiti da temperatura. svel niadagSi da cicabo ferdobebze Cndeba bzarebi.

9 bali - sayovelTao SiSia. kargad nagebi Senobebi ziandeba. Senobis SigniT didi ngrevaa. xdeba specialurad daumagrebeli karkasis saxlebis gadaadgileba. D kategoriis qvisa da aguris saxlebis ngreva; mZime dazianeba. zogjer mTliani ngreva C kategoriis saxlebisa; B kategoriis saxlebi Rebulobs seriozul dazianebas. fundamentebi ziandeba. wyalsacavebi seriozulad ziandeba. skdeba miwisqveSa wyalsadenis milebi. SesamCnevia napralebi niadagSi. niadagidan amodis Sadrevani, romelic qmnis qviSis yels.

10 bali - aguris, qvisa da karkasis saxlebis umravlesoba ingreva fundamentebTan erTad. ingreva zogierTi kargad naSeni xis saxli da xidi. seriozulad ziandeba kaSxalebi, navsadgomebi, jebirebi, Cndeba didi mewyerebi. arxebidan, mdinareebidan da tbebidan amoiRvreba wyali. plaJebisa da mdinareebis qveda welis napirebze amoiyreba sila da Slami. msubuqad iRuneba liandagi.

11 bali - aguris, qvisa da xis Senobebis umetesoba ingreva. ingreva zogierTi xidi. niadagSi Cndeba didi napralebi. miwisqveSa wyalsadeni milebi mTlianad gamodis mwyobridan. Zlier iRuneba liandagi.

12 bali - sayovelTao ngrevaa. xdeba mTis qanebis masivebis gadaadgileba. zedapirze Cans miwis talRebi. landSaftis xiluli cvlileba. sagnebs isvris haerSi. 2.3.1 miwisZvris warmoSobis mizezebi

miwisZvrebi xdeba dedamiwis wiaRSi da amitom aucilebelia warmodgena gvqondes mis agebulebaze da masSi mimdinare procesebze.

miwisqveSa biZgis warmoqmnis meqanizmis analizi gviCvenebs, rom miwisZvra dedamiwis qerqisa da mantiis nivTierebis reaqciaa, im teqtonur daZabulobaze, romelic dedamiwis wiaRSi grovdeba.

miwisZvris kerebi ganlagebulia sxvadasxva siRrmeze, dedamiwis qerqis farglebSi ufro xSirad (20-30km siRrmeze). miwisZvris dros Tavisufldeba kinetikuri energiis udidesi raodenoba.

miwisZvris siZliere ganisazRvreba balebSi, romliTac fasdeba epicentrSi Seryevis intensiuroba. intensiurobis gansazRvrisaTvis gamoiyeneba seismuri skala. arsebobs sxvadasxva seismuri skala, romlebSic rxevis intensiuroba Sefasebulia Senobebis dazianebis, gruntis narCeni deformaciis masStabis da gamovlenis formisa da miwisZvris sxva garegani faqtorebis mixedviT.

2.3.2 miwisZvris prognozireba

miwisZvris prognozis erT-erTi saxe seismuri daraioneba ukve ganixileba rogorc sakamaod dasabuTebuli. seismuri daraioneba, rogorc TviT dasaxeleba uCvenebs, gvaZlevs warmodgenas ama Tu im raionisaTvis ama Tu im drois intervalSi, ra maqsimaluri intensivobis miwisZvra aris mosalodneli.

aRsaniSnavia, rom miwisZvris dros prognozireba uaRresad Znelad amosaxsneli amocanaa. es gansakuTrebiT mkafiod igrZnoba swored axla, rodesac ukve dagrovda garkveuli statistika iseTi miwisZvrebisa, romlebic moxda specialuri prognostikuli aparaturiT aRWurvil raionebSi.

ganvixiloT is ideebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs miwisZvris prognozs droSi.

mTavari albaT is aris, rom amJamad miwisZvris keraSi mimdinare procesi ganixileba ara rogorc myisieri, katastrofuli aqti, aramed procesi, romlis mxolod finalur nawils warmoadgens sakuTriv magistraluri rRvevis gaCena. fizikuri modelebis mixedviT, myar sxeulze modebuli wneva iwvevs mikrobzarebis gaCenas, romlebic Semdgom erTiandeba da qmnis sul ufro did bzarebs, vidre udidesi bzari sabolood ar miaRwevs e.w. grifitsis bzaris zomas. amis Semdeg es didi bzari izrdeba daaxloebiT ganivi drekadi talRis gavrcelebis siswrafiT sxeulis srul daSlamde. swored am e.w. dinamikur fazas ukavSirdeba miwisZvris damangreveli efeqti.

dakvirvebebi da miRebulia bevri mniSvnelovani daskvna miwisZvris prognozis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb.

saqarTveloSi sami prognozuli poligonia: Tbilisis, engurhesisa da javaxeTis zegnis, romelTa muSaobas warmarTavs sacdel-meToduri geofizikuri eqspedicia..

2.3.3 miwisZvrebi saqarTveloSi

kacobriobas axsovs msoflioSi momxdari mravali katastrofuli miwisZvra, romlebic aRwerilia istoriul dokumentebSi.2.3.4 miwisZvris saxeobebi

miwisZvris erT-erTi saxeobaa vulkanuri miwisZvra, romelic warmoiSoba vulkanuri amofrqvevis Sedegad. vulkanur amofrqvevas Tan sdevs didZali energiis gamoyofa, iseve rogorc birTvuli afeTqebisas. vulkanuri amofrqvevis winamorbedia miwisqveSa guguni, dartymebi da sxvadasxva Zalis miwisqveSa ryeva. ferdobebze da vulkanis kraterSi Cndeba bzarebi, saidanac amoifrqveva maxrCobela gazi an cxeli wyali.

miwisZvra romelic gamowveulia meteoritis CamovardniT an afeTqebiT, anda sxva kosmosuri sxeulebis CamovardniT. aseTi miwisZvrebi iSviaTobas warmoadgens. aseT miwisZvrebs Tan axlavs mZime, zogjer katastrofuli Sedegebi, romlebic iseTivea rogorc birTvuli afeTqeba. magram maT ar aqvT SemoRwevadi radiacia da radioaqtiuri mowamvlis Zala.

2.3.5 miwisZvris Sedegebis likvidaciis RonisZiebebi

mosaxleobis reagireba miwisZvraze iwyeba misi dawyebis momentidan, pirvelive biZgebis SegrZnobidan. rac SeiZleba swrafad unda datovos Senoba, xolo Tu amas ver moaswrebs dadges karebis an fanjris TaRis wveS.

SenobaSi darCenis SemTxvevaSi yuradReba unda mieqces baTqaSis, armaturis, wignis karadebis, WurWleulis Taroebis Camovardnis an gadmobrunebis saSiSroebas. quCaSi myofi adamiani ar unda dadges Senobis an sxva nagebobis gverdiT, unda gadairbinos quCis SuagulSi an sxva Tavisufal dsaxlebul adgilze.

dauSvebelia adamianTa yofna adviladaalebad an Zliermoqmed Sxamian nivTierebaTa mwarmoebel an Semnaxvel obieqtTa teritoriaze. yovlTvis saWiroa gvaxsovdes, rom adamianebs xSirad ayenebs travmas SuSis, Siferis, kramitis namsxvrevebi, rkinis saxuravis naglejebi, ficrebi da sxva Camovardnili sagnebi. gansakuTrebul saSiSroebas warmoadgens dawyvetili dengamtari mavTulebi.miwisZvris Sedegebis likvidaciis dros udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba kargad organizebul informacias. cnoba miwisZvris Sesaxeb da mosaxleobisaTvis rekomendaciebis gadacema unda iyos mkafiod, gasagebad, konkretuli miTiTebebiT vin, sad da rogor unda moiqces da imoqmedos. 2.4MlandSafturi xanZrebi da maTTan brZola

2.4.1 landSafturi xanZrebis saxeobebi

xanZari warmoadgens wvas, romelic vrceldeba stiqiurad. xanZari SeiZleba iyos tyis, Waobis (torfis) tundris, lerwmis da mindvris (momwifebuli puris).

landSafturi xanZari warmoadgens saSiS stiqiur ubedurebas. is anadgurebs Zvirfas masalas tyes, torfs, purs da sxva. mas gaaCnia seriozuli gamanadgurebeli faqtorebi, romelTagan ZiriTadia maRali temperatura, rac iwvevs yovelive imis aalebas, rac ki moxvdeba xanZris zonaSi.

xanZari iwvevs didi raodenobiT gakvamlianebas, rac gamaRizianeblad moqmedebs adamianebze da cxovelebze, zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki iwvevs maT mowamvlas naxSiroJangiT. xanZari aqveiTebs mxedvelobis ares da axdens uaryofiT fsiqologiur zemoqmedebas adamianebze.

saxeobis mixedviT xanZari iyofa:

1. tyis xanZari dabali da maRali.

2. miwisqveSa xanZari torfis da niadagis.

2.4.2 tyis xanZari

tyis xanZari gamowveulia sxvadasxva mizezebiT. upirvelesad unda gamoiyos xanZari gamowveuli uyuradRebobiT. tyis xanZari Cndeba Weqa-quxilis dros, aseve calkeuli patara xanZrebi SeiZleba gamoiwvios amindis cvalebadobam, igi didad aris damokidebuli haeris temperaturaze, qarze da sxva. tyeebs xanZris saSiSroebis mixedviT or ZiriTad jgufebad yofen: wiwvian (fiWvi, naZvi, soWi) da foTlovan (aryi, nekerCxali, muxa, verxvi da sxva) tyeebad. foTlovani tyeebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia xanZris umniSvnelovanesi safrTxe. ufro xSirad ekideba mSral wiwvian xeebs xevsurs, wiTeli mocvis buCqnars da zogierT maT saxesxvaobas. sawvavi masala tyeSi erTnairi ar aris (samuSao merqani, buCqnari, mcenareuli safari, farCxi, torfi da sxva) imyofeba sxvadasxvanair struqturul erTobliobaSi, sxvadasxvanairadaa ganlagebuli teritoriaze. erTnairad ar iwvis xanZarsaSiSi sezonis sxvadsxva periodSi da sxvadasxvanairad reagirebs amindis cvlilebaze.

ganasxvaveben tyis xanZris sam ZiriTad saxeobas: qveda, zeda da miwisqveSa xanZrebad.

tyis qveda xanZari warmoiSoba wiwvovanTa, foTlovan buCqnarebis, niadagis zedapiris cocxali safaris (xavsi, balaxi), naxevrad buCqnaris da mkvdari niadagis safaris wvisagan. qveda xanZari aris ori saxis: Cqari da myari (mdgradi). Cqari xanZris damaxasiaTebelia Cqari gavrcelebis ali, kvamli Cveulebriv nacrisferia. Cqari xanZris dros cecxlis gavrceleba aRwevs asobiT metrs, zog SemTxvevaSi ramdenime km/saaTSi. Cqari xanZris gavceleba mimdinareobs araTanabrad.

myari qveda xanZris damaxasiaTebelia, is rom igi mTlianad wvavs miwis zedapiris safars, cecxlis alis simaRle ufro metia, vidre Cqari xanZrisa da aRwevs or metrs. xolo xanZris keris gavrcelebis siswrafe didi ar aris da ar aRemateba ramdenime asobiT metrs saaTSi.

Zlieri qarisa da metad daxergilobis pirobebSi cecxlis kvamlisagan da patar-patara totebisagan xSirad warmoiqmneba grigaliseburi sveti. isini didi siCqariT miiweven win qaris mimarTulebiT da gadaaqvT ra cecxli did manZilze, maTi mizeziT warmoiqmneba xanZris axali kerebi.

tyis maRali xanZris dros iwvis ara marto miwis zeda safari, aramed mTlianad xeebi. tyis maRali xanZari, rogorc wesi warmoiSoba da vrceldeba qveda xanZrisagan. SeiZleba iyos agreTve mwvervalis xanZari, rodesac iwvis mxolod xeebis wveroebi. aseTi xanZari mokle droisaa. zeda xanZari iseve rogorc qveda xanZari iyofa or jgufad: Cqari da myari (mdgradi).. maRali myari xanZrisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia is, rom cecxli moZraobs zeda safaridan xeTa mwvervalebamde, kvamli muqi ruxi ferisaa.

zeda xanZris dros gamoiyofa didi raodenobis siTbo. cecxlis alis simaRle 100 metrze mets aRwevs. maRal xanZars Tan axlavs cecxlis intensiuri gadasrola did manZilze, zogjer ramodenime kilometrze.

miwisqveSa xanZrebi es iseTi xanZrebia, romlis drosac iwvis torfis fena, romelic tyis masivis qveSaa ganfenili. aseTi xanZari warmoiSoba ufro xSirad zafxulis bolos, rogorc qveda an maRali tyis xanZris gagrZeleba.

2.4.2.1 RonisZiebebi tyis xanZris likvidaciisaTvis

tyis xanZris keris aRmoCenisTanave, saWiroa yvela zomebis miReba mis Casaqrobad, adamianTa, cxovelebisa, sasoflo-sameurneo da materialur faseulobaTa gadasarCenad, xanZris Sesaxeb dauyovnebliv unda ecnobos saxanZro dacvis organoebs, polocias, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organoebs.

masiuri tyis xanZrebTan brZola SeiZleba iyos xangrZlivi da miiRos gaWianurebuli xasiaTi. igi ar wydeba arc dRe da arc Rame da mimdinareobs garemosaTvis mZime pirobebSi.

tyis xanZris lokalizaciisa da likvidaciis samuSaoebi iwyeba xanZris keris dazverviT, radgan mxolod detaluri dazvervis Sedegad SeiZleba miRebul iqnas dasabuTebuli gadawyvetileba. xanZris dazvervis yvelaze operatiul saSualebas warmoadgens specialuri mowyobilobiT aRWurvili TviTmfrinavebi da vertmfrenebi, romlebic umokles vadaSi iZlevian cnobebs xanZris warmoSobisa da misi keris daxasiaTebis Sesaxeb.

tyis xanZrebis CaqrobaSi aqtiurad ebmeba adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, garda axalgazrdobisa, romelTac ar SeusrulebiaT 18 weli, orsuli da CvilbavSviani qalebi. uSualod cecxlis piras momuSave adamianebi uzrunvelyofili unda iqnen spectansacmliT, CaCqanebiT, kvamlsawinaaRmdego niRbebiT da airwinaRebiT. Tu dakvamlul zonaSi xilvadoba 10 m-ze naklebia, am zonaSi Sesvla ar SeiZleba.

xanZris Caqrobis dawyebamde xelmZRvanelma unda gansazRvros TavSesafris adgili mdeloze, wyalsacavis napirze da a.S. romlebTanac misasvleli gzebi unda icodes yvelam. moqmedi xanZris zonaSi Ramis gasaTevi adgilis mowyoba akrZalulia. dasasvenebeli adgilebis ganlageba SeiZleba lokalizebuli xanZris adgilidan 100 metris daSorebiT.

nebismieri xanZris warmoSobisaTvis da misi Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa sami komponentis urTierTmoqmedeba: sawvavi masala, haeris nakadi da sawvavi masalis aalebis wyaro.

Zalze didi mniSvneliba eniWeba winaswar RonisZiebebs tyisa da torfis xanZris Tavidan asacileblad.

xanZris warmoSobaze amindisa da adgilmdebareobis moqmedebis Sefaseba xdeba meteobiuleteniT, tyis rukebiTa da specialuri aRwerilobiT. xanZarsaSiSi tyeebisa da torfis adgilebis ufro sruli SefasebisaTvis saWiroa raionis detaluri dazverva da Seswavla.

tyis gazrdil xanZarsaSiS garegan niSnebs warmoadgens TiTqmis gamxmari mcenareTa didi raodenoba. foTlis, wiwvisa da totebis ufro intensiuri cvena hqmnis gadidebul safrTxes. gvalvis dros tyis xanZris intensiuri gavrcelebis faqtors warmoadgens haeris tenianoba da qaris sisuste.

prognozis monacemebis safuZvelze tardeba saxanZro-profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebi. agreTve, xanZrebis swrafi likvidaciisaTvis da saSiSroebis Tavidan acilebisaTvis tyis xanZarsaSiS ubnebze iqmneba xanZarsawinaaRmdego zRudeebi.2.4.3 torfis xanZari

torfis xanZari SeiZleba warmoiSvas tyis xanZris gareSe, torfis damamuSavebel raionebSi da torfis WaobebSi. aseTi xanZari xSirad moicavs did teritoriebs da Znelad Casaqrobia.

torfi myari sawvavia da warmoiqmneba Waobis mcenareTa narCenebis arasruli xrwnis Sedegad, Jangbadis miwodebis ukmarisobisa da maRali tenianobis pirobebSi. mcenareebis arasruli xrwnis Sedegad torfi TandaTan grovdeba niadagSi da torfis sabados fenas warmoqmnis torfis xanZari xSirad moicavs did teritorias da Zneli Casaqrobia. saSiSroeba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom wva xSirad warmoebs miwis qveS. torfis wvisagan warmoiSoba miwisqveSa adgilebi, romlebic SesaZlebelia Caingres da Caitanos xalxic da teqnikac.

xanZris qrobisas torfis mopovebisa da Srobis velze qarian mxares Seqmnilia ori jgufi. saxanZro qvedanayofis pirveli jgufi axdens wvis likvidacias xanZris gavrcelebis frontze. meore jgufi ki gadatyorcnili naperwklebidan warmoqmnil keras aqrobs.

torfis xanZars aqroben aseve Txrilebis gaTxriT siRrmiT gruntis mineralur fenamde. xanZris gavrcelebis sazRvrebis gansazRvris Semdeg Txrian Txrilis zeda nawils siganiT araumetes 0,75-1 m. es samuSao sruldeba xeliT an Txrilis mTxrelTa daxmarebiT an feTqebadi nivTierebebis afeTqebis gziT.

Txrili unda momzaddes masTan cecxlis misvlis momentamde da sasurvelia igi wyliT gaivsos. am meTodis gamoyenebisas moqmedi kera saWiroebs mudmiv meTvalyureobas, xolo Txrilze wvis keris gaRvivebisas dauyovnebliv likvidacias.

2.5 qariSxali, grigali da qarborbala da maTi likvidaciis RonisZiebebi

stiqiuri ubedurebis saxeobebia qariSxali, grigali da qarborbala. es aris haeris an qaris katastrofuli siCqariT moZraoba, rac zogjer iwvevs asiaTasobiT adamianis, cxovelebisa da gemebis daRupvas, qalaqebisa da soflebis ngrevas, saxlebis iseTive dazianebas, rogorc miwisZvris dros.

qaris siCqare qariSxlis, grigalis da qarborbalis dros meryeobs 0-dan zebgeramde.Qqaris siswrafis gradacia, romelic mauwyebelia misi saSiS stiqiaSi gadazrdisa, adre ganisazRvreboda 12 baliani skaliT miRebul iqna msoflio meteorologiuri organizaciis mier.

grigals uwodeben udidesi damangreveli Zalis da xangZlivad moqmed qars. igi yvelafers anadgurebs Tavis gzaze: amtvrevs xeebs, angrevs Senoba-nagebobebs. zRvaze grigali iwvevs talRebs, rac aferxebs naosnobas da xSirad iwvevs gemebis daRupvas.grigalis Zala aris 12 bali.

qariSxali warmoadgens grigalisa da Stormis nairsaxeobas. qariSxali arsebobs mtvriani, nakadisebri, Savi, wiTeli, yviTel-wiTeli, TeTri, siliani, Tovliani da sxva. qariSxalis siCqare naklebia vidre grigalisa rac iwvevs niadagis zeda fenis gamoSrobas da gamofitvas- erozias. mcenareTa fesvTa sistemis gatitvlebas da maT daRupvas. naTesebis nawili, gansakuTrebiT dablobSi, SeiZleba dafaruli iqnes miwiT.

qarborbala warmoadgens atmosferul grigals, warmoiSoba elWeqis RrublebSi, Semdeg vrceldeba Zirs dedamiwisken. xSirad dedamiwamde cibrutuli moZraobiT, romelsac aqvs gadabrunebuli Zabris forma. pirvel rigSi magrdeba nagebobebi, saxlebi, sxvadasxvagvari konstruqciebi. aucilebelia yvelgan daiketos fanjrebi, karebebi, sxvenebi, Seinaxos sagnebi, romelTac SeuZliaT adamianis daSaveba.

grigalis, qariSxalis da qarborbalis dros mosaxleobis mier saWiro wesebis dacva mniSvnelovnad amcirebs stiqiuri ubedurebebiT miyenebul zarals.

2.6 wyaldidoba, Rvarcofi, mewyeri da maTi likvidacia

2.6.1 wyaldidoba wyaldidoba _ warmoadgens adgilmdebareobis mniSvnelovani farTobis wyliT datborvas mdinareebis, tbebis an zRvis donis awevis SemTxvevaSi, rac warmoiqmneba sxvadasxva mizezebiT da xdeba wlis yvela dros.umetes SemTxvevebSi wyaldidobis ZiriTadi mizezebia kokispiruli wvimebi, Tovlisa da yinulis intensiuri dnoba, mdinareTa wyalmovardna. gansakuTrebiT saSiSroebas warmoadgens mewyerebiT, mTis qanebis CamorecxviT da kaSxalebis garRveviT gamowveuli wyaldidobebi.

cunami aris udidesi ganadgurebis wyaro.

wyaldidobis dros evakuaciis win yvela moqalaqe Tavisi saxlis, binis dacvis mizniT atarebs saTanado samuSaos: gamorTavs wyals, gazs, eleqtroenergias, saojaxo nivTebs ganalagebs zemo sarTulSi, gaaqvs ezodan sasoflo-sameurneo inventari; droulad cxaddebian evakuaciisaTvis Sekrebis adgilze da Tan aqvT sabuTebi.

yvela moqalaqe valdebulia gamoiCinos didi TavSekaveba da ar ayves panikas. adamianebi, romlebic wyaldidobis dros aRmoCndebian wyalSi, Tavidan unda moicilon mZime tansacmeli da fexsacmeli, gacuron an fexiT gaemarTon dautboravi adgilisaken. aseve yvela adamianis upirvelesi movaleobaa daxrCobas gadaarCinos wyalSi moxvedrili adamianebi.

2.6.2 Rvarcofebi da mewyeriRvarcofebi warmoiSobian kokispiruli wvimebis, mTis Tovlisa da yinulebis intensiuri dnobisagan, aseve miwisZvris Sedegad. esaa mTis mdinareTa kalapotSi momdinare wyalSi Cayrili qviSa, Tixa, RorRi, qvis namtvrevebi, xeebi da sxva.

Rvarcofebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan Tavisi moZraobis xasiaTiT. mewyeri xSiri movlenaa msoflios bevr qveyanaSi. es aris mTebidan da ferdobebidan mowyvetili gruntis masa. mewyerebi warmoiSobian ferdobis ama Tu im farTobze zRvis zvirTebiT an mdinaris dinebiT, gamotifviT an atmosferuli naleqebisagan datenianebiT niadagis samyaros Sesustebis Sedegad. aseve miwisqveSa wylebisa da gareSe Zalebis, gansakuTrebiT seismuri rxevebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad. mewyeri SeiZleba gamoiwvios adgilmdebareobis araswori geologiuri daskvnis pirobebSi mimdinare samSeneblo samuSaoebmac.

Rvarcofuli niaRvris winaaRmdeg brZolis yvelaze ufro efeqturi saSualebaa mosaxleobis yvela kategoriis daxmarebiT organizaciul, sameurneo, agrotenikur, satyeomeloraciul da hidroteqnikur winaswar Catarebul RonisZiebaTa kompleqsi. RvarcofsaSiSi raionebis mosaxleoba valdebulia mtkiced icavdes tyekafvis, miwaTmoqmedebisa da saqonlis Zovebis arsebul rekomendaciebs.

moduli III. biologiur-socialuri sagangebo situaciebi.

3.1.. epidemia, epizotopia da epifitotia

mosaxleobisaTvis mZime ubedurebad iTvlebian epidemia, epizotopia da epifitotia, romlebic sxvadasxva biologiuri faqtorebis Sedegad warmoiSobian droTa ganmavlobaSi.

epidemia _ esaa infeqciuri daavadebis masiuri gavrceleba mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan teritoriaze.

udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba infeqciuri daavadebis dasawyisis aRmoCenas. savaldebulo saregistracio aRricxvazea asayvani Semdegi infeqciuri daavadebebi: muclis tifi, paratifi (adav), partaxtiani tifi, mwvave da qronikuli dizinteria, wiTela, poliomieliti, cimbiris wyluli, malaria, Turquli da sxva. iseTi daavadebebi ki, rogoricaa Wiri, qolera, yviTeli cieba, naturaluri yvavili, ayvanili unda iqnen specialur aRricxvaze.

pirveladi keridan epidemia SeiZleba gavrceldes mowamvlis sxvadasxva gzebiTa da xerxebiT. infeqciuri daavadebebis gavrcelebaze gavlenas axdens: adamianTa cxovrebis pirobebi, imuniteti, mosaxleobis saerTo sanitaruli kulturis done, samkurnalo profilaqtikuri da sanitarul-profilaqtikuri muSaobis done, weliwadis dro da sxva faqtorebi.

zogierTi infeqciuri daavadebani mxolod adamianebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli: aziuri qolera, yvavili, muclis tifi da sxva. arsebobs saerTo daavadebani rogorc adamianebisaTvis, iseve cxovelebisaTvis: cimbiris wyluli, Turquli da sxva.

infeqciis gadacemis gzebi da xerxebia: sxvadasxva sasunTqi organoebis gziT, mowamluli produqtebis, furaJis da wylis moxmarebisas, mowamlul sagnebTan SexebiT, avadmyof adamianebTan da cxovelebTan urTierTobiT. avadmyofobis gadamtani mwerebisa da tkipebis mier kbenisas. amasTan avadmyofobis matarebeli mcire raodenobis mikrobebisa da Cxirebis moxvedrac ki iwvevs organizmis daavadebas.

mowamlul teritoriaze infeqciuri daavadebis keris aRmocenebis SemTxvevaSi unda dawesdes karantini da observacia.

karantini _ es aris epidemiis sawinaaRmdego da sareJimo RonisZiebaTa sistema, romelic mimarTulia dazianebis kerisagan garSemo myofi mosaxleobis izolaciaze da infeqciuri daavadebis kerebis likvidaciaze. daavadebis keris irgvliv ewyoba SeiaraRebuli dacva, akrZalulia Sesvla-gamosvla, agreTve qonebis gamotana.

karantinSi myofi adamianebis momarageba xdeba arsebuli specialuri punqtebis mier mkacri samedicino kontrolis qveS.

observacia _ es aris saizolacio-SemzRudavi RonisZiebaTa sistema, romelic iTvaliswinebs Sesvla-gasvlis da xalxis urTierTobis SezRudvas saSiSad gamocxadebul teritoriaze. samedicino Tvalyuris gaZlierebas, infeqciur daavadebaTa gavrcelebis likvidacias. observacia Semoifargleba im infeqciur daavadebaTa aRmocenebisas, romlebic ar warmoadgenen gansakuTrebulad saSiS jgufs.

karantinisa da observaciis SemoReba da moxsna warmoebs adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organoebis mier.

imisTvis, rom efeqturad iqnes daculi mosaxleoba epidemiis periodSi, saWiroa koleqtiuri da individualuri dacvis saSualebebi, specialuri preparatebi (vaqcinebi, Sratebi, baqteriofagi, antibiotikebi), aseve wylisa da sursaTis dacvis samuSaoebi.

gaCenili daavadebis keris likvidaciisaTvis saWiroa zustad ganisazRvros misi sazRvrebi, dawesdes kontroli am teritoriaze mcxovreb mosaxleobaze.

karantinis SemoRebis SemTxvevaSi mosaxleobam saWiroa daicvas Semdegi wesebi:

dezinfeqcia unda gaukeTdes saerTo sargeblobis adgilebs, avejs, WurWels, tansacmels, fexsacmels, logins, pirad nivTebs.

yoveldRiurad unda wmendnen da alagebdnen binas sadezinfeqcio saSualebebis gamoyenebiT;

infeqciuri daavadebiT eWvmitanili avadmyofis Sesaxeb dauyonebliv unda Seatyobinon poliklinikis eqims;

gaanadguron infeqciuri daavadebis gadamtanebi: virTxebi, Tagvebi, rwyilebi, tkipebi, taraknebi;

saxlidan gamosvlisas ixmaron sasunTqi organoebis individualuri dacvis saSualebebi;

ganuxrelad daicvas piradi higienis wesebi: xSirad, gansakuTrebiT Wamis win sadezinfeqcio xsnariT gaiwmindos, Semdeg ki Tbili wyliT da sapniT daibanos xelebi;

daicvas kvebis sanitarul-higienuri moTxovnebi: wyali aiRos mxolod saimedo adgilidan; aaduRos wyali da rZe. Tavi ar aaridos acras da wamlebis miRebas;

epizotopia _ cxovelTa daavadebis farTo gavrceleba, rac didad aRemateba amave regionSi Cveulebrivi daavadebis dones. cxovelTa daavadebebi, rogoricaa cimbiris wyluli, Turquli da sxva daavadebebi aseve SeiZleba aRmoaCndes adamiansac.

2007 wels saqarTveloSi masiurad gavrcelda afrikuli Roris ciebis daavadeba, romelmac saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela regioni moicva da masiurad gaanadgura Rori. aseve xSiria saqarTveloSi cxovelebSi Turquli, cimbiris wyluli, romlis aRmosafxvrelad maSinve tardeba masobrivi RonisZiebebi maTi Semdgomi gavrcelebis Tavidan asacileblad.

epifitotia _ warmoadgens mcenareTa daavadebas, romelic xasiaTdeba Semdegi daavadebebiT: purmarcvlovanTa Jangva, romelTa dazianebisas ikargeba mosavlis 40-70%, kartofilis sidample _ yvelaze mavne daavadeba (sokoTi ziandeba foTlebi, Reroebi, kartofilis bolqvebi). bolo dros Zalzed aris gavrcelebuli dasavleT saqarTveloSi e.w. amerikuli pepela, romelic anadgurebs savargulebs.

mcenareTa daavadeba da kvdoma SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva qimiuri nivTierebebis araswori gamoyenebis Sedegi. mag: herbicidebis, decolintebis, desikantebis da sxva nivTierebaTa garkveul dozebSi gamoyeneba sarevelebis da veluri buCqebis mosaspobad.

herbicidebis gamoyeneba balaxebis, buCqebis da xeebis ganadgurebisaTvis an nawilobriv dakninebisaTvis, mcenarebze moqmedebis xasiaTis mixedviT iyofa: srulad moqmedi (saerTod gamanadgurebeli), damkninebeli da yvela saxis mcenareebis momspobi. SerCeviTi moqmedeba damokidebulia dozaze, gamoyenebis vadebze da xerxebze. SerCeviTi moqmedebis herbicidebis farTobis erTeulze didi doziT gamoyenebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios mTeli mcenareulobis daRupva.

decolintebi aris nivTierebebi, romelic iwvevs foTolcvenas, misgan wylis aorTqlebis Sedegad foTlebi xdeba Ria nacrisferi, iWmuWneba, TandaTan xmeba da cviva. 4 dRe-Ramis Semdeg scviva foTlis 75%-ze meti, xolo Semdeg dRebSi 90%.

desikantebi _ aris preparatebi, romelic gamoiyeneba mcenareTa foTlebis, buCqebis da xeebis gasaxmobad. maTi saSualebiT damuSavebuli xeebis foTlebi icvlian fers da SeiZleba didxans ar Camocvivdnen. tyis dazianebuli ubnebi simwvanis saerTo fonze mkveTrad SesamCnevia.

epizotopisa da epifitotopiasTan brZolis ZiriTad moqmedebad gvevlineba:

epizotoposa da epifitotiis sawinaaRmdego profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebi, mimarTuli cxovelTa da mcenareTa daavadebis aRsakveTad.

deratizacia, dezinseqcia, biologiuri, qimiuri da meqanikuri brZola soflis da satyeo meurneobis mavneblebTan (Sesxureba, Sefrqveva, mavnebelTa gavrcelebis keris alyaSi moqceva SemoRobva).

yvela zemoTCamoTvlili RonisZiebis droulad da organizebulad Catareba uzrunvelyofs epizotoposa da epifitotos nebismieri gamovlinebis srul likvidacias.moduli IV. teqnogenuri xasiaTis sagangebo situaciebi

4.1 sawarmoo avariebi da katastrofebi zogadi cnobebi

didi sawarmoo avariebi arcTu iSviaTi movlenaa dRevandel cxovrebaSi. mas ganapirobebs mrewvelobis, mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis mZafri ganviTareba, sawarmoo teqnologiis swrafi tempi. es movlenebi gansakuTrebiT vlindeba maSin, rodesac ugulvebelyofen teqnikur usafrTxoebisa da Sromis dacvis moTxovnebs.

es iseTi movlenebia, romlebic uecrad wyveten an arRveven samrewvelo sawarmoebis muSaobis dawesebul process, mwyobridan gamoyavT manqanebi, agregatebi, komunikaciebi, nagebobebi, azianeben an anadgureben materialur faseulobas, iwiraven adamianTa sicocxles. avariam SeiZleba gamoiwvios katastrofa tragikuli, gamousworebeli SedegebiT.

sawarmoo avariebis warmoqmnis mizezebis Seswavla adasturebs mxolod maT garegnul mravalferovnebas, arsebiTad ki es mizezebi SeiZleba gaerTiandes or ZiriTad jgufSi: pirveli es aris zogierTi damproeqteblis upasuxismgeblo damokidebuleba warmoebis daproeqtebisas teqnikuri usafrTxoebis moTxovnebisadmi. saamqroebis xelmZRvanelTa aranaklebi gulgrili damokidebuleba am moTxovnaTa Sesrulebisadmi, afeTqebis saSiS ubnebSi mudmivi kontrolis uqonloba.

mizezTa meore jgufi ganpirobebulia imiT, rom jer kidev ar aris Secnobili bunebis yvela movlena. drodadro aRmoCndeboda, rom sxvadasxva qimiuri nivTierebani gansazRvrul SeerTebebSi Sediodnen mZafr reaqciebSi da iwvevdnen afeTqebas an TviTaalebas.

teqnikur progress yovelTvis Tan axlavs katastrofa. xSirad adamiani Tavis moRvaweobaSi aRwevda iseT simaRleebs, romlebic jer kidev ar eqvemdebareboda mis codnis dones. mizezTa jams, romelSic Seerwynen teqnikis ucodinaroba, moulodneli stiqiuri ubedurebani, arakeTilsindisiereba da siCqare, mohyveba saSineli tragediebi.

sawarmoo avariebi SeiZleba iyos Sedegi gareSe bunebrivi faqtorebis zemoqmedebisa, rogoricaa stiqiuri ubedurebani, nagebobaTa saproeqto-sawarmoo defeqtebi, maTi eqsploataciisa da warmoebis teqnologiuri procesebis darRveva.

eqsploataciis wesebisa da teqnologiuri procesebis darRvevebis gamo, miwisqveSa muSaobis pirobebSi (Saxtebi, gvirabebi, metropolitenebi, koleqtorebi da sxva) araerTxel momxdara gazis (meTnis) da mtvris afeTqeba, maRaros xanZari, naxSiris, gazis amofrqvevebi, datborva wylis, Slamiani masis gadmoxeTqvis Sedegad, TaRebis ngreva, nagebobaTa Cavardna, adamianTa dazianeba eleqtrodeniT da kesonuri daavadebiT. didia adamianTa msxverpli iseTi avariebis dros, rodesac xdeba gazisa da qvanaxSiris mtvris afeTqeba, msxverplis mixedviT meore adgili ki maRaros xanZrebs uWiravs.

Ria samrewvelo avariebs miekuTvneba avariebi samrewvelo obieqtebze, mSeneblobebze, agreTve rkinigzaze, sahaero, saavtomobilo, milsaden da wylis transportze, ris Sedegadac warmoiSveba xanZrebi, ingreva samoqalaqo da samrewvelo Senobebi, iqmneba atmosferos dazianebis saSiSroeba, mdinareTa da wylis mowamvla Zliermoqmedi Sxamiani nivTierebebiT, xdeba navTobproduqtebisa da momwamlavi siTxeebis gaJonva miwisa da wylis zedapirze, warmoiqmneba sxva saxis dazianebebi, romlebic saSiSroebas uqmnis mosaxleobasa da garemo samyaros.

didi avariebisa da katastrofebis Tavidan asacileblad mudmivad unda ganxorcieldes saorganizacio da sainJinro-teqnikur RonisZiebaTa kompleqsi, romelic gansazRvrulia Sromis dacvisa da usafrTxoebis teqnikis Sesabamisi debulebebiT. amasTan aucilebelia winaswar SemuSavdes SesaZlebeli avariebisa da katastrofebis likvidaciis gegma. muSebi da mosamsaxureebi mzad unda iyvnen avariul pirobebSi muSaobisaTvis. amasTan, unda Seiqmnas ZalTa da saSualebaTa rezervi, maSveli da sxva gadaudebeli samuSaoebis sawarmoeblad.

sawarmoo avariebis dros aucilebelia maSveli da sxva gadaudebeli samuSaoebis swrafad gaSla. mTavaria, avaria ar gadaizardos katastroful masStabebSi da gavufrTxildeT adamianTa sicocxles.4.2 Senoba-nagebobebis Cavardna da Camorecxva

sawarmoo avariebis dros Senobebis deformaciis, Cavardnisa da Camongrevis, aseve afeTqebisa da xanZrebis mizezia zedmeti datvirTva, daproeqtebis dabalxarisxiani Sesruleba.

daproeqtebisas defeqtebma, agresiuli wylebis, gruntSi moxetiale denebis TandaTanobiT zemoqmedeba iwvevs korozias, xolo Semdeg Senobebisa da nagebobebis ZiriTadi konstruqciebis deformacias. metropolitenis mSeneblobis trasaze, miwisqveSa Cavardnebis karstuli sicarielis adgilebSi da maradiuli yinvis zonaSi gruntis dnobisas, araerTi saxli Caingra.

Senobebisa da nagebobebis ngrevisas SesaZlebelia iyos konstruqciebis ori saxis avariuli mdgomareoba: pirveli konstruqciis gamZleobis zRvruli mdgomareobis miRweva, meore konstruqciebis Camongreva.

sawarmoo avariebis likvidaciisas, rodesac saqme exeba SenobaTa deformaciasa da ngrevas, tardeba avariis adgilebis garSemo teritoriis dacva. maSveli samuSaoebi, dazaralebulTa da materialur faseulobaTa Zebna, maTi amoReba nangrevebidan; SenobaTa da sxva nagebobebis konstruqciebis im kedlebis ngreva, romelic ar eqvemdebareba aRdgenas da warmoadgenen safrTxes garSemo myofTaTvis. komunalur-energetikuli qselebis saavario-aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi; Senobebis da nagebobebis mokle vadaSi aRdgena; im gadaxril, deformirebul nagebobaTa da konstruqciebis gasamagrebeli samuSaoebi, romlebsac emuqreba dangreva, Semdgomi ngrevis SesaCereblad; gadaxril da deformirebul SenobaTa droebiT aRdgenaSi daxmarebis aRmoCena, dasaxlebuli punqtebisa da sawarmoebis cxovelmoqmedebis aRsadgenad.4.3 afeTqebebi

samrewvelo sawarmoebSi afeTqebebs Cveulebriv axlavs nagebobaTa ngreva da deformacia. xanZari, energosistemis mwyobridan gamosvla, teqnologiuri milsadenebidan mavne nivTierebaTa gaJonva.

afeTqebiT gamowveuli sawarmoo avariebis Sedegebi Tavisi xasiaTiT analogiuria omiT gamowveuli ngrevebisa, gansakuTrebiT xSiria afeTqebebi saqvabeebSi, gazebis, aparatebis, produqtisa. naxevarfabrikatebis qimiur sawarmoebSi; benzinis orTqlisa da sxva komponentebis, navTobsaxdel qarxnebSi; fqvilsafqvav kombinatebSi, Saqris fxvnilisa da rafinadis qarxnebSi; xis mtvrisa da laqsaRebavebis xis orTliT damamuSavebel kombinatebSi da a.S. mraval qveyanaSi mZime avariebi xdeboda da xdeba miwisqveSa muSaobisas, Saxtebsa da maRaroebSi mtvrisa da gazis afeTqebisas. aseTi afeTqebebi Cveulebriv iwveven xanZrebs, ngrevas da sxva.

xSiria gazis balonebisa da bunebrivi gazis afeTqebebi, ris Sedegad warmoiSoba xanZari da xSiria xalxis msxverpli. garda amisa, dRemde ar aris gamoricxuli damangreveli afeTqebebis saSiSroeba warsuli omebis dros gruntSi CarCenili aufeTqebeli naRmebisa da Wurvebis saxiT.

bevri afeTqeba xdeba eleqtruli naperwklebisagan, maT Soris statikuri eleqtrobis dagrovebisagan. eleqtruli naperwkali SeiZleba warmoiqmnas yovelgvari gamtarebisa da qselebis gareSe. is imiTaa saxifaTo, rom warmoiSoba sruliad moulodnel adgilebSi (cisternebis kedlebze, avtomobilis salteze da a.S.) statikuri eleqtrobis gamo naperwklebis warmoSobisadmi gansakuTrebiT midrekili aRmoCnda neilonis nivTebi tanisamosi, linoliumi, plastmasis WurWeli. registraciaSi aRricxulia im avtomobilebis afeTqebebis didi raodenoba, romlebsac sabargulSi hqondaT benziniT savse sinTetikuri kanistrebi.

yovelgvari afeTqebis dartymiTi talRa, sawarmoo avariebis dros nagebobaTa elementebis ngrevasTan erTad iwvevs xalxis did msxverpls. afeTqebiT gamowveuli dazianebis moqmedebis zona izrdeba maTi simZlavris gadidebiT. dartymiTi talRis moqmedeba nagebobebis elementebze, xasiaTdeba datvirTvis rTuli kompleqsiT: pirdapiri wneva, ukugdebiTi wneva, garSemodeniTi wneva, dinebiTi wneva, datvirTva seismo-afeTqebadi talRebidan da a.S.

nagebobaTa dazianebis xarisxi da xasiaTi sawarmoo avariebis da afeTqebebis dros damokidebulia:

afeTqebis simZlavreze (trotilis eqvivalentze),

obieqtis nagebobaTa teqnikur daxasiaTebaze (konstruqciaze, simyareze, zomaze, formaze kapitaluri, droebiTi, miwiszeda, miwisqveSa da sxva),

obieqtis dagegmvaze, gaSenebis xasiaTze,

mxaris (adgilis) landSaftze (relsebze, gruntze, dasaxlebulobaze),

meteorologiur pirobebze (qaris siZliere, mimarTuleba, tenianoba, temperatura, naleqebis arseboba).

sawarmoSi sxvadasxva mizezebiT warmoqmnili afeTqebebis TvalsazrisiT saSiSi gazhaeris narevi Seicavs sam naxevarsferul zonas: I uSualod brizatuli moqmedebis gazhaeris afeTqeba dedamiwis axlos; II afeTqebis produqtebis moqmedebis zona; III sahaero dartymiTi talRis moqmedebis zona.

I zonaSi damazianebeli moqmedebis damaxasiaTebelia iseTi ngrevebi, romlebic warmoiSveba detonaciiT gamowveuli mZafri afeTqebis Sedegad da romlebic moTavsebulia garSemortymuli sagnebis gazhaeris narevis SigniT. radiusi ganisazRvreba specialuri cxriliT da formuliT. naxSirwyalbadis, propanisa da meTanis afeTqebisas 10 tonisaTvis udris 40 m, 50 tonisaTvis 70 m, 100 tonisaTvis 90 m da 200 tonisaTvis 100m.

sahaero narevebis asacileblad, romelic warmoebaSi warmoiqmneba benzinis, navTis, bunebrivi gazis orTqliT, Saqrisa da xis mtvriT da sxvaTa haerTan gajerebiT, pirvel rigSi aRmoifxvreba aalebis SesaZlebeli wyaroebi da ganxorcieldeba RonisZiebani, romlebic mimarTulia warmoebis dangrevisagan gadasarCenad.

cnobilia xuTi saxis dacva:

1. mdgradi dacviTi konstruqciebis daproeqteba, romelsac SeeZleba afeTqebis dros warmoSobili maqsimaluri wnevis datvirTvis gaZleba;

2. afeTqebasaSiS zonebSi inertuli garemos Seqmna, sadac Jangbadis Semadgeneloba iqneba wvis SesanarCuneblad aucilebelze naklebi raodenobis;

3. afeTqebasaSiSi zonebis izolacia myari kedlebiT;

4. afeTqebasaSiSi sawarmoebis ganlageba iseT adgilebSi, sadac afeTqebis SemTxvevaSi safrTxe ar daemuqreba garemo samyaros;

5. specialuri dacviTi sarqvelebis dayeneba afeTqebis dros warmoqmnili wnevis Sesamcireblad; afeTqebis Caqroba emyareba princips: afeTqebasaSiSi naerTebis aalebisas wneva dasawyis momentSi iwevs nela. am dros specialuri gadamcemis signaliT irTveba danadgari, saidanac gamodis cecxlCamqrobi nivTiereba, romelic xels uSlis alis gavrcelebas.

sawarmoebSi, afeTqebis Sedegebis salikvidaciod avariis adgilebs ukeTdeba garemocva, izRudeba im raionebSi Sesvla. mimdinareobs maSveli samuSaoebi, dazaralebulTa Zebna da maTi gamoyvana nangrevebidan. xanZris Caqroba Senobebsa da nangrevebSi. teritoriis, nagebobebisa da teqnikis gauvnebleba, adamianebis sanitaruli damuSaveba, sakomunikacio energetikul qselebSi dazianebis likvidacia, daxmarebis aRmoCena Senobis droebiT aRdgenaSi.4.4. xanZrebi

xanZrebi kacobriobisaTvis erT-erTi udidesi saSiSroebaa. materialur zaralTan erTad xanZars umeteswilad Tan axlavs adamianTa msxverplic. ukanasknel wlebSi xanZarma ubedurebaTa Soris mtkiced daikava adgili saavtomobilo katastrofaTa gverdiT.

sawarmoo avariebisa da stiqiuri ubedurebebis dros xanZrebis gaCenis ZiriTadi mizezebia saqvabeebis tevadobisa da milsadenebis dangreva, sadac moTavsebulia adviladaalebadi da afeTqebasaSiSi siTxeebi da gazebi, dazianebul da nawilobriv dangreul Senobebsa da nagebobebSi eleqtrodenis mokle CarTva, zogierTi nivTierebebisa da masalis afeTqeba da anTebadoba.

xanZrebis gaCena, upirveles yovlisa, damokidebulia warmoebis xasiaTisa da Senobebisa da misi Semadgeneli masalebis anTebadobisa da cecxlmedegobis xarisxze. feTqebad, feTqebad-saxanZro da saxanZro saSiSroebis mixedviT samrewvelo Senobebi iyofa 6 kategoriad: a, b, g, d, e, v. gansakuTrebiT saSiSia navTobgadasamuSavebeli qarxnebi, qimiuri sawarmoebi, navTobproduqtebis sawyobebi da sxva; qvanaxSiris mtvris, xis, fqvilis, Saqris fxvnilis, wisqvilebis safqvavi ganyofilebebi, agreTve xe-tyis saxerxi, xis dasamuSavebeli, sadurglo,xis taris da a.S. sawarmoebi.

yvelaze cecxlsaSiSia wvadi masalisagan agebuli Senobebi da nagebobebi. magram uwvi masalisagan agebulma Senobebmac SeiZleba gauZlos cecxls an maRali temperaturis zemoqmedebas mxolod garkveuli drois manZilze. konstruqciis cecxlmedegobis vada ganisazRvreba drois monakveTiT, romlis ganmavlobaSic ar Cndeba gamWoli bzarebi, konstruqcia ar kargavs gamZleobis unars, ar ingreva.

anTebadobis xarisxis mixedviT Senobebi da nagebobebi iyofa 5 jgufad (1, 2, 3, 4, 5), rac damokidebulia Senobebisa da nagebobebis nawilebis cecxlgamZleobaze.

xanZris qrobis taqtika emyareba wvis dros gamoyofili siTburi energiis Semcirebas, sawvavi nivTierebebis atmosferuli Jangbadisagan izolaciis gadidebas, agreTve xanZris lokalizaciis gziT, e.i. im sawvavi nivTierebebis masis SezRudvis gziT, romelic SeiZleba miizidos wvis procesSi.

sawarmoo avariebis dros xanZrebi iwvevs nagebobebis ngrevas. maRali temperaturis moqmedeba iwvevs liTonis RerZebis, gadasaxuri koWebisa da nagebobebis sxva elementebis gadawvas, deformaciasa da ngrevas. deformacias ganicdian agreTve aguris kedlebi da boZebi.

yvelaze saSiSia xanZrebi maRliv SenobebSi. mecnierebis azriT Tanamedrove maRlivi Senobebis konstruqciebi warmoadgens imis Semzarav magaliTs, Tu rogor ar unda vaSenoT. Senobebis Sida kedlebi mopirkeTebulia wvadi masalisagan damzadebuli panelebiT. xSirad Weris filebic damzadebulia xis wvadi masalisagan. avejis masala aalebadia. SenobebSi ar aris saxanZro signalizacia. xanZarsawinaaRmdego normebis daucveloba, xanZarsawinaaRmdego teqnikis CamorCena Tanamedrove mSeneblobis masStabebsa da moculobasTan SedarebiT, iwvevs xanZrebs, ngrevas, adamianTa msxverpls.

Zalze saSiSia xanZrebi navTobgadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis obieqtebze da navTobis sabadoebSi saZiebo burRvis dros. rodesac qviSis marcvlebis an kenWebis liTonis konstruqciebTan xaxunis Sedegad cecxli ekideba amoxeTqili navTobisa da gazis Sadrevans. Zalian xSirad imis gamo, rom ver xerxdeba amovsebuli WaburRilebis dakakraJeba, iwvis navTobi da gazi. aseTi WaburRilebi uqmad xarjaven navTsa da gazs. mkveTrad amcireben navTobis warmatebiT mopovebisaTvis aucilebel miwisqveSa wnevas, radgan es ukanaskneli devnis navTs WaburRilis sangrevebisaken. aseT WaburRilebSi, upirveles yovlisa, SeiZleba moxdes ubeduri SemTxvevebi, momakvdinebeli SedegebiTa da uzarmazari materialuri danakargiT.

veluri daukakraJebeli WaburRili es aris Tavawyvetili stiqia. amasTan, yvelaferi, rac ganlagebulia maxloblad WaburRilebsa da navTis rezervuarebs, kompresorul danadgarebsa da navTobsadenebs, saxelosnoebs, garaJebs, sacxovrebel saxlebsa da tyis masivebs emuqreba saSiSroeba da daRupva. amitom navTobsarewebSi navTis Ria sivrceSi amoCqefvas Tvlian ubedurebad da mkacrad sjian damnaSaveebs.

rogorc zeviT avRniSneT, xanZari aseT WaburRilTan SeiZleba gaCndes yovel wamSi. amisaTvis sakmarisia Tundac erTi qva an qviSis marcvali WaburRilidan navTsa da gazTan erTad amofrqveuli moxvdes liTons da gaCndes naperwkali, moulodnelad ganTavisuflebuli wneva amoisvris nakads, romelic mimofantavs gisosian koSkurebs, grialiTa da RrialiT afrindeba xolme aseulobiT metrze da zeviT amoisvris saburRe milebis, instrumentebis nawilebs, xolo cecxlovani Sadrevanis boboqari ali uzarmazar qarborbalad avardeba cisken, romlis SigniT temperatura iseTia, rom foladis saburRi koSkebi masSi dneba rogorc sanTeli. aseTi xanZrebis Caqroba Zalian Znelia da isini zogjer wlobiT gizgizeben.

aseTi xanZrebis Casaqrobad iyeneben sxvadasxva saSualebebs, maT Soris afeTqebebs, yumbardamSenebs, agreTve Tanamedrove rTul teqnikas: saxanZro tankebs, qvemexebs, saxanZro danadgarebs, cecxlmqrobs turboreaqtiuli Zravebis bazaze, TviTmfrinavebs haeridan xanZris Tvalyuris sadevneblad da WaburRilis mogizgize piris dasabombad da sxva.

kidev ufro saSineli katastofa xdeba zRvis navTobis Ziebis adgilebSi, sadac ubedureba iRebs saerTaSoriso xasiaTs, radgan ukavSirdeba navTobis pirdapir zRvaSi CaRvris damRupvel Sedegebs WuWyiandeba sanapiro, iRupeba zRvis mcenareebi da cxovelebi. zRvaSi CaRvrili navTobis gavrcelebasTan brZola kidev ufro rTulia vidre xmeleTze.

rTuli samuSaoebis Catarebaa saWiro qvanaxSiris anTebadobisa da gazebis afeTqebis dros SaxtebSi, agreTve torfis saZiebo adgilebSi xanZris Casaqrobad. miwisqveSa gvirabebSi xanZrebTan sabrZolvelad maSvelebi iyeneben specialur respiratorebs, damcvel kostiumebs da sxva saSualebebs.

arc Tu iSviaTad xanZrebi warmoiqmneba sawvavis anTebadobis Sedegad sarkinigzo, sahaero, saavtomobilo da gansakuTrebiT wylis transportiT gadazidvis dros. eleqtrorkinigzaze xanZris dros wydeba dengamtari sadenebi, ris Sedegadac SeuZlebeli xdeba cecxlmodebuli sarkinigzo moZravi Semadgenlobis erTmaneTisagan gaSoreba da mTeli moZraoba paralizebuli xdeba.

xanZrebi, romlebic Cndeba sawarmoo avariebis dros, SeiZleba gavrceldes mTel dasaxlebul punqtSi an qalaqSi, maxlobel tyeebSi. xanZrebi gansakuTrebiT saSiSia Zlieri qaris dros.

xanZrebi msxvil samrewvelo sawarmoebsa da dasaxlebul punqtebSi SeiZleba iyos calkeuli (calke Senoba an nageboba) da masiuri (calkeul xanZarTa erToblioba, romelic moicavs SenobaTa 25%-ze mets). gansazRvrul dros, Zlieri xanZrebi SeiZleba gadavides cecxlovan StormSi, romelic moicavs SenobaTa 90%-ze mets. cecxlovani Stormi qalaqebSi mdgradi xanZris gansakuTrebuli saxea, romelic xasiaTdeba 5 kilometris sigrZis zeviT amavali wvis produqtebis svetiTa da gamTbari haeriT. agreTve yvela mxridan sufTa haeris nakadiT, romelic moZraobs Stormis sazRvrebis mimarTulebiT, qarborbalis siswrafiT 50-60 km/sT-Si.

xanZris Sedegebis likvidaciisaTvis sawarmoebSi asruleben xanZris keris saxanZro dazvervasa da saxanZro mdgomareobis Sefasebas; adamianTa evakuacias xanZris SesaZlo gavrcelebis adgilebidan. aseve materialuri faseulobebis Zebnasa da evakuacias. awarmoeben cecxlis qrobas saxanZro da sainJinro teqnikis daxmarebiT.4.5 avariebi energosistemis, sainJinro da teqnologiur qselebSi.

energosistemis dazianeba SeiZleba gamoiwvios Weqa-quxilma, afeTqebam, xanZarma, nagebobis Camongrevam, miwisZvram, SeiZleba warmoqmnas agreTve energosistemis damoukidebeli avariis gavleniT.

wyalsadenisa da sxva energetikuli komunaluri sainJinro qselebis mwyobridan gamosvlis mniSvneloba Tanamedrove samrewvelo sawarmoebisaTvis cxadad Cans maTi warmoebis energotevadobis Semdegi maCveneblebiT: 1 tona koqsis sawarmoeblad saWiroa 3 m wyali, foladisa - 20 m, xelovnuri abreSumis 950 m, bambis qsovilebisaTvis 300-11000 m da maRalxarisxovani qaRaldis 3000 m.

dangreul qselebze dazianebis lokalizacia unda warmoebdes swrafad maSvelTa mosvlisTanave. dangrevam, romelic warmoiqmneba dazianebis keris lokalizaciis dagvianebisas, SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad gadaaWarbos Tavdapirveli zaralis moculobas. magaliTad, Tu dazianebuli wyalsadenis xazze droze ar iqneba gadaketili urduli, wyals romelic daamsxvrevs dazianebul milebs, SeuZlia datboros garSemo arsebuli Senobebis sardafebi, saZirkvelebi gamouTxaros maT, gadarecxos gzebi. amis Sedegad, aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis moculoba mkveTrad gaizrdeba.

gasakuTrebiT didi ngreva SeiZleba gamoiwvios benzinsadenebis, gazsadenebis, Tbomomaragebisa da teqnologiuri milgamyvanebis sistemis sxva qselebis aradroulma gadaketvam. zamTarSi gaTbobis, wyalsadenebisa da kanalizaciis sistemebis gayvanilobis gayinvis Tavidan asacileblad aucilebelia damsxvreuli fanjrebis CarCoebis daxurva. amisaTvis iyeneben firficrebs, muyaos, polieTilenis afskebsa da sxva masalebs. aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis ZiriTadi amocanaa avariebis lokalizacia wyalmomaragebis, kanalizaciis, gaz da Tbomomaragebis qselebSi. wylis gadatumbva sardafebis, TavSesafrebisa da calkeuli nagebobebisa da obieqtebis datborvisa da dagazianebis Tavidan asacileblad.

energosistemebisa da sainJinro qselebis sawarmoo avariebis likvidaciisas atareben: avariis adgilis sainJinro dazvervas, aRdgeniT samuSaoebs maRali Zabvis eleqtroqselis gamorTvisa da sadenebisa da milsadenebis dazianebis salikvidaciod; xanmokle aRdgeniT samuSaoebs eleqtroqselebsa da milsadenebSi da maT gadarTvas energomomaragebis sxva wyaroebze; daxmarebas uweven dasaxlebul punqtebisa da sawarmoebis energosistemebisa da sainJinro qselebis muSaobis pirvelmoqmedebis aRsadgenad.4.6 avariebi satrasporto komunikaciebze

xSiria msxvili avariebi da katastrofebi satransporto komunikaciebze. arsebobs sahaero, saavtomobilo, saWapano, wylis, milgayvanilobis, xolo amJamad kosmosuri avariebisa da katastrofebis saxeobebi. maT Soris pirveli adgili avariebis mixedviT saavtomobilo transports ukavia.saavtomobilo transportze avariaTa didi ricxvi gamowveulia avtomobilis siCqarisa da gzis teqnikuri mdgomareobis SeusabamobiT, agreTve mZRolebis kvalifikaciiT, gamocdilebiT, discipliniT da sxva mizezebiT. magram saavtomobilo avariebis umravlesobis mizezia TviT adamiani.

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis, evropis ekonomikuri komisiis cnobiT momxdar yovel 30 sagzao SemTxvevaSi 5 wuTSi iRupeba 2 adamiani da 20 ziandeba.

arasakmaod gaTviTcnobierebuli adamianebi Cveulebriv fiqroben, rom yvelaze saxifaTi transportia sahaero. miuxedavad imisa, rom istoriaSi cnobilia TviTmfrinavebisa da gansakuTrebiT diriJablebis tragikuli sahaero katastrofebis mravali magaliTi, mainc sinamdvileSi aviakatastrofebSi ufro naklebi adamiani iRupeba, vidre saavtomobilo avariebSi.

sahaero transportis SemTxvevebi sami saxisaa: avaria, katastrofa da xomaldis damtvreva.

sahaero avaria sahaero SemTxvevaa, romelsac ar mohyveba adamianTa msxverpli, magram iwvevs TviTmfrinavis SesamCnev dazianebas, romlis Semdgomi aRdgena SeuZlebelia an mizanSeuwoneli.

saaviacio katastrofa es is SemTxvevaa, romlis Sedegic aris Tundac erTi adamianis daRupva ekipaJidan an mgzavrebidan, xolo sahaero xomaldi mTlianad an nawilobriv ingreva, an ukvalod ikargeba.

TviTmfrinavebze yvelaze saxifaTo momentad iTvleba afrena da dafrena. magram aviakatastrofis dros bevri iRupeba ara dartymisagan, aramed xanZris, kvamlisa da cecxlisagan. is rom, aviakatastrofebis msxverplTa ricxvi uzarmazari gvgonia, aixsneba fsiqologiuri da socialuri mizezebiT. haerSi gafrenili adamianis sruli umweoba, dramatuloba, presis mier sensaciurad gadmocemuli aviakatastrofebis aRweriloba fsiqologiuri motyuebis ZiriTadi mizezia.

miukerZoebeli statistika gviCvenebs, rom yovel wels msoflioSi sahaero katastrofebis Sedegad iRupeba 2500 adamiani, xolo avtostradebze amave periodSi 280 000 adamiani.maSveli da saavario samuSaoebi saaviacio SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba gaiyos 2 nawilad: erTi rac tardeba sahaero xomaldis ekipaJis mier, xolo meore saxmeleTo samsaxuris meSveobiT. sahaero SemTxvevaSi ekipaJis moqmedebis mTavari damaxasiaTebeli pirobaa mdgomareobis SefasebisaTvis, gadawyvetilebis miRebisaTvis metad mcire dro. aseT SemTxvevaSi ekipaJi, rogorc wesi, gadmoscems ubedurebis signals da radiokavSiriT axsenebs aeroports ra moxda, adgilsamyofels, frenis kurss da miRebul gadawyvetilebas. dedamiwaze iZulebiTi dajdomis SemTxvevaSi miiReba yvela zomebi mgzavrTa usafrTxoebisaTvis. dajdomis win ixsneba yvela karebebi da lukebi, Tavisufldeba maTTan misasvlelebi. dajdomis Semdeg organizacia ukeTdeba mgzavrTa dauyovnebliv evakuacias sahaero xomaldidan usafrTxo manZilamde.

daSavebulebs eweva samedicino daxmareba. yvela samuSaoebs xelmZRvanelobs ekipaJis meTauri. misi gankargulebebi savaldebuloa Sesasruleblad ekipaJis yvela wevrisa da mgzavrebisaTvis.

avariis moxsenebis miRebisTanave aerodromis ufrosis gankargulebiT dajdomis adgilas cxaddeba saavario-maSveli razmi, romelSidac Sedian sahaero Ziebis, saavario da maSveli samuSaoebis, pirveli samedicino daxmarebis saxanZro saevakuacio da dacvis jgufebi, aseve samoqalaqo Tavdacvis formirebebi.

satransporto avariebis erT-erTi tipia avariebi sazRvao transportze. msxvili avariebisa da katastrofebis umetesoba gemebze xdeba stiqiis Zalebis (grigali, Stormi, nisli) zemoqmedebis Sedegad, aseve adamianTa mizeziT.

sazRvao transportze katastrofebisa da avariebis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes gemebis daproeqtebisa da mSeneblobis an maTi eqspluataciis dros daSvebuli Secdomebi. eqsploataciis dros daSvebul Secdomebs mosdevs gemebis Sejaxeba, gadabruneba,meCeCze dajdoma, afeTqeba, xanZari bortze da sxva.

gemze momxdari avariisa da katastrofis Sedegebis salikvidacio samuSaoebSi da wyalSi CavardnilTa gadarCenaSi monawileobs mTeli ekipaJi, xolo saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi kapitnis gadawyvetilebiT gemze myofi sxva pirebic. maSvel samuSaoTa saerTo xelmZRvanelobas eweva gemis kapitani samoqalaqo Tavdacvis ufrosi. mTavar amocanebad iTvleba xalxis gadarCena daxrCobisgan, gemis gadarCena CaZirvisagan, xanZris Caqroba (Tu igi gaCndeba). daSavebulebs unda aRmoeCinos pirveli samedicino daxmareba.

avariaSi moxvedrili gemis gadarCenis samuSaoebSi monawileoben specialuri maSveli gemebis da sxva gemebis ekipaJebi, saavario-maSveli, gemTamwe da teqnikuri samuSaoebis specialuri qvedanayofebi.

ukanasknel wlebSi gansakuTrebiT didi danakargebi iyo tankerTa flotSi. tankerebis avariis dros warmoiqmneba kidev erTi mrisxane saSiSroeba navTobis daRvra. msoflio okeaneSi yovel wels iRvreba 5 milion tonaze meti navTobi, maT Soris 1 milioni tona gadaisxmeba tankerebis recxvis dros. daaxloebiT 300 000 t navTi xvdeba msoflio okeanis wylebSi gemebis avariebisa da katastrofebis dros. amJamad, Zalian rTuli problemaa akvatoriebis, navsadgurebisa da wyalsatevebis im navTisagan gawmenda, romelic avariis Sedegad iRvreba wyalSi.

tankerebze afeTqebis mizezi xSirad gaurkveveli rCeba. elvisa da statikuri eleqtrobis saerTaSoriso konferenciaze amtkiceben, rom sawvavis afeTqebis mizezia haerisa da navTis orTqlis narevze statikuri eleqtrobis naperwklebis warmoqmna.

tankerebSi momxdari avariebis maSveli samuSaoebis warmoebisas wydeba navTobis Casxmis an amoqaCvis samuSaoebi, iketeba uwvavi siTxeebis lukebis saxuravebi, tardeba sawvavi sacavebis, gembanis da gemis bortebis gaciveba. carieli sacavebi ivseba wyliT an inertuli gaziT, ewyoba sawvavi siTxeebis gamoJonvis gadamRobi saSualebani.

yvela am samuSaoebs xelmZRvanelobs sazRvao naosnobis usafrTxoebis samsaxuri.

satransporto avariebs ekuTvnis avariebi rkinigzis transportze. rkinigzis transportze katastrofebisa da avariebis ZiriTad mizezad iTvlenian gzis, moZravi Semadgenlobis, marTvis teqnikuri saSualebebis (signalizacia, centralizacia, blokireba) uwesrigoba, moZraobis usafrTxoebis pasuxismgebel pirTa Secdomebi, moZraobis wesebis darRveva da sxva.

rkinigzis transportze momxdari avariebisa da katastrofebis Sedegebis likvidaciis Tanmimdevroba damokidebulia daSavebulTa raodenobaze da mdgomareobaze. moZravi Semadgenlobis da liandagis dazianebis saxeobaze da moculobaze, tvirTis saxeobaze, wlis, dRe-Ramis droze, saWiro Zalebis, saSualebebisa da masalebis arsebobaze da maTi mozidvis SesaZleblobaze.

4.7 mavne nivTierebebis gaJonva da garemos dabinZureba

avaria SeiZleba moxdes im obieqtebze, sadac awarmoeben da iyeneben Zlermoqmed da Sxamian nivTierebebs. aseT obieqtebze avariis mizezad xdeba normatiuli maragis zedmetoba, transportirebisa da Senaxvis wesebis darRveva, warmoebaSi maTi gamoyenebis uSiSroebis zonebis daucveloba, calkeuli agregatebis, meqanizmebis, milsadenebis wyobidan gamosvla da sxva.

Zliermoqmedi Sxamiani nivTierebebis raodenobis, fizikuri Tvisebebis da toqsikurobis, qaris siCqaris, atmosferos mdgomareobis, adgilis reliefis, haeris temperaturis mixedviT mniSvnelovan teritoriaze SeiZleba Seiqmnes mowamluli zona.

Zliermoqmedi Sxamian nivTierebaTa mwarmoebel an momxmarebel obieqtebze avariis Sedegad momsaxure personalma da garSemo mcxovrebma mosaxleobam SeiZleba miiRos momwamlavi nivTierebebiT mZime dazianeba. aseve SeiZleba adgili hqondes sahaero an wylis auzis mowamvlas, cxovelebisa da mcenareebis mZime daavadebasa da daRupvas.

sawarmoo avariebis Sedegebi, rasac Tan axlavs Zliermoqmedi Sxamiani nivTierebebis gaJonva da qimiuri mowamvlis kerebis warmoqmna, Tavisi xasiaTiT analogiuria momwamlavi nivTierebebis saxiT gamoyenebuli masobrivi dazianebis saSualebebis xmarebiT warmoqmnili dazianebis Sedegebisa. am SemTxvevaSi qimiuri dazianebis keras uwodeben teritorias, romelic ganicdis qimiuri nivTierebebis zemoqmedebas, ris Sedegadac ziandebian an SeiZleba daziandnen adamianebi, cxovelebi da mcenareebi.

Zliermoqmedi Sxamiani nivTierebebis mier Seqmnili kerebi xasiaTdebian Tavisi gamZleobiT, maTi aorTqlebis siCqare damokidebulia haerisa da miwis temperaturaze, qaris siCqareze da atmosferos vertikaluri mdgradobis doneze, adgilis reliefisa da gaSenebis simWidroveze. ansxvaveben haeris miwispira fenis mdgradobis sam xarisxs: pirveli xarisxi inversia (haeris qvemo fena zeda fenebTan SedarebiT civia), meore xarisxi izoTermia (haeris temperatura miwis zedapiridan 20-30m manZilze erTnairia), mesame xarisxi konveqcia (haeris qvemo fenebi zeda fenebTan SedarebiT ufro gamTbaria).

inversia da izoTermia xels uwyobs Zliermoqmedi mavne Sxamiani nivTierebebis ufro maRali koncentraciis SenarCunebas. haeris miwispira fenaSi isini xels uwyoben mowamluli haeris did manZilze gavrcelebas. konveqcia iwvevs mowamluli haeris Zlier gafantvas da haerSi Sxamiani mavne nivTierebebis koncentraciis swrafad Semcirebas. mcenareuli safari (tye, buCqnari, xSiri balaxi) xels uwyobs mowamluli haeris mdgradobasa da mowamvlis xangrZlivobis gadidebas.

qimiuri dasnebovnebis keris konfiguracia da zoma damokidebulia Zliermoqmedi mavne Sxamiani nivTierebis tipsa da raodenobaze, meteorologiur pirobebsa da adgilis xasiaTze.

udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs mowamvlis keris droulad da xarisxianad dazvervas. mas awarmoeben samoqalaqo Tavdacvis organoebi, radiaciuli da qimiuri dazvervis formirebebi. isini gansazRvraven avariis adgils da momwamlav nivTierebaTa tips, adgils da obieqtis mowamvlis xarisxs, adgenen da sazRvraven misi gavrcelebis sivrces, Semosasvlel gzebs da usafrTxod gamosaval marSrutebs. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi iReben gruntis, wylis, sxvasxva sagnebis sinjebs da agzavnian laboratoriaSi analizisaTvis.

Zliermoqmedi Sxamiani nivTierebebis atmosferoSi an xmeleTze aRmoCenisTanave saSiSroebis Sesaxeb dauyovnebliv ecnobeba obieqtis muSa-mosamsaxureebs, mis axal zonaSi mcxovreb mosaxleobas. avariis moxdenis cnobis miRebisTanave saWiroa saCqarod sasunTqi organoebis individualuri dacvis saSualebebis Camofareba, kanis dacvis martivi saSualebebis moxurva (labada, mosasxami) da rac SeiZleba mokle droSi avariis raionis datoveba.

saxlebSi darCenili adamianebi ketaven fanjrebs, sarkmelebs, hermetizacias ukeTeben mTel binas, gamorTaven gasaTbob xelsawyoebs, gazs, eleqtromowyobilobas, aqroben RumelSi cecxls.

sasunTqi organoebis dasacavad SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas wyalSi dasvelebuli qsovilis nawarmi (niRabi), tansacmlis bewviani da bambiani nawili.

adamianebma, romelTac emuqreba mowamvlis saSiSroeba, mowamluli Rrublebis mosvlamde unda Camoifaron airwinaRebi. yvela piri, romelsac raime mizezis gamo ar SeuZlia datovos saSiSi zona, uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes saTanado samrewvelo mfiltravi airwinaRiT.

dazianebis raionidan mosaxleobis evakuacia tardeba ZiriTadad momwamlavi Rrublebis mosvlamde. mcxovrebTa Sekreba tardeba saxlebSi da sadarbazoebSi.

obieqtze, sadac moxda avaria, pirvel rigSi tardeba muSaoba Zliermoqmed Sxamiani nivTierebis Semdgomi gamofrqvevis (gadmoRvris) Sesawyvetad. amisaTvis gamoirTveba dazianebuli ubani, gadaiketeba onkanebi da sxva Camketi mowyobiloba, milsadenebze da sacavebSi gamoCenil bzarebs Semoakraven sartyelebs, mufTebs, gaukeTeben sacobebs, dazianebuli saTavsebidan momwamlav nivTierebebs gadaasxaven (gadayrian) wesier saTavsoSi.

rTuli samuSaoebis Catareba saWiroa samTo mopovebiT mrewvelobis Saxtebisa da maRaroebis dagazianebis dros. dagazianeba SeiZleba warmoiqmnas miwisqveSa samuSaoebis damcvel nagebobebSic, sadac mowyobili araa haeris sruli regeneraciis (aRdgenis) sistema, agreTve xanZrebisa da sxvaTa dros. amasTan maSveli samuSaoebi aseT dros unda Catardes Jangbad-izolirebuli respiratorebiT da unda gamoiyenoT TviT maSvelebi dagazianebuli Senobebidan daSavebulTa gamosayvanad.

udides saSiSroebas warmoadgens atmosferos, wyalsacavebisa da niadagis samrewvelo narCenebiTa da sxvaTa nivTierebebiT dabinZureba da mowamvla, rac bunebaSi iwvevs ekologiuri wonasworobis darRvevas. haeris dabinZureba zogjer iwvevs didi stiqiuri ubedurebis msgavs katastrofebs.

haeris saerTo dabinZurebaSi mrewvelobis monawileoba aRwevs 35%-s, sayofacxovrebo saTbobi sistemis 23%-s, avtotransportisa 42%-s.

mowamvlis raionebis sazRvrebi TvalsaCinod aRiniSneba, raTa mis farglebs SigniT ar Sevidnen is pirni, romlebic ar monawileoben avariis Sedegebis salikvidacio samuSaoebSi.

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva Zliermoqmedi Sxamiani nivTierebebis aorTqlebis gavrcelebis meteorologiur dakvirvebebs, raTa ganisazRvros SedarebiT usafrTxo mimarTulebebis marSrutebi adamianTa gamosayvanad. avariis zonidan gamosvla xdeba umoklesi marSrutebiT qaris mimarTulebis perpendikularulad, sasurvelia maRlobebisaken, sadac sufTa haeris moZraoba ufro intensiuria.

daSavebulebs samedicino daxmareba unda gaewios umokles droSi. maT unda Camoafaron airwinaRebi, xolo Tu sxeulze an tansacmelze aRmoaCndebaT momwamlav nivTierebaTa wveTebis niSnebi, saWiroa maTi gausnebovneba. am nivTierebaTa kanze an TvalSi moxvedrisas aucilebelia sufTa wyliT mobanva.

rogorc wesi, ar SeiZleba mowamlulis xelovnuri sunTqvis gamoyeneba, aman SeiZleba ufro daamZimos dazianeba.

dazianebis keris lokalizaciis Semdeg tardeba mowamluli adgilebis, nagebobis da mowyobilobis degazacia. sadegazaciod gamoiyeneba is nivTierebebi, romlebic aneitraleben Sesabamis Zliermoqmed Sxamian nivTierebebs.

Zliermoqmed Sxamiani nivTierebebiT dazianebul kerebSi yovelgvar samuSaoTa warmoebisas saWiroa mkacrad iqnes daculi usafrTxoebis moTxovnebi. yvela momuSave uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes airwinaRiTa da damcavi tansacmliT, aseve qimsawinaaRmdego paketiT, individualuri afTiaqiT. momuSaveebs unda SeeZloT maTi gamoyeneba da icodnen dazianebis kerebSi moqmedebis wesebi.

samuSaos dawyebis win tardeba usafrTxoebis moTxovnebTan dakavSirebuli saguldagulo instruqtaJi, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu ra saxeobis Sxamiani nivTierebaa gavrcelebuli da ra mdgomareobaa Seqmnili. muSaobis dros adamianTa da teqnikis mimosvla unda iqnes organizebuli, Sefardebuli momwamlavi nivTierebis saSiSroebis xarisxTan.

samuSaoTa damTavrebis Semdeg Sekrebis raionSi tardeba adamianTa da teqnikis specialuri gausnebovnebis RonisZiebebi.

im mosaxleobisaTvis, romelic ama Tu im mizeziT cxovrobda an muSaobda dazianebis raionSi, myardeba maTi sruli usafrTxoebis da sicocxlis unarianobis specialuri reJimi.

didi mniSvneloba aqvs kanis dacvas individualur saSualebaTa gamoyenebis codnas. kanis dacvis erT-erTi saSualebaa damcavi kostiumebi. mosaxleobisaTvis Zliermoqmed Sxamian nivTierebebisagan kanis qsovilebis dasacavad SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas yoveldRiuri tansacmeli da fexsacmeli. ufro saimedo damcveli Tvisebebi aqvs sinTezur da rezinis Semcvel qsovilebs, rezinis fexsacmelsa da xelTaTmanebs.

Cveulebrivi tansacmlis damcav unarianobis asamaRleblad saWiroa damatebiTi hermetizaciis Catareba. mWidrod unda Seikras tansacmeli yvela Rilze, saxeloebi da Sarvlis TaTebi unda Seikras TasmebiT, sayelo aiwios da Semoixvios SarfiT.

ukanasknel wlebSi haeris dabinZurebis wyaro gaxda avtotransporti (87%). am problemis aqtualobas, romelsac uwodeben problema nomer ors (mSvidobis problemis Semdeg) imdenad didia, rom mis gadasawyvetad aucilebelia planetis yvela qveynis Zal-Ronis SeerTeba. dRiTi-dRe naTeli xdeba, rom didia safasuri im mravali sikeTisaTvis, romelic teqnikas moaqvs samecniero-teqnikuri revoluciis pirobebSi, radgan vanadgurebT bunebasa da adamianis janmrTelobas.

samrewvelo sawarmoebis, qarxnebis milebidan atmosferoSi xvdeba sul ufro meti raodenobis gazi, aerozolis saxiT, romelic abinZurebs garemos da uaryofiT gavlenas axdens dedamiwis ganaTebaze, cvlis mis radiaciul sartyels da saboloo jamSi cvlis amindsa da klimats. es ki Tavis mxriv, gavlenas axdens adamianis, cxovelisa da msoflios mcenareulobis sicocxleze.

ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze globalur sanitarul problemad gadaiqca sayofacxovrebo narCenebis likvidacia, romlis mTavari komponentebia qaRaldi, liTonis qilebi, minis boTlebi, sinTezuri tansacmeli da fexsacmeli, polieTilenis parkebi, plastmasis WurWeli da sxva.

yvelaferi es iyreba nagavsayrelze. nagvis mniSvnelovani nawili ar iwvis, amasTan zogierTi plastikis wvisas warmoiqmneba Sxamiani kvamli. qimiuri produqtebi abinZureben gruntis wylebs, xolo dampali nagavi gamoyofs meTans. msoflios bevr qalaqSi muSaobs nagavgadasamuSavebeli qarxnebi. magram am qarxnebSi ar xdeba liTonis, polimerebis, gansakuTrebiT ki boTlebis minebis mineralizacia da binZurdeba garemo.

aSS-sa da sxva qveynebSi, cdiloben boTlebis Seqmnas, romlebic mzis sxivebis gavleniT daiSleba an gaixsneba wyalSi. mecnierebi aseve cdiloben nagavsawvavi Rumelebis Seqmnas, sadac SesaZlebeli iqneboda nagvis aorTqleba, ris Sedegadac darCeboda sawyisi elementebi rkina, spilenZi, siliciumi, romelTa gamoyeneba meorejer SeiZleboda.

haerSi mavne gazebis da sxva samrewvelo narCenebis koncentraciam SeiZleba zogjer imdenad maRal dones miaRwios, rom gamoiwvios dasaxlebuli punqtebis maxloblad ganlagebuli samrewvelo sawarmoebis likvidaciis aucilebloba, an iseTi damRupveli gavlena moaxdinos nagebobebze, rom daRupos mTeli qalaqebi.

adamianis janmrTelobas did zians ayenebs egreTwodebuli smogi. smogi gansakuTrebuli atmosferuli movlenaa mZime da sqeli nislis saxiT, romelic gaJRenTilia qalaqis kvamliT. smogis dros gazisebri nivTierebebi, romlebic haerSi xvdebian ixsnebian nislis wveTebSi.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare saWiroa droulad iqnes miRebuli usafrTxoebis zomebi, rom mavne gazebisa da nivTierebebis koncentracia Seesabamebodes normebs da adamianis janmrTelobas ar daemuqros safrTxe.4.8 radioaqtiuri dabinZureba

katastrofuli Sedegebi moaqvT did avariebs atomur eleqtrosadgurebSi da im obieqtebze, sadac warmoebaSi gamoyenebulia radioaqtiuri nivTierebebi, romelTa gamoJonvas SeuZlia farTo teritoriis mowamvla. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi, rom msoflioSi atomur eleqtrosadgurebSi avariebi arc Tu iSviaTad xdeba.atomuri eleqtrosadguris avaria, rogorc es moxda CernobilSi, iwvevs radioaqtiur nivTierebaTa gamofrqvevas da radiaciul mowamvlas sakmaod did teritoriaze. am movleniT muSa-mosamsaxureebze da mosaxleobaze zemoqmedebas axdens gama-gamosxiveba, xolo sunTqvis dros, saWmlisa da wylis miRebis dros radiaqtiuri nivTierebani xvdebian adamianis organizmSi da iwveven radiaciul dasxivebas.

atomuri eleqtrosadgurSi avariis moxdenis signalis miRebisTanave momuSave cvla wyvets muSaobas da imaleba TavSesafarSi, xolo 30 km zonaSi mcxovrebi mosaxleoba Tavs afarebs damcav nagebobebSi an unda iqnen evakuirebuli. TavSesafris Sevseba xdeba organizebulad da swrafad. maTSi adamianTa Seyvana wydeba signaliT: daixuros damcavi nageboba. TavSesafris saventilacio sistemebi muSaoben sufTa ventilaciis reJimze, xolo saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisi kamandiT gadairTveba filtroventilaciis reJimze.

TavSesafarSi moTavsebulebs Tan unda hqondeT individualuri dacvis saSualebebi (airwinaRi an respiratori), sami dRis wylis maragi, kvebis produqtebi (polieTilenis an muSambis saxvevSi), tualetis sagnebi, yvelaze aucilebeli piradi nivTebi da sabuTebi. TavSesafarSi msxvili nivTebis, advilad aalebadi nivTierebebis Setana da Sinauri cxovelebis Seyvana kategoriulad akrZalulia.

TavSesafarSi ekrZalebaT saWiroebis gareSe Senobis SigniT siaruli, xmauri, Tambaqos moweva, asanTis da naTuris anTeba, wylis da sursaTis unebarTvo xarjva.

mosaxleobam kargad unda icodes evakuaciis pirobebic.

evakuaciis dawyebis cnobis miRebisTanave yvela adamianma, swrafad unda Seagrovis yvelaferi is, rac Tan unda waiRos. es aris pasporti, samxedro bileTi, ganaTlebis da specialobis sabuTebi, Sromis wignaki, qorwinebisa da bavSvebis dabadebis mowmobebi, fuli, individualuri dacvis saSualebebi (airwinaRi, respiratori, dolbandi), tansacmeli, fexsacmeli, kanis damcavi saSualebebi, individualuri afTiaqi da yvelaze metad saWiro samkurnalo preparatebi, TeTreuli, tualetis sagnebi da sami dRis produqtis maragi.

produqtebi da nivTebi unda Caewyos CemodnebSi, zurgCanTebSi, anda mogzaurobaSi moxerxebulobisaTvis Sexveul mdgomareobaSi. yvela Sekruls Camoekidos saWde, romelzedac aRiniSnos gvari, inicialebi, misamarTi da evakuaciis bolo punqti.

skolamdeli asakis bavSvebis tansacmelze da TeTreulze gakeTdes naqargi, sadac aRniSnuli unda iyos bavSvis gvari, saxeli, mamis saxeli, dabadebis weli, mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili da evakuaciis saboloo punqti.

binidan gasvlisas, saWiroa gamoirTos yvela gasanaTebeli da gamTbobi xelsawyoebi, daiketos wylisa da gazis onkanebi, fanjrebi da sarkmelebi. Tu ojaxSi arian moxucebi da avadmyofebi, romelTa evakuacia ar SeiZleba, amis Sesaxeb unda moxsendes saevakuacio punqtis ufross saTanado zomebis misaRebad.

daniSnul dros yvela evakuirebuli unda gamocxaddes saevakuacio punqtSi registraciisaTvis da qalaqgare zonaSi da usafrTxo raionSi gasamgzavrelad.

transportiT mgzavrobisas unabarTvod ar datovoT Tqveni adgili.

evakuaciis saboloo punqtSi Casvlisas saWiroa xelaxali registracia da ganlagebis adgilebze misvla.

evakuirebulebs damoukideblad, adgilobrivi saevakuacio organoebis nebarTvis gareSe ufleba ar aqvT airCion sacxovrebeli adgili da gaadgildnen erTi raionidan meoreSi. Tu mcxovreblebs mdgomareoba aiZulebs, rom Tavi Seafaron binaSi an sawarmoSi, saWiroa rac SeiZleba saswrafod Caataron saTanado hermetizacia. kerZod, mkvrivi qsovili Camoafaron fanjrebs, SenobaSi unda daiketos Rumelis mili, amoivsos yvela WurWrutana da sahaero. saWiroa vicodeT, rom dasxivebis doza bevrad mcirdeba sxvadasxva saxis SenobaSi, magaliTad, aguris SenobaSi 5-10-jer, xolo rkina-betonis TavSesafarSi dasxiveba praqtikulad gamoricxulia.

soflis adgilebSi sasoflo-sameurneo cxovelebi damwyvdeuli unda iqnen mudmivad samyofel momzadebul SenobaSi, xolo momsaxure personalma Tavi unda Seafaros mecxoveleobis fermebis axlos aSenebul radiaciasawinaaRmdego safrebSi.

mowamlul adgilebSi saWiroa metad didi sifrTxile: unda isargebloT individualuri dacvis saSualebebiT; saWiroebis gareSe ar gaxvideT quCaSi, TavSesafaridan da safaridan gamoxvideT iSviaTad da isic mcire xniT da aucileblad unda ixmaroT individualuri dacvis yvela saSualeba.

radiaqtiuri nivTierebebiT mowamlul adgilebSi adamianTa qcevis, SromiTi moRvaweobis, TavSesafrebSi yofnis xangrZlivobas da sxva sakiTxebs, romlebic dakavSirebulia mosaxleobis, cxovelebis da materialur faseulobaTa dacvasTan, wyvets Stabebis monacemebis Sesabamisad.

mosaxleobas utardeba samedicino profilaqtika radiaciisawinaaRmdego da iodis preparatiT tabletis saxiT, romlebic maT unda eZleodeT dasxivebamde, rac SeiZleba adre, magram igi ar unda Sewydes maSinac Tu mosaxleoba miiRebs dasxivebas.

pirveli samedicino daxmareba tardeba sanitaruli razmebis ZalebiT. aseve saWiroa mosaxleobamac icodes dasavebulTaTvis pirveli samedicino daxmarebis aRmoCena.

pirveli samedicino daxmarebis aRmoCenisas radiaciuli an Zliermoqmed momwamlav teritoriaze yofnisas dauyovnebliv Camoafaron airwinaRi.

mxedvelobaSia misaRebi, rom metad efeqtur saSualebad iTvleba individualuri afTiaqi, romelSic moTavsebulia radiodamcveli, gulis revis sawinaaRmdego, baqteriasawinaaRmdego, tkivilgamayuCebeli saSualebebi da antidoti (sawamlavis sawinaaRmdego).

dasxivebiT an infeqciuri avadmyofobiT daavadebulni, Tu maTi evakuacia samkurnalo dawesebulebebSi SeuZlebelia, izolirebulni unda iqnen da moewyos maTi mzrunvelobiT movla.

infeqciiT da dasxivebiT daavadebulni moTavsebulni unda iyvnen cal-calke.

radioaqtiuri nivTierebebiT dazianebulTa movlisas saWiroa Semdegi wesebis codna: eqimebis yvela daniSnulebis swrafad Sesruleba, organizmis temperaturisa da pulsis cemis Tvalyuris devna.

avadmyofis loginisa da TeTreulis sisufTave; misi piris Rrus regularuli movla. saWmlis yoveli miRebis Semdeg pirSi saWmeli sodis 2% xsnarSi dasvelebuli tamponis gamovleba; avadmyofis kveba kargi xarisxis sakvebiT, mxolod aduRebuli wylis sma, avadmyofis yvela gamonayofis dauyovnebliv mocileba da gausnebovneba, dRe-RameSi aranakleb orjer haeris gasufTaveba, sadezinfeqcio xsnarebis gamoyenebiT oTaxis gawmenda, avadmyofTan kontaqtisas saWiroa bamba-marlis pirsafari da specialuri tansacmeli, xelTaTmanebi, rezinis fexsacmeli, romlebsac unda ukeTdebodes sistematuri dezifenqcia.

cnobili Cernobilis atomuri eleqtrosadguris afeTqebis Semdeg, axlomdebare mcxovrebTa moqcevisa da moqmedebis Seswavlam gvaCvena, rom maRali fsiqikuri daZabuloba da sagangaSo ganwyobileba ganpirobebuli iyo mTeli rigi garemoebebiT. avariiT dangreuli reaqtori gaxda sawarmoo da sacxovrebeli Senobebis radioaqtiuri gaWuWyianebis Ria, moqmed wyarod.

adamianTa fsiqikaze dambladamcemlurad imoqmeda erTeulma sasikvdilo SemTxvevebma, hospitalizaciebma, zogierT maTganSi radiaciuli daavadebis aSkara niSnebma gulisrevam, piris Rebinebam, Tavbrusxvevam.

yvelaze mTavar uaryofiT faqtorad adamianT gonebaSi da ganwyobilebaSi gaxda is, rom xalxis farTo wreebs wamodgena ar hqonda radiaciaze, mis saSiSroebaze, ar iyo zustad drouli informacia, veravin pasuxobda im sakiTxebze, romlebic adamianebs ebadebodaT. aman gamoiwvia panikuri miTqma-moTqma sadguris muSa-mosamsaxureebis da mosaxleobis mier avariis pirvel saaTebSi miRebuli dasxivebis dozebis raodenobaze, garemos radiaciuli gaWuWyianebis masStabebze.

yvelaferi es gaTvaliswinebuli iqna Cernobilis atomuri eleqtrosadguris avariis Sedegebis salikvidacio samuSaoebSi Cabmuli samoqalaqo Tavdacvis gausamxedroebeli formirebebis da samxedro nawilebis momzadebaSi. axsna-ganmartebiT muSaobaSi maTi yuradReba miqceul iqna imaze, rom radiaciul nivTierebebs ara aqvT gemo da suni, rom isini organizmSi xvdebian sunTqvis, kvebis da wylis dalevis gziT, ris Semdegac iwvevs mZime daavadebas.

aseT viTarebaSi aucilebelia individualuri dacvis saSualebaTa gamoyeneba, pirvel rigSi airwinaRebis, respiratorebis, msubuqi damcavi kostiumebis, xelTaTmanebis, romelTa Cacma da gaxda unda moxdes specialurad mowyobil adgilebSi.

muSaobis damTavrebis Semdeg saWiroa dozimetruli kontrolis gavla, raTa ganisazRvros individualuri dacvis, tansacmlisa da kanis damcvel saSualebaTa dasxivebis done, Semdeg ki Catardes saTanado sanitaruli damuSaveba. im SemTxevaSi Tu tansacmeli da individualuri dacvis saSualebebi dasxivebulia daSvebul normaze metad, saWiroa isini gamoicvalos.

yvelasaTvis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens is, rom mtkiced iqnes akrZaluli mowamlul teritoriaze saWmlis da sasmelis miReba, sigaretis moweva da dasveneba, individualuri dacvis saSualebaTa moxsna, dajdoma da dawola, mowamluli nivTebis xelis xleba.

garkveuli pirobebis dacvaa saWiro dasxivebuli teritoriis gausnebovnebisa da dezaqtivaciis Catarebisas.

adgilis gausnebovnebis dros ar SeiZleba sasunTqi organoebis da kanis individualuri dacvis saSualebaTa moxsna.

dezaqtivaciis Catarebisas unda Camoiwmindos kedlebi, Weri, aveji da yvela sagnebi jagrisiT an cocxiT, Semdeg ki sveli CvriT, iataki unda moirecxos sapniani wyliT.

sursaTisa da wylis Sesanaxi tara gairecxos wyliT, gaSrobis Semdeg sursaTi gadatanil iqnas sxva taraSi.arahermetul taraSi Senaxuli sursaTis (karaqi, yveli, xaWo, xorci) dezaqtivacia moxdes 2-3 mm zedafenis CamoWriT; Tevzi, bostneuli da xili gairecxos wylis dinebiT, xolo saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi maTac CamoeWras zeda fena; kartofili, stafilo da sxva guldasmiT gairecxos, gaiwmindos da moixarSos, rZe aduRdes, sxva Txieri produqtis da wylis dezaqtivacia Catardes 3-5 dRiani daleqviT an gafiltvriT.

Webis gausnebovnebisaTvis saWiroa wylis amoqaCva, fskeridan gruntis amoWra, kedlebis amorecxva da mimdebare teritoriis dezaqtivacia 15-20m radiusiT, risTvisac saWiroa 5-10 sm sisqis miwisfenis moWra da mis magivrad sufTa qviSis dayra.

mouwamlav teritoriaze gamosvlis Semdeg saWiroa: sasunTqi organoebisa da kanis damcavi individualuri dacvis saSualebaTa moxsna, zeda tansacmlis gaxda da qaris winaaRmdeg zurgiT dgomiT frTxilad gaferTxva mtvrisagan, Semdeg ki Camokideba da Camowmenda zemodan qvemoT;

fexsacmlis gawmenda mtvrisagan da gaxexva sveli CvriT;

gamdinare wyalSi tansacmlis da TeTreulis amovleba;

airwinaRis dezaqtivireba, mtversawinaaRmdego marlis niRbis gaferTxva, bamba-marlis dolbandis miwaSi damarxva;

xelTaTmanis gaxda, gaferTxva da sveli CvriT gawmenda;

saWiroa Catardes nawilobrivi sanitaruli damuSaveba: sapniani wyliT xelis guldasmiT dabanva, frCxilebis gawmenda, piris iseTnairad dabanva, rom Camobanili wyali ar moxvdes TvalebSi, pirSi, cxvirSi.

sxeulis Ria nawilis Camobanva, sufTa wylis pirSi, cxvirSi, yelSi gamovleba, Tvalebis amobanva.

pirveli SeZlebisTanave saWiroa mTliani sanitaruli damuSavebis gavla, romlis Sedegadac aucilebelia sxeulis, tansacmlisa da individualuri dacvis saSualebaTa dozimetruli kontrolis Catareba. Tu Semowmebis Sedegad aRmoCndeba, rom dasxiveba dawesebul normaze metia, saWiroa sanitaruli damuSavebis ganmeoreba.moduli V. sawarmoo avariebisa da stiqiuri ubedurebebis Sedegebis likvidaciis safuZvlebi5.1 dazianebis kerebis klasifikacia, dangreul nagebobaTa daxarisxeba da daxasiaTeba

obieqtis dazianebis kera ewodeba teritorias, romelzedac ganlagebulia Senobebi, specialuri nagebobebi, sainJinro qselebi, komunikaciebi, mowyobilobebi, teqnika, piradi Semadgenloba da eqvemdebareba dazianebas, ngrevas an romelime katastrofas (avariis, stiqiuri ubedurebis) SemTxvevaSi mowamvlas.

obieqtze dazianebis kera aris ubralo (martivi) da rTuli.

ubralo (martivi) ewodeba erTi damazianebeli faqtoris Sedegad warmoqmnil dazianebis keras. magaliTad, ngreva afeTqebiT, xanZriT an mxolod qimiuri an baqteriologiuri mowamlulobiT.

rTuli ewodeba dazianebis keras, romelic warmoiqmneba ramodenime damazianebeli faqtoris Sedegad. magaliTad, sawarmoo avariebis dros afeTqeba Tavis mxriv gamoiwvevs ngrevas, Caxergilobas, xanZars, adgilmdebareobis mowamvlas. miwisZvrebi da qariSxali nagebobaTa ngrevasTan erTad iwvevs sanapiro zolis datborvas da a.S.

dazianebis keris forma damazianebeli faqtorebis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos: mrgvali afeTqebis, miwisZvris SemTxvevaSi, an zolisebri qariSxlis, qarborbalas, datborvis, niaRvarebis, mewyerebis dros da sxva; araswori formis xanZrebis, cunamis, zvavebis da sxva movlenebis dros.

ngrevas axasiaTebs ngrevaTa Sedegebis erToblioba. nagebobaTa ufro Zlier ngrevas aqvs adgili afeTqebebis, xanZrebis da sxva sawarmoo avariebis an miwisZvrebis, qariSxlebis da sxva stiqiuri movlenebis dros.

obieqtis nagebobaTa ngrevebi pirobiTad SeiZleba davyoT oTx saxeobad: sruli, Zlieri, saSualo da susti.

sacxovrebeli da samrewvelo Senobebis susti dazianeba arsebiTad damokidebulia qaris Zalaze da mimarTulebaze.

sacxovrebeli da samrewvelo Senobebisadmi zogjer damatebiT gamoiyofa ngrevis mexuTe saxe msubuqi dazianeba. ngrevis xasiaTi damokidebulia nagebobaTa konstruqciaze, maT ganlagebaze, afeTqebis simZlavreze da afeTqebis centridan maT daSorebaze.

sruli ngrevisas mTlianad CamoiSleba, Camowveba Senobebi da nagebobebi. nawilobriv SeiZleba SenarCunebuli iqnas saZirkveli da gamZle miwisqveSa saTavsoebi. sainJinro qselebi iWyliteba an skdeba. aseTi obieqtis aRdgena, rogorc wesi, SeuZlebelia da mizanSeuwoneli.

saSualo ngrevisas Senobis kolofi (ConCxi) an nagebobaTa sxva gamZle konsruqciebi ZiriTadad SenarCundeba (kapitaluri kedlebi, rkina-betonis gadaxurvebi); sainJinro wselebis SeerTebani calkeul adgilebSi ziandeba, saWiroa mniSvnelovani aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi.

sustsa da msubuq ngrevebs miekuTvneba Senoba-nagebobebis meorexarisxovani elementebis, saxuravis, msubuqi minaSenebis, karnizebis, fanjrebis da karebebis CarCoebis daformacia. Senobebis SigniT ziandeba baTqaSi, karebis CarCoebi da tixrebi. aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi umniSvneloa da SeiZleba misi Sesruleba nagebobaTa eqploataciis procesSi.

5.2 nagebobis SesaZlo dazianebaTa ZiriTadi saxeebi

dazianebis ZiriTadad ori jgufia:

1. nagebobaTa mTliani dazianeba

a) gadaweva b) wamogeba g) gadaxra d) gadayiraveba

2. nagebobis calkeuli konstuqciaTa dazianeba

a) deformacia b) Camongreva g) dazianeba d) aRgva (sruliad dangreva)

pirveli jgufis dazianebaTa gamomwvevi mizezebia: fundamentis ganmzidobis unari; arasakmao an uwonasworo gaangariSebulze zedmetad uwonasworo datvirTvebi.

meore jgufis dazianebaTa gamomwvevi mizezebia: Zalovani zemoqmedeba (statikuri da dinamikuri) gagleja, gaWyletva, bzarebi, SeerTebaTa darRveva da sxva. meqanikuri zemoqmedeba CaWyleta, Cazneqva, gamrudeba, sruliad ganadgureba da sxva. fizikuri zemoqmedeba maRali temperaturis dros mokrunCxva da ngrevebi, xisti bzarebi uaryofiTi tempe