Salud global, sistemas sanitarios y respuesta a la

Col

ecci

ón C

ompl

ejid

ad y

Sal

ud, V

ol. 1

3

Luis Alejandro Gomez Barrera (Comp.) Lina Zapata VélezNelson José Alvis-ZakzukNatalia Fortich MesaAndrés Felipe Núñez MartínezJhancy Rocío Aguilar-JiménezLuisa Fernanda Benítez Cárdenas

Salud global,sistemas sanitariosy respuesta a lapandemia COVID-19Un fenómeno complejo de alcance mundial

Clímaco de Jesús Pérez MolinaJairo Reynales-LondoñoSergio Mauricio Moreno LópezJuan Manuel Rodríguez NavarreteCarl Steven Machuca HernándezBruno Gutiérrez Quiceno

Colección Complejidad y Salud, Vol. 13

Salud global, sistemas sanitarios y respuesta a la pandemia COVID-19Un fenómeno complejo de alcance mundial

© Universidad El Bosque© Editorial Universidad El Bosque

Rectora: María Clara Rangel Galvis

Salud global, sistemas sanitarios y respuesta a la pandemia COVID-19: un fenómeno complejo de alcance mundialColección Complejidad y Salud, Vol. 13

Luis Alejandro Gomez Barrera (Comp.) Lina Zapata VélezNelson José Alvis-ZakzukNatalia Fortich MesaSergio Mauricio Moreno LópezAndrés Felipe Núñez MartínezJhancy Rocío Aguilar-JiménezLuisa Fernanda Benítez CárdenasClímaco de Jesús Pérez MolinaJairo Reynales-LondoñoJuan Manuel Rodríguez NavarreteCarl Steven Machuca HernándezBruno Gutiérrez Quiceno

Primera edición, junio de 2021isbn: 978-958-739-230-2 (Impreso) isbn: 978-958-739-231-9 (Digital)

Editor: Miller Alejandro Gallego CatañoCoordinación editorial: Leidy De Ávila CastroDirección gráfica y diseño: María Camila Prieto AbelloCorrección de estilo: Estefany Escallón Ibáñez

Hecho en Bogotá d.c., ColombiaVicerrectoría de InvestigacionesEditorial Universidad El BosqueAv. Cra 9 n.° 131A-02, Bloque A, 6.º piso+57 (1) 648 9000, ext. [email protected]/editorial

Impresión: Image Print LimitadaJunio de 2021

616.2414 G36sWC 505 G36s

Gómez Barrera, Luis Alejandro

Salud global, sistemas sanitarios y respuesta a la pan-demia COVID-19: un fenómeno complejo de alcance mundial / Luis Alejandro Gómez Barrera, Lina Zapata Vélez, Nelson José Alvis-Zakzuk, Natalia Fortich Mesa, Sergio Mauricio Moreno López, Andrés Felipe Núñez Martínez, Jhancy Rocío Aguilar-Jiménez, Luisa Fernanda Benítez Cárdenas, Clímaco de Jesús Pérez Molina, Jairo Reynales-Londoño, Sergio Mauricio Moreno López, Juan Manuel Rodríguez Navarrete, Carl Steven Machuca Her-nández y Bruno Gutiérrez Quiceno -- Bogotá: Universidad El Bosque, 2021

378 p.; 16 x 24 cm -- (Colección Complejidad y Salud; Vol. 13)Incluye tabla de contenido, referencias bibliográficas e índices

isbn: 978-958-739-230-2 (Impreso) isbn: 978-958-739-231-9 (Digital) 1. Complejidad (Filosofía) 2. COVID-19 (Enfermedad) – Diagnóstico -- Política gubernamental 3. Administración en salud pública 4. Programas nacionales de salud 5. Epi-demias -- Prevención y control I. Zapata Vélez, Lina II. Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson José III. Fortich Mesa, Natalia IV. Moreno López, Sergio Mauricio v. Núñez Martínez, Andrés Felipe VI. Aguilar-Jiménez, Jhancy Rocío VII. Benítez Cárdenas, Luisa Fernanda VIII. Pérez Molina, Clímaco de Jesús IX. Reynales-Londoño, Jairo X. Rodríguez Navarrete, Juan Manuel XI. Gutiérrez Quiceno, Bruno XII. Machuca Hernández, Carl Steven XIII. Moreno López, Sergio Mauricio XIV. Universidad El Bosque. Vicerrec-toría de Investigaciones.

Fuente. SCDD 23ª ed –NLM – Universidad El Bosque. Biblioteca Juan Roa Vásquez Julio de 2021) - RR

Esta publicación resultado de investigación, original e inédita, ha sido editada conforme a los parámetros establecidos por el sello Editorial Universidad El Bosque. Ha sido evaluada por dos pares académicos bajo la modalidad doble ciego y cumple en su totalidad con los criterios de normalización bibliográfica que garantizan su calidad científica y sus aportes al área de conocimiento respectiva.

Todos los derechos reservados. Esta publicación no puede ser repro-ducida ni en su todo ni en sus partes, ni registrada en o transmitida por un sistema de recuperación de información, en ninguna forma ni por ningún medio, sea mecánico, fotoquímico, electrónico, magnético, electro-óptico, por fotocopia o cualquier otro, sin el permiso previo por escrito de la Editorial Universidad El Bosque.

Universidad El Bosque | Vigilada Mineducación. Reconocimiento como universidad: Resolución n.° 327 del 5 de febrero de 1997, men. Reco-nocimiento de personería jurídica: Resolución 11153 del 4 de agosto de 1978, men. Reacreditación institucional de alta calidad: Resolución n.° 013172 del 17 de julio 2020, men.



Luis Alejandro Gomez Barrera (Comp.) Lina Zapata VélezNelson José Alvis-ZakzukNatalia Fortich MesaAndrés Felipe Núñez MartínezJhancy Rocío Aguilar-JiménezLuisa Fernanda Benítez Cárdenas

Clímaco de Jesús Pérez MolinaJairo Reynales-LondoñoSergio Mauricio Moreno LópezJuan Manuel Rodríguez NavarreteCarl Steven Machuca HernándezBruno Gutiérrez Quiceno

//

1

2

3

4

Parte I

Cap.

Cap.

Cap.

Cap.Con

teni

do

Presentación

IntroducciónLuis Alejandro Gómez Barrera

Reflexiones críticas sobre la salud global

Desafíos y contradicciones de una agenda global para escenarios asimétricos de desarrolloLina Zapata Vélez

La regla del oro: el que tiene el oro, pone las reglasNelson José Alvis-Zakzuk

¿Cómo definir salud poblacional, salud global o salud pública? En tiempos de pandemia por COVID-19Natalia Fortich Mesa

COVID-19: retos y lecciones para la salud global en tiempos de pandemia, enmarcados dentro de la globalizaciónSergio Mauricio Moreno López

15

25

11

27

53

73

87

Economía, complejidad y vida 8 |

5

6

7

8

9

10

Parte II

Cap.

Cap.

Cap.

Cap.

Cap.

Cap.

Con

teni

do

///

| 9

Análisis de la respuesta de seis sistemas de saluda la COVID-19

Epidemiología y sistema de salud alemán frentea la pandemia por COVID-19Andrés Felipe Núñez Martínez y Jhancy Rocío Aguilar-Jiménez

Sistema de salud en Brasil y COVID-19.Luisa Fernanda Benítez Cárdenas y Lina Zapata Vélez

El sistema de salud de Canadá frente a la emergenciasanitaria de la COVID-19. Nelson José Alvis-Zakzuk y Clímaco de Jesús Pérez Molina

Desafíos del sistema de salud chileno en tiemposde coronavirus y malestar socialJairo Reynales-Londoño y Sergio Mauricio Moreno López

El sistema de salud en Japón y su respuestaa la pandemia COVID-19Juan Manuel Rodríguez Navarrete y Carl Steven Machuca Hernández

Sistema de salud del Reino Unido y su respuesta frentea la primera pandemia del Siglo xxi COVID-19Natalia Fortich Mesa y Bruno Gutiérrez Quiceno

Los autores

Índice temático

Índice onomástico

131

133

163

195

229

283

325

353

360

366

Economía, complejidad y vida 10 |

/

Presentación

12 | Salud global, sistemas sanitarios y respuesta a la pandemia covid-19

La Colección Complejidad y Salud tiene como propósito prin-cipal desarrollar y publicar artículos de alta calidad en temas de interés en Medicina, Ciencias de la salud, Ciencias de la vida y Ciencias sociales, que aborden aspectos relacionados con alguna de las aristas de las Ciencias de la complejidad.

Este nuevo volumen en particular se enfocó en analizar con profundidad la respuesta organizada de algunos Estados a los re-tos que la pandemia por el virus SARS-CoV-2 y la enfermedad denominada COVID-19, les han generado durante lo corrido del año 2020 a todos los países del mundo. En el marco del seminario de Salud Global del programa de Doctorado en Salud Pública de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad El Bosque, se discu-tieron las principales características de seis sistemas sanitarios de América, Asia y Europa, y la manera como han organizado sus respuestas a la pandemia, considerando además los indicadores de morbilidad y mortalidad publicados. Además de los casos que se analizan, se presentan algunas reflexiones sobre los principales postulados de la salud global en este momento histórico tan par-ticular. Cada grupo de autores aplicó técnicas de recolección de información y de reflexión teórica orientada desde los conceptos de las ciencias contemporáneas, que exigen pensar en problemas de frontera en los que confluyen aspectos sociales, económicos, políticos y de salud pública, que son los que orientan perma-nentemente el Doctorado en Salud Pública. Los autores de este volumen, además, son estudiantes del doctorado, quienes están consolidando una carrera como académicos-investigadores y les entregan a los lectores este producto que aportará a la compren-sión del complejo fenómeno de la COVID-19 y a diseñar mejores respuestas a situaciones similares.


Referencias

Bauman, Z. (2017). La globalización. Consecuencias humanas. Fondo de Cultura Económica. 3ª edición. México.

Fazio, H. (2018). ¿Qué es la globalización? Contenido, explica-ción y representación. Universidad de los Andes. Bogotá, Colombia.

Gómez, L. A. y Sandoval, J. (2019). De la globalización de la salud a la globalización de la enfermedad. En: Maldonado C (editor) Salud y Complejidad: Transiciones hacia la No Enfermedad. Colección Complejidad y Salud. Volumen 4. Universidad El Bosque. Bogotá, Colombia. (En prensa).

Stiglitz, J. (2003). Globalization and its discontents. Norton. New York.


Referencias

Autrey, D. (2001). Buen Vivir: una señal de salida del sistema-mun-do capitalista. América Latina en Movimiento. https://www.alainet.org/es/active/47962

Beteta, H. & Moreno-Brid, J. C. (2012). El desarrollo en las ideas de la cepal. Economía Unam, 9(27), 76-90.

Escobar, A. & Escobar, A. (1998). La invención del Tercer Mundo: construcción y deconstrucción del desarrollo. Editorial Norma.

Galeano, E. (2004). Las venas abiertas de América Latina. Siglo xxi.Levine R, E. (2015). Power in Global Health Agenda-Setting: The

Role of Private Funding: Comment on “Knowledge, Moral Claims and the Exercise of Power in Global Health”. Int J Health Policy Manag, 4, pp. 315-317. https://doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.51

Luna, M. T. (2009). Perspectivas teóricas del desarrollo infantil. Documento interno de trabajo, Maestría en Educación y De-sarrollo Humano. Universidad de Manizales, Cinde.

Michaud, J. & Kates, J. (2013). Global health diplomacy: advancing foreign policy and global health interests. Global Health: Science and Practice, 1(1), 24-28. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-12-00048

Max-Neef, M. A., Elizalde, A. & Hopenhayn, M. (2006). Desa-rrollo a escala humana: conceptos, aplicaciones y algunas reflexiones. Icaria Editorial.

Nussbaum, M. C., Vernis, R. V. & Mosquera, A. S. (2007). Las fronteras de la justicia: consideraciones sobre la exclusión. Paidós.

pnud (2019). Informe de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. https://annualreport.undp.org/es/

| 51 Cap. 1 · Desafíos y contradicciones de una agenda global para escenarios asimétricos de desarrollo

pnud (2015). Informe de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2015_human_develop-ment_report_overview_-_es.pdf

Ranis, G. & Stewart, F. (2002). Crecimiento económico y desarro-llo humano en América Latina. La cepal, 78, pp. 7-24

Sachs, W. (1999). Planet dialectics: essays on ecology, equity, and the end of development. Zed Books.

Sen, A. (2000). El desarrollo como libertad. Gaceta Ecológica, 55, 14-20.

Szlezák, N. A., Bloom, B. R., Jamison, D. T., Keusch, G. T., Mi-chaud, C. M., Moon, S. & Clark, W. C. (2010). The global health system actors, norms and expectations in transition. PLoS Med. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000183

Unceta, K., Acosta, A. & Martínez, E. (2014). Desarrollo, post-crecimiento y buen vivir. Debate Constituyente. Ediciones Abya-Yala.

unfpa (2018). El enfoque de desarrollo basado en los derechos huma-nos. https://www.unfpa.org/es/el-enfoque-basado-en-los-dere-chos-humanos

Valcárcel, M. (2006). Génesis y evolución del concepto y enfoques sobre el desarrollo documento de investigación. Departamen-to de Ciencias Sociales. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Recuperado de https://www.uv.mx/mie/files/2012/10/SESION-6-Marcel-Valcarcel-Desarrollo-Sesion6.pdf

Wallerstein, I. (1979). El moderno sistema mundial, tomo I. Siglo xxi

Ysea, F. C. (2019). La era de la perplejidad. Repensar el mundo que conocíamos por bbva Open Mind. Emprende y Transforma, 1(1), 93-96.


Referencias

Alvis, N. & Valenzuela, M. (2010). Los qalys y dalys como in-dicadores sintéticos de salud. Rev Med Chile, 138(Supl 2), 83-87. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0034-98872010001000005

Beaglehole, R. & Bonita, R. (2010). What is global health? Glob Health Action, 3. https://doi: 10.3402/gha.v3i0.5142.

Becker, G. (2007). Health as human capital: synthesis and ex-tensions. Oxford Economic Papers, 59, 379-410. https://doi:10.1093/oep/gpm020

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. (2018). Annual Report 2018. https://www.gatesfoundation.org/Who-We-Are/Resour-ces-and-Media/Annual-Reports/Annual-Report-2018

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. (2020). Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. https://www.gatesfoundation.org/

Franco-Giraldo, Á. & Álvarez-Dardet, C. (2009). Salud pública global: un desafío a los límites de la salud internacional a propósito de la epidemia de influenza humana A. Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica, 25(6), 540-547. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1020-49892009000600011

Frenk, J. & Moon, S. (2013). Global health: Governance challen-ges in global health. N Engl J Med, 368, 936-942. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1109339

Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. (2016). Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 (gbd 2015) Socio-Demo-graphic Index (SDI) 1980-2015. In Seattle, United States: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (ihme). http://ghdx.healthdata.org/record/ihme-data/gbd-2015-socio-de-mographic-index-sdi-1980–2015

| 69 Cap. 2 · La regla del oro: el que tiene el oro, pone las reglas

Grossman, M. (1972). On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health. Journal of Political Economy, 80(2), 223-255. https://doi.org/10.1086/259880

Hoffman, S. J. & Cole, C. B. (2018). Defining the global heal-th system and systematically mapping its network of ac-tors. Globalization and Health, 14(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-018-0340-2

Hoffman, S. J., Røttingen, J.-A., Bennett, S., Lavis, J. N., Edge, J. S., Frenk, J. & Røttingen, J. (2012). A Review of Con-ceptual Barriers and Opportunities facing Health Systems Research to inform a Strategy from the World Health Orga-nization. Alliance for Health Policy & Systems Research. https://www.who.int/alliance-hpsr/alliancehpsr_back-groundpaperconceptualbarriersjune12.pdf

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. (2020). gbd compare Viz Hub. https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/

Koplan, J. P., Bond, T. C., Merson, M. H., Reddy, K. S., Ro-driguez, M. H., Sewankambo, N. K. & Wasserheit, J. N. (2009). Towards a common definition of global health. The Lancet, 373, 1993-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60332-9

Levine, R. E. (2015). Power in global health agenda-setting: The role of private funding: Comment on “Knowledge, moral claims and the exercise of power in global health”. Inter-national Journal of Health Policy and Management, 4(5), 315-317. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2015.51

McCoy, D., Kembhavi, G., Patel, J. & Luintel, A. (2009). The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation’s grant-making programme for global health. The Lancet, 373, 1645-1653. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60571-7


Michaud, J. & Kates, J. (2013). Global health diplomacy: Ad-vancing foreign policy and global health interests. Glo-bal Health Science and Practice, 1(1), 24-28. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-12-00048

Murray, C. J. & Lopez, A. D. (1996). A comprehensive assess-ment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. In The Glo-bal Burden of Disease. Harvard School of Public Health. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/195443?ln=es

pnud. (2020). Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenibles. Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Dessarrollo. https://www.undp.org/content/undp/es/home/sustainable-development-goals.html

Schultz, T. (1961). Investment in human capital. The American Economic Review, 51(1), 1-17. https://www.jstor.org/sta-ble/1818907

Schultz, T. W. (1962). Reflections on investment in man. Jour-nal of Political Economy, 70(5, Part 2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1086/258723

Szlezák, N. A., Bloom, B. R., Jamison, D. T., Keusch, G. T., Mi-chaud, C. M., Moon, S. & Clark, W. C. (2010). The global health system: Actors, norms, and expectations in transi-tion. PLoS Medicine, 7(1), 5-8. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000183

Taylor, S. (2018). ‘Global health’: meaning what? bmj Global Heal-th, 3(2), 3-6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000843

unesco. (2019). How Much Does your Country Invest in Re-search and Development (R&D)? http://uis.unesco.org/en/blog/how-much-does-your-country-invest-research-and-development-rd

| 71 Cap. 2 · La regla del oro: el que tiene el oro, pone las reglas

Waitzkin, H. (2013). Medicina y salud pública al final del impe-rio. Primera edición en español ed. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. https://www.uneditorial.com/medicina-y-sa-lud-publica-al-final-del-imperio-medicina.html

Wikipedia. (2020). Acuerdos de Bretton Woods. Retrieved 2 April 2020, from https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuerdos_de_Bretton_Woods

World Health Organization. (1995). Constitution of the world health organization. https://www.who.int/governance/eb/who_constitution_en.pdf

World Health Organization. (2019). Program Budget 2020-2021. https://www.who.int/about/finances-accountability/bud-get/WHOPB-PRP-19.pdf?ua=1

Youde, J. (2013). The Rockefeller and Gates Foundations in Glo-bal Health Governance. Global Society, 27(2), 139-158. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2012.762341


Referencias

Biehl, J., & Petryna, A. (2014). Peopling global health. Saúde e Sociedade, 23, 376-389. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-12902014000200003

Dave, C., & Nicholas, S. (2013). What is Population Health? De-finitions from the Field. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. https://www.rwjf.org/en/blog/2013/01/defining_popula-tion.html

Durich, O. J. (1980). Medicina integral: medicina preventiva y asistencial en el medio rural. In Medicina Integral (Vol. 36). idepsa.

Jones, K. E., Patel, N. G., Levy, M. A., Storeygard, A., Balk, D., Gittleman, J. L., & Daszak, P. (2008). Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature, 451(7181), 990-993. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06536

Kindig, D., & Stoddart, G. (2003). What is population health? American Journal of Public Health, 93(3), 380-383. ht-tps://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.3.380

Mira, P. J. (2011). El Cisne Negro Nassim Taleb, Barcelona, Paidós, 2008, 492 pp. Revista de Economía Institucional, 13(25), 405-410. http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?s-cript=sci_arttext&pid=S0124-59962011000200021

Ventura, D. de F. L., Ribeiro, H., Giulio, G. M. di, Jaime, P. C., Nunes, J., Bógus, C. M., Ferreira, J. L. y Waldman, E. A. (2020). Desafios da pandemia de COVID-19: por uma agenda brasileira de pesquisa em saúde global e sustenta-bilidade. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 36(4). https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00040620

| 85 Cap. 3 · ¿Salud poblacional, salud global o salud pública? En tiempos de pandemia por covid-19

who. (2020). ops/oms | La oms caracteriza a COVID-19 como una pandemia. Pan American Health Organization. https://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=arti-cle&id=15756:who-characterizes-covid-19-as-a-pandemi-c&Itemid=1926&lang=es

Wilder Smith, A., & Freedman, D. O. (2020). Isolation, quaranti-ne, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coro-navirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. Journal of Travel Medici-ne, 27(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa020


Referencias

Abdollahi, E., Champredon, D., Langley, J. M., Galvani, A. P. & Moghadas, S. M. (2020). Temporal estimates of case-fatali-ty rate for COVID-19 outbreaks in Canada and the United States. cmaj, 192(25), E666-E670. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.200711

Adisesh, A., Durand-Moreau, Q., Patry, L. & Straube, S. (2020). COVID-19 in Canada and the use of Personal Protec-tive Equipment. Occupational Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa094

ahip. (2020). Health Insurance Providers Respond to Corona-virus (COVID-19). https://www.ahip.org/health-insuran-ce-providers-respond-to-coronavirus-covid-19/

Alimadadi, A., Aryal, S., Manandhar, I., Munroe, P. B., Joe, B. & Cheng, X. (2020). Artificial intelligence and machi-ne learning to fight COVID-19. Physiological Genomics, 52(4), 200-202. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiolgeno-mics.00029.2020

Alvis, N. & Valenzuela, M. (2010). Los qalys y dalys como in-dicadores sintéticos de salud. Rev Med Chile, 138(Supl 2), 83-87. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0034-98872010001000005

Amaya, A. (2020). Coronavirus: incógnitas y desafíos para los sistemas de salud en América Latina. https://www.fran-ce24.com/es/20200326-coronavirus-incógnitas-y-desa-fíos-para-los-sistemas-de-salud-en-américa-latina

Appireddy, R., Jalini, S., Shukla, G. & Lomax, L. (2020). Tac-kling the burden of neurological diseases in Canada with virtual care during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.

| 103 Cap. 4 · covid-19: retos y lecciones para la salud global en tiempos de pandemia

Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 47(Issue 5), 594-597. https://doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2020.92

Azkur, A. K., Akdis, M., Azkur, D., Sokolowska, M., van de Veen, W., Brüggen, C., Liam, O., Gao, Y., Nadeau, K. & Akdis, C. A. (2020). Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and me-chanisms of immunopathological changes in COVID-19. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 75(Issue 7), 1564-1581. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14364

Banco mundial. (2019). Chile Panorama general. https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/chile/overview

Barrett, K., Khan, Y. A., Mac, S., Ximenes, R., Naimark, D. M. J. & Sander, B. (2020). Estimation of COVID-19–induced depletion of hospital resources in Ontario, Canada. cmaj, 192(24) E640-E646. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.200715

Barstugan, M., Ozkaya, U. & Ozturk, S. (2020). Coronavirus (CO-VID-19) Classification using ct Images by Machine Lear-ning Methods, (March). http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.09424

Bauman, Z. (2001). La globalización. Consecuencias humanas. British Journal of Sociology.

bbc News Mundo. (2021a). Coronavirus en Chile: cómo se expli-ca que pese a la buena vacunación tenga la tasa de conta-gio más alta desde el peor momento de la pandemia. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-56261426

bbc News Mundo. (2021b). Coronavirus en Chile: el país cie-rra sus fronteras ante el aumento de los casos de CO-VID-19. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-la-tina-56611784

Beaglehole, R. & Bonita, R. (2010). What is global health? Glo-bal Health Action, 3.


Becerril-Montekio, V., de Dios Reyes, J., & Manuel, A. (2011). Sistema de salud de Chile. Salud Publica de Mexico, 53(Suppl. 2).

Becker, G. (2007). Health as human capital: synthesis and exten-sions. Oxford Economic Papers.

Béland, D. & Marier, P. (2020). COVID-19 and Long-Term Care Policy for Older People in Canada. Journal of Aging & So-cial Policy, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2020.1764319

Berry, I., Soucy, J. P. R., Tuite, A. & Fisman, D. (2020). Open access epidemiologic data and an interactive dashboard to monitor the COVID-19 outbreak in Canad. cmaj, 192(15) E420. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.75262

Berthelot, N., Lemieux, R., Garon-Bissonnette, J., Drouin-Ma-ziade, C., Martel, É. & Maziade, M. (2020). Uptrend in distress and psychiatric symptomatology in pregnant wo-men during the COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 99(Issue 7), 848-855. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.13925

Biehl, J. & Petryna, A. (2014). Peopling global health. Saúde e Sociedade, 23, 376-389.

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. (2018). Annual Report 2018.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. (2020). Bill & Melinda Gates

Foundation.Böhmer, M. M., Buchholz, U., Corman, V. M., Hoch, M., Katz,

K., Marosevic, D. V., … Zapf, A. (2020). Outbreak of CO-VID-19 in Germany Resulting from a Single Travel-Asso-ciated Primary Case. Lancet Infect Dis, 3099(20). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3551335


Bres Bullrich, M., Fridman, S., Mandzia, J. L., Mai, L. M., Khaw, A., Vargas Gonzalez, J. C., … Sposato, L. A. (2020). CO-VID-19: Stroke Admissions, Emergency Department Vi-sits, and Prevention Clinic Referrals. The Canadian Jour-nal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2020.101

Burki, T. (2020). COVID-19 in Latin America. The Lancet In-fectious Diseases, 20(5), 547-548. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30303-0

Bustos, C. A. (2020). Fortalecer la salud pública: COVID-19 evidencia la necesidad de mejorar el sistema nacional. https://radio.uchile.cl/2020/03/16/fortalecer-la-salud-pu-blica-covid-19-evidencia-la-necesidad-de-mejorar-el-sis-tema-nacional/

Casa editorial el Tiempo. (2020). Cifra de contagios por corona-virus en Chile. https://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoa-merica/cifra-de-contagios-por-coronavirus-en-chile-hoy-29-de-mayo-500976

Castellani, B., Rajaram, R., Gunn, J. & Griffiths, F. (2016). Ca-ses, clusters, densities: Modeling the nonlinear dynamics of complex health trajectories. Complexity, 21(S1), 160-180. https://doi.org/10.1002/cplx.21728

Caviedes, R. (2019). Cómo entender el sistema de salud chile-no: más allá de lo público y lo privado. Como Entender El Sistema de Salud Chileno: Más Allá de Lo Público y Lo Privado.

Centro de epidemiología y políticas de salud. (2017). Estructura y Funcionamiento del Sistema de Salud Chileno.


Chakraborty, T. & Ghosh, I. (2020). Real-time forecasts and risk assessment of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) cases: A data-driven analysis. Chaos, Solitons, and Fractals, 135, 109850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109850

Chattu, V. K., Adisesh, A. & Yaya, S. (2020). Canada’s role in strengthening global health security during the COVID-19 pandemic. Global Health Research and Policy, 5, 16. ht-tps://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-020-00146-3

Chauhan, R. P. & Gordon, M. L. (2020). A Systematic Review Analyzing the Prevalence and Circulation of Influen-za Viruses in Swine Population Worldwide. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 9(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/patho-gens9050355

Chimmula, V. K. R. & Zhang, L. (2020). Time Series Forecasting of COVID-19 transmission in Canada Using lstm Networ-ks. Chaos, Solitons, and Fractals, 135, 109864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109864

Cifuentes, C. (2020). Sistemas de salud en el mundo son pues-tos a prueba por el COVID-19. https://www.latercera.com/la-tercera-domingo/noticia/sistemas-de-salud-en-el-mun-do-son-puestos-a-prueba-por-el-covid-19/VFDRXEE-56JG5NBPVVZPS6SKLBE/

Cohen, L. (1996). McMaster’s pioneer in evidence-based medici-ne now spreading his message in England. Canadian Medi-cal Association Journal, 154(3), 388.

Congreso Nacional de Chile. (1979). Historia de La Ley No 19.937 que modifica el D.L. 2763 de 1979, con la finalidad de establecer una nueva concepción de la autoridad sani-taria, distintas modalidades de gestión y fortalecer la par-ticipación ciudadana. https://www.bcn.cl/historiadelaley/historia-de-la-ley/vista-expandida/5719/


Crespo, C. F. (2018). Chile: nuevos desafíos sanitarios e institu-cionales en un país en transición. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 42, e137-e137. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2018.137

Datosmacro. (2020). Chile: Economía y demografía 2020. Da-tosmacro. https://datosmacro.expansion.com/paises/chile

Dave, C. & Nicholas, S. (2013). What is Population Health? De-finitions from the Field.

Deutsche Welle. (2020). Chile en la crisis de covid-19: ¿Por qué un país modelo parece hundirse en el caos? https://www.dw.com/es/chile-en-la-crisis-de-covid-19-por-qué-un-país-modelo-parece-hundirse-en-el-caos/a-53577659

Directorate, C. C. and E. S. I., Directorate, C. H. A., Directorate, C. H. C. P., Division, C. F. and B. S. & Canada. Industry, S. and T. C. (1992). Choose Canada: For World-class Health Products and Services. Health Affairs Directorate, Health and Welfare Canada.

Durich, O. J. (1980). Medicina integral : medicina preventiva y asis-tencial en el medio rural. Medicina Integral (Vol. 36). idepsa.

DW. (2021). La contradicción chilena: ¿Por qué el éxito de la vacunación no frena la pandemia? https://www.dw.com/es/la-contradicción-chilena-por-qué-el-éxito-de-la-vacu-nación-no-frena-la-pandemia/a-56955777

Dyck, J. R. B. (2020, May). The Impact of COVID-19 on Dia-betes Research in Canada. Canadian Journal of Diabetes. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2020.05.002

El Helou, A. (2020). Spine Surgery in Atlantic Canada in the COVID-19 era: lessons learned so far. The Spine Journal : Official Journal of the North American Spine Society. ht-tps://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2020.04.027


El mostrador. (2021). Ciego, sordo y mudo: las recomendacio-nes del Consejo Asesor Covid para enfrentar la pandemia que el Gobierno. Retrieved from https://www.elmostrador.cl/noticias/pais/2021/03/25/ciego-sordo-y-mudo-las-re-comendaciones-del-consejo-asesor-covid-para-enfren-tar-la-pandemia-que-el-gobierno-desoyo/

Elbeddini, A., Yeats, A. & Lee, S. (2020). Amid COVID-19: the importance of developing an positive adverse drug reaction (adr) and medical device incident (mdi) reporting culture for Global Health and public safety. Journal of Pharmaceu-tical Policy and Practice, 13, 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-020-00219-1

Enserink, M. & Kupferschmidt, K. (2020, March 25). Mathe-matics of life and death: How disease models shape na-tional shutdowns and other pandemic policies. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb8814

Estay, R., Cuadrado, C., Crispi, F., González, F., Francisco, A., Cabrera, N. & Libuy, M. (2017). Financiamiento de la Salud en Chile. Elementos para la discusión de una re-forma necesaria. Cuadernos Medico Sociales. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.11343.33440

Fidler, D. P. (2005). Health and Foreign Policy: A conceptual overview.

Flint, A. J., Bingham, K. S. & Iaboni, A. (2020). Effect of CO-VID-19 on the mental health care of older people in Ca-nada. International Psychogeriatrics, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610220000708

Fontaine, J. (2020). COVID-19 en Chile: se repetirán las des-igualdades en el acceso a la salud. http://www.rfi.fr/es/américas/20200331-covid-19-en-chile-se-repetirán-las-desigualdades-en-el-acceso-a-la-salud


Franco-Giraldo, Á. & Álvarez-Dardet, C. (2009). Salud pública global: un desafío a los límites de la salud internacional a propósito de la epidemia de influenza humana A. Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica/Pan American Journal of Public Health, 25(6), 540-547. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1020-49892009000600011

Franco, A. (2003). Globalizar la salud. Gaceta Sanitaria, 17(2), 157-163. https://doi.org/10.1157/13046574

Fraser, B. (2020). Chile plans controversial COVID-19 certifica-tes. Lancet (London, England), 395(10235), 1473. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31096-5

Frenk, J. & Gómez-Dantés, O. (2007). La globalización y la nue-va salud pública. Salud Publica de Mexico, 49(2), 156-164. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0036-36342007000200011

Frenk, J., Gómez-Dantés, O. & Knaul, F. M. (2004). Globaliza-tion and infectious diseases: A review of the linkages. Pro-gramme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2011.05.003

Frenk, J. & Moon, S. (2013). Global health: Governance challen-ges in global health. New England Journal of Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1109339

Fry, A. (2012). Insulin delivery device technology 2012: Where are we after 90 years? Journal of Diabetes Science and Te-chnology, 6(4), 947-953.

Fulton, J. (1993). Canada’s health system: bordering on the possible.Gattini, C. (2017). Sistema de Salud y modelo de atención en

Chile. Santiago de Chile.Gensini, G. F., Alderighi, C., Rasoini, R., Mazzanti, M. & Caso-

lo, G. (2017). Value of Telemonitoring and Telemedicine in Heart Failure Management. Cardiac Failure Review, 3(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.15420/cfr.2017:6:2


Ginel, H. F. (2020). Estallido social y pandemia, la doble conten-ción de Chile en estado de excepción. https://www.newtral.es/chile-medidas-coronavirus-protestas/20200501/

Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. (2016). Glo-bal Burden of Disease Study 2015 (gbd 2015) Socio-De-mographic Index (sdi) 1980-2015. Seattle, United States: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (ihme).

Global Burden of Disease data visualiation, I. for H. M. and. (2015). gbd Compare | ihme Viz Hub. https://doi.org/http://ihmeuw.org/3pgz

Gobierno de Chile. (2020). Gob.cl - Cifras Oficiales. https://www.gob.cl/coronavirus/cifrasoficiales/#datos.

Gobierno de Chile. (2021). Gob.cl - Yo me Vacuno. https://www.gob.cl/yomevacuno/

Goic G, A. (2015). El Sistema de Salud de Chile: una tarea pen-diente. Revista Médica de Chile, 143(6), 774-786. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872015000600011

Gómez Barrera, L. A. (2017). Complejidad, redes y salud públi-ca. Una revisión. Revista Salud Bosque, 6(2), 59-76. ht-tps://doi.org/10.18270/rsb.v6i2.2020

Government of Canada. (2019). Canada’s Health Care System.Government of Canada. (2020a). Coronavirus disease (co-

vid-19): Outbreak update.Government of Canada. (2020b). Epidemiological summary of

COVID-19 cases in Canada.gpmb. (2019). Un mundo en peligro. Informe anual sobre pre-

paración mundial para las emergencias sanitarias (gpmb). Informe anual sobre preparación mundial para las emer-gencias sanitarias. Ginebra.


Grein, J., Ohmagari, N., Shin, D., Diaz, G., Asperges, E., Cas-tagna, A., … Flanigan, T. (2020). Compassionate Use of Remdesivir for Patients with Severe COVID-19. The New England Journal of Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1056/NE-JMoa2007016

Grossman, M. (1972). On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health. Journal of Political Economy. https://doi.org/10.1086/259880

Haider, N., Yavlinsky, A., Simons, D., Osman, A. Y., Ntoumi, F., Zumla, A. & Kock, R. (2020). Passengers’ destina-tions from China: low risk of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) transmission into Africa and South America. Epi-demiology and Infection, 148, e41. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268820000424

Hassan, A., Arora, R. C., Adams, C., Bouchard, D., Cook, R., Gunning, D., … Légaré, J.-F. (2020). Cardiac Surgery in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Guidance Statement From the Canadian Society of Cardiac Sur-geons. The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2020.04.001

Health Canada - National Forum on Health. (1995). The public and private financing of Canada’s health system.


Hoffman, S. J., Røttingen, J.-A., Bennett, S., Lavis, J. N., Edge, J. S., Frenk, J. & Røttingen, J. (2012). A Review of Con-ceptual Barriers and Opportunities facing Health Systems


Research to inform a Strategy from the World Health Orga-nization. Alliance for Health Policy & Systems Research.

Homedes, N. & Ugalde, A. (2002). Privatización de los servicios de salud: Las experiencias de Chile y Costa Rica. Gaceta Sanitaria / s.e.s.p.a.s, 16(1), 54-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0213-9111(02)71633-6

Hough-Falk, L. (2018). Population Health versus Public Heal-th: An Important comparison. https://www.healthcatalyst.com/what-is-population-health/

Hu, D., Lou, X., Xu, Z., Meng, N., Xie, Q., Zhang, M., … Wang, F. (2020). More effective strategies are required to streng-then public awareness of COVID-19: Evidence from Goo-gle Trends. Journal of Global Health, 10(1), 11003. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.011003

Huerta Riveros, P. C. (2019). Análisis de los Indicadores Sani-tarios Chilenos. Horizonte Sanitario, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.19136/hs.a18n2.2751

icovid chile. (2020). Capacidad Hospitalaria - icovid Chile. ht-tps://www.icovidchile.cl/capacidad-hospitalaria

Iglesias Vázquez, M. (2015). Lo social y lo político en Chi-le: Itinerario de un desencuentro teórico y práctico. Iz-quierdas, 22, 227-250. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-50492015000100010

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. (2020). gbd compare Viz Hub.

Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. (2020). COVID-19 Map.

Jones, K. E., Patel, N. G., Levy, M. A., Storeygard, A., Balk, D., Gittleman, J. L. & Daszak, P. (2008). Global trends in


emerging infectious diseases. Nature, 451(7181), 990-993. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06536

Júnior, J. G., Moreira, M. M., Pinheiro, W. R., de Amorim, L. M., Lima, C. K. T., da Silva, C. G. L. & Neto, M. L. R. (2020). The Mental Health of Those Whose Rights Have Been Taken Away: an Essay on the Mental Health of Indi-genous Peoples in the Face of the 2019 Coronavirus. Psy-chiatry Research, 289, 113094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113094

Kawchuk, G., Hartvigsen, J., Innes, S., Simpson, J. K. & Gusha-ty, B. (2020). The use of internet analytics by a Canadian provincial chiropractic regulator to monitor, evaluate and remediate misleading claims regarding specific health con-ditions, pregnancy, and COVID-19. Chiropractic & Ma-nual Therapies, 28(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-020-00314-9

Keohane, R. O., Nye, J. S., Haven, N., Haven, N. & Skolnik, R. (1988). Poder e interdependencia: la politica mundial en transición. Grupo Editor Latinoamericano. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.co/books?id=LAJ1AAAACAAJ

Kim, D. J., Jelic, T., Woo, M. Y., Heslop, C. & Olszynski, P. (2020). Just the Facts: Recommendations on Point of Care Ultrasound Use and Machine Infection Control During the COVID-19 Pandemic. cjem. https://doi.org/10.1017/cem.2020.364

Kindig, D. & Stoddart, G. (2003). What is population health? American Journal of Public Health, 93(3), 380-383. ht-tps://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.3.380


King, J. S. (2020). COVID-19 and the Need for Health Care Re-form. New England Journal of Medicine, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2000821

Klasen, J. M., Vithyapathy, A., Zante, B. & Burm, S. (2020). “The storm has arrived”: the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on medical students. Perspectives on Medical Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-020-00592-2

Koplan, J. P., Bond, T. C., Merson, M. H., Reddy, K. S., Ro-driguez, M. H., Sewankambo, N. K. & Wasserheit, J. N. (2009). Towards a common definition of global health. The Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60332-9

Kovacs, G., Sowers, N., Campbell, S., French, J. & Atkinson, P. (2020). Just the Facts: Airway management during the co-ronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. cjem, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1017/cem.2020.353

Krausz, M., Westenberg, J. N., Vigo, D., Spence, R. T. & Ramsey, D. (2020). Emergency Response to COVID-19 in Canada: Platform Development and Implementation for eHealth in Crisis Management. jmir Public Health and Surveillance, 6(2), e18995. https://doi.org/10.2196/18995

Latin America Business Stories, L. (2020). Chile is the Latin American country doing more tests to detect COVID-19. https://labs.ebanx.com/en/notes/chile-is-the-latin-ameri-can-country-that-is-doing-more-tests-to-detect-covid-19/

Levine, R. E. (2015). Power in global health agenda-setting: The role of private funding: Comment on “Knowledge, moral claims and the exercise of power in global health.” Inter-national Journal of Health Policy and Management, 4(5), 315-317. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2015.51


Lizarazo Riaño, S. C. (2020). ¿Está preparado el sistema de sa-lud colombiano para enfrentar el COVID-19? https://sca-re.org.co/noticias/esta-preparado-el-sistema-de-salud-co-lombiano-para-enfrentar-el-covid-19/

Long, M. J. (1994). Spending Smarter and Spending Less: Poli-cies and Partnerships for Health Care in Canada. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 151(10), 1471.

Lother, S. A., Abassi, M., Agostinis, A., Bangdiwala, A. S., Cheng, M. P., Drobot, G., … Boulware, D. R. (2020). Post-expo-sure prophylaxis or pre-emptive therapy for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): study protocol for a pragmatic randomized-controlled trial. Cana-dian Journal of Anaesthesia , 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12630-020-01684-7

Majowicz, S. E. (2020). What might the Future Bring? CO-VID-19 planning considerations for faculty and universi-ties. Epidemiology and Infection. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268820000898

Malamud, C. & Núñez, R. (2020). COVID-19 in Latin Ameri-ca: political challenges, trials for health systems and eco-nomic uncertainty. Retrieved April 19, 2020, from http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano_en/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elca-no_in/zonas_in/ari36-2020-malamud-nunez-covid-19-la-tin+america-political-challenges-trials-for-health-sys-tems-and-economic-uncertainty

Maldonado, C. E. (2018). Seis tesis sobre complejidad y salud. Revista Salud Bosque, 8(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.18270/rsb.v8i1.2370


Mallon, D., Pohl, J. F., Phatak, U. P., Fernandes, M., Rosen, J. M., Lusman, S. S., … Lee, C. K. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on Pediatric Gastroenterology Fellow Training in North America. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nu-trition. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000002768

Manuel, A. (2002). The Chilean health system: 20 Years of re-forms. Salud Publica de Mexico, 44(1), 60-68. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342002000100009

Marchand-Senécal, X., Kozak, R., Mubareka, S., Salt, N., Gu-bbay, J. B., Eshaghi, A., … Leis, J. A. (2020). Diagnosis and Management of First Case of COVID-19 in Canada: Lessons applied from sars. Clinical Infectious Diseases : An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa227

Martin, D., Miller, A. P., Quesnel-Vallée, A., Caron, N. R., Vis-sandjée, B. & Marchildon, G. P. (2018). Canada’s universal health-care system: achieving its potential. The Lancet. ht-tps://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30181-8

McCoy, D., Kembhavi, G., Patel, J. & Luintel, A. (2009). The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation’s grant-making program-me for global health. The Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60571-7

McIntyre, R. S. & Lee, Y. (2020). Projected increases in suici-de in Canada as a consequence of COVID-19. Psychia-try Research, 290, 113104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psy-chres.2020.113104



Ministerio de salud. (2020). Casos confirmados en Chi-le COVID-19 https://www.minsal.cl/nuevo-coronavi-rus-2019-ncov/casos-confirmados-en-chile-covid-19/

Ministerio de Salud. (2020a). COVID-19 en Chile. https://idechile.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.ht-ml#/6662268991094e439cee1a6f9f0e46ea

Ministerio de Salud. (2020b). Informe epidemiológico n° 19 en-fermedad por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Chile 22-05-2020.

Mira, P. J. (2011). El Cisne Negro Nassim Taleb, Barcelona, Paidós, 2008, 492 pp. Revista de Economía Institucional, 13(25), 405-410.

Mitra, A. R., Fergusson, N. A., Lloyd-Smith, E., Wormsbecker, A., Foster, D., Karpov, A., … Griesdale, D. E. G. (2020). Baseline characteristics and outcomes of patients with CO-VID-19 admitted to intensive care units in Vancouver, Ca-nada: a case series. Canadian Medical Association Jour-nal. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.200794

Mrcpsych, R., Lewis, G., London, S., Nhs, M., Chesney, E., Msc, O., … David, A. S. (2020). Psychiatric and neuropsychia-tric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infec-tions: a systematic review and meta-analysis with compa-rison to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30203-0

msps. (2016). Política de Atención Integral en Salud. “Hacia un nuevo modelo de atención integral en salud,” 1-92.

Murray, C. J. & Lopez, A. D. (1996). A comprehensive assess-ment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. The Glo-bal Burden of Disease. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/707/1/012025


Navarro, V. (2013). Globalización económica, poder po-lítico y Estado de bienestar. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004

Observatorio chileno de salud pública. (2019). Situación de sa-lud: conclusión y perspectivas de progreso. http://www.ochisap.cl/index.php/ambiente-y-seguridad-humana/con-clusion-y-perspectivas-de-progreso

oecd. (2019). Chile. A healthier tomorrow. Assessment and re-commendations. oecd Reviews of Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264309593-en

oecd. (2020). Canada.Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2000). Informe sobre la sa-

lud en el mundo 2000 - Mejorar el desempeño de los siste-mas de salud.

Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2020). Coronavirus.Organizacion Panamericana de la Salud. (2020). Teleconsulta du-

rante una pandemia.Organización Panamericana de la Salud. (2017). Salud en las

Américas+. Resumen: panorama regional y perfiles de país. 2017. https://www.paho.org/salud-en-las-americas-2017/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Print-Version-Spanish.pdf

Organización Panamericana de la Salud. (2019). Tablas de indi-cadores básicos 2019. Indicadores básicos 2019: Tenden-cias de la salud en las Américas. www.paho.org

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (n.d.). oecd Statistics: Non-Medical Determinants of Heal-th: Tobacco consumption. https://stats.oecd.org/

Peeri, N. C., Shrestha, N., Rahman, M. S., Zaki, R., Tan, Z., Bibi, S., … Haque, U. (2020). The sars, mers and novel coro-navirus (COVID-19) epidemics, the newest and biggest


global health threats: what lessons have we learned? Inter-national Journal of Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaa033

Percy, E., Luc, J. G. Y., Vervoort, D., Hirji, S., Ruel, M. & Cou-tinho, T. (2020). Post-Discharge Cardiac Care in the Era of Coronavirus 2019: How Should We Prepare? The Ca-nadian Journal of Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2020.04.006

pnud. (2020). Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenibles.Pollock, A. M., Clements, L. & Harding-Edgar, L. (2020). CO-

VID-19: why we need a national health and social care service. bmj (Clinical Research Ed.), 369(April), m1465. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1465

Power, T., Wilson, D., Best, O., Brockie, T., Bourque Bearskin, L., Millender, E. & Lowe, J. (2020, May). COVID-19 and Indigenous Peoples: an imperative for action. Jour-nal of Clinical Nursing. England. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15320

Rakovich, G., Urbanowicz, R., Issa, R. & Wang, H. T. (2020). Minimizing the Risk of Aerosol Contamination During Elective Lung Resection Surgery. Annals of Surgery. ht-tps://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000004087

Reeves, J. J., Hollandsworth, H. M., Torriani, F. J., Taplitz, R., Abeles, S., Tai-Seale, M., … Longhurst, C. A. (2020). Ra-pid Response to COVID-19: Health Informatics Support for Outbreak Management in an Academic Health System. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaa037

Revista Semana. (2020a). A 16.000 asciende número de muer-tos en Reino Unido. Retrieved April 19, 2020, from


https://www.semana.com/mundo/articulo/coronavi-rus-en-el-mundo-a-16000-asciende-numero-de-muer-tos-en-reino-unido/664559

Revista Semana. (2020b). Boris Johnson se recupera pero su go-bierno es criticado por respuesta a pandemia. https://www.semana.com/mundo/articulo/coronavirus-en-el-mun-do-primer-ministro-britanico-se-recupera-bien-de-co-vid-19/664547

Ridde, V., Aho, J., Ndao, E. M., Benoit, M., Hanley, J., Lagran-ge, S., … Cloos, P. (2020). Unmet healthcare needs among migrants without medical insurance in Montreal, Canada. Global Public Health, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1771396

Roberton, T., Carter, E. D., Chou, V. B., Stegmuller, A. R., Jack-son, B. D., Tam, Y., … Walker, N. (2020). Early estimates of the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on ma-ternal and child mortality in low-income and middle-inco-me countries: a modelling study. The Lancet Global Heal-th. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30229-1

Rodriguez-Morales, A. J., Gallego, V., Escalera-Antezana, J. P., Méndez, C. A., Zambrano, L. I., Franco-Paredes, C., … Cimerman, S. (2020). COVID-19 in Latin America: The implications of the first confirmed case in Brazil. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 101613. https://doi.or-g/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101613

Romero, M. (2020). Latin America and the outbreak of CO-VID-19: a chronicle of multiple crises. https://www.cadtm.org/Latin-America-and-the-outbreak-of-covid-19-a-chro-nicle-of-multiple-crises


s.a.p., E. M. (2020). Los hallazgos de Islandia, el país que puede hacer test de COVID-19 a toda su población. https://www.emol.com/noticias/Internacional/2020/04/09/982618/Is-landia-coronavirus-test.html

Sarmiento, J. (2020). Un sistema de salud fragmentado no puede contra la COVID-19. https://www.elsiglo.cl/2020/04/24/un-sistema-de-salud-fragmentado-no-puede-contra-la-co-vid-19/

Schultz, T. (1961). Investment in human capital. The American Economic Review.

Schultz, T. W. (1962). Reflections on investment in man. Journal of Political Economy, 70(5, Part 2), 1-8.

Shaker, M. S., Oppenheimer, J., Grayson, M., Stukus, D., Hartog, N., Hsieh, E. W. Y., … Greenhawt, M. (2020). COVID-19: Pandemic Contingency Planning for the Allergy and Im-munology Clinic. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Im-munology: In Practice, 8(5), 1477-1488.e5. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2020.03.012

Shoukat, A., Wells, C. R., Langley, J. M., Singer, B. H. & Gal-vani, A. P. (2020). Projecting demand for critical care beds during COVID-19 outbreaks in Canada. Canadian Medical Association Journal. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.200457

Skolnik, R. (2016). Global Health 101. (R. K. Riegelman, Ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Slaunwhite, A. K., Gan, W. Q., Xavier, C., Zhao, B., Buxton, J. A. & Desai, R. (2020). Overdose and risk factors for coro-navirus disease 2019. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 212, 108047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108047

Smith, A. C., Thomas, E., Snoswell, C. L., Haydon, H., Me-hrotra, A., Clemensen, J. & Caffery, L. J. (2020). Te-


lehealth for global emergencies: Implications for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Journal of Tele-medicine and Telecare, 1357633X2091656. https://doi.or-g/10.1177/1357633X20916567

Solórzano, F. X. (1997). El sistema de salud del canada y su fi-nanciamiento. Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica/Pan American Journal of Public Health, 2(1), 26-31. ht-tps://doi.org/10.1590/S1020-49891997000700005

Stall, N. M., Farquharson, C., Fan-Lun, C., Wiesenfeld, L., Lof-tus, C. A., Kain, D., … Mahtani, R. (2020). A Hospital Part-nership with a Nursing Home Experiencing a COVID-19 Outbreak: Description of a Multi-Phase Emergency Res-ponse in Toronto, Canada. Journal of the American Geria-trics Society. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16625

Statistics Canada. (2020). Population and demography statistics.Subsecretaria de Salud Pública de Chile, D. de E. (2017). En-

cuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017. Primeros Resulta-dos. Retrieved from https://www.minsal.cl/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ENS-2016-17_PRIMEROS-RESULTA-DOS.pdf


Tang, B., Scarabel, F., Bragazzi, N. L., McCarthy, Z., Glazer, M., Xiao, Y., … Wu, J. (2020). De-Escalation by Reversing the Escalation with a Stronger Synergistic Package of Contact Tracing, Quarantine, Isolation and Personal Protection: Feasibility of Preventing a COVID-19 Rebound in On-


tario, Canada, as a Case Study. Biology, 9(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9050100

Tariq, A., Undurraga, E. A., Laborde, C. C., Vogt-Geisse, K., Luo, R., Rothenberg, R. & Chowell, G. (2021). Transmission dynamics and control of COVID-19 in chile, march-octo-ber, 2020. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009070

Tarlov, A. R. (1999). Public policy frameworks for improving po-pulation health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896, 281-293. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08123.x

Tayaben, J. L. & Younas, A. (2020). Call to Action for Advocacy of Immigrant Nurses during COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Advanced Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14432

Taylor, Sebastian. (2018). “Global health”: Meaning what? bmj Global Health, 3(2), 3-6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-gh-2018-000843

Taylor, Steven, Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., Fergus, T. A., McKay, D. & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020). Development and initial validation of the covid Stress Scales. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 72, 102232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102232

The Coronavirus App. (2020). Situación del COVID-19 a nivel mundial.

The New York Times. (2021). A New Coronavirus Wave Hits Chile, Despite Vaccine Success. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/30/world/americas/chile-vaccination-ca-ses-surge.html

The Washington Post. (2021). El exitismo del gobierno de Chi-le eclipsa una campaña de vacunación que pudo ser


ejemplar. https://www.washingtonpost.com/es/post-opi-nion/2021/03/29/chile-vacunacion-covid-19-reconfina-miento/

Tuite, A. R., Fisman, D. N. & Greer, A. L. (2020). Mathemati-cal modelling of COVID-19 transmission and mitigation strategies in the population of Ontario, Canada. Cana-dian Medical Association Journal. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.200476

Tuite, A. R., Greer, A. L., De Keninck, S. & Fisman, D. N. (2020, May). Risk for COVID-19 Resurgence Related to Duration and Effectiveness of Physical Distancing in Ontario, Ca-nada. Annals of Internal Medicine. United States. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-2945

unesco. (2019). How much does your country invest in R&am-p;D?

Vaid, S., Cakan, C. & Bhandari, M. (2020). Using Machine Learning to Estimate Unobserved COVID-19 Infections in North America. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.20.00715

Vaishya, R., Javaid, M., Khan, I. H. & Haleem, A. (2020). Arti-ficial Intelligence (AI) applications for COVID-19 pande-mic. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 14(4), 337-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.012

Vanlerberghe, V. & Verdonck, K. (2013). La inequidad en salud: el caso del dengue. Revista Peruana de Medicina Experi-mental y Salud Publica, 30(4), 683-686. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttex-t&pid=S1726-46342013000400023&lng=es&nrm=iso&t-lng=es


Ventura, D. de F. L., Ribeiro, H., Giulio, G. M. di, Jaime, P. C., Nunes, J., Bógus, C. M., … Waldman, E. A. (2020). Desafios da pandemia de COVID-19: por uma agenda brasileira de pesquisa em saúde global e sustentabilida-de. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 36(4). https://doi.or-g/10.1590/0102-311x00040620

Virani, S. A., Clarke, B., Ducharme, A., Ezekowitz, J. A., Hec-kman, G. A., McDonald, M., … Zieroth, S. (2020). Opti-mizing Access to Heart Failure Care in Canada during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The Canadian Journal of Cardiolo-gy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2020.05.009

Vogel, L. (2020). How long will social distancing take to work? Experts weigh in on Canada’s COVID-19 response. Cana-dian Medical Association Journal. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1095857

Waitzkin, H. (2013). Medicina y salud pública al final del im-perio. Primera edición en español ed. Bogotá (Colombia): Universidad Nacional de Colombia.

Wang, X., Wu, W., Song, P. & He, J. (2020). An international comparison analysis of reserve and supply system for emergency medical supplies between China, the United States, Australia, and Canada. Bioscience Trends. https://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2020.03093

Wang, Z. & Tang, K. (2020). Combating COVID-19: health equi-ty matters. Nature Medicine, 26. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0823-6

Wax, R. S. & Christian, M. D. (2020). Practical recommendations for critical care and anesthesiology teams caring for novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) patients. Canadian Journal of


Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien d’anesthesie, 67(5), 568-576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12630-020-01591-x

Webster, P. (2020, March). Canada and COVID-19: learning from sars. Lancet (London, England). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30670-X

who. (2020). ops/oms | La oms caracteriza a COVID-19 como una pandemia.

who, W. H. O. (2019). Recommendations on digital interventions for health system Strengthening. who guideline. Ginebra: WHO2019. https://doi.org/10.1177/156482658000200103

Wikipedia. (2020). Acuerdos de Bretton Woods.Wilder Smith, A. & Freedman, D. O. (2020). Isolation, quaranti-

ne, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coro-navirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. Journal of Travel Medici-ne, 27(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa020

Wiseman, S. M., Crump, R. T. & Sutherland, J. M. (2020). Sur-gical wait list management in Canada during a pandemic: many challenges ahead. Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien de Chirurgie, 63(3), E226-E228. https://doi.org/10.1503/cjs.006620

Wood, D. A., Sathananthan, J., Gin, K., Mansour, S., Ly, H. Q., Quraishi, A.-U.-R., … Cohen, E. A. (2020). Precautions and Procedures for Coronary and Structural Cardiac Inter-ventions During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Guidance from Canadian Association of Interventional Cardiology. The Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 36(5), 780-783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2020.03.027

World Bank. (2020). Canada | Data.


World Health Organization. (1995). Constitution of the world health organization.

World Health Organization. (2000). Informe sobre la salud en el mundo 2000. (oms, Ed.) (1st ed.). Ginebra. http://www.who.int/whr/2000/en/whr00_es.pdf?ua=1

World Health Organization. (2019). Program Budget 2020-2021.World Health Organization. (2020). Key Country Indicators. Ca-

nada - key indicators.Writer, S. (2020). Population Health vs. Public Health. https://

www.mphonline.org/population-health-vs-public-health/Wynants, L., Van Calster, B., Bonten, M. M. J., Collins, G. S.,

Debray, T. P. A., De Vos, M., … van Smeden, M. (2020). Prediction models for diagnosis and prognosis of CO-VID-19 infection: systematic review and critical appraisal. bmj, m1328. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1328

Xu X. X.-//-Jiang, X. G.-//-Xu, K. J.-//-Ying, L. J.-//-Ma, C. L.-//-Li, S. B.-//-Wang, H. Y.-//-Zhang, S.-//-Gao, H. N.-//-Sheng, J. F.-//-Cai, H. L.-//-Qiu, Y. Q.-//-Li, L. J., X. W.-//-W. (2020). Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series. bmj, 368, m606. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m606

Yang, Z., Zeng, Z., Wang, K., Wong, S.-S., Liang, W., Zanin, M., … He, J. (2020). Modified seir and AI prediction of the epidemics trend of COVID-19 in China under public heal-th interventions. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 12(3), 165. https://doi.org/10.21037/JTD.2020.02.64

Youde, J. (2013). The Rockefeller and Gates Foundations in Glo-bal Health Governance. Global Society, 27(2), 139–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2012.762341


Yuen, K. S., Ye, Z.-W., Fung, S. Y., Chan, C. P., & Jin, D. Y. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: The most important research questions. Cell and Bioscience, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13578-020-00404-4

Zhang, X., Ma, R. & Wang, L. (2020). Predicting turning point, duration and attack rate of COVID-19 outbreaks in major Western countries. Chaos, Solitons, and Fractals, 109829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109829

Zhao, N., Liu, Y., Smaragiassi, A. & Bernatsky, S. (2020). Trac-king the origin of early COVID-19 cases in Canada. In-ternational Journal of Infectious Diseases : ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Di-seases. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.046


Referencias

Banco Mundial. (20 de mayo de 2020). https://datos.bancomun-dial.org/pais/alemania

Buchholz, U., Böhmer, M. M., Corman, V. M., Hoch, M., Katz, K., Marosevic, D. V., Böhm, S. ... Zapf, A. (2020). Out-break of COVID-19 in Germany Resulting from a Sin-gle Travel-Associated Primary Case. Lancet Infect Dis, 3099(20).

Busse, R. & Blümel, M. (2014). Germany: Health system review. Health Syst Transit, 16(2), 1-226.

Corman, V., Lienau, J. & Witzenrath, M. (2019). Coronaviruses as the cause of respiratory infections. Internist, 60(11):1136-45.

divi intensivregister. (20 de mayo de 2020). https://www.intensi-vregister.de/#/index

Döring, A. & Paul, P. (2010). The German healthcare system. epma j., 1(4):535-47. http://10.1007/s13167-010-0060-z

Epidemiologisches Bulletin 2. (2020). Robetrt Koch Institute. https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Infekt/EpidBull/Archiv/2020/Aus-gaben/02_20.pdf;jsessionid=49AB945FA8F320ED12D-62F626ADBEBB6.internet122?__blob=publicationFile

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control . (23 de mayo de 2020). https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/co-vid-19-pandemic

Eurostat. (23 de mayo de 2020). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-datasets/-/UNE_RT_M

Health System Reponse Monitor COVID-19. (23 de mayo de 2020). Health System Reponse Monitor COVID-19. https://covid19healthsystem.org/searchandcompare.aspx

| 159 Cap. 5 · Epidemiología y sistema de salud alemán frente a la pandemia por covid-19

Hufert, F. & Spiegel, M. (2020). Coronavirus: from common cold to severe pulmonary failure: Chronology of a pandemia. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32292213/

Konrad, R., Eberle, U., Dangel, A., Treis, B., Berger, A., Bengs, K., Fingerle, V., Liebl, B., Ackermann, N. & Sing, A. (2020). Rapid establishment of laboratory diagnostics for the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Bavaria, Germany. Eurosurveillance, 25(9):2-6. https://www.eurosurveillan-ce.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.9.2000173

Oksanen, A., Kaakinen, M., Latikka, R., Savolainen, L., Savela, N. & Koivula, A. (2020). Regulation and Trust: 3-Month Follow-up Study on COVID-19 Mortality in 25 European Countries. jmir Public Heal Surveill, 6(2):e19218.

oms. Alemania. (25 de mayo de 2020). Organización Mundial de la Salud. Alemania. Obtenido de https://www.who.int/countries/deu/es/

Robert Koch Institute arcgis. (18 de mayo de 2020). https://ex-perience.arcgis.com/experience/478220a4c454480e823b-17327b2bf1d4

Robert Koch Institute rki. (23 de mayo de 2020). rki. https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/InfAZ/N/Neuartiges_Coronavi-rus/Situationsberichte/Gesamt.html

Rothe, C., Schunk, M., Sothmann, P., Bretzel, G., Froeschl, G., Wallrauch, C., Zimmer, T. ... Hoelscher, M. (2020). Trans-mission of 2019-NCOV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany. N Engl J Med., 382(10):970-1.

Sharma, G. D., Thomas, A. & Paul, J. (2021). Reviving tourism industry post-COVID-19: A resilience-based framework.


Tourism Management Perspectives, 37, 100786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100786

Ugur, N. G. & Akbiyik, A. (2020). Impacts of COVID-19 on global tourism industry: A cross-regional comparison. Tou-rism Managment Perspectives. 36, 100744. https://doi.or-g/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100744

World Health Organization. (2020). who. Coronavirus disease. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-corona-virus-2019

Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., Zhao, X. ... Tan, W. (2020). A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China. N Engl J Med., 382(8):727-33.

| 191 Cap. 6 · Sistema de salud en Brasil y COVID-19

Referencias

Abrantes-Pêgo, R. (1999). Participación social en salud: un estu-dio de caso en Brasil. Salud Pública de México, 41, 466-474.

Abrantes-Pêgo, R. (2012). Seguridad Social en Brasil. Una polí-tica social capaz de incorporar lo mas pobres excluidos del mercado. En Seguridad Social en Brasil. México: Univer-sidad Autónoma de México.

Braham, P. (2014). La salud pública en Brasil. https://sites.udel.edu/gacetab/2014/05/15/la-salud-publi-

ca-en-brasil/Becerril Montekio, V., Medina, G. & Aquino, R. (2011). Siste-

ma de salud de Brasil. Salud Pública de México, 53(2), S120-S131.

Brasil, E. F. (1988). Constitucion Politica de La Republica Fede-rativa de Brasil, 1-130.

Castel, R. (2008). La protección social en una sociedad de seme-jantes. cs, 1, 13-40.

Cohn, A. (2008). La reforma sanitaria brasileña: la victoria sobre el modelo neoliberal. Medicina Social, 3(2).

Conceição, P. & Assa, J. (2019). Informe sobre desarrollo hu-mano 2019. Programa de Las Naciones Unidas Para El Desarrollo, 21(1), 263-269.

Ferreira Junior, R. R., & Rita, L. P. S. (2020). Impactos da CO-VID-19 na economia: limites, desafios e políticas. Revista Teste, 1(7), 35-47. https://portalseer.ufba.br/index.php/Tes-te/article/view/37324/21222

Figueiredo, M. (2008). La evolución político-constitucional de brasil 1-2. 209-246.


Fuccille, A. (2020). ari 50/2020 | Brasil, Jair Bolsonaro y el CO-VID-19. Análisis Del Real Instituto Elcano, 50, 1-9. http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano_es/con-tenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_es/zonas_es/ari50-2020-fucille-brasil-jair-bolsonaro-y-el-co-vid-19

Gimenes, E. (2020). Retrospectiva 2019 | Menos médicos, me-nos inversiones y un baño de agrotóxicos. Brasil de Fato | Brasília (df).

Gobierno de Brasil. (2020). ibge - Instituto Brasilero de Geogra-fía y Estadística. https://www.ibge.gov.br/en/statistics/fu-ll-list-statistics.html

Jhon Hoppkins, Centro de Ciencia e Ingeniería de Sistemas (2020). Mapa interactivo que reporta en tiempo real los casos de coronavirus (2019-nCoV) en todo el mundo. Dis-ponible en: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html

Matheus Magenta. (2020). Coronavirus: 10 gráficos para com-prender la situación actual de Brasil en la pandemia. bbc, News Brasil. https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/bra-sil-52595760

oms. (2012). Acerca de los sistemas de Salud. https://www.who.int/healthsystems/about/es/

ops. (2017). Salud En Las Américas - Brasil. https://www.paho.org/salud-en-las-americas-2017/?post_t_es=brasil&lan-g=es

Porsse, A. A., Souza, K. B., Carvalho, T. S. & Vale, V. A. (2020). The economic impacts of covid-19 in Brazil based on an in-terregional cge approach. Regional Science Policy & Prac-tice, 12(6), 1105-1121. https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12354

Sataloff, R. T., Johns, M. M. & Kost, K. M. (n.d.). No Title.

| 193 Cap. 6 · Sistema de salud en Brasil y COVID-19

Silva-Jaimes, M. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging viru-ses and their relationship to safety in the food chain.

Sobral de Carvhalo & Schuber, B. (2013). El sistema único de sa-lud del Brasil, público, universal y gratuito. Su regulación y control en el contexto de la salud suplementaria. Super-intendencia Nacional de Salud.

Taleb, N. N. (2017). O cisne Negro. Leya.Tolentino Silva, M. (2009a). Sistema único de salud: la experien-

cia brasileña en la universalización del acceso a la salud. Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Públi-ca, 26(2), 251-257.

Werneck, G. L. & Carvalho, M. S. (2020). A pandemia de co-vid-19 no Brasil: crônica de uma crise sanitária anun-ciada. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 36(5). https://doi.or-g/10.1590/0102-311x00068820


Referencias

Abdollahi, E., Champredon, D., Langley, J. M., Galvani, A. P. & Moghadas, S. M. (2020). Temporal estimates of case-fata-lity rate for COVID-19 outbreaks in Canada and the Uni-ted States. cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal de l’Association Medicale Canadienne. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.200711

Adisesh, A., Durand-Moreau, Q., Patry, L. & Straube, S. (2020). COVID-19 in Canada and the use of Personal Protective Equipment. Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England). ht-tps://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa094

Appireddy, R., Jalini, S., Shukla, G. & Lomax, L. (2020). Tac-kling the burden of neurological diseases in Canada with virtual care during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Jour-nal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2020.92

Barrett, K., Khan, Y. A., Mac, S., Ximenes, R., Naimark, D. M. J. & Sander, B. (2020). Estimation of COVID-19–induced depletion of hospital resources in Ontario, Canada. Cana-dian Medical Association Journal. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.200715

Béland, D. & Marier, P. (2020). covoid-19 and Long-Term Care Po-licy for Older People in Canada. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2020.1764319

Berry, I., Soucy, J. P. R., Tuite, A. & Fisman, D. (2020). Open access epidemiologic data and an interactive dashboard to monitor the COVID-19 outbreak in Canad. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.75262

| 217 Cap. 7 · El sistema de salud de Canadá frente a la emergencia sanitaria de la covid-19

Berthelot, N., Lemieux, R., Garon-Bissonnette, J., Drouin-Ma-ziade, C., Martel, É. & Maziade, M. (2020). Uptrend in distress and psychiatric symptomatology in pregnant wo-men during the COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.13925

Bres Bullrich, M., Fridman, S., Mandzia, J. L., Mai, L. M., Khaw, A., Vargas Gonzalez, J. C., … Sposato, L. A. (2020). CO-VID-19: Stroke Admissions, Emergency Department Vi-sits, and Prevention Clinic Referrals. The Canadian Jour-nal of Neurological Sciences, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2020.101






Cohen, L. (1996). McMaster’s pioneer in evidence-based medici-ne now spreading his message in England. cmaj: Canadian Medical Association Journal, 154(3), 388.

Directorate, C. C. and E. S. I., Directorate, C. H. A., Directorate, C. H. C. P., Division, C. F. and B. S. & Canada. Indus-try, S. and T. C. (1992). Choose Canada: For World-class Health Products and Services. https://books.google.com.co/books?id=PK7ZtAEACAAJ




Flint, A. J., Bingham, K. S. & Iaboni, A. (2020). Effect of CO-VID-19 on the mental health care of older people in Ca-nada. International Psychogeriatrics, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610220000708


Fulton, J. (1993). Canada’s health system: bordering on the possible.


Government of Canada. (2019). Canada’s Health Care System. Retrieved 21 May 2020, from https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/health-care-system/reports-publi-cations/health-care-system/canada.html#a1

Government of Canada. (2020a). Coronavirus disease (CO-VID-19): Outbreak update. Retrieved 26 May 2020, from https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/disea-ses/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection.html?topic=tilelink

Government of Canada. (2020b). Epidemiological summary of COVID-19 cases in Canada. Retrieved 27 May 2020, from https://health-infobase.canada.ca/covid-19/epidemiologi-cal-summary-covid-19-cases.html



Hassan, A., Arora, R. C., Adams, C., Bouchard, D., Cook, R., Gunning, D., … Légaré, J.-F. (2020). Cardiac Surgery in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Guidance Statement From the Canadian Society of Cardiac Sur-geons. The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2020.04.001


Health Canada - National Forum on Health. (1995). The public and private financing of Canada’s health system. Retrieved 26 May 2020, from http://www.cwhn.ca/en/node/21405


Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. (2020). CO-VID-19Map. Retrieved 20 May 2020, from https://corona-virus.jhu.edu/map.html

Júnior, J. G., Moreira, M. M., Pinheiro, W. R., de Amorim, L. M., Lima, C. K. T., da Silva, C. G. L. & Neto, M. L. R. (2020). The mental health of those whose rights have been taken away: An essay on the mental health of indigenous peoples in the face of the 2019 Coronavirus (2019-Ncov) Outbreak. Psychiatry Research, 289, 113094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113094




Klasen, J. M., Vithyapathy, A., Zante, B. & Burm, S. (2020). ‘The storm has arrived’: the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on medical students. Perspectives on Medical Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-020-00592-2


Krausz, M., Westenberg, J. N., Vigo, D., Spence, R. T., & Ramsey, D. (2020). Emergency Response to COVID-19 in Canada: Platform Development and Implementation for eHealth in Crisis Management. jmir Public Health and Surveillance, 6(2), e18995. https://doi.org/10.2196/18995

Long, M. J. (1994). Spending Smarter and Spending Less: Po-licies and Partnerships for Health Care in Canada. cmaj: Canadian Medical Association Journal, 151(10), 1471.

Lother, S. A., Abassi, M., Agostinis, A., Bangdiwala, A. S., Cheng, M. P., Drobot, G., … Boulware, D. R. (2020). Post-expo-sure prophylaxis or pre-emptive therapy for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): study protocol for a pragmatic randomized-controlled trial. Cana-dian Journal of Anaesthesia, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12630-020-01684-7


Mallon, D., Pohl, J. F., Phatak, U. P., Fernandes, M., Rosen, J. M., Lusman, S. S., … Lee, C. K. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on Pediatric Gastroenterology Fellow Training in North


America. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nu-trition. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000002768




Mitra, A. R., Fergusson, N. A., Lloyd-Smith, E., Wormsbecker, A., Foster, D., Karpov, A., … Griesdale, D. E. G. (2020). Baseline characteristics and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 admitted to intensive care units in Vancouver, Canada: a case series. Canadian Medical Association Jour-nal. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.200794

Mrcpsych, R., Lewis, G., London, S., Nhs, M., Chesney, E., Msc, O., … David, A. S. (2020). Psychiatric and neuropsychia-tric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infec-tions: a systematic review and meta-analysis with compa-rison to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30203-0

oecd. (2020). Canada. Retrieved 29 May 2020, from https://www.oecd.org/canada/


Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2000). Informe sobre la sa-lud en el mundo 2000 - Mejorar el desempeño de los siste-mas de salud. Retrieved 25 April 2020, from https://www.who.int/whr/2000/es/

Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2020). Coronavirus. Retrie-ved 20 May 2020, from https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1


Power, T., Wilson, D., Best, O., Brockie, T., Bourque Bearskin, L., Millender, E. & Lowe, J. (2020, May). COVID-19 and Indigenous Peoples: an imperative for action. Journal of Clinical Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15320



Roberton, T., Carter, E. D., Chou, V. B., Stegmuller, A. R., Jack-son, B. D., Tam, Y., … Walker, N. (2020). Early estimates of the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on ma-ternal and child mortality in low-income and middle-inco-


me countries: a modelling study. The Lancet Global Heal-th. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30229-1

Shaker, M. S., Oppenheimer, J., Grayson, M., Stukus, D., Hartog, N., Hsieh, E. W. Y., … Greenhawt, M. (2020). COVID-19: Pandemic Contingency Planning for the Allergy and Im-munology Clinic. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Im-munology. In Practice, 8(5), 1477-1488.e5. https://doi.or-g/10.1016/j.jaip.2020.03.012



Solórzano, F. X. (1997). El sistema de salud del canada y su fi-nanciamiento. Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica/Pan American Journal of Public Health, 2(1), 26–31. ht-tps://doi.org/10.1590/S1020-49891997000700005


Statistics Canada. (2020). Population and demography statistics. Retrieved 21 May 2020, from https://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/subjects-start/population_and_demography

Tang, B., Scarabel, F., Bragazzi, N. L., McCarthy, Z., Glazer, M., Xiao, Y., … Wu, J. (2020). De-Escalation by Reversing the


Escalation with a Stronger Synergistic Package of Contact Tracing, Quarantine, Isolation and Personal Protection: Feasibility of Preventing a COVID-19 Rebound in On-tario, Canada, as a Case Study. Biology, 9(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9050100


Taylor, S., Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., Fergus, T. A., Mc-Kay, D. & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020). Development and initial validation of the covid Stress Scales. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 72, 102232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102232

The Coronavirus App. (2020). Situación del COVID-19 a nivel mundial. Retrieved 29 May 2020, from https://coronavirus.app/map


Tuite, A. R., Greer, A. L., De Keninck, S. & Fisman, D. N. (2020, May). Risk for COVID-19 Resurgence Related to Duration and Effectiveness of Physical Distancing in Ontario, Ca-nada. Annals of Internal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-2945




Vogel, L. (2020, April). How long will social distancing take to work? Experts weigh in on Canada’s COVID-19 respon-se. Canadian Medical Association Journal, Vol. 192, pp. E382-E383. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1095857


Wax, R. S. & Christian, M. D. (2020). Practical recommendations for critical care and anesthesiology teams caring for no-vel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) patients. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, 67(5), 568–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12630-020-01591-x

Webster, P. (2020, March). Canada and COVID-19: learning from sars. Lancet (London, England), Vol. 395, pp. 936-937. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30670-X

Wiseman, S. M., Crump, R. T. & Sutherland, J. M. (2020). Sur-gical wait list management in Canada during a pandemic: many challenges ahead. Canadian Journal of Surgery, 63(3), E226-E228. https://doi.org/10.1503/cjs.006620

Wood, D. A., Sathananthan, J., Gin, K., Mansour, S., Ly, H. Q., Quraishi, A.-U.-R., … Cohen, E. A. (2020). Precautions and Procedures for Coronary and Structural Cardiac Inter-ventions During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Guidance from


Canadian Association of Interventional Cardiology. The Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 36(5), 780-783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2020.03.027

World Bank. (2020). Canada | Data. Retrieved 21 May 2020, from https://data.worldbank.org/country/canada

World Health Organization. (2020). Key Country Indicators. Ca-nada - key indicators. Retrieved 28 May 2020, from https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.cco.ki-CAN?lang=en

Xu X. X.-//-Jiang, X. G.-//-Xu, K. J.-//-Ying, L. J.-//-Ma, C. L.-//-Li, S. B.-//-Wang, H. Y.-//-Zhang, S.-//-Gao, H. N.-//-Sheng, J. F.-//-Cai, H. L.-//-Qiu, Y. Q.-//-Li, L. J., X. W.-//-W. (2020). Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series. bmj, 368, m606. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m606


Zhao, N., Liu, Y., Smaragiassi, A. & Bernatsky, S. (2020). Trac-king the origin of early COVID-19 cases in Canada. In-ternational Journal of Infectious Diseases : ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Di-seases. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.046

| 255 Cap. 8 · Desafíos del sistema de salud chileno en tiempos de coronavirus y malestar social

Referencias

Abdollahi, E., Champredon, D., Langley, J. M., Galvani, A. P. & Moghadas, S. M. (2020). Temporal estimates of case-fata-lity rate for COVID-19 outbreaks in Canada and the Uni-ted States. Canadian Medical Association Journal. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.200711

Adisesh, A., Durand-Moreau, Q., Patry, L. & Straube, S. (2020). COVID-19 in Canada and the use of Personal Protective Equipment. Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England). ht-tps://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa094

ahip. (2020). Health Insurance Providers Respond to Coronavirus (COVID-19). Retrieved April 19, 2020, from https://www.ahip.org/health-insurance-providers-respond-to-coronavi-rus-covid-19/

Alimadadi, A., Aryal, S., Manandhar, I., Munroe, P. B., Joe, B. & Cheng, X. (2020). Artificial intelligence and machi-ne learning to fight COVID-19. Physiological Genomics, 52(4), 200-202. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiolgeno-mics.00029.2020

Alvis, N. & Valenzuela, M. (2010). Los qalys y dalys como in-dicadores sintéticos de salud. Revista Médica de Chile. ht-tps://doi.org/10.4067/s0034-98872010001000005

Amaya, A. (2020). Coronavirus: incógnitas y desafíos para los sistemas de salud en América Latina. Retrieved May 25, 2020, from https://www.france24.com/es/20200326-co-ronavirus-incógnitas-y-desafíos-para-los-sistemas-de-sa-lud-en-américa-latina

Appireddy, R., Jalini, S., Shukla, G. & Lomax, L. (2020). Tac-kling the burden of neurological diseases in Canada with


virtual care during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 1-9. ht-tps://doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2020.92

Azkur, A. K., Akdis, M., Azkur, D., Sokolowska, M., van de Veen, W., Brüggen, M., … Akdis, C. A. (2020). Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and mechanisms of immunopa-thological changes in COVID-19. Allergy, all.14364. ht-tps://doi.org/10.1111/all.14364

Banco mundial. (2019). Chile Panorama general. Retrieved May 25, 2020, from https://www.bancomundial.org/es/country/chile/overview

Barrett, K., Khan, Y. A., Mac, S., Ximenes, R., Naimark, D. M. J. & Sander, B. (2020). Estimation of COVID-19–induced depletion of hospital resources in Ontario, Canada. Cana-dian Medical Association Journal. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.200715

Barstugan, M., Ozkaya, U. & Ozturk, S. (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Classification using ct Images by Machine Learning Methods, (March). Retrieved from http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.09424

Bauman, Z. (2001). La globalización. Consecuencias humanas. British Journal of Sociology.

bbc News Mundo. (2021a). Coronavirus en Chile: cómo se expli-ca que pese a la buena vacunación tenga la tasa de contagio más alta desde el peor momento de la pandemia. Retrie-ved April 5, 2021, from https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noti-cias-america-latina-56261426

bbc News Mundo. (2021b). Coronavirus en Chile: el país cierra sus fronteras ante el aumento de los casos de COVID-19.


Retrieved April 5, 2021, from https://www.bbc.com/mun-do/noticias-america-latina-56611784

Beaglehole, R. & Bonita, R. (2010). What is global health? Glo-bal Health Action, 3.

Becerril-Montekio, V., de Dios Reyes, J. & Manuel, A. (2011). Sistema de salud de Chile. Salud Publica de Mexico, 53(suppl. 2).

Becker, G. (2007). Health as human capital: synthesis and exten-sions. Oxford Economic Papers.

Béland, D. & Marier, P. (2020). COVID-19 and Long-Term Care Policy for Older People in Canada. Journal of Aging & So-cial Policy, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2020.1764319

Berry, I., Soucy, J. P. R., Tuite, A. & Fisman, D. (2020). Open access epidemiologic data and an interactive dashboard to monitor the COVID-19 outbreak in Canad. cmaj. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.75262

Berthelot, N., Lemieux, R., Garon-Bissonnette, J., Drouin-Ma-ziade, C., Martel, É. & Maziade, M. (2020). Uptrend in distress and psychiatric symptomatology in pregnant wo-men during the COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.13925

Biehl, J. & Petryna, A. (2014). Peopling global health. Saúde e Sociedade, 23, 376-389.

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. (2018). Annual Report 2018.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. (2020). Bill & Melinda Gates

Foundation.Böhmer, M. M., Buchholz, U., Corman, V. M., Hoch, M., Katz,

K., Marosevic, D. V., … Zapf, A. (2020). Outbreak of CO-


VID-19 in Germany Resulting from a Single Travel-Asso-ciated Primary Case. Lancet Infect Dis, 3099(20). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3551335

Bres Bullrich, M., Fridman, S., Mandzia, J. L., Mai, L. M., Khaw, A., Vargas Gonzalez, J. C., … Sposato, L. A. (2020). CO-VID-19: Stroke Admissions, Emergency Department Vi-sits, and Prevention Clinic Referrals. The Canadian Jour-nal of Neurological Sciences. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2020.101

Burki, T. (2020). COVID-19 in Latin America. The Lancet Infec-tious Diseases, 20(5), 547--548. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30303-0

Bustos C, A. (2020). Fortalecer la salud pública: COVID-19 evi-dencia la necesidad de mejorar el sistema nacional. Retrie-ved May 25, 2020, from https://radio.uchile.cl/2020/03/16/fortalecer-la-salud-publica-covid-19-evidencia-la-necesi-dad-de-mejorar-el-sistema-nacional/

Casa editorial el Tiempo. (2020). Cifra de contagios por corona-virus en Chile, hoy 29 de mayo. Retrieved May 29, 2020, from https://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/ci-fra-de-contagios-por-coronavirus-en-chile-hoy-29-de-ma-yo-500976

Castellani, B., Rajaram, R., Gunn, J. & Griffiths, F. (2016). Ca-ses, clusters, densities: Modeling the nonlinear dynamics of complex health trajectories. Complexity, 21(S1), 160-180. https://doi.org/10.1002/cplx.21728

Caviedes, R. (2019). Cómo entender el sistema de salud chile-no: más allá de lo público y lo privado. Como Entender El Sistema de Salud Chileno: Más Allá de Lo Público y Lo Privado.


Centro de epidemiología y políticas de salud. (2017). Estructura y Funcionamiento del Sistema de Salud Chileno.





Cifuentes, C. (2020). Sistemas de salud en el mundo son puestos a prueba por el COVID-19. Retrieved April 19, 2020, from https://www.latercera.com/la-tercera-domingo/noticia/sis-temas-de-salud-en-el-mundo-son-puestos-a-prueba-por-el-covid-19/VFDRXEE56JG5NBPVVZPS6SKLBE/

Cohen, L. (1996). McMaster’s pioneer in evidence-based medici-ne now spreading his message in England. Canadian Medi-cal Association Journal, 154(3), 388.

Congreso Nacional de Chile. (1979). Historia de La Ley No 19.937 que modifica el D.L. 2763 de 1979, con la finalidad de establecer una nueva concepción de la autoridad sanita-


ria, distintas modalidades de gestión y fortalecer la partici-pación ciudadana. Retrieved May 28, 2020, from https://www.bcn.cl/historiadelaley/historia-de-la-ley/vista-expan-dida/5719/

Crespo, C. F. (2018). Chile: nuevos desafíos sanitarios e institu-cionales en un país en transición. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 42, e137-e137. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2018.137

Datosmacro. (2020). Chile: Economía y demografía 2020. Re-trieved May 25, 2020, from https://datosmacro.expansion.com/paises/chile

Dave, C. & Nicholas, S. (2013). What is Population Health? De-finitions from the Field.

Deutsche Welle. (2020). Chile en la crisis de COVID-19: ¿Por qué un país modelo parece hundirse en el caos? Retrieved June 22, 2020, from https://www.dw.com/es/chile-en-la-crisis-de-covid-19-por-qué-un-país-modelo-parece-hun-dirse-en-el-caos/a-53577659

Directorate, C. C. and E. S. I., Directorate, C. H. A., Directorate, C. H. C. P., Division, C. F. and B. S. & Canada. Industry, S. and T. C. (1992). Choose Canada: For World-class Health Products and Services. Health Affairs Directorate, Health and Welfare Canada.

Durich, O. J. (1980). Medicina integral : medicina preventiva y asistencial en el medio rural. Medicina Integral (Vol. 36). idepsa.

dw. (2021). La contradicción chilena: ¿Por qué el éxito de la va-cunación no frena la pandemia? Retrieved April 5, 2021, from https://www.dw.com/es/la-contradicción-chilena-


por-qué-el-éxito-de-la-vacunación-no-frena-la-pande-mia/a-56955777



El Mostrador. (2021). Ciego, sordo y mudo: las recomendacio-nes del Consejo Asesor Covid para enfrentar la pandemia que el Gobierno. Retrieved from https://www.elmostrador.cl/noticias/pais/2021/03/25/ciego-sordo-y-mudo-las-re-comendaciones-del-consejo-asesor-covid-para-enfren-tar-la-pandemia-que-el-gobierno-desoyo/


Enserink, M. & Kupferschmidt, K. (2020, March 25). Mathe-matics of life and death: How disease models shape na-tional shutdowns and other pandemic policies. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb8814

Estay, R., Cuadrado, C., Crispi, F., González, F., Francisco, A., Cabrera, N. & Libuy, M. (2017). Financiamiento de la Salud en Chile. Elementos para la discusión de una re-forma necesaria. Cuadernos Medico Sociales. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.11343.33440


Fidler, D. P. (2005). Health and Foreign Policy: A conceptual overview.Flint, A. J., Bingham, K. S. & Iaboni, A. (2020). Effect of CO-

VID-19 on the mental health care of older people in Ca-nada. International Psychogeriatrics, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610220000708

Fontaine, J. (2020). COVID-19 en Chile: se repetirán las des-igualdades en el acceso a la salud. Retrieved May 25, 2020, from http://www.rfi.fr/es/américas/20200331-covid-19-en-chile-se-repetirán-las-desigualdades-en-el-acceso-a-la-salud

Franco-Giraldo, Á. & Álvarez-Dardet, C. (2009). Salud pública global: un desafío a los límites de la salud internacional a propósito de la epidemia de influenza humana A. Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica, 25(6), 540-547. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1020-49892009000600011

Franco, A. (2003). Globalizar la salud. Gaceta Sanitaria, 17(2), 157-163. https://doi.org/10.1157/13046574

Fraser, B. (2020). Chile plans controversial COVID-19 certifica-tes. Lancet (London, England), 395(10235), 1473. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31096-5

Frenk, J. & Gómez-Dantés, O. (2007). La globalización y la nue-va salud pública. Salud Publica de Mexico, 49(2), 156-164. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0036-36342007000200011

Frenk, J., Gómez-Dantés, O. & Knaul, F. M. (2004). Globaliza-tion and infectious diseases: A review of the linkages. Pro-gramme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2011.05.003

Frenk, J. & Moon, S. (2013). Global health: Governance challen-ges in global health. New England Journal of Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1109339



Fulton, J. (1993). Canada’s health system: bordering on the possible.Gattini, C. (2017). Sistema de Salud y modelo de atención en

Chile. Santiago de Chile.Gensini, G. F., Alderighi, C., Rasoini, R., Mazzanti, M. & Caso-

lo, G. (2017). Value of Telemonitoring and Telemedicine in Heart Failure Management. Cardiac Failure Review, 3(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.15420/cfr.2017:6:2

Ginel, H. F. (2020). Estallido social y pandemia, la doble conten-ción de Chile en estado de excepción. Retrieved May 29, 2020, from https://www.newtral.es/chile-medidas-corona-virus-protestas/20200501/

Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. (2016). Glo-bal Burden of Disease Study 2015 (gbd 2015) Socio-De-mographic Index (sdi) 1980-2015. Seattle, United States: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (ihme).

Global Burden of Disease data visualiation, I. for H. M. and. (2015). gbd Compare | ihme Viz Hub. https://doi.org/http://ihmeuw.org/3pgz

Gobierno de Chile. (2020). Gob.cl - Cifras Oficiales. Retrieved April 5, 2021, from https://www.gob.cl/coronavirus/cifra-soficiales/#datos.

Gobierno de Chile. (2021). Gob.cl - Yo me Vacuno. Retrieved April 5, 2021, from https://www.gob.cl/yomevacuno/

Goic G, A. (2015). El Sistema de Salud de Chile: una tarea pen-diente. Revista Médica de Chile, 143(6), 774-786. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872015000600011


Gómez Barrera, L. A. (2017). Complejidad, redes y salud públi-ca. Una revisión. Revista Salud Bosque, 6(2), 59-76. ht-tps://doi.org/10.18270/rsb.v6i2.2020

Government of Canada. (2019). Canada’s Health Care System.Government of Canada. (2020a). Coronavirus disease (CO-

VID-19): Outbreak update.Government of Canada. (2020b). Epidemiological summary of

COVID-19 cases in Canada.gpmb. (2019). Un mundo en peligro. Informe anual sobre pre-

paración mundial para las emergencias sanitarias (gpmb). Informe anual sobre preparación mundial para las emer-gencias sanitarias. Ginebra.


Grossman, M. (1972). On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health. Journal of Political Economy. https://doi.org/10.1086/259880


Hassan, A., Arora, R. C., Adams, C., Bouchard, D., Cook, R., Gunning, D., … Légaré, J.-F. (2020). Cardiac Surgery in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Guidance Statement From the Canadian Society of Cardiac Sur-


geons. The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2020.04.001

Health Canada - National Forum on Health. (1995). The public and private financing of Canada’s health system.


Hoffman, S. J., Røttingen, J.-A., Bennett, S., Lavis, J. N., Edge, J. S., Frenk, J. & Røttingen, J. (2012). A Review of Con-ceptual Barriers and Opportunities facing Health Systems Research to inform a Strategy from the World Health Orga-nization. Alliance for Health Policy & Systems Research.

Homedes, N. & Ugalde, A. (2002). Privatización de los servicios de salud: Las experiencias de Chile y Costa Rica. Gaceta Sanitaria / s.e.s.p.a.s, 16(1), 54-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0213-9111(02)71633-6

Hough-Falk, L. (2018). Population Health versus Public Health: An Important comparison. Retrieved April 19, 2020, from https://www.healthcatalyst.com/what-is-population-health/


Huerta Riveros, P. C. (2019). Análisis de los Indicadores Sani-tarios Chilenos. Horizonte Sanitario, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.19136/hs.a18n2.2751

icovid chile. (2020). Capacidad Hospitalaria - icovid Chile. Re-trieved April 5, 2021, from https://www.icovidchile.cl/ca-pacidad-hospitalaria


Iglesias Vázquez, M. (2015). Lo social y lo político en Chi-le: Itinerario de un desencuentro teórico y práctico. Iz-quierdas, 22, 227-250. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-50492015000100010

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. (2020). gbd compare Viz Hub.

Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. (2020). COVID-19 Map.

Jones, K. E., Patel, N. G., Levy, M. A., Storeygard, A., Balk, D., Gittleman, J. L. & Daszak, P. (2008). Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature, 451(7181), 990-993. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06536

Júnior, J. G., Moreira, M. M., Pinheiro, W. R., de Amorim, L. M., Lima, C. K. T., da Silva, C. G. L. & Neto, M. L. R. (2020). The mental health of those whose rights have been taken away: An essay on the mental health of indigenous peoples in the face of the 2019 Coronavirus (2019-ncov) outbreak. Psychiatry Research, 289, 113094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113094


Keohane, R. O., Nye, J. S., Haven, N., Haven, N. & Skolnik, R. (1988). Poder e interdependencia: la politica mundial en transición. Grupo Editor Latinoamericano. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.co/books?id=LAJ1AAAACAAJ



Kindig, D. & Stoddart, G. (2003). What is population health? American Journal of Public Health, 93(3), 380-383. ht-tps://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.3.380

King, J. S. (2020). COVID-19 and the Need for Health Care Re-form. New England Journal of Medicine, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2000821

Klasen, J. M., Vithyapathy, A., Zante, B. & Burm, S. (2020). “The storm has arrived”: the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on medical students. Perspectives on Medical Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-020-00592-2

Koplan, J. P., Bond, T. C., Merson, M. H., Reddy, K. S., Ro-driguez, M. H., Sewankambo, N. K. & Wasserheit, J. N. (2009). Towards a common definition of global health. The Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60332-9


Krausz, M., Westenberg, J. N., Vigo, D., Spence, R. T. & Ramsey, D. (2020). Emergency Response to COVID-19 in Canada: Platform Development and Implementation for eHealth in Crisis Management. jmir Public Health and Surveillance, 6(2), e18995. https://doi.org/10.2196/18995

Latin America Business Stories, L. (2020). Chile is the Latin American country doing more tests to detect COVID-19.


Retrieved May 29, 2020, from https://labs.ebanx.com/en/notes/chile-is-the-latin-american-country-that-is-doing-more-tests-to-detect-covid-19/

Levine, R. E. (2015). Power in global health agenda-setting: The role of private funding: Comment on “Knowledge, moral claims and the exercise of power in global health.” Inter-national Journal of Health Policy and Management, 4(5), 315-317. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2015.51

Lizarazo Riaño, S. C. (2020). ¿Está preparado el sistema de salud colombiano para enfrentar elcovid-19? Retrieved April 19, 2020, from https://scare.org.co/noticias/esta-preparado-el-sis-tema-de-salud-colombiano-para-enfrentar-el-covid-19/

Long, M. J. (1994). Spending Smarter and Spending Less: Po-licies and Partnerships for Health Care in Canada. cmaj: Canadian Medical Association Journal, 151(10), 1471.

Lother, S. A., Abassi, M., Agostinis, A., Bangdiwala, A. S., Cheng, M. P., Drobot, G., … Boulware, D. R. (2020). Post-expo-sure prophylaxis or pre-emptive therapy for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): study protocol for a pragmatic randomized-controlled trial. Cana-dian Journal of Anaesthesia, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12630-020-01684-7


Malamud, C. & Núñez, R. (2020). COVID-19 in Latin Ameri-ca: political challenges, trials for health systems and eco-nomic uncertainty. Retrieved April 19, 2020, from http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano_en/


contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elca-no_in/zonas_in/ari36-2020-malamud-nunez-covid-19-la-tin+america-political-challenges-trials-for-health-sys-tems-and-economic-uncertainty

Maldonado, C. E. (2018). Seis tesis sobre complejidad y salud. Revista Salud Bosque, 8(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.18270/rsb.v8i1.2370

Mallon, D., Pohl, J. F., Phatak, U. P., Fernandes, M., Rosen, J. M., Lusman, S. S., … Lee, C. K. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on Pediatric Gastroenterology Fellow Training in North America. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nu-trition. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000002768

Manuel, A. (2002). The Chilean health system: 20 Years of re-forms. Salud Publica de Mexico, 44(1), 60-68. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342002000100009



McCoy, D., Kembhavi, G., Patel, J. & Luintel, A. (2009). The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation’s grant-making program-me for global health. The Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60571-7




Ministerio de salud. (2020). Casos confirmados en Chile CO-VID-19. Retrieved May 25, 2020, from https://www.minsal.cl/nuevo-coronavirus-2019-ncov/casos-confirma-dos-en-chile-covid-19/

Ministerio de Salud. (2020a). COVID-19 en Chile. Retrieved June 4, 2020, from https://idechile.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/6662268991094e439cee1a-6f9f0e46ea

Ministerio de Salud. (2020b). Informe epidemiológico n° 19 en-fermedad por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Chile 22-05-2020.

Mira, P. J. (2011). El Cisne Negro Nassim Taleb, Barcelona, Paidós, 2008, 492 pp. Revista de Economía Institucional, 13(25), 405-410.

Mitra, A. R., Fergusson, N. A., Lloyd-Smith, E., Wormsbecker, A., Foster, D., Karpov, A., … Griesdale, D. E. G. (2020). Baseline characteristics and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 admitted to intensive care units in Vancouver, Canada: a case series. Canadian Medical Association Jour-nal. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.200794

Mrcpsych, R., Lewis, G., London, S., Nhs, M., Chesney, E., Msc, O., … David, A. S. (2020). Psychiatric and neuropsychia-tric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infec-


tions: a systematic review and meta-analysis with compa-rison to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30203-0

msps. (2016). Política de Atención Integral en Salud. “Hacia un nuevo modelo de atención integral en salud,” 1-92.

Murray, C. J. ., & Lopez, A. D. (1996). A comprehensive as-sessment of mortality and disability from diseases, inju-ries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. The Global Burden of Disease. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/707/1/012025

Navarro, V. (2013). Globalización económica, poder po-lítico y Estado de bienestar. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004

Observatorio chileno de salud pública. (2019). Situación de salud: conclusión y perspectivas de progreso. Retrieved May 28, 2020, from http://www.ochisap.cl/index.php/ambiente-y-se-guridad-humana/conclusion-y-perspectivas-de-progreso

oecd. (2019). Chile. A healthier tomorrow. Assessment and re-commendations. oecd Reviews of Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264309593-en

oecd. (2020). Canada.Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2000). Informe sobre la sa-

lud en el mundo 2000 - Mejorar el desempeño de los siste-mas de salud.

Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2020). Coronavirus.Organizacion Panamericana de la Salud. (2020). Teleconsulta du-

rante una pandemia.Organización Panamericana de la Salud. (2017). Salud en las

Américas+. Resumen: panorama regional y perfiles de país. 2017. Retrieved from https://www.paho.org/sa-


lud-en-las-americas-2017/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Print-Version-Spanish.pdf

Organización Panamericana de la Salud. (2019). Tablas de in-dicadores básicos 2019. Indicadores básicos 2019: Ten-dencias de la salud en las Américas. Retrieved from www.paho.org

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (n.d.). oecd Statistics: Non-Medical Determinants of Heal-th: Tobacco consumption. Retrieved May 28, 2020, from https://stats.oecd.org/

Peeri, N. C., Shrestha, N., Rahman, M. S., Zaki, R., Tan, Z., Bibi, S., … Haque, U. (2020). The sars, mers and novel coro-navirus (COVID-19) epidemics, the newest and biggest global health threats: what lessons have we learned? Inter-national Journal of Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaa033


pnud. (2020). Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenibles.Pollock, A. M., Clements, L. & Harding-Edgar, L. (2020). CO-

VID-19: why we need a national health and social care service. bmj (Clinical Research Ed.), 369(April), m1465. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1465

Power, T., Wilson, D., Best, O., Brockie, T., Bourque Bearskin, L., Millender, E. & Lowe, J. (2020, May). COVID-19 and Indigenous Peoples: an imperative for action. Jour-


nal of Clinical Nursing. England. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15320


Reeves, J. J., Hollandsworth, H. M., Torriani, F. J., Taplitz, R., Abeles, S., Tai-Seale, M., … Longhurst, C. A. (2020). Ra-pid Response to COVID-19: Health Informatics Support for Outbreak Management in an Academic Health System. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaa037

Revista Semana. (2020a). A 16.000 asciende número de muer-tos en Reino Unido. Retrieved April 19, 2020, from https://www.semana.com/mundo/articulo/coronavi-rus-en-el-mundo-a-16000-asciende-numero-de-muer-tos-en-reino-unido/664559

Revista Semana. (2020b). Boris Johnson se recupera pero su go-bierno es criticado por respuesta a pandemia. Retrieved April 19, 2020, from https://www.semana.com/mundo/articulo/coronavirus-en-el-mundo-primer-ministro-brita-nico-se-recupera-bien-de-covid-19/664547


Roberton, T., Carter, E. D., Chou, V. B., Stegmuller, A. R., Jack-son, B. D., Tam, Y., … Walker, N. (2020). Early estimates of the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on ma-


ternal and child mortality in low-income and middle-inco-me countries: a modelling study. The Lancet Global Heal-th. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30229-1

Rodriguez-Morales, A. J., Gallego, V., Escalera-Antezana, J. P., Méndez, C. A., Zambrano, L. I., Franco-Paredes, C., … Cimerman, S. (2020). COVID-19 in Latin America: The implications of the first confirmed case in Brazil. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 101613. https://doi.or-g/10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101613

Romero, M. (2020). Latin America and the outbreak of CO-VID-19: a chronicle of multiple crises. Retrieved April 19, 2020, from https://www.cadtm.org/Latin-America-and-the-outbreak-of-covid-19-a-chronicle-of-multiple-crises

s.a.p., e. m. (2020). Los hallazgos de Islandia, el país que puede hacer test de COVID-19 a toda su población. Retrieved May 29, 2020, from https://www.emol.com/noticias/Internacio-nal/2020/04/09/982618/Islandia-coronavirus-test.html

Sarmiento, J. (2020). Un sistema de salud fragmentado no puede contra la COVID-19. Retrieved May 25, 2020, from https://www.elsiglo.cl/2020/04/24/un-sistema-de-salud-fragmen-tado-no-puede-contra-la-covid-19/

Schultz, T. (1961). Investment in human capital. The American Economic Review.

Schultz, T. W. (1962). Reflections on investment in man. Journal of Political Economy, 70(5, Part 2), 1-8.

Shaker, M. S., Oppenheimer, J., Grayson, M., Stukus, D., Hartog, N., Hsieh, E. W. Y., … Greenhawt, M. (2020). COVID-19: Pandemic Contingency Planning for the Allergy and Im-munology Clinic. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Im-munology: In Practice, 8(5), 1477-1488.e5. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2020.03.012



Skolnik, R. (2016). Global Health 101. (R. K. Riegelman, Ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.


Smith, A. C., Thomas, E., Snoswell, C. L., Haydon, H., Me-hrotra, A., Clemensen, J. & Caffery, L. J. (2020). Te-lehealth for global emergencies: Implications for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Journal of Tele-medicine and Telecare, 1357633X2091656. https://doi.or-g/10.1177/1357633X20916567

Solórzano, F. X. (1997). El sistema de salud del canada y su financia-miento. Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica, 2(1), 26-31. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1020-49891997000700005


Statistics Canada. (2020). Population and demography statistics.Subsecretaria de Salud Pública de Chile, D. de E. (2017). En-

cuesta Nacional de Salud 2016–2017. Primeros Resulta-dos. Retrieved from https://www.minsal.cl/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ENS-2016-17_PRIMEROS-RESULTA-DOS.pdf



Tang, B., Scarabel, F., Bragazzi, N. L., McCarthy, Z., Glazer, M., Xiao, Y., … Wu, J. (2020). De-Escalation by Reversing the Escalation with a Stronger Synergistic Package of Contact Tracing, Quarantine, Isolation and Personal Protection: Feasibility of Preventing a COVID-19 Rebound in On-tario, Canada, as a Case Study. Biology, 9(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9050100

Tariq, A., Undurraga, E. A., Laborde, C. C., Vogt-Geisse, K., Luo, R., Rothenberg, R. & Chowell, G. (2021). Transmission dynamics and control of COVID-19 in chile, march-octo-ber, 2020. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009070

Tarlov, A. R. (1999). Public policy frameworks for improving po-pulation health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896, 281-293. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08123.x


Taylor, Sebastian. (2018). “Global health”: Meaning what? bmj Global Health, 3(2), 3-6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-gh-2018-000843

Taylor, Steven, Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., Fergus, T. A., McKay, D. & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020). Development and initial validation of the covid Stress Scales. Journal of


Anxiety Disorders, 72, 102232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102232

The Coronavirus App. (2020). Situación del COVID-19 a nivel mundial.

The New York Times. (2021). A New Coronavirus Wave Hits Chile, Despite Vaccine Success. Retrieved April 5, 2021, from https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/30/world/ameri-cas/chile-vaccination-cases-surge.html

The Washington Post. (2021). El exitismo del gobierno de Chile eclipsa una campaña de vacunación que pudo ser ejemplar. Retrieved April 5, 2021, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/es/post-opinion/2021/03/29/chile-vacunacion-co-vid-19-reconfinamiento/


Tuite, A. R., Greer, A. L., De Keninck, S. & Fisman, D. N. (2020, May). Risk for COVID-19 Resurgence Related to Duration and Effectiveness of Physical Distancing in Ontario, Ca-nada. Annals of Internal Medicine. United States. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-2945

unesco. (2019). How much does your country invest in R&am-p;D?



Vaishya, R., Javaid, M., Khan, I. H. & Haleem, A. (2020). Arti-ficial Intelligence (ai) applications for COVID-19 pande-mic. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 14(4), 337-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.012

Vanlerberghe, V. & Verdonck, K. (2013). La inequidad en salud: el caso del dengue. Revista Peruana de Medicina Experi-mental y Salud Publica, 30(4), 683-686. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttex-t&pid=S1726-46342013000400023&lng=es&nrm=iso&t-lng=es

Ventura, D. de F. L., Ribeiro, H., Giulio, G. M. di, Jaime, P. C., Nunes, J., Bógus, C. M., … Waldman, E. A. (2020). Desafios da pandemia de COVID-19: por uma agenda brasileira de pesquisa em saúde global e sustentabilida-de. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 36(4). https://doi.or-g/10.1590/0102-311x00040620


Vogel, L. (2020, April). How long will social distancing take to work? Experts weigh in on Canada’s COVID-19 res-ponse.Canadian Medical Association Journal. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1095857

Waitzkin, H. (2013). Medicina y salud pública al final del im-perio. Primera edición en español ed. Bogotá (Colombia): Universidad Nacional de Colombia.



Wang, Z. & Tang, K. (2020). Combating COVID-19: health equi-ty matters. Nature Medicine, 26(April), 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0823-6

Wax, R. S. & Christian, M. D. (2020). Practical recommendations for critical care and anesthesiology teams caring for no-vel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) patients. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, 67(5), 568-576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12630-020-01591-x

Webster, P. (2020, March). Canada and COVID-19 learning from sars. Lancet (London, England). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30670-X

who. (2020). ops/oms | La oms caracteriza a COVID-19 como una pandemia.

who, W. H. O. (2019). Recommendations on digital interventions for health system Strengthening. who guideline. Ginebra: who2019. https://doi.org/10.1177/156482658000200103

Wikipedia. (2020). Acuerdos de Bretton Woods.Wilder Smith, A. & Freedman, D. O. (2020). Isolation, quaranti-

ne, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coro-navirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. Journal of Travel Medici-ne, 27(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa020

Wiseman, S. M., Crump, R. T. & Sutherland, J. M. (2020). Sur-gical wait list management in Canada during a pandemic:


many challenges ahead. Canadian Journal of Surgery, 63(3), E226-E228. https://doi.org/10.1503/cjs.006620

Wood, D. A., Sathananthan, J., Gin, K., Mansour, S., Ly, H. Q., Quraishi, A.-U.-R., … Cohen, E. A. (2020). Precautions and Procedures for Coronary and Structural Cardiac Inter-ventions During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Guidance from Canadian Association of Interventional Cardiology. The Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 36(5), 780-783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2020.03.027

World Bank. (2020). Canada | Data.World Health Organization. (1995). Constitution of the world

health organization.World Health Organization. (2000). Informe sobre la salud en el

mundo 2000. (oms, Ed.) (1st ed.). Ginebra. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/whr/2000/en/whr00_es.pdf?ua=1

World Health Organization. (2019). Program Budget 2020-2021.World Health Organization. (2020). Key Country Indicators. Ca-

nada - key indicators.Writer, S. (2020). Population Health vs. Public Health. Retrieved

April 19, 2020, from https://www.mphonline.org/popula-tion-health-vs-public-health/

Wynants, L., Van Calster, B., Bonten, M. M. J., Collins, G. S., Debray, T. P. A., De Vos, M., … van Smeden, M. (2020). Prediction models for diagnosis and prognosis of CO-VID-19 infection: systematic review and critical appraisal. bmj, m1328. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1328

Xu X. X.-//-Jiang, X. G.-//-Xu, K. J.-//-Ying, L. J.-//-Ma, C. L.-//-Li, S. B.-//-Wang, H. Y.-//-Zhang, S.-//-Gao, H. N.-//-Sheng, J. F.-//-Cai, H. L.-//-Qiu, Y. Q.-//-Li, L. J., X. W.-//-W. (2020). Clinical findings in a group of patients


infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series. bmj, 368, m606. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m606

Yang, Z., Zeng, Z., Wang, K., Wong, S.-S., Liang, W., Zanin, M., … He, J. (2020). Modified seir and AI prediction of the epidemics trend of COVID-19 in China under public heal-th interventions. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 12(3), 165. https://doi.org/10.21037/JTD.2020.02.64

Youde, J. (2013). The Rockefeller and Gates Foundations in Glo-bal Health Governance. Global Society, 27(2), 139-158. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2012.762341

Yuen, K. S., Ye, Z.-W., Fung, S. Y., Chan, C. P. & Jin, D. Y. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: The most important research questions. Cell and Bioscience, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13578-020-00404-4


Zhao, N., Liu, Y., Smaragiassi, A. & Bernatsky, S. (2020). Trac-king the origin of early COVID-19 cases in Canada. In-ternational Journal of Infectious Diseases. https://doi.or-g/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.046

| 321 Cap. 9 · . El sistema de salud en Japón y su respuesta a la pandemia covid-19

Referencias

Ariyoshi, S. (2003). The Doctor’s Wife. Edited by K. Internatio-nal. Japan.

Burns, S. (2000). Constructing the national body: public health and the nation in nineteenth-century Japan. Nation Work: Asian elites and national identities, 17-49.

Caballero, O. Í. Q. (2016). La salud: Derecho Constitucional de carácter programático y operativo. Derecho & Sociedad, (47), 306-319.

City, Kagoshima. (2009). Health Insurance. Retrieved May 1, 2020 http://www.city.kagoshima.lg.jp/soumu/shichoshitu/kokusai/en/health/health-system.html.

Collantes, F. (2005). El Milagro Japonés y El Desarrollo Del Lejano Oriente. https://economia_aplicada.unizar.es/sites/economia_aplicada.unizar.es/files/archivos/55/japon_-_texto.pdf

Correa Restrepo, F. (2017). Japan's economic development: From the genesis to the so called economic miracle. Revista Fa-cultad de Ciencias Económicas: Investigación y Reflexión, 25(1), 57-73.

Giedion, Ú., Villar, M. & Ávila, A. (2010). Los sistemas de salud en Latinoamérica y el papel del seguro privado. Funda-ción MAPFRE. https://app.mapfre.com/ccm/content/do-cumentos/fundacion/cs-seguro/libros/los-sistemas-de-sa-lud-en-latinoamerica-y-el-papel-del-seguro-privado.pdf

Poveda Burgos, G., Terán Noé, D., Guaipacha Marcillo, J. (2017). Análisis del perfil logístico de japón. Ideas. https://ideas.repec.org/a/erv/obsjap/y2017i292.html


Naoki, I., Kwang Yoo, B., Hashimoto, H., Matsumoto, M., Oga-ta, H., Babazono, A. … Kobayashi, Y. (2011). Japanese Universal Health Coverage: Evolution, Achievements, and Challenges. The Lancet 378(9796):1106-15.

Jang, J. S. (2011). Cortesía sociocultural en las sociedades me-dellinense y japonesa: una introducción. Íkala, Revista de Lenguaje y Cultura, 16(28), 119-157.

Kim, Y. (2013). Inter Asia Papers Inter Asia Papers 2008. Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. (2020). Basic Policies

for Novel Coronavirus Disease Control. February 25, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020 (https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/10200000/000603611.pdf).

López, S. (2005). Sistemas de Salud Comparados. Breve reco-rrido histórico y el impacto de las reformas de los años 90. Fecha de consulta, 20(01), 2021.

Manrique-Abril, F. G., Agudelo-Calderon, C. A., González-Chor-dá, V. M., Gutiérrez-Lesmes, O., Téllez-Piñerez, C. F. & Herrera-Amaya, G. (2020). sir model of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia. Revista de Salud Pública, 22(2).

Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. n.d. Ministry Of Health, Labour and Welfare. Retrieved https://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/index.html.

Nippon. (2019). La esperanza de vida de los japoneses alcanza un nuevo máximo histórico. Nippon. https://www.nippon.com/es/japan-data/h00511/

Pelegrín Solé, À. (2008). Historia económica de Japón. http://hdl.handle.net/2445/5301Pozos, R. Á., Jiménez-Munguía, R. R. & Temoltzi-Ávila, R.

(2019). Modelos estocásticos en epidemiología. Pädi Bo-

| 323 Cap. 9 · . El sistema de salud en Japón y su respuesta a la pandemia covid-19

letín Científico de Ciencias Básicas e Ingenierías del icbi, 6(12), 95-101.

Sakamoto, H., Rahman, M., Nomura, S., Okamoto, E., Koike, S., Yasunaga, H., ... Ghaznavi, C. (2018). Japan health system review. Asia Pacific Observatory on Health Systems anda Policies. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259941/9789290226260-eng.pdf?sequence=1

Sierra, C. H. (2010). Reinventando el imaginario médico japo-nés: la experiencia occidentalizadora durante el periodo Meiji. Inter Asia Papers, (14), 1-18.

Sim, W. (2020). Japan confirms first case of infection from Wu-han coronavirus; Vietnam quarantines two tourists. The Straits Times. Retrieved May 1, 2020 https://www.straitsti-mes.com/asia/east-asia/japan-confirms-first-case-of-infec-tion-with-new-china-coronavirus

Smith, A. B. (1994). Tendencias mundiales en el financiamiento de la salud. Estudios Públicos 55:18. https://www.cepchi-le.cl/cep/site/artic/20160303/asocfile/20160303184537/rev55_abel-smith.pdf

| 347 Cap. 10 · Sistema de salud del Reino Unido y su respuestafrente a la primera pandemia del Siglo xxi covid-19

Referencias

Appleby, J., Hemmings, N., Maguire, D., Morris, J., Schlepper, L. & Wellings, D. (2020). Results and trends from the British Social Attitudes survey. Nuffield Trust., Ed. https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/sites/default/files/2020-04/BSA_2019_NT-KF_WEB_update.pdf

Appleby, J. & Robertson, R. (2016). Public satisfaction with the nhs in 2015. The King’s Fund.

Berlinger, N., Wynia, M., Powell, T., Hester, D. M., Guidry-Gri-mes, L. K., Watson, J. C., Bruce, L. & Jenks, N. P. (2020). Ethical framework for health care institutions responding to novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) guide-lines for institutional ethics services responding to COV-ID-19. The Hastings Center. Disponível Em, 18(04).

bbcNews. (2021). Covid vaccine: How many people in the uk have been vaccinated so far? - bbc News. Retrieved March 31, 2021, from https://www.bbc.com/news/health-55274833

Boyle, S. (2011). Health systems in transition: United Kingdom (England): Health system review. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies.

Chang, J., Peysakhovich, F., Wang, W. & Zhu, J. (2011). The uk health care system. The United Kingdom, 30, 2019.

Cohen, J. & Kupferschmidt, K. (2020). Countries test tactics in ‘war’against COVID-19. American Association for the Advancement of Science.

COVID-19 vaccine doses administered. (2021). Retrieved March 31, 2021, from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumula-tive-covid-vaccinations


Davis, K., Stremikis, K., Squires, D. & Schoen, C. (2014). Mi-rror, mirror on the wall. How the Performance of the us Health Care System Compares Internationally. New York: CommonWealth Fund.

Delamothe, T. (2008). Founding principles. bmj, 336(7655), 1216-1218.

Duffy, B. (2020). Getting used to life under lockdown? Corona-virus in the uk. The Policy Institute. https://www.kcl.ac.uk/policy-institute/assets/getting-used-to-life-under-lock-down.pdf

Flood, C. (2000). International Health Care Reform.Government of the Netherlands. (2020). Television address by

Prime Minister Mark Rutte of the Netherlands | Speech | Government.nl. https://www.government.nl/documents/speeches/2020/03/16/television-address-by-prime-minis-ter-mark-rutte-of-the-netherlands

Grosios, K., Gahan, P. B. & Burbidge, J. (2010). Overview of healthcare in the uk. epma Journal, 1(4), 529-534.

Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J. & Gu, X. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497-506.

Hunter, D. J. (2020). COVID-19 and the stiff upper lip- The pandemic response in the United Kingdom. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(16), e31.

International and Prevention Programmes / Global & Public Health Group / Public & Strategy, h. s. (2018). nhs public health functions agreement 2018-2019, Public health func-tions to be exercised by nhs England. https://assets.publi-shing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/

| 349 Cap. 10 · Sistema de salud del Reino Unido y su respuestafrente a la primera pandemia del Siglo xxi covid-19

attachment_data/file/694130/nhs-public-functions-agree-ment-2018-2019.pdf

Kramer, D. B., Lo, B. & Dickert, N. W. (2020). cpr in the CO-VID-19 Era-An Ethical Framework. New England Journal of Medicine.

Lein, E. (2020). Las medidas inglesas relacionadas con la crisis del COVID-19 en el ámbito del Derecho civil. Revista de Derecho Civil, 7(2), 103-108.

Lazarus, J. V., Ratzan, S. C., Palayew, A., Gostin, L. O., Lar-son, H. J., Rabin, K., … El-Mohandes, A. (2021). A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Nature Medicine, 27(2), 225-228. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-1124-9

Lima Quintana, L. (2012). Las Reformas de los Sistemas de Sa-lud del Reino Unido, Estados Unidos y Países Bajos De la década del 90 al siglo xxi (Fundación Sanatorio Güemes, Ed.; 1a ed.). https://silo.tips/download/las-reformas-de-los-sistemas-de-salud-del-reino-unido-estados-unidos-y-paises-ba#modals

OBrien, N., Barboza-Palomino, M. M., Ventura-León, J., Cay-cho-Rodríguez, M. T., Sandoval-Díaz, J. S., López-López, W. & Salas, G. (2020). Nuevo coronavirus (COVID-19). Un análisis bibliométrico. Rev Chil Anest, 49, 408-415.

oecd & oecd. (2015). Hospital beds (indicator). oecd; oecd Pu-blishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/0191328e-en

Rele, S. (2020). COVID-19 vaccine development during pan-demic: gap analysis, opportunities, and impact on future emerging infectious disease development strategies. Hu-man Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, 17(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1822136


Rivett, G.. (2020). The history of the nhs.The Nuffield Trust. ht-tps://www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/health-and-social-care-exp-lained/the-history-of-the-nhs/

Roland, M., Guthrie, B. & Thomé, d. c. (2012). Primary medical care in the United kingdom. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine : jabfm, 25 Suppl 1, S6-11. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2012.02.110200

Sánchez-Sagrado, T. (2016). La atención primaria en el Reino Unido. semergen-Medicina de Familia, 42(2), 110-113.

Trilla, A. (2020). Un mundo, una salud: la epidemia por el nuevo coronavirus COVID-19. Medicina Clínica, 154(5), 175-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2020.02.002

uk Government. (2021). Daily summary | Coronavirus in the uk. Retrieved March 31, 2021, from https://coronavirus.data.gov.uk/

Willan, J., King, A. J., Jeffery, K. & Bienz, N. (2020). Challenges for nhs hospitals during COVID-19 epidemic. British Me-dical Journal Publishing Group.

Williams, G. F. & Cañon-Montañez, W. (2020). COVID-19: What we’ve learned so far. Revista Cuidarte, 11(2).

Yates, T. (2020). Why is the government relying on nudge theory to fight coronavirus. The Guardian. March, 13.

Este libro, editado y publicado por el sello Editorial Universidad El Bosque,se terminó de imprimir en la ciudad de Bogotá en el mes de junio del año 2021.Para esta edición se usaron las familias tipográficas: Times a 11,5 puntosy Playfair Display Black de 15 a 40 puntos.El formato de este ejemplar es de 16 x 24 centímetros.La cubierta está impresa en Propalcote de 300 gramos de baja densidad,y las páginas interiores en papel Bond Bahía de 90 gramos.



La salud global es un campo de conocimiento y acción en evolución que ha ganado diversidad y capacidades de comprensión de los fenómenos de los que se ocupa. Desde el seminario de Salud Global del Doctorado en Salud Pública de la Universidad El Bosque, durante el primer semestre de 2020 se profundizó en esta reflexión. En la primera parte se plantean cuatro pers-pectivas analíticas, considerando aportes de las Ciencias sociales, la Eco-nomía y las Ciencias de la complejidad, al debate sobre la globalización y la salud colectiva durante la pandemia. En la segunda parte se presentan los análisis de las respuestas de seis sistemas de salud a los retos derivados de la aparición y diseminación mundial del SARS-CoV-2 desde diciembre de 2019, hasta mayo de 2020. El propósito fue comprender los procesos que constituyen esos sistemas sanitarios frente a la COVID-19 y a partir de allí, elaborar un análisis crítico de su desempeño.

Public health is a field of knowledge and action in evolution that has gained diversity and better capacities to understand the phenomena it deals with. From the Global Health seminar of the PhD in public health of El Bosque University, during the first semester of 2020 we focused in this analysis. In the first part, four analytical perspectives considering the contributions of the Social Sciences, Economics and the Sciences of Com-plexity, to the broad debate on globalization and collective health; all in times of the pandemic. The second part presents the analysis of the respon-ses of six health systems to the challenges derived from the appearance and worldwide spread of the SARS-CoV-2 from December 2019 to May 2020. The purpose was understand the processes that constitute these health systems, facing COVID-19 and from there, develop a critical analysis of their performance.

Documents

Salud global, sistemas sanitarios y respuesta a la