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Sisteme automate pentru

Curs 005 / JE005 / 21 noiembrie 2012

TCAS

Traffic Collision and Avoidance System

Reprezintun sistem automat care furnizeaz informaiiprivind traficul aerian, precum i avertizri vizuale/acusticectre piloii care zboarn vecintatea unei alte aeronave ;

Sistemul poate furniza i informaii de ghidare a aeronaveipentru realizarea unei manevre de prevenire a coliziunii ;

Funcionarea sistemului TCAS se bazeazpe existena labordul aeronavelor a unui transponder. Aeronavele frtransponder sau cu transponderul defect nu sunt detectabile(sunt invizibile pentru sistem) ;

n ca na p o u u poa e ns a a un ecran spec a care safieze n mod continuu informaiile de trafic : altitudinea icursul celeilalte aeronave (sau prin superimpozare pe ecranulexistent de radar meteo).

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Tipuri de TCAS

Sistemele de evitare a coliziunilor (Collision AvoidanceSystem - CAS) sunt de mai multe tipuri : 1 sisteme asive (2) sisteme active.

Sistemele active utilizeaztransmisia continude semnalen scopul determinrii informaiilor relevante referitoarela alte aeronave din zoni pentru a furniza informaiireferitoare la propria aeronavctre celelalte aeronave.

Cel mai utilizat sistem n rezent oartnumele de Traffic

Alert and Collision Avoidance System sau TCAS. TCAS este cunoscut i sub numele de ACAS - Airborne

Collision Avoidance System.

Diagrama funcionala unui sistem CAS

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Nivelele de control TCAS

EchipamenteleTCAS sunt instalate la bordul aeronavelori funcioneazndependent de sistemele de Air TrafficControl ATC .

Existtrei nivele de control : TCAS I is intended for commuter and general aviation aircraft

and provides a proximity warning only, assisting the pilot invisually acquiring intruder aircraft;

TCAS II is intended for commercial airliners and businessaircraft to provide pilots with traffic and resolutiona v sor es n e ver ca p ane; an

TCAS III, which has yet to be approved by the FAA, willpurportedly provide resolution advisories in thehorizontal as well as vertical plane.

Arhitectura generala unui TCAS II

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Funciile TCAS

TCAS este un sistem de monitorizare automati deevitare a coliziunilor.

e ec eaz prezen a une aeronave ec pa e cutransponder care rspunde la interogri ATCRBSMode C/Mode S air-to-air (1.030 MHz - 360). Un transponder Mode C rspunde cu informaia de

altitudine. Un transponder Mode S rspunde cu informaiade altitudei adresa unicde aeronav.

La detecia unei aeronave nvecinate, echipamentul TCASurmrete i evalueazn mod continuu potenialulde coliziune al aeronavei cu aeronavele nvecinate.

Detalii privind protocolul de interogare

Interogrile TCAS sunt emise pe un canal special deinterogare (1.030 MHz), de la aeronava achipat, n raza deemisie de endentde uterea de emisie

Interogarea cere un rspuns de la aeronava echipatcutransponder i aflatn raza de de emisie, care sincludpoziia i/sau alte informaii privind intenia de navigaie

Rspunsul este furnizat pe 1.090 MHz i conine toateinformaiile asociate.

ces e n orma po nc u e a u nea, poz a, cursu ,viteza fade aer, identitatea aeronavei, precum i alteinformaii ce pot asista echipamentul TCAS n urmrirea ievaluarea posibilitilor de coliziunea cu cealaltaeronav.

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Dialogul TCAS

Situaii speciale

n anumite situaii aeronavele nupot fi detectate de ctreechipamentul TCAS Aeronava nu este echipatcu un

transponder ;

Transponderul nu rspunde lainterogaii Aeronavmilitar Aeronavcare nu a recepionat

semnalul de interogare (datorit,

unui obstacol n proximitatea anteneide recepie trenul de aterizarecobort n apropierea anteneiinferioare).

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Trafic cu posibilitate de conflict

Trafic care determinTA

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Punctul de coliziune potenial

n scopul evitrii coliziunii, echipamentul TCAS prognozeaztimpul necesar ca aeronava sajungpnn punctul closetpoint of approach (CPA) i calculeazdistana de separare npunctul CPA prin calcularea : Distanei pe orizontali a ratei de apropiere, Altitudinii i vitezei de deplasare pe vertical.

TCAS furnizeazabilitatea de urmrire a unei alte aeronaveaflate la o anumitdistan, evaluarea potenialului de coliziune,afiarea / anunarea informaiilor de traffic advisories (TAs),

- .

recomandaciunea de evitare n plan vertical necesarpentruevitarea unei poteniale coliziuni, sub numele de ResolutionAdvisories (RAs).

Etapele procesrii i afirii informaiei

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Diagrama funciilor TCAS

Manevrele de evitare RA

ACAS II escape manoeuvres are confined to the vertical plane andcan be characterized by a sense (up or down) and a strength.

The objective of an RA with an upward sense is to ensure thatown aircraft will safely pass above the threat. The objective of an RAwith a downward sense is to ensure that own aircraft will safely passbelow the threat.

Examples of RA strengths with the upward sense are limit verticalspeed (to a specified target descent speed), do not descend, orclimb. Examples of equivalent RA strengths with the downwardsense are limit vertical speed (to a specified target climb speed), , .

RAs are of two types: positive, meaning a requirement to climb ordescend at a particular rate; and vertical speed limit, meaning thata prescribed range of vertical speed must be avoided.

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RA preventive i corective

Preventive resolution advisories - TCAS II issues theproper preventive resolution advisory, if the status of ownA/C must be maintained : Adjust vertical speed, adjust Maintain vertical speed, maintain

Corrective resolution advisories - In correctiveresolution advisories TCAS II issues the best verticalmaneuver to achieve safe separation. Obviously, theadvisories recommend the A/C to climb or descend witha certain vertical speed : Climb, climb Descend, descend Climb, crossing climb, climb, crossing climb Descend, crossing descend, descend, crossing descend

Obinerea separaiei de siguran Modified corrective resolution advisories

After issuance of a corrective resolution advisory, ACAS II may issuea modified corrective resolution advisory when necessitates that is

. Modified corrective resolution advisory command the A/C to

increase the vertical speed already advised or to reverse the

previous advisory. Increase climb, increase climb Increase descend, increase descend Climb, climb now Descend, descend now

After achieving safe separation

The audio synthesized voice clear of conflict is issued by TCAS II.TCAS II commands to fly with no vertical speed. Upon passing theintruder, TCAS II advise the pilot to back to the pre-traffic altitude.

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Indicatorul RA/VSI

RA Monitor Vertical Speed

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Procedura urmatde pilot dupRA

When TCAS issues a Resolution Advisory (RA) to thepilot.

compliance with the RA.

He must also report the RA to ATC as soon as workloadpermits.

Departure from the current clearance in response to an RAends the controller's responsibility for separation.

' ,

not allowed to issue any clearances to affected aircraft.

Rspunsul pilotului

The efficacy of ACAS is critically dependent on pilotresponse. Therefore, it is necessary for any ACAS design

the pilot.

The ACAS implementation uses a response delay of 5seconds for a new advisory and a vertical acceleration ofg/4 to establish the escape velocity. The response time reduces

to 2.5 seconds for subsequent advisorychanges.

ACAS may not provide adequate vertical separation if thepilot response delay exceeds the expected pilot responsedelay assumed by the design.

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