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aleqsandre abdalaZe (abudalaZe)
saqarTvelo da somxeTi
gamomcemloba “egrisi”
Tbilisi 2008
2
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi egreTwodebuli didi somxeTi
cdilobda qarTuli mxareebis dapyrobas, magram qarTveli
eri Seupovari brZoliT ukanve ibrunebda dakargul miwa-
wyals. Tu e. w. didi somxeTi Zalze iSviaTad amarTlebda Ta-
vis saxelwodebas, didi saqarTvelo namdvilad arsebobda ga-
cilebiT met xans. didma saqarTvelom gaaerTiana mTeli kav-
kasia. kavkasiis mzed saqarTvelo iqca da ara somxeTi. magram
somxuri wreebis pretenziebi qarTuli miwa-wylis mimarT
dRemde grZeldeba. yovelive amis Sesaxeb mokled moTxrobi-
lia winamdebare wignSi.
sponsori da redaqtori merab kostavas sazogadoebis
wevri vaJa afSinaSvili
avtori did madlobas moaxsenebs baton vaJa afSinaS-
vils, agreTve baton roland maTiaSvils da merab kostavas
sazogadoebis TanamSromlebs
© a. abdalaZe (abudalaZe), gamomcemloba “egrisi”, 2008
3
Sesavali
qarTvelebi da somxebi uZvelesi droidan, adamJamobidan
moaqJamamde erTmaneTis mezoblebi arian. mecnieruli sizus-
tiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es ori xalxi erTmaneTis gverdi-
gverd cxovrobs sul cota 26 saukunea mainc. SesaZloa, qar-
Tveli da somexi xalxebi, tomebi, maTi gansaxlebis terito-
ria ufro adrec esazRvreboda erTmaneTs, magram mecnierebis
ganviTarebis dRevandel etapze amis Taobaze gadaWriT Tqma
Znelia.
yuradRebas iqcevs is garemoebac, rom garkveuli mize-
zebis gamo, saqarTveloSi didi xnis win damkvidrda somxuri
mosaxleobis erTi nawili da dResac maTi naSieri sakmaod
didi raodenobiT cxovrobs saqarTveloSi.
marTalia, qarTvelebi marTlmadidebeli qristianebi
varT, xolo somxebi grigoriani (monofiziti) qristianebia,
magram orive eri xom mainc qristiania da maT mezoblobas
qristianuli morali, zneoba, principebi unda dadeboda sa-
fuZvlad.Mmoxda ki es ase? isic unda iTqvas, rom qarTvel-so-
mexTa saeklesio ganxeTqileba VII saukuneSi xdeba da amgvari
ram III-VI aswleulebSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mkafiod ar Seim-
Cneva.
cxadia, sasurveli iyo qarTvelebsa da somxebs uZvele-
si droidan dRemde hqonodaT keTilmezobluri urTierToba,
gamoenaxaT saerTo ena uamrav dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg erTiani
frontiT, erToblivi ZalisxmeviT sabrZolvelad, magram, sam-
wuxarod, es ase ar moxda. somxebma uZvelesi droidanve, yo-
vel SemTxvevaSi qristes Sobamde meore saukunidan aikviates,
rom unda arsebuliyo egreTwodebuli didi somxeTi, romel-
sac mTeli kavkasia unda moecva. bunebrivia, Zvel kolxTa na-
Sieri, didi warsulis mqone qarTvelebi somxebs ver gaibato-
nebdnen, ver gasomxdebodnen da yovelive amas moyva brZola,
omebi qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris. es omebi dasturdeba 22
saukunis win, Semdgomac da, samwuxarod, somxeTis daSnakurma
respublikam jari 1918 welsac Semousia saqarTvelos.
dResac somxebi pretenzias acxadeben, rom somxeTs un-
da miekuTvnos ZirZveli, mravaltanjuli qarTuli mxare _
4
javaxeTi.Uufro metic, maT somxur miwa-wylad miaCniaT saqar-
Tvelos mniSvnelovani nawili da Cveni qveynis guli, dedaqa-
laqi Tbilisic.Aamas gahyvirian ara mxolod somexTa publi-
cistebi, aramed maTi mecnierebic, magaliTad, araqel babaxa-
niani (is leos fsevdonimiT aqveynebda naSromebs), paruir mu-
radiani, ronald siuni da mravali sxva. somxebi axerxeben
(fuli sakmaod aqvT, yovel SemTxvevaSi, qarTvelebze Seuda-
reblad bevrad meti) da amgvar azrebs gamoaTqmevineben sakma-
od xSirad ucxoel moRvaweebs, mecnierebsac. saqarTveloSi
ki qarTvel mecnierebsac ara aqvT SesaZlebloba, pirobebi
imisTvis, rom guldasmiT, dinjad, maRal mecnierul doneze
Seiswavlon saqarTvelo-somxeTis mravalsaukunovani urTier-
Tobebis istoria.
sakvlevi, saZiebeli imdenia, rom am dargiT dainterese-
bul TiToeul qarTvel mecniers, armenologs unda ufrT-
xildebodes saqarTvelos xelisufleba da unda arsebobdes
normaluri kadrebiT dakompleqtebuli samecniero ujredic.
sagangebo zrunvaa saWiro imisTvisac, rom aRizardos qarT-
vel armenologTa momavali, unariani Taoba. samwuxarod, ara-
feri amis msgavsi saqarTveloSi ar xdeba. ufro metic, somex-
Ta garkveuli wreebi yvelafers akeTeben im mizniT, rom ar
arsebobdnen saqarTvelo-somxeTis urTierTobebis istoriis
qarTveli, qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis mqone specialis-
tebi. aseT viTarebaSi somxebs gauadvildebaT Tavis gemoze
mohfinon msoflios suraTi imisa, Tu ras warmoadgendnen
somxebi da qarTvelebi aTaswleulTa manZilze. sergo sergos
Ze mamulovma rusul enaze gamoqveynebul Tavis wignebSi da
sxva somxebmac ase gadaWres es problema: somxebi Semoqmedi
eria, xolo qarTvelebi maTi miRwevebis amTvisebelnio, somxe-
bis xelSi Semyureo.
Bbunebrivia, qarTvelebi veubnebiT somxebs: Tu qarTve-
li eri marTla somxuri kulturiT vikvebebodiT, maSin ro-
gor moxda, rom somxebma SoTa rusTavelis “vefxistyaosnis“
measedi Rirebulebis mqone nawarmoebi ver Seqmnes? ggoniaT,
ixtibars gaitexen? aramc da aramc!Ddandurovsa da mis msgavs
somxebs pasuxi gaSanSalebuli aqvT: SoTa rusTaveli xom so-
mexi iyoo. Tu sabuTs movTxovT, gvpasuxoben: warmoudgenelia,
5
qarTvels “vefxistyaosani” daewera, es mxolod somexs SeeZ-
lo, rameTu somxebi ariuli modgmis rasa, arielebi varTo.
sxva argumenti maT ar gaaCniaT.
mkiTxvelma rom gadaWarbeba ar damabralos, vfiqrob,
upriania movitano didi qarTvelebis, Cveni klasikosebis,
ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis, vaJa-fSavelas nawerebidan
calkeuli adgilebi imis Taobaze, Tu rogor cdilobdnen
somexTa garkveuli wreebi waerTmiaT qarTveli erisTvis sam-
Soblo, saqarTvelo, gaesomxurebinaT, gaesomxebinaT Cveni
qveyana, qarTvelebi.
qarTvel-somexTa urTierToba imdenad gamwvavda garkve-
uli mizezebis gamo, rom ilia WavWavaZe 1899 wels iZulebuli
gaxda daewera da gamoeqveynebina “somexTa mecnierni da qvaTa
RaRadi”, romelic ufro metad Semoklebuli saTauriT, ”qva-
Ta RaRadis“ saxiTaa cnobili.
saqarTvelos mimarT somexTa usaSvelo pretenziebis mi-
zezad ilia Tavisi Tanamedrove qarTvelebis gadajiSebas, da-
cemasac miiCnevs: “CvenisTana dabriyvebuli, dabal Robed miC-
neuli eri, CvenisTana saxelgatexili Znelad Tu sxva moi-
poveba dedamiwis zurgze. vinc gnebavT, an zed gvabotebs, an
gvqelavs da miwasTan gvasworebs”. ilias Rrma rwmeniT, amgva-
ri mizani dausaxavT, kerZod, somexTa garkveul, fulian wre-
ebs: maT “lamis kavkasiis qeds aqeT Cveni xseneba gaaCanagon,
qarTvelebis saxeli dedamiwis zurgidam aRgavon da Calasa-
viT qars gaatanon. TiTqo arc odesRac vyofilvarT, arc
dResa varT... suliT dabalni, WkuagonebiT Clungni, zneobada-
cemulni, sulelni, uswavlelni, gaunaTlebelni, gaRatake-
bulni, flidni, pirisgamtexni, mxdalni-laCarni _ ai Cvenis
sulier da xorciel avla-didebis suraTi!Aai rani vyofil-
varT, rani varT dRes imaTis sityviT, visac ase Tvisda sa-
sargeblod miuCnevia Cvenis saxelis gatexa, Cveni miwasTan
gasworeba. weriT Tu sityviT, Sin Tu gareT welebze fexs
idgmen, rom qveyana daajeron, viTomc Cven swored aseTi uxei-
roni da uRirsni vyofilvarT da dResac aseTnive varT, Tu
ar uaresni.
amisTana daRiT Sublze gaistumres qarTvelis saxeli
evropaSi, saca-ki ena da kalami miuwvdebodaT. aseTive saxeli
6
gauTqves qarTvelebs TviT ruseb Sorisac.” amiT miznad isa-
xavdnen, emtkicebinaT kavkasiaSi somexTa didi upiratesoba
qarTvelebTan SedarebiT; ilia ganagrZobs: “saxelis gatexas
Tqveni Wirimc wauRia. sityviTa da kalmiT qveyanas eficebian,
viTomc kavkasiis qeds aqeT tigrisa da efratis saTaveebamde,
TiTqmis Savis zRvidam kaspiis zRvamde, egreTwodebuli arme-
nia (viTomc somxeTi) yofila aTadam-babadam dRevandlamde,
da Tu sadme viRac “vracebi” (somxebi qarTvels vracis eZaxi-
an _ a. a.) yrilan _ erTi aTiode boslis adgili Tu sWeriaT
da isic TiTqmis somexTa mowyalebiT. TiTon es “vraciebi”,
viTarca eri arafrad saxsenebelia, imitom, rom gawyvetisa da
gadaSenebis gzaze dganan da, Tund esec ar iyos, Wkua imaT
ar gaaCniaT, rom Tavbedisa gaigon ram, aReb-micemobis unari
RmerTs imaTTvis ar uRirsebia, meurmeobisa da Calvadrobis
meti sxva xeloba ar ician da is patar-patara sabosleebic-ki
ver mouxmarebiaT, romelTac qveynis sasacilod, saqarTve-
los eZaxian...
am saxiT xom gvarTmeven yovel erovnul Rirsebas,
sTiTxnian Cvens vinaobas, da rom sul mTlad bolo mogviRon
qveynis winaSe, gvibaTileben mTel Cvens istoriasac, Cvens is-
toriuls matianeebs, istoriuls naSTsa da saxsovarsa, mTe-
ls Cvens sisxliT-mosils Rvawls qristianobisaTvis Sewi-
rulsa, da yovels amas TiTon iCemeben didis gaZvren-gamoZv-
reniTa...
risTvis aris atexili es mtver-buqi, es fuqsavati Weqa-
quxili? imisTvis, rom qveyana daajeron, viTomc amierkavkasi-
aSi erTaderTi somxis eria, romelic ZvelisZveladac yofi-
la, dResac aris, da amis gamo momavalic misTvis ufro upri-
ania, vidre sxvisaTvis, radganac istoriulad daamtkices
Tvisi sulier-xorcieli sidide da Zal-Rone, Tvisi Seuryev-
loba da simaRle Wkua-gonebisao.
visi unaria yovelive es? es ra Savi yorania, rom Tavs
dagvtrialebs, zed dagvyefs da dagvCxavis?” ilia adanaSau-
lebs somexTa garkveul wreebs mizanmimarTul antiqarTul
qmedebebSi. am wreebs dauskvniaT, rom qarTveli eris arsebo-
ba xels uSlida somexTa gaZlierebas: “Cven marto imas vCi-
viT, rom somxis maqeb-madidebeli gundi Cven, qarTvelebs,
7
gvTxris, sulierad da xorcielad gvabaTilebs da samarisa-
ken gviSvers xelsa, TiTqos marto Cveni araraobaa maTis
Rirsebis momaswavebeli, maTis Rirsebis maniSnebeli.”
Tu qarTvelebi somexTa pretenziebis safuZvlianad, sa-
marTlianad gabaTilebas, ukugdebas Seecdebodnen, somxebi
amaze gangaSs texdnen, qarTvel moRvaweebs aTasnair bralde-
bebs uyenebdnen, kacTmoZuleobasac ki abralebdnen: “Tqveni
wkipurtic-ki gvwyinso da Cvens panRurs-ki nu iwyenTo. ra na-
biWvrebi Cvena varT am wuTisoflisa, rom amas gveubnebian,
amiT gviTaTbireben... somexTa…mecnierTa da maTTa amqarTa oinebi karga xnis
ambavia.” isini cdilobeno, daarwmunon kacobrioba, rom “mTe-
li qveyana mtkvars iqiT, saca exla tfilisia, da sxva ufro
didi nawili saqarTvelosi _ mudam da yovelTvis ekuTvnoda
somxeTs da aq mosaxleobdnen somexni...”…yovelgvari wyaro,
qvebic ki RaRadebeno somexTa mecnierebis siyalbes, maT mier
mravaltanjuli saqarTvelos warsulis dakninebas, gabiabru-
ebas: “yovel amisda miuxedavad, somxebis mwignobarni mainc
Tavisas iZaxian da binas ikeTeben iq, saca ara hqoniaT. gana
aSkara ar aris, rom am cuRlutur mecnierobiT swadianT qve-
yana daajeron, viTomc istoriuli ufleba miuZRviT am adgi-
lebSi binis dadebisa.”
ilias da sxva qarTvel miRvaweTa Tanaxmad, somxuri
wreebi, TavianTi miznebis misaRwevad, JamTa siaves gadarCe-
nil sabuTebsac anadgurebdnen.Aam wreebisTviso “cotaa sxvi-
sa marTali hmalos, Tvisi tyuili ayviros. am gundma kargad
icis, rom sabuTi,rac ginda damalo, dResa Tu xvale gamom-
JRavndeba da Tavisas gaitans. saqme sabuTis gabaTilebaa, an
waSla, an Cafxek-amofxeka, an gadakeTeba saTavisod...
radganac dro iqneba, roca istoriuli naSTebi da sax-
sovrebi Tavisas ityvian , _ visa sWeria da vis uWiravs es ad-
gilebi, da radganac qvani, mravalni Senobani, taZrebi, monas-
trebi hRaRadebdnen, rom Zvelis-Zvelad am adgilebSi qarTve-
lebi yofilan, ra Tqma unda, saWiroa am utyuars mowmeebs
qarTvelebisas xma Caawyvetinon... auRiaT da, saca SesZlebiaT
da mouxelebiaT, wauSliaT yovelive kvali.
amisi moxerxeba…Zneli ar aris, oRond xalisi iyos da
8
namusi nebas iZleodes. dRes iseTi dRea, oRond-ki fons gax-
vide, Sen Seni gaiyvano, da motyuebiT iqneba, TaRliTobiT,
Tu oinbazobiT, amas viRa ikiTxavs.” Semdeg ilia asaxelebs
cnobili qarTveli istorikosis, dimitri baqraZis mier aRwe-
ril saTanado SemTxvevas: “d. baqraZe mogviTxrobs erTs amis-
Tana magaliTs, romelic gvaniSnebs am mSveniers unars somxe-
bis erTgvar gundisas. arTvinSi erTi didi ekklesiaa Turme
Zvelis-Zveli. iqaurs somxobas mouwadinebia mzamzareulad am
ekklesiis daCemeba.Mminam daiCemebdnen, berZnebi Sescilebian,
_ eg ekklesia ZvelTaganve qarTvelebisa yofila, maSasadame,
CvenTvis, viTarca marTlmadideblebisaTvis, ufro uprianiao.
am ekklesias marTlmadideblobis niSnad zeda hqonia qva qar-
Tulis warweriTa. somxebs... igi qva sadRac waubrZanebiaT da
miumalavT. am gziT igi ekklesia marTlmadidebelTaTvis xe-
lidam gamoutacniaT da dRes somxebs dauCemebiaT”.
ilia exeba somexi mecnieris qerope patkanovis tenden-
ciurobas, mis mier saqarTvelos warsulis gayalbebas, qar-
Tuli kulturis dakninebas da dasZens: “ase gvamkobs, ase mi-
wasTan gvasworebs qarTvelebs, mere ra xnis qarTvelebs? me-
Tormete saukunisebs. mere vin? profesori da mecnier-mwigno-
bari. marTalia, somexTa profesoria, somexTa mecnieria, mag-
ram nuTu aqao-da somexia, marTali ar unda sTqvas, marTali
ar unda dainaxos?Ggangeb Tvalebze xeli rad aufarebia me-
Tormete, an meTerTmete saukunoebis qarTvelebze...
vinc gangeb gonebadaxSuli ar aris, an gangeb Tvalebze
xelafarebuli, vinc kiTxva icis da gageba wakiTxulisa, gana
ikadrebs Tqmas, rom “vefxis-tyaosnis” Semqmneli eri imode-
nad briyvi iyoo, rom istoriis saWiroebis grZnobac ara hqo-
niao. vis mouva amis Tqma fiqrad, Tu ar somexTa filosofo-
sebsa da profesorebs.”
ilia miiCnevs, rom q. patkanovs antiqarTuli ganwyobi-
lebis virusi, bacila Seuyria Tavisi mowafisTvisac, saqar-
TveloSi dabadebuli da gazrdili, dediT qarTveli niko ma-
risTvisac. arsebobs versia, rom niko mari mamiTac qarTveli
iyo. am azrisaa, kerZod, gamoCenili mecnieri da moRvawe, niko
maris uaxloesi megobari, eqvTime TayaiSvili. n. maris ofi-
cialurma mamam, iakob marma n. maris deda, sruliad axalgaz-
9
rda qali, 85 wlis asakSi SeirTo colad da xsenebuli ver-
siis Tanaxmad, niko mari dedamiss qarTveli mamakacisgan Ses-
Zenia.
n. maris pozicias ilia ase gadmogvcems: “Tu rame kul-
turis nasaxi gaaCniaT qarTvelebsao, TiTqmis sul somxebis
mowyalebiTao, somxebis kultura rom uar-hyon, naxevari
kultura qarTvelebisa Tqvens Wirs waiRebso.” n. mari cnobi-
li mecnieri iyo, mas mniSvnelovani naSromebi aqvs Seqmnili
ara marto armenologiis, aramed qarTvelologiis proble-
mebzec, magram mas meryevi xasiaTi hqonda da somxuri wreebi
cdilobdnen amis gamoyenebas TavianT sasargeblod. isini
afinansebdnen kidec n. mars, rom mas arqeologiuri gaTxrebi
ewarmoebina somxeTis Zvel dedaqalaq anisSi, mecnierul do-
neze Seswavla anisis siZveleni, mis istoriasTan dakavSire-
buli problemebi, iseve rogorc, sazogadod, somexTmcodneo-
bis sakiTxebi. safiqrebelia, rom somxuri wreebi cdilobd-
nen, raTa n. mars qarTvelologiuri problemebi, saqarTvelo-
somxeTis urTierTobebis sakiTxebi somxuri poziciebidan ek-
vlia1 da zogjer amas aRwevdnen kidec. n. mari nawyenic iyo
qarTvelebze. profesorma aleqsandre cagarelma, n. maris
ucnaurobebis gamo, uari Tqva miewvia is Tavis kaTedraze, sa-
magierod miiwvia q. patkanovma. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom axal-
gazrda n. mari Seyvarebuli yofila qarTvel qaliSvilze,
romelic colad ar gahyva.
ilia adanaSaulebs TbilisSi mcxovreb somex moRvawe-
ebs, kerZod TbilisSi gamomavali somxuri gazeTis “mSakis”
redaqtors, grigol arwrunis, rom isini ucxoelebs yalb in-
formacias awvdidnen saqarTvelos Sesaxeb: “saqarTvelo, tfi-
lisiTurT, somxeTad moaCvenes evropiel korespondents da
es ambavi qveyanaSi moafenines ucxo kacs”… es imitomac mox-
dao, rom somxebma mas didi pativi sces da amiT moxibluls,
gabruebuls CasCiCinebdneno: “tfilisi da saqarTvelo Cveni
1 aRsaniSnavia, mag., rom petriwonis qarTul monasterTan dakavSirebuli
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb n. maris Tvalsazrisis siyalbesa da mcdarobaze sau-
baria l. menabdis wignSi – “Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi”, II, 1980,
gv. 257; n. mari am problemebsac somxuri Tvalsawieridan gamomdinare ud-
geboda.
10
binaao, Cveni qveyanaao”. frang korespondents somxebma isic
aTqmevines, rom amierkavkasiaSi, kerZod, saqarTveloSi XIX
saukunis ”dasasrulamde somxebi male gamravldebian da qar-
Tvelebze metni Seiqmnebiano”. ilia svams kiTxvas: “es ra uc-
nauri unaria somxebis gaSenebisa da qarTvelebis gadaSenebi-
sa, romlis ZaliTac 23 weliwadis ganmavlobaSi cota somexi
gabevrdeba da bevri qarTveli dacotavdeba”. somexTa garkve-
uli wreebi qarTvelebs momakvdav erad miiCnevdnen da Tu
qarTvelTa erTi nawili arsebobas mainc gaagrZelebda, maT
gasomxebaze fiqrobdnen.
ilias Tanaxmad, somexi mecnierebi da moRvaweebi yvela-
fers akeTeben da momavalSic gaakeTeben imisTvis, rom daarw-
munon msoflio, TiTqos amierkavkasiaSi ZvelaTac wamyvani
eri somxebi iyvnen da momavalic maT ekuTvniT, xolo qarTve-
lebi maCanCala eria, somxebze damokidebuli Zveladac da am-
Jamadaco: “gana aSkara ar aris, rom imisTana mecnierni, rogo-
ric patkanovia, filosofosi arwrunia da viRac ezovebi, xu-
dabaSovebi da mTeli maTi amqari, arafers Takiloben,
oRond-ki Tavisi Savi gaaTeTron da Cveni TeTri gaaSavon imi-
sda mixedviT, ra dros ra swyurianT, ra dros ra uxdebaT
tanad da pirad … gana aSkara ar aris, undaT qveyanas daanaxvon, rom som-
xebze ukeTesi, gamZle eri, yovlis niWiTa da unariT Semkobi-
li sxva aravin aris mcire aziaSi da nametnavad amierkavkasi-
aSi. marTalia, amierkavkasiaSi es raRac “vracebi” hyrian da
cotad Tu bevrad amaTac axseneben, magram aseT saqmes davmar-
TebT, ase gavubiabruebT saxels, rom saxsenebelic-ki aRar
darCeT. Tu istoria aqvT, gavuyalbebT, an Cven daviCemebT, mi-
wa-wyali aqvT da Cven CamovarTmevT, da qveyanas, tyuili iqm-
neba Tu marTali, davajerebT, rom qarTveloba gadaSenebis
gzazea Semdgari da dResa Tu xvale an amoswydebian deda-bu-
dianad, an gasomxdebian”.
dabolos, somxuri wreebis misamarTiT iliam ganacxada:
“Cven Cvensas nu gvecilebian, Cveni saxelis gatexiT nu cdi-
loben TavianTis saxelis keTebas da Semkobas.
Cven, bevri gvqonda, Tu cota, SegivrdomeT, Semogixiz-
11
neT, giZmeT da Sin mtrad nu gvekidebiT1.”
somxuri wreebisTvis imdenad miuRebeli iyo ilia WavWa-
vaZis didi masStabis erovnuli moRvaweoba, misi Tavganwiru-
li brZola saqarTvelos, qarTveli eris gadasarCenad, rom
Cemi azriT, ilias mkvlelobis mowyobaSi somxurma wreebmac
miiRes monawileoba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, maT daafinanses ma-
inc ilias mkvlelobis momwyobni da uSualo mkvlelebi.
mkvlelobis momwyobebma icodnen, rom ilias mokvla garkve-
ul somxur wreebs guls gauxarebdaT da am mizniT saqarTve-
los somxuri burJuazia fulis gaRebaze uars ar ityoda. es
fuli saqarTveloSi mcxovreb somxuri burJuaziis warmomad-
genlebs ZiriTadad xom qarTveli xalxis gayvlefis Sedegad
hqondaT naSovni da Tu qarTveli eris mamas, ilias moklav-
dnen, amiT somxuri wreebis gegmebi saqarTvelos dasakuTre-
bisa ufro advilad gansaxorcielebeli gaxdeboda. rac See-
xeba somxuri burJuaziis parpaSs saqarTveloSi, es ruseTis
imperiis antiqarTuli qmedebebis Sedegia.
akaki wereTels Tavis werilSi – “istoriuli ganxilva
saxel-wodebis: armenis, haistanis da somxeTis” – qarTul-som-
xur urTierTobebTan dakavSirebiT moaqvs nawyvetebi Tedo
razikaSvilis moTxrobidan – “fiTri”. akakis poziciis ukeT
gasagebad upriania cota ram mec amoviwero am moTxrobidan:
“mciva, mciva, Semibrale, TavSesafari momec, siciviT nu mom-
klav. xo xedav, ra patara var, lamis qarma gadamagdos da
Tovlma CamaxrCos! bina momec, casqveS nu damagdeb, _ ase
evedreboda sicivisagan sikvdilis pirze misuli pawawa fiT-
ris Tesli msxlis xesa, romelsac amayad Tavi maRla aeRo
da irxeoda.”
msxlis xe “eZebda, vin eZaxda, ra sulieri iyo mTxovne-
li, aTvalierebda, magram aravina Canda.” fiTris marcvali,
“rac Zali da Rone hqonda iWimeboda, daminaxoso … _ aqa var, patara var, daixare kidev, ro daminaxo; Cemi
tol-amxanagebidan marto me gadavrCi, gaumaZRarma CxarTvma
gadaylapa yvelani, mec naxevrad daglejil-dafleTilma aq
1 ilia WavWavaZe, rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad, tomi V, Tbilisi, 1987,
gv. 21-111.
12
Sen Semogafare Tavi. Sen Tu ar dammale, is msunagi mec Cam-
ylapavs, ar gadavurCebi… _ mciva, mciva! – wripinebda fiTris Tesli, _ aqve SevZv-
rebi, Torem es aris suli amovida.
_ SeZver, Se sawyalo, adgils rogor dagiWer, _ uTxra
gulmtkivneulad msxalma, _ Tu Tqvenebi kidev naxo vinme ga-
Wirvebuli, movidnen, ar daviSureb arc imaTTvis binasa, Tqven
xom nayofs ar SemiWamT WiebiviT… _ rasa brZanebT, Tqve dalocvilo, Cveni jiSi xileuls
ar ewyoba da arc me giaxlebiT, arxeinada brZandebode. oh,
ra madlobeli var, ra madli miyav, erTi suli momarCine
sikvdilsa. Tu fiTri var, gadagixdi Sens sikeTesa.
fiTris marcvali SeZvra msxlis qerqqveS, sadac ufro
Rrmad iyo gaxeTqili da zed cilaze miekra.
_ oh, ra kargad var, arc Semciva, arc momSiva! _ butbu-
tebda fiTri… ramdenic dro gadioda, imdeni fiTric icvleboda,
msxlis qerqze, tkipasaviT dakrobili, izrdeboda, ibereboda,
sul gan-gan iwevda. msxlis cila ramdenime alagas Caexvrita
da tuCebiT dahkvroda… cilaSi Cakrobili fiTris Tesli ki, rac Zali da Rone
hqonda, wuwnida axlad gamarTuli tuCebiT isec sicivisagan
gamofitul msxlis qerqsa. es sisxlis wovna ki ugrZnobeli ar darCa msxalsa…” gamZRari fiTri ixsenebs Tavisi jiS-jilagis Tavgadasa-
valsac: CxarTvio “sadac ki fiTrs naxavs, iq daibudebs, aRar
moeSveba, sanam saTiTaod ar gamohkenkavs… wava CxarTvic,
sadme qorfa msxalze an vaSlze moskintlavs, CvenebTaganic
vinme gahyveba skintlSi uWirvel-utkivari. Zalian bedierada
grZnobs iq Tavsa. samSoblos moSorebuli TavisTvis iwyebs
warmoebas. Sexedav sami-oTxi wlis Semdeg, erTi uSvelebeli
gamxdara. msxlis totebSi mwvane kordiviT gadafenila. gam-
ravldeba, gaavsebs totebsa da daiWers mTlad yvela adgils.
sakvirveli kai jiSi gvaqvs. is aris kidev sakvirveli, rom… Tu ar mzamzareuli sakvebiT, Cveni gvari ver xeirobs. Tu
sxvas ar vasxedvarT, dedamiwaze Camoyrilebi erT dRes veRa-
13
ra vcocxlobT… msxali ki TandaTan imSeoda. axla ki mwvaved igrZno
msxalma tkivili im adgilze, sadac fiTri ajda. . . _ vina xar, ra xar, ra sulieri xar? aRar momSorde-
bi? _ ekiTxeboda fiTrsa. _ Tu stumari xar, stumroba amdeni
xani ar gagonila. . .
_ xa! xa! xa! _ gadaixarxara fiTrma, iseTi sazareli
da saZageli xmiTa da kiloTi, romelSic gamoixateboda mwa-
re da gulis momkvleli dacinva. _ sad unda wavideT, vera
hxedav, ramdeni varT?! Cveni samSoblo es aris. . .
_ hai, hai, fiTro, aRar gaxsovs, am aTi-TxuTmeti wlis
winaT rogori iyav, roca msxals TavSesafars Txovdi. axla
ki msxalma Sen unda gTxovos, rom sicocxle aCuqo am sabra-
losa!’’ adamianebma fiTri moaSores, Camosxepes msxlis xis-
gan. momakvdavma msxalma gamococxleba iwyo: “Cven isev coc-
xlebi varT, ar movkvdebiT, Cvenamde jer sikvdils ar mouR-
wevia, sasoebas nu hkargavo. – iZaxdnen Turme fesvebi...”
msxlis xe gadarCa.1
Tedo razikaSvilis moTxrobidan nawyvetebis motanis
Semdeg akaki ase msjelobs: “rogorc mcenareebSi fiTri, su-
ro da xavsi, anu cxovelebSi mkbenari mwerebi, ise adamianis
tomebSiac urevian misTana gundebi, romelTac TviTarseboba
Tavis Tavad ar SeuZliaT da unda sxvis sxeulze ixaron.
amis magaliTs gviCvenebs is didi gundi movaWreTa, romelsac
Cven... somxebaT vuwodebT. uxsovari droidan, im TaviTve, gad-
moudgams Tu ara biji iveriel toms, isinic adevnebian... gad-moulaxavT masisi (ararati) da aqamde Camohyolian, rom fiT-
riviT gars Semoxveoden da kanSi CaWroden... Ees xalxi, sadac-ki Sexiznula da Tavi Seufarebia, co-
ta sulis mobrunebis Semdeg, dapatroneba moundomebia, Tavic
iqaur mkvidraT aRuarebia da boganoT mosuloba gadaufuCe-
Cebia. miuxedavaT qarTul-berZnul istoriis wyaroebisa, maT-
ma istoriam mefis warTmevac-ki mogvindoma da didi daviT ku-
rat-palati Tavis mefeT aRiara, rasakvirvelia im ganZraxviT,
rom qveyana daerwmunebia: Tu mefe Cveni iyo, maSasadame, misi
1 ixileT “qarTuli proza”, wigni XIV, Tb., 1987, gv. 70-80.
14
samflobelo_taosis kari anu axlandeli Woroxis xeobac sa-
somxeTo yofilao.Mmomavlis gasakvlevaT sxvisi warsulis mi-
sakuTreba da misive yofilis uaris yofa upirveles xerxaT
uWiravT xelSi. imaT istorias rom davekiTxoT, TviT-arsebo-
ba qarTvelTa arasodes ar yofila saxsenebeli, enac imaT
uwyalobebiaT CvenTvis, anbanic maTs mesrobs SeuTxzavs Cveni
da wes-wyobilebac maTgan migviRia!..”
aRsaniSnavia, rom amgvari Sexedulebebi dResac gavrce-
lebulia somxur samecniero literaturaSi, mag., “somexi
xalxis istoriis” mravaltomeulSi, “somxur sabWoTa encik-
lopediaSi” da bevrgan sxvaganac. somxuri wyaroebisa da ga-
mokvlevebis gavleniT msgavsi azrebi gvxvdeba ucxoel mec-
nierTa naSromebSic da samecniero-popularul gamocemebSic.
magaliTisTvis SeiZleba davasaxeloT am bolo wlebSi ru-
seTSi gamocemuli ”marTlmadidebluri enciklopediac.”Mmiu-
xedavad imisa, rom somxebi grigorianebi arian da ara marTl-
madideblebi, rusul “marTlmadideblur enciklopediaSic”
mouxerxebiaT saqarTvelo-somxeTis urTierTobebis tendeciu-
rad, somxuri poziciidan gaSuqeba, ufro sworad, Cabneleba.
saqme iqamde midis, rom akademikosad wodebulma s. aivazianma
am bolo xanebSi warmoSobiT somxebad gamoacxada TviT ilia
WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli da yvela qarTuli Tavaduri gvari,
erTaderTi gamonaklisis garda. qarTvelebi, Turme, warmoSo-
biT somxebi yofilan, magram somexTa erTi nawili mogviane-
biT ratomRac gadajiSebulan da am gadajiSebul somxebs
darqmeviaT qarTvelebi.Aamgvari Tvalsazrisi gvxvdeba Zvel
somxur wyaroebSic da axal somxur gamokvlevebSic.
Aakaki ganagrZobs: vTqvaT daveTanxmeT somexTa mecnie-
rebso _ ”aRar viwameT da aRar virwmuneT arc ucxo erebis
istoriuli wyaroebi Cveni eris Sesaxeb, arc Cveni sakuTari
qronikebi, arc gujrebi; yalbaT vicaniT Cveni pergamentebi,
arxeologia, numizmaTika da sxvani, magram imas raRa vuyoT,
rac axla Cvens Tvalsa-da-xel-Sua xdeba da rasac ase naT-
laT Cveni TvaliTa vxedavT?! guSindeli ambavi ar aris maTi
Semoxizvna da Cven mier maT sapatronoT xelis gaSvera? Cven-
ma ukanasknelma mefeebma isini Sig Suagul saqarTveloSi Se-
15
moxiznes da rogorc vaWar-xalxs, omSi gamousadegars,1 qala-
qebi Caabares. qarTveli xalxi-ki brZolis velze aTen-aRameb-
da... daRaluli, daqanculi da dawylulebuli qarTvelebi,
Sin rom Semobrunden, ra dauxvdaT? is, rom maTi yofa-cxov-
reba Semoxiznul da moZmeT miRebul vaWrebis xelSi iyo da
bodiSis magieraT, pir-iqiT mediduraT hyviroden: “vin xarT
da saidan modixarTo? Tqven rodis yofilxarT aqo?Ees yo-
velTvis Cveni yofilao!” dasamtkiceblaT qarTvelebisve taZ-
reb-monastrebs miuTiTes, sadac qarTuli zed-warwera amoef-
xikaT da “daviT-bagratebis” nacvlaT “arSak-marSakebi” Caewe-
raT!.. Cven gvakvirvebs Secdoma da gulubriyvloba Cveni mefe-
ebisa da qarTveli xalxis, Tvara es sworeT asec unda mom-
xdariyo, radganac brZola arsebobisaTvis msoflio kanonia
da verc somxebi acdebodnen am kanons, miT ufro, rom Zveli
anderZi xelSi eWiraT da misi gatexa ise ar SeeZloT, ro-
gorc sakuTari rjulisa!.. Cven raRaT unda vecadoT somxebis
sinidisSi Cagdebas, rom msoflio kanons ewinaaRmdegon da
rjuli gatexon? magram sruli neba ki gvaqvs, vusayveduroT
im Seugnebel da cru-liberal qarTvel inteligentebs, ro-
melnic bans aZleven somxebs da gaiZaxian: “ibrZoleT Tqvenc
mxolod im iaraRiT, romelsac isini xmarobeno!” ra eTqmis im
mwyemss, romelsac farexSi mglebi SecveniaT da mis nacvlaT,
rom man kombali aiRos xelSi mosagereblaT, mxoloT iZaxis:
“unda mec ise moviqce, rogorc isini iqceviano! e.i. movicado
im dromdi, sanam Cem cxvrebsac ar amouvaT mglis kbilebi da
sakbenaTac mgluraT ar aeSlebaT saRerRelio?!“2
Aakaki aseve ambobda: raime materialuri sargeblobis
motana rom SeeZlos, darwmunebuli var, somxebi qarTvelebs
deda-enasac wagvarTmeveno.
1899 wels vaJa-fSavelas dauweria poema “haos da qarT-
los”. haosi da qarTlosi somexTa da qarTvelTa miTiuri wi-
naprebis saxelebia. 1899 welsve gazeT “iveriaSi” (# 116) ga-
moqveynda cnoba, rom i. imedaSvils ganuzraxavs am poemisa da
1 viTareba Seicvala: amJamad somxebze aRar iTqmis, omSi gamousadegarni
ariano _ yarabaRisTvis omi amis dasturia. 2 ix. Aakakis krebuli, #5, pirveli ganyofileba, Tb., 1898, gv. 32-38.
16
vaJas ramdenime leqsis calke wignad gamocema. magram imdro-
indelma, ruseTis imperiis cenzuram nebarTva ar gasca, ra-
Ta dastambuliyo es wigni. safiqrebelia, TbilisSi mokala-
Tebulma somxurma burJuaziam da misma amqarma moaxdines gav-
lena cenzuraze.Nn.Ddurnovos sityviT, qarTuli eklesiis gam-
Zarcveli saqarTvelos rusi egzarqosebi megobrobdnen somex
magnatebTan; saerTodac, somexi krezebi kvebaveno ruseTis im-
periis kavkasiel Cinovnikebs1. qarTveli xalxis gayvlefis Se-
degad gamdidrebuli somxebi moqrTamavdnen cenzurasac, ra-
Ta mas neba ar daerTo qarTvel avtorTa somexTaTvis miuRe-
beli Txzulebebis dastambvaze.
vaJa-fSavelas poema “haos da qarTlos” pirvelad dai-
beWda avtoris gardacvalebidan 17 wlis Semdeg, 1932 wels,
al. abaSelis redaqciiT gamocemul vaJas TxzulebaTa meoTxe
tomSi.
vaJas poemaSi qarTlosi gansaxierebaa qarTveli erisa,
xolo haosi _ somexi erisa. avtoris mixedviT, Tvalcremlia-
ni, konkebSi gaxveuli haosi “qarTloss moadga karzeda” da
Seexvewa: Zmao qarTlos, “nuTu daCagruls moZmesa binas ar
momcem saxlSia?” qarTlosi mtiral haoss “yels gadaeWdo,
akoca, rogorc wesia Zmobisa” da guluxvadac gaumaspinZlda.
purobis Jams haosi mouyva qarTloss, Tu rogor aiklo misi
qveyana mterma da kidev erTxel daxmareba sTxova qarTloss:
“adgilic mterma wamarTo, sarCo-sabadi yvelao, Rone Senzeda
davyare, Tu SagiZlian Svelao?!“ gulaCvilebulma qarTlosma
aRuTqva haoss: “raca maqvs, Sua gagiyof.” qarTlosma Seiked-
la, Seixizna haosi.
saqarTvelos odesme xangrZlivad Rirsebia mSvidoba?
qarTvel ers gana didxans moasvenebdnen dampyroblebi? arse-
bobs xatovani gamoTqmac: mSvidobiani periodebi saqarTvelos
istoriaSi SeiZleba SevadaroT antraqtebs Teatris warmod-
genebSi, speqtaklebSi. im xanebSic mtris urdoebi Semoesivnen
Cvens qveyanas. qarTlosi saqarTvelos dasacavad, saomrad ga-
eSura. man saxl-kari da col-Svilic haoss Caabara. uTvalav-
1 n. durnovo, qarTuli eklesiis bedi, Jurnali “ganTiadi”, 1990, # 10, gv.
45, 55.
17
ma mterma uTanasworo brZolaSi qarTvelebi Seaviwrova:
“uricxvi qarTlosiani mtrebTan brZolaSi kvdeboda.” omi
didxans gagrZelda da “didic mogvca ziani.“ qarTlosi “ibr-
Zoda pirofliani, xmals ar agebda budesa.” haosi ar monawi-
leobda omSi. igi arc gulxeldakrefili yofila omianobis
dros, Sromobda, “magram rogor da visTvisa?! cxvari vis da-
ubarebav, Tqvengan ar mikvirs, mglisTvisa?”
qarTlosi rom saomrad wavida, im weliwads SimSiloba
iyo. “haosmac purebi yida da zogic sesxad gaiRo, da kaloo-
bas erTs kodze ori sargeblad aiRo!” gaTavxedebulmaHhaosma
daaskvna: qarTvelebi “bilani1 xalxi yofila da mindobilis
gulisa_aqa yofila kidevac swored xazina fulisa.’’Hhaosma
saqarTveloSi gaxsna duqani da “mas aqeTia haosi aris da
aris msuqani.” man Seaviwrova qarTlosis col-Svili, sakuTa-
ri saxlidan gandevna isini. maT keraze “haos-xanuma dafuZnd-
nen,” agreTve maTi Zeni, mikiC da galusta.
mZimed daWrili qarTlosi qarTlosianebma sakaciT mo-
iyvanes. haosma qarTlosi missave saxlSic aRar SeuSva: “aq
mas bina aqvs arao... sad iyo, ra gamikeTa, aba ra moitanao?”
haosis veragobiT gamwarebuli “qarTlosis coli Tamari za-
riT mosTqvamda amasa: “Rirsi ar aris, nu stiriT, Svilebo,
Tavis mamasa, TqvenTvis yelebis saWrelad haoss aZlevda da-
nasa. dRes sxva hmkis gadamTieli Tqvenis mamulis yanasa...
sawyalis gulis patrono, vis endobodi,radao?”
poemis finalSi vaJaseuli siRrmiTaa daxatuli “kai
ymis,” “daWrili arwivis,” qarTlosis saxe: sakuTari saxli-
dan gamogdebul, fanCaturSi mwoliare qarTloss “roca mos-
cems sicxesa _ utydeba texa wylulisa, maSin amodis da gves-
mis pasuxi imis gulisa. iqneb ggoniaT saxl-karis, mamulis
dakargulisa? haosis moRalatoba, simrude imis sulisa? _
ara, is omsve igonebs, hbodavs: “dahkariT mtersao... fari da
xmali sada maqvs;” iqiTken iwvdis xelsao.”2
niSandoblivia, rom vaJa-fSavelam “haos da qarTlos”
dawera imave wels, roca Seiqmna da gamoqveynda ilias “somex-
1 bilani gulubryvilos niSnavs.
2 vaJa-fSavela, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. III, Tb., 1964 w.
18
Ta mecnierni da qvaTa RaRadi.” zemoT akakis werilidan naw-
yvetebi rom movitaneT, is 1898 welsaa dabeWdili. 1897 wels
ki daistamba iakob gogebaSvilis wigni “simarTle Tbilisis
Sesaxeb” (rusul enaze), romelSic iakobi amxelda vinme “mo-
qalaqes” (erovnebiT somexs). “moqalaqe” Tavis nawerSi acxa-
debda, rom Tbilisi yovelTvis somxuri qalaqi iyo. daviT
aRmaSenebeli, Tamar mefe, giorgi brwyinvale da sxvebi somex-
Ta mefeebi iyvnen? anda vaxtang gorgasalma Tbilisi qalaqad,
dedaqalaqad somxebisTvis Seqmna? imdenad araseriozuli, im-
denad akviatebuli, ise binZuria msgavsi azrebi, rom naSro-
mis Sesaval nawilSi amaze sagangebo msjelobas ver gavmar-
TavT. es kia, rom uneburad gvagondeba TbilisTan dakavSire-
bul somexTa pretenziebze nodar dumbaZis xumroba: vaxtang
gorgaslis garda Tbilisis daarsebaze sxvasac Tu aqvs vin-
mes pretenzia, SemovujenT gorgasals cxenze, adgili kia da
yvelaferio. igulisxmeba gorgaslis Zegli metexis ezoSi.
ilia, akaki, vaJa da sxva qarTveli moRvaweebi darwmune-
bulni iyvnen, rom somxur wreebs qarTuli miwa-wylis mitace-
ba, saqarTvelos, qarTveli eris gasomxureba, gasomxeba ewa-
daT. amitomac astexes maT gangaSi, riTac kvlav daamtkices,
rom didi eriskacebi iyvnen mravaltanjuli qarTveli erisa.
is ar gveyofoda, rom qarTveli eris gadaSenebas cdilob-
dnen did-didi dampyroblebi, sparselebi, arabebi, Turqebi,
monRolebi, rusebi, da sxvebi? XIX saukuneSi aseTive mizani
daisaxes somxurma wreebmac. ismis kiTxva: SemTxveviTi iyo es
movlena, Tu mas fesvebi warsulSi aqvs gadgmuli? am kiTxva-
ze pasuxis gacemas Sevecdebi winamdebare, samecniero-popula-
ruli xasiaTis naSromSi.
19
pirveli Tavi
saqarTvelo da somxeTi uZvelesi droidan
gaqristianebamde
amJamad samecniero literaturaSi miRebulia, rom qar-
Tuli tomebi istoriuli saqarTvelos (is dRevandel saqar-
Tveloze gacilebiT did teritorias moicavda) miwa-wyalze
uZvelesi droidan, adamJamobidan mkvidrobdnen. rac Seexeba
somxeTs, iq qristes Sobamde meore aTaswleulSi xuritul-
urartuli tomebi cxovrobdnen da ara somxebi1. somxeTis is-
toriis mamad miCneuli movses xorenacis cnobebiTac, sanam
somexTa modgma somxeTSi daidebda binas, manamde iq sul
sxva, somexTagan gansxvavebuli tomebi mkvidrobdnen. am droi-
sTvis qarTuli tomebi karga xania (Tu imTaviTve, dasabamidan
ara) saqarTvelos miwa-wylis mkvidrni arian da swored isto-
riuli saqarTvelos teritoriaze, garkveuli mizezebis gamo,
dawyebulia fuZe-qarTuli enis daSla dialeqtebad, ris Se-
degadac TandaTanobiT Camoyalibdnen Zveli qarTuli, svanu-
ri da megrul-lazuri (Wanuri) enebi.
r. gordezianis Tanaxmad, dRes aravin ar davobs imaze,
rom indoevropelma somxebma somxeTSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, is-
toriuli saqarTvelos mezobel, momijnave somxeTis mxareeb-
Si mxolod urartus samefos daqveiTebis anu qristes Sobam-
de VII-VI saukuneTa mijnidan iwyes SeRweva da maTi fiqsacia
am teritoriebis mkvidrebad swored qristes Sobamde VI sau-
kunidan iwyeba2. oTxi aswleulis Semdeg dasturdeba somexTa
swrafva iqiTken, rom daepyroT qarTuli miwa-wyali. vinaidan
qarTvelebi somxebze didi xniT adre mkvidrobdnen amierkav-
kasiaSi da maT saamayo warsulic hqondaT im droisaTvis, ro-
desac somxebma qarTuli mxareebis dapyroba scades, cxadia,
qarTveli eri somexTa qarTvelebze gabatonebas ver Seegue-
boda.
qristes Sobamde pirveli saukunis da qristes Sobidan
1 ix. somexi xalxis istoria, mravaltomeuli, t. I, erevani, 1971 w., gv. 148
(somxur enaze). 2 r. gordeziani, qarTuli TviTSegnebis Camoyalibebis problema, Tb., 1993,
gv. 47.
20
pirveli aswleulis dasawyisis cnobili berZeni swavluli,
straboni gvauwyebs: “mogviTxroben armeniaze, rom pirvelad
is patara yofila, gazrdila artaqsiasa (artaSesis – a. a.) da
zariadris meSveobiT, romlebic pirvelad antioq didis sar-
dlebi iyvnen, xolo mere, misi damarcxebis Semdeg, gamefdnen,
erTi sofenes, akisenes, odomantissa da zog sxva [mxareSi],
xolo meore _ artaqsatas midamoebSi. amaT gazardes [qveyana
imis xarjze], rom mezobel xalxebs CamoaWres nawilebi; midi-
elTagan _ kaspiane, favniti da basoropeda; iberebs _ paria-
dres kalTebi, xorzene da gogarene, romelic mtkvris gadaR-
ma aris. xalibebisa da mosinikebisagan [waiRes] kareniti da
qserqsene, romlebic mcire armeniis mezoblad arian, Tu misi
nawilebi arian; kataonTagan _ akilisene da antitavrosTan
mdebare adgilebi, sirielTagan _ taroniti, ise rom yvelani
exla erT enaze laparakoben.’’1
Ees ambebi qristes Sobamde meore saukunis dasawyisSi
moxda. dadgenilia, rom somxebs im xanebSi daupyriaT qar-
Tuli mxareebi _ basiani, tao, speri, kola-artaani, qvemo qar-
Tlis nawili, SesaZloa, naxevari javaxeTic da sxvac. es mox-
da iseT politikur viTarebaSi, rodesac romis gaZlierebul-
ma saxelmwifom daamarcxa siriasa da mezobel qveynebSi ar-
sebuli selevkidebis samefo, romelic aleqsandre makedone-
lis mier Seqmnili imperiis daSlis Sedegad warmoiqmna. ro-
misa da selevkidebis samefos Soris omis dros iberiis same-
fo selevkidebis saxelmwifos mokavSire iyo, xolo somexTa
xelisufalni gandgomian selevkid mefes, antioq dids da mim-
xrobian roms. strabonisve cnobiT, “antioq didis sardlebis
(rodesac antioqi romaelebs ebrZoda) artaqsiasa da zariad-
risagan, [armenia] orad iyo gayofili. eseni marTavdnen, min-
dobili ki mefisagan (antioqisagan _ a. a.) hqondaT. [rodesac
mefe] damarcxda, isini SeuerTdnen romaelebs da moewyvnen
TavTavisTvis rogorc mefeebi’’.2 etyoba, romis mxardaWeriT,
daxmarebiT moxda, rom somxebma SeZles mezoblebis, kerZod,
1 T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tb.,
1957, gv. 189. 2 iqve , gv. 196.
21
qarTvelebis miwa-wylis erTi nawilis dapyroba.
somxur samecniero Tu popularul literaturaSi miRe-
bulia azri, rom strabonis mier moxsenebuli, somexTagan
dapyrobili qarTvelTa mxareebi adrec somxebis yofila, Sem-
dgomSi, TiTqos, qarTvelebs daupyriaT da qristes Sobamde
meore saukuneSi somxebs kvlav daubrunebiaT isini. es Sexe-
duleba gatarebulia, kerZod, zemoT dasaxelebul “somexi
xalxis istoriis” pirvel tomSi da “somxeTis istoriis” me-
xuTe klasis saxelmZRvaneloSic ki.Aam mosazrebis dasamtki-
ceblad araviTari masala ar arsebobs.1
“somexi xalxis istoriis” mravaltomeulis pirvel tom-
Si akademikosi suren eremiani aWarasac somxeTis nawilad ac-
xadebs: “vsaubrobT ra didi somxeTis teritoriuli cvlile-
bebis Taobaze 37 w. (qristes Sobidan _ a. a) sazavo xelSek-
rulebis mixedviT, aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom CrdiloeTi-
Tac Camocilebul iqna da qarTvelTa samefos SeuerTda didi
somxeTis Crdilo sanapiro mxare, goderZakani, romelic moi-
cavda... aWarisa da samcxis olqebs.” aWara didxans somxeTis
Semdgeneli nawili iyoo. “somxur sabWoTa enciklopediaSic”
acxadeben: kRarjqi (e. i. klarjeTi) ariso didi somxeTis gu-
garqis mxaris olqi. qristes Sobamde meSvide saukunis dasaw-
yisidan moeqca urartus samefos, xolo Semdgom didi somxe-
Tis SemadgenlobaSi. somxeTis arSakunTa samefos dacemis
(428 w.) Semdeg klarjeTi miaTvaleso qarTlis samarzpanos.
Semdeg omSi somxebma daibruneso es mxare. rac Seexeba aWa-
ras, is klarjeTis nawiliao, e.i. aWara saukuneTa ganmavloba-
Si somxeTis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodao.
araviTari masala ar arsebobs imis samtkiceblad, rom
aWara somxeTs daepyro da Tanac mravali saukunis manZilze
yofiliyo somxeTis nawili. marTalia, qristes Sobamde
pirvel aswleulSi somxeTis mefem, tigran II didma SeZlo
mravali qveynis Tu mxaris dapyroba, magram tigranis aram-
yari imperia mxolod ociode weliwads arsebobda da Semdeg
1 ix. a. abdalaZe, qvemo qarTli Zv. w. II saukunidan ax. w. IV saukunemde,
krebuli “dmanisi,” t. III, Tb., 2001; q. quTaTelaZe, qvemo qarTli, politi-
kuri istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2001, gv. 17,35.
22
daiSala. amasTanave, tigrani iyo pontos mefis, miTridate VI
evpatoris mokavSire da xSirad misi karnaxiTac moqmedeb-
da.Amis dasturia berZeni mematianis, apianes cnoba: “miTrida-
tem Seaguliana... tigrani, raTa igi Tavs dasxmoda kapadoki-
as.”Yyovel SemTxvevaSi, tigrani miTridatesTan SeTanxmebiT
moqmedebda manamde mainc, sanam romis saxelmwifosgan damar-
cxebis safrTxe daemuqreboda. amis Semdeg is male damarcxda
da dakninda kidec. dasavleT saqarTvelo ki miTridates gav-
lenis qveS iyo moqceuli da tigranic aWaras ver daipyrob-
da. miT ufro gamoricxulia somexTa SedarebiT susti, sxva
mefeebis mier aWaris dapyroba.
rac Seexeba gamoTqmas, termin did somxeTs, is Tavda-
pirvelad gaCnda imis gamo, rom somxeTis es nawili ganesxva-
vebinaT e. w. mcire somxeTisgan. mogvianebiT ki saxelwodeba
did somxeTSi imperiuli Sinaarsic Casdes. straboni rom aR-
niSnavs, somxeTsa da dapyrobil mxareebSi amJamad yvelani
erT enaze laparakobeno (igulisxmeba erTi saxelmwifo enis
daweseba), e. i. somxurado, cxadia, aqac somexTa imperiuli
miznebia asaxuli.
rogorc ukve iTqva, qarTvelebi ver Seeguebodnen somex-
Ta batonobas, somxeTis mier qarTuli mxareebis dapyrobas.
cnobilia, rom qristes Sobamde 65 wels iberiis samefos
jarma sisxlismRvreli brZolebi gaumarTa Zalian Zlieri
romis saxelmwifos jarebs, romelsac pompeusi sardlobda
da miznad iberiis dapyrobas isaxavda. dampyrobeli romis wi-
naaRmdeg brZolebSi qarTveli qalebic omobdnen da Seewir-
nen kidec samSoblos Tavisuflebas. romis saxelmwifo igive
tigraniseul somxeTze bevrad Zlieri iyo da tigransac ar
Seepuebodnen qarTvelebi. rogorc iTqva, tigranis imperia
ociode weliwadSi daingra, somexTa sxva mefeebi tigranze
gacilebiT sustebi iyvnen da didi xniT qarTuli mxareebis
dapyrobas, SenarCunebas ver SesZlebdnen.
qristes Sobamde II saukuneSi artaqsiamac (artaSesma)
rom daipyro qarTuli mxareebi, amis Semdeg male is damar-
cxda, selevkid mefesTan brZolaSi, tyvedac Cavarda. safiqre-
belia, qarTvelebi ukve im xanebSi ecdebodnen somexTagan mi-
tacebuli qarTuli mxareebis ukan dabrunebas. aseve, cnobi-
23
lia, rom tigran II didi, sanam mefe gaxdeboda, ufliswulo-
bis dros, aTi wlis manZilze parTiis (iranis) xelisuflebas
hyavda mZevlad, rac imdroindeli somxeTis sisustiT iyo gan-
pirobebuli. qarTvelebi am garemoebiTac isargeblebdnen da
Tu somxeTs kvlav hqonda mitacebuli qarTuli miwa-wyali (im
xanebSi da SemdgomSic qarTvel-somexTa Soris sadavod qceu-
li mxareebi xelidan xelSi gadadioda), Cveni winaprebi isev
ecdebodnen danakargis dabrunebas. amas gvafiqrebinebs is,
rom sanam somxebi Semogvitevdnen, Cven ukve istoriis grZeli
gza gvqonda gavlili, somxebTan SedarebiT amierkavkasiis ga-
cilebiT ufro Zvel mkvidrebad viTvlebodiT da tradiciac
Seqmniliyo imisa, rom qarTvelebi Tavis TviTmyofadobas,
erovnul meobas ar daTmobdnen, sanam dampyrobeli yvela qar-
Tvels ar mospobda, maT gvamebze ar gadaivlida. es Cveni qve-
ynis did-didma dampyroblebma ver SeZles somxebis asparezze
gamoCenamdec da miT ufro somxebi ver SeZlebdnen.
rodesac vsaubrobT amierkavkasiaSi qarTuli saxelmwi-
foebriobis siZveleze somxurTan SedarebiT, pirvel rigSi
vgulisxmobT Zveli kolxeTis samefos. istoriis mamad wode-
buli, qristes Sobamde mexuTe saukunis avtoris, herodotes
cnobiT, kolxebi warmoSobiT egviptelebi yofilan – qristes
Sobamde XIII aswleulSi egviptelTa jaris erTi nawili dar-
Ca, damkvidrda kolxeTSi da maTi naSieria kolxebio. mecni-
erTa umetesoba am Sexedulebas ar iziarebs, magram herodo-
tes cnobaSi is ambavi namdviladaa asaxuli, rom kolxebis,
viTarca uZvelesi kulturisa da saxelmwifoebriobis mqone
xalxis, Zvel egviptelebTan Sedareba SesaZlebeli yofila.
gavixsenoT berZnuli miTic Zveli kolxeTis Sesaxeb, sxva ma-
salebic da ufleba mogvecema davaskvnaT, rom Zveli kolxe-
Tis saxelmwifo sul cota 3500 wlis win ukve arsebobda.
Zveli kolxeTis samefo marto dasavleT saqarTvelos-
Tan ar unda gavaigivoT. masSi Sedioda aRmosavleT da sam-
xreT saqarTvelos erTi nawili mainc. am mxriv yuradRebas
iqcevs saxelwodeba kolxic. masSi –xi daboloebas, sufiqss
warmoadgens, fuZed ki gvrCeba kol. kola qarTul mxares er-
qva mtkvris saTaveSi, romelic dRes TurqeTis Semadgenloba-
Sia moqceuli qarTveli eris Savbedobis gamo. aRsaniSnavia,
24
rom Zveli berZnebi aseve qarTveli eris mouSuSebeli tkivi-
lis, ZirZveli qarTuli mxaris, taos mkvidrT taoxebs eZax-
dnen. kola taosTan SedarebiT Zalze patara mxarea da masa-
lebic mis Sesaxeb cota SemogvrCa, Torem, SesaZloa, taoxe-
bis analogiurad kolaelebisTvisac ewodebinaT kolaxebi,
kolxebi. erTi sityviT, eWvi ar unda Segveparos imaSi, rom
Zveli kolxeTi sruliad saqarTvelos gaerTianebas Seecde-
boda saukuneebis manZilze da ara marto dasavleT saqarTve-
losas. mogvianebiT yoveli saqarTvelos gaerTianebas cdi-
lobda iberiis samefo farnavazianTa dinastiiT saTaveSi. am-
gvar ltolvas safuZveli Cauyara, tradicia Seuqmna Zveli
kolxeTis samefom.
Zveli kolxeTis garda igive uZveles xanebSi arsebobda
diaoxis qarTuli saxelmwifoc. saxelwodeba diaoxi igivea,
rac taoxi anu tao. rogorc Cans, diaoxis saxelmwifos cen-
tralur nawils tao warmoadgenda. xsenebuli herodote did
tomad miiCnevs uZvelesi qarTuli mxaris speris (axlandeli
ispiri TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi) mkvidrT, sperelebs, ro-
melsac is sasperebs uwodebs.
qristes Sobamde IV saukunis damlevs Seiqmna iberiis
samefo centriT mcxeTaSi. is moicavda, kerZod, im qarTul
mxareebsac, romlebic somxebma daipyres qristes Sobamde meo-
re aswleulis dasawyisSi. straboni gvauwyebs, rom iberiele-
bi, qristes Sobamde meore saukunis mematianis, “apolodores
mtkicebis Tanaxmad, armenias esazRvrebian araqsiT”.1 aq SeiZ-
leba igulisxmebodes araqsis zemo dinebis auzi, magram yve-
la SemTxvevaSi faqtia, rom somxebi saerTodac gvian mkvidr-
debian araqsis CrdiloeTiT da amis Semdeg qarTuli miwa-
wylis dapyrobasac axerxeben. aRsaniSnavia, rom somxeTis
sazRvrebSi moqceul yarss Zvelad qarTuli saxeli kari,
karni erqva. aqedanaa miRebuli somxuri kars, xolo Turquli
enis gavleniT – yars, yarsi2.
strabonisve cnobiT, “mosxebis (mesxebis – a. a.) qveyana,
romelSic aris samlocvelo, sam nawils Seicavs: erTi misi
1 T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, gv. 81. 2 ix. a. SaniZe, qarTvelTa monasteri bulgareTSi, Tb., 1971, gv. 13.
25
nawili aqvT kolxebs, meore iberebs da mesame armenielebs”.1
aq, am SemTxvevaSi mosxebis qveyana, anu mesxeTi nagulisxmevia
farTo mniSvnelobiT. is moicavs samxreT da samxreT-dasav-
leT saqarTvelos. mesxeTi rom qarTuli miwa-wyalia, amaze,
wesiT da rigiT, somexi mecnierebi, saerTod, Wkuazemyofeli
adamiani ar unda Segvecilos. maSasadame, ZirZveli qarTuli
mxaris, mesxeTis nawili somxebs hqoniaT dapyrobili. rac Se-
exeba mesxeTis sxva nawilebis moqcevas iberiisa da kolxeTis
SemadgenlobaSi, es mesxebisaTvis ise mtkivneuli ar unda yo-
filiyo, rogorc somxeTis mier mesxeTis erTi nawilis mita-
ceba, rameTu iberiasa da kolxeTSi mesxebi TavianT qarTul
ier-saxes SeinarCunebdnen. ufro metic, qarTuli saxelmwi-
fos sazRvrebSi moqceuli mesxeTi, mesxebi iberielebTan da
kolxebTan erTad Seecdebodnen somxeTis mier dapyrobili
mesxeTis nawilis gaTavisuflebas somexTa batonobisagan.
mesxeTi rom iberiis samefos nawili unda yofiliyo da
ara somxeTisa, amas kanonzomierad miiCnevs meeqvse saukunis
cnobili berZeni mematiane prokopi kesarielic: “iberiis gas-
wvriv cxovroben ZveliTganve iberTa qveSevrdomi mesxebi, ro-
melTac mTebSi aqvT sabinadro adgilebi. mesxeTis mTebi arc
mwiria da arc nayofierebas moklebuli, aramed savsea yovel-
gvari sikeTiT, radganac mesxebic marjve miwismuSebi arian
da iq venaxebic aris. am qveyanaSi mTebic metad maRalia,
uzarmazari… amaT ukan aRmosavleTiT aris iberia”2.
somxeTis samefos sazRvrebSi moqceul qarTul mxareeb-
Si qarTvelTa gasomxeba uceb ver moxdeboda, amas xangrZlivi
dro sWirdeboda, metadre uZveles epoqebsa da adre Sua sau-
kuneebSi. amas ganapirobebda is, rom qarTvelebs ukve im xa-
nebSi gamokveTili TviTmyofadoba, erovnuli saxe gaaCndaT.
am mxriv gasaTvaliswinebelia somexi mecnieris, n. adoncis
azric: “mdebareobda ra xalxTa didi moZraobis gzajvaredin-
ze, igi (somxeTi – a. a.) itovebda da isrutavda Tavis niadag-
ze bevr rasobriv mimdinareobasa da tomobriv nakadebs. qvey-
1 T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, gv. 125. 2 georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, s. yaux-
CiSvilis gamocema, t. II, Tb., 1965, gv. 127.
26
nis pirobebi xels ar uwyobda asimilacias: maRali mTagrexi-
lebi, romlebic seravdnen qveyanas yoveli mimarTulebiT,
qmnidnen xevxuvebis qsels, romelTagan TiToeuli warmoad-
genda tomobrivi Taviseburebebis dacvisaTvis uaRresad xel-
sayrel Caketil garemos”.1 es debuleba gansakuTrebiT SeiZ-
leba mivusadagoT im epoqebs, sanam somxuri eklesia gamokve-
Tilad erovnul mimarTulebas miiRebda da qveynis cxovreba-
Si umniSvnelovanesi rolis Sesrulebas itvirTavda. mniSvne-
loba hqonda am mxriv somxuri damwerlobis Seqmnas da som-
xuri mwerlobis gaCenas mexuTe saukunidan.
ufro adrindel somxeTSi, kerZod, somxeTis mier dap-
yrobil ucxo mxareebSi, rogorc wesi, ar arsebobdnen iseTi
Zalebi, ar moqmedebdnen sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis imgvari
faqtorebi, romlebic sxvadasxva xalxebis, metadre qarTve-
lebis gasomxebas, maTi TviTmyofadobis waSla-gaqrobas gamo-
iwvevdnen.
cnobilia, rom qristes Sobidan I-II saukuneebi iberiis
samefos Zlierebis xanaa. amis Sesaxeb moTxrobilia berZnul-
laTinur wyaroebSi, kerZod, tacitusisa da dion kasiusis
saistorio TxzulebebSi. “ax. w. I-II saukuneebSi, rodesac qar-
Tlis (anu iberiis – a. a.) samefo2 politikur aRmavlobas ga-
nicdis, eWvi ar aris, misgan adre waRebuli teritoriebi mis-
save farglebSi Semodioda”.3 igulisxmeba, kerZod, somxeTis
mier dapyrobili qarTuli mxareebis dabruneba qarTvelTagan
qristes Sobidan pirvel aswleulSi. ufro metic, im xanebSi
iberiis mefe farsman I cdilobda daemorCilebina mTeli som-
xeTi. qristes Sobidan I saukuneSi somxeTis samefo taxtze
qarTveli mefeebi, jer farsman I-is Zma miTridate, xolo Sem-
deg misive vaJi radamisti akurTxes.4
1 n. adonci, somxeTi iustinianes epoqaSi, erevani, 1971, gv. 392 (rusul ena-
ze). 2 qarTli am SemTxvevaSi ixmareba farTo mniSvnelobiT. qarTlis samefo-
Si Sedioda zogjer mTeli saqarTveloc an, ufro xSirad, Cveni qveynis
didi nawili. kaxeTi, mag., im xanebSi qarTlis samefos ganuyofeli nawi-
lia. 3 d. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis ZiriTadi sakiT-
xebi, I, Tb., 1977, gv. 80. 4 saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I, Tb., 1970, gv. 511-516.
27
tacitusis mixedviT, farsman pirveli “ufro amwvavebda
ZveliTgan momdinare mtrobasa da siZulvils armenielebis
mimarT”. es mtroba da siZulvili momdinareobda iqedan, rom
somxeTi qristes Sobamde II-I saukuneebSi cdilobda qarTuli
mxareebis dapyrobas, rasac omebSi gamowrTobili qarTveli
eri ver Seurigdeboda. tacitusisve cnobiT, qristes Sobidan
58 wels farsman I-is brZanebiT, somxeTSi SeiWrnen mesxebi.1
marTalia, farsman I romis imperiis mokavSire iyo, magram
roms iberiis samefos metismetad gaZliereba ar awyobda da
is yoveli RoniT cdilobda iberiis samefos somxeTi ar Se-
erTebina. romis imperiis xelisufalni TviTon isaxavdnen sa-
boloo miznad rogorc somxeTis, aseve saqarTvelos dapyro-
bas. romis imperiis veraguli politikis dasturad gamodgeba
erTi aseTi magaliTic: qristes Sobidan III saukuneSi roms
sparseTis winaaRmdeg omebSi Zalian daexmara palmiris mefe.
roms im xanebSi uWirda gaZlierebuli sasanianTa2 sparseTis
Setevebis mogerieba. palmiris mefis jarma am Sexla-Semoxla-
Si mravalgzis daamarcxa sparselebi. romis imperias ar aw-
yobda arc misi mokavSiris, palmiris gaZliereba. romaelebma
mospes kidec palmiris samefo 273 wels.
marTalia, farsman I-s romma ar darTo neba, SeerTebina
somxeTi, magram iberiis mefem garkveul warmatebas mainc mi-
aRwia. tacitusis sityviT, romis imperiis xelisufalTagan
“nabrZanebi iyo armeniis garkveuli nawilebi damorCilebod-
nen farasmanes” (e. i. farsman I-s), misi samefos mosazRvre.
dion kasiusis mixedviTac, saqarTvelo-somxeTs Soris sada-
vod qceuli mxareebi I-II saukuneebSi iberiis samefos Semad-
genlobaSia, II-III aswleulTa mijnazec mtkvris orive mxares
somxebi ki ara, qarTvelebi (iberielebi) cxovrobdnen.3 qris-
tes Sobidan I saukunis romaeli avtoris, plinius ufrosis
cnobiTac, qvemo qarTlis samxreTi nawili, taSiri iberiis
samefos SemadgenlobaSia. qristes Sobidan I-II aswleulebis
berZeni JamTaaRmwerlis, plutarqes Tanaxmad, “mdinare mtkva-
1 tacitusi,analebi,XIII. 37. 2 sparseTis imdroindeli mmarTveli dinastiaa. 3 T. yauxCiSvili,saqarTvelos istoriis Zveli berZnuli wyaroebi,Tb., 1976,
gv. 196-206.
28
ri iberTa mTebidan gamodis, gzaze somxeTidan momaval
araqss ierTebs da Tormeti SesarTaviT kaspiis zRvaSi Cadis.1
somxeTis istoriis mamad miCneuli movses xorenacis
cnobiT, somexTa mefe artaSesma (es igive straboniseuli ar-
taqsiaa, romelsac qarTuli miwa-wyali daupyria) “Tavisi asu-
li, artaSama miaTxova vinme mihrdats,qarTvelTa did piti-
axSs.” aq igulisxmeba qvemo qarTlis, straboniseuli gogare-
nes (somxuri saxelwodebiT gugarqis) pitiaxSi.2 maSasadame,
movses xorenaci artaSesianTa xanis gogarenes sapitiaxSos
qarTvelTa sapitiaxSos uwodebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom som-
xeTma SesZlo gogarenes (qvemo qarTlis an misi erTi nawi-
lis saxelwodebaa) garkveuli xniT dapyroba. saerTodac, xo-
renaci qvemo qarTls qarTul miwa-wylad miiCnevs da ara som-
xurad, Tumca misi saTanado cnobebi bundovania, CaxlarTu-
lia. es, albaT, gamowveulia imiT, rom somexTa survili iyo
qvemo qarTli somxeTis organuli nawili gamxdariyo.
movses xorenaci axsenebs gugarelTa pitiaxSs aSuSasac
da mis samTavros, taSiris mxares.3 arSuSa anu aSuSa gugare-
Tis, qvemo qarTlis Tu misi erTi nawilis pitiaxSia mexuTe
saukunis 20-50-ian wlebSi. igi mama iyo avad saxsenebeli, sa-
qarTvelos moRalate varsqen pitiaxSisa. yuradRebas ipyrobs,
Tu ratom ixsenieba somxur wyaroebSi (koriuni, xorenaci)
arSuSa taSiris mTavrad. d. musxeliSvilis sityviT, xorena-
cis saTanado cnoba “arSuSas mflobelobis gaorebul xasi-
aTs gulisxmobs: rogorc feodali, igi memkvidreobiT mflo-
belia, mTavaria taSirisa, xolo rogorc centraluri xeli-
suflebis warmomadgeneli anu moxele _ gugarqis pitiaxSia”.
aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierTi somexi mkvlevarisaTvis (mag.,
“lores kvirikiani mefeebis istoriis“ avtoris, R. movsesia-
nisTvis) saxelwodebebi _ gugarqi da taSiri sinonimebia. “ta-
Siris “ ornairi, viwro da farTo azriT, mniSvnelobiT gamo-
yeneba dadasturebulia X-XI saukuneebSic.4
1 Pplutarqe, rCeuli biografiebi, a. uruSaZis gamocema, Tb. 1975,gv. 329. 2 Mmovses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, a. abdaliZis gamocema, Tb.,1984, gv.
111, 266. 3 iqve, gv.231. 4 r. maTevosiani, taSir-Zorageti, erevani, 1982, gv. 58 (somxur enaze).
29
movses xorenacis mier gugarelTa pitiaxSad moxsenie-
bul aSuSas V aswleulis meore naxevris somexi mematiane
lazar farpeci xSirad axsenebs da mis Sesaxeb ambobs: “qar-
TvelTa qveynidan bdeSxi (pitiaxSi _ a. a.) aSuSa”... “qarTlis
bdeSxi aSuSa”... “qarTlis iSxani (mTavari _ a. a.) aSuSa”... sa-ubrobs ra sparseTis xelisuflebisagan Seviwroebul hmaiak
mamikonianis colze, mis Sesaxeb lazar farpeci ambobs: “Ta-
visi vaJebi man aRzarda da aswavla maT qarTlis qveyanaSi,
qarTlis bdeSx aSuSas saxlSi.”1 maSasadame, gugareTi, gugar-
qi, straboniseuli gogarene lazar farpecisTvis qarTlis,
iberiis samefos nawilia.
IX_X saukuneebis somexi mematiane (romelic somexTa ka-
Tolikos-patriarqic iyo) ovanes drasxanakertci gvauwyebs:
“exla me mWmunvare da sevdian ambavs mogiTxrobT: Cvenma me-
zoblebma da xalxebma, Cvens garSemo rom arian, berZnebma,
megrelebma (dedanSia _ egriselebi _ a. a.), gugarelebma da
utielebma _ kavkasiis Ziras mosaxle Crdiloelma tomebma
gadawyvites sakuTari ZaliT exsnaT Tavi... magram Semdeg maT
avazakebi da mekobreebi Seerivnen [da] Cveni qveynis winaaRm-
deg sabrZolvelad wamovidnen. yvelaze [didi ubedureba] ma-
inc is iyo, rac maTgan Tavs gadaxda RmrTivnaSen eklesiebs:
garemoedvnen maT da daarRvies, waaxdines da gaauqmes. mrava-
li qveyana2 udabnod, gauval da urwyul [adgilad] aqcies,
TiTqmis iseT qveynad, sadac ar gauvlia kacs da arc Ze kaci-
sa [iq odesme] damkvidrebula. amrigad, gaSenebuli daba udab-
nod iqca. erTmaneTTan Setakebis dros didZali sisxli daiR-
vara, Cveni qveyana gvamebiT aivso. saerTod, did-Zali alafi
da nadavli waiRes TiToeuli qveynisTvis Tanabrad. ase gau-
kacrielda, umemkvidrod darCa, gapartaxda da dakarga brwyi-
nvaleba Cvenma dabebma da soflebma. isini nareklian yanebad
iqcnen. gadaxma yanebi da saZovrebi. Cveni qalaqebi ki daemxo
mosaxleobis gadaSenebis gamo. miwaTmoqmedni daZabundnen.
glovam moicva [yvela]. ase amgvarad mogvezRo Cven Cveni upa-
1 Ll.-n. janaSia, lazar farpecis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tb., 1962,
gv. 218, 226, 234, 235, 239, 242. 2 Aam SemTxvevaSi somxeTis calkeuli mxareebi igulisxmeba.
30
tiobis gamo da asrulda Cvenze esaias winaswarmetyveleba:
“queyana Tqueni oxer ars, qalaqni Tquenni cecxliT momwuar,
sayofelsa Tquensa winaSe ucxoni SeSWamden, da mooxrebul
ars da daqceul erisagan ucxo TeslTaisa.”
amgvarad ganvicadeT ra Wiri da umweoba ucxo avazakTa-
gan, Cveni qveynis mefeebs, mTavrebs, Tavkacebsa da naxararebs
(erisTavebs _ a. a.) davuwyeT cqera [imedis TvaliT]”...1 aSka-raa, rom somexTa kaTolikos-patriarqi ovanes drasxanaker-
tci (am saxeldebis qarTuli formaa ioane drasxanakerteli)
iseve ar miiCnevs gugareTis (gugarqis, gogarenes) mkvidr gug-
arelebs somxebad, rogorc berZnebsa da egriselebs. amasTa-
nave, ovanesi gugarelebad Tvlis zogjer mTeli aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mosaxleobas. maSasadame, gugarelebi ovanesis-
Tvis igive qarTvelebia. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Zvelad somxe-
bi qvemo qarTlis erT nawils “vrac daSts,” e.i. “qarTvelTa
vels” eZaxdnen. somexi mecnierebi ki miiCneven, rom qvemo qar-
Tli, gugarqi (gogarene) somxuri miwa-wyalia. “somxur sabWo-
Ta enciklopediaSic” ki (saTanado monakveTis avtoria amJa-
mad somxeTis upirvelesi qarTvelologi p. muradiani) SaviT
TeTrze sweria, rom somxeT-saqarTvelos politikuri da eT-
nografiuli sazRvari mtkvris Sua wels gasdevda.
Qqristes Sobidan I saukunis romaeli avtori pliniusi
ixseniebs “armenoxalibebs”.2 Aamgvari saxelwodebis gaCena, Ce-
mi azriT, imis Sedegia, rom somxebma qristes Sobamde II as-
wleulis dasawyisSi daipyres xalibTa qarTuli (qarTvelu-
ri) tomis qveyana, mxare an misi erTi nawili. rogorc etyoba,
somxebs saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi xalibTa gasomxeba ver mou-
xerxebiaT. aseve ver gaasomxebdnen isini sxva qarTul tomeb-
sac. amas xels SeuSlida, kerZod, is, rom qarTvelebi ganuw-
yvetliv ibrZodnen somexTagan dapyrobili qarTuli mxaree-
bis gasaTavisufleblad.
cnobilia, rom iberiis samefo friad gaZlierda qris-
tes Sobidan II saukuneSi, farsman II qvelis mefobis Jams.
1 ioane drasxanakerteli, somxeTis istoria, e. cagareiSvilis gamocema,
Tb., 1965, gv. 177-179. 2 ix. T. yauxCiSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis Zveli berZnuli wyaroebi, gv.
161.
31
farsmani ar epueboda romis uzarmazar, uZlieres imperias.
masTan WidilSi farsman qvelma Rirseulad daicva Tavisi
eris sasicocxlo interesebi. farsmanis mefobis wlebSi ibe-
riis samefom SeZlo dasavleT saqarTveloSi samflobelos
gafarToeba da romis imperiis winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad,
Sav zRvaze gasasvlelic moipova. romis xelisufleba bolos
da bolos iZulebuli gaxda farsman qveli Seerigebina da
iberiis samefos mimarT daTmobebze wasuliyo. II-III saukunee-
bis berZeni mematiane dion kasiusi mogviTxrobs: “roca fa-
rasmanes iberieli meuRlesTan erTad romSi Cavida, (antoni-
nus piusma) gaudida mas samflobelo, neba darTo kapitoli-
umSi msxverpli Seewira, misi cxenosani qandakeba aRmarTa
marsis moedanze da TviTon (e.i. romis imperatori _ a. a.) uyu-
rebda farasmanesis, misis vaJis da sxva iberi Tavkacebis as-
parezobas”.1 imdroindeli somxeTi ar warmodgenda Zlier sa-
xelmwifos da Tu mis SemadgenlobaSi moqceuli iyo qarTu-
li miwa-wyali, ueWvelia, farsman qveli SeZlebda maT dabru-
nebas. es exeba ara marto qvemo qarTls, aramed basians, taos,
spers, kola-artaans. aki farsmanma qarTuli mxareebis erTi
nawili mainc daicva TviT romis imperiis agresiisganac.
qarTvelebi, marTalia, ar apirebdnen somxeTis batono-
bas Seguebodnen, magram faqtia isic, rom qristes Sobamde II
saukunis dasawyisidan somxebi drodadro axerxebdnen zo-
gierTi qarTuli mxaris dapyrobas. ismis kiTxva: riTi iyo es
gamowveuli? mTavari mizezia is, rom uZveles xanebSi dasav-
leT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos erT saxelmwifoSi mtkiced
gaerTieneba ver xerxdeboda. gaerTianebis cdebi uTuod iyo
jer kidev Zveli kolxeTis saxelmwifos arsebobis dros,
SemdgomSi farnavazis, farsman II qvelis mefobis Jams da sxva
xanebSic, magram am mxriv didi warmatebebi ver moipoves Cven-
ma winaprebma. es ZiriTadad ganpirobebuli iyo dampyrobTa
xSiri SemosevebiT. yuradReba unda mieqces, kerZod, im gare-
moebas, rom saqarTvelo, saxeldobr, misi dasavleT nawili,
Savi zRvispira qveyanaa. dampyroblebs ar surdaT, saqarTve-
lo Zlier sazRvao saxelmwifod qceuliyo. am mizniT isini
1 iqve, gv. 206.
32
xels uSlidnen saqarTvelos gaerTianebasac, gaZlierebas.
erTiani, Zlevamosili saqarTvelo ar dauSvebda Savi zRvis
qarTul sanapiroze dampyrobTa batonobas, parpaSs. cal-cal-
ke aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT ki
somxeTi ufro didi qveyana iyo.
somxeTis xelisuflebam uZvelesi droidanve miznad da-
isaxa mTels kavkasiaSi gabatoneba. amis Taobaze cnobebi, ma-
salebi daculia Zvel somex mematianeTa, kerZod, movses xo-
renacis, TxzulebebSi. xorenaci mogviTxrobs: “arSak didi,
sparsTa da parTelTa mefe, romelic tomiT parTeli1 iyo,
rogorc amboben, aujanyda makedonelebs da gamefda mTels
aRmosavleTsa da asureTSi; mokla ra nineviaSi antioqiis me-
fe, daimorCila man mTeli qveyana. arSakma Tavisi Zalaufle-
bis simtkicisaTvis mizanSewonilad CaTvala misi Zma valar-
Saki2 gaemefebina somxeTSi. sataxto qalaqad gadasca mas ni-
zibini, xolo samflobelod gamouyo dasavleT asureTis er-
Ti nawili, palestina, azia, mTeli Sua xmeleTi, Tetalia,
pontos zRvidan im adgilamde, sadac kavkasiis [mTa] uerTdeba
dasavleTis zRvas3, agreTve atropatena.
4 “sxvac [Seni iyoso],
uTxra mas, ramdensac Seni goneba da simamace miswvdeba, rame-
Tu vaJkacT iseTive sazRvrebi aqvT, ra zomiTac maTi iaraRi
gasWris5”. rogorc vxedavT, iranis Sahs somxeTis mefisTvis,
TiTqos, mravali qveyana, uzarmazari teritoria gadaucia
samflobelod, misTvisve daurTavs neba, daepyro sxva qveyne-
bic da xorenaci mTel kavkasiasac somxeTis samefos Semad-
genlobaSi rom aqcevdes, es raRa gasakviria.
xorenacis mixedviT, somxeTis mefe artaSesi mfarvelob-
da alan-osebs Crdilo kavkasiaSi. es ambavi ase momxdara: “im
xanebSi alanebi SeuTanxmdnen yvela mTielebs, miimxres qar-
TvelTa naxevari qveyanac da didZali laSqriT moefinnen Cve-
1 parTuli ena ekuTvnis iranul enaTa ojaxis Crdilo-dasavlur jgufs. 2 X saukunidan es saxeli somxur enaSi gamoiTqmis, rogorc vaRarSaki. 3 pontos zRva Savi zRvaa, dasavleTis zRvaSi ki nagulisxmevia kaspiis
zRva. dasavleTis zRvad misi moxsenieba gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu gamovalT
parTelTa (iranelTa) TvalTaxedvis aridan. 4 ase ewodeboda samxreT anu iranis azerbaijans. 5 movses xoranaci, somxeTis istoria. 1984, gv. 67.
33
ns (e.i. somxebis _ a. a) miwa-wyals1. artaSesmac Sehyara Tavisi
mravalricxovani jari da atyda omi or mamac, mSvildosan
naTesavs (xalxs, ers – a. a.) Soris. alanebma cota ukan dai-
wies, gadalaxes didi mdinare mtkvari da daibanakes mis
Crdilo napirze. artaSesi mihyva maT da daisadgura [mtkvris]
samxreTiT; [metoqeebs] mdinare hyofda erTmaneTisagan.
radgan somexma meomrebma Seipyres alani ufliswuli da
mihgvares artaSess, alanTa mefem zavi iTxova; [igi dahpirda]
artaSess, rom rasac moiwadinebda, miscemda...…roca artaSesma uari Tqva [datyvevebuli] moymis ganTavisuflebaze, maSin im
Wabukis da avida mdinaris napirze mdebare erT borcvze da
TarjimanTa meSveobiT gasZaxa artaSesis banakisaken”... mSveni-
eri alani asuli aRiarebda artaSesis vaJkacobas, alanTa da-
marcxebas da zavs, agreTve Zmis tyveobidan gaTavisuflebas
iTxovda. somexTa mefes moswonebia alanTa mefis asuli, saxe-
lad saTeniki da misi colad SerTva ganuzraxavs. motacebiT
Tu alanTa mefesTan SeTanxmebiT artaSess SeurTavs kidec
saTeniki: “saTeniki pirveli gaxda artaSesis colebs Soris.”
xorenacisve cnobiT, artaSesis sardals, smbats dau-
laSqravs Crdilo kavkasia: “ubrZana mas artaSesma, rom waey-
vana jari da wasuliyo alanTa qveyanaSi saTenikis Zmis da-
saxmareblad, rameTu saTenikis mamis sikvdilis Semdeg mZlav-
robiT viRac sxva gamefebuliyo alanTa qveyanaSi da igi dev-
nida saTenikis Zmas. smbatma gaagdo, gaaZeva is da gaabatona
im mxareSi saTenikis Zma, imisi mowinaaRmdegeebis qveyana da-
arbia, daatyveva iqaurebi da artaSatSi2 wamoasxa uricxvi su-
li”3. ise gamodis, rom somxeTisTvis did siZneles ar warmo-
adgenda Crdilo kavkasiis, kerZod, oseTis dalaSqvra. sinam-
dvileSi es ase ar yofila. somexTa jari oseTSi rom Sesu-
liyo, mas unda gaevlo aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTi.
1 iberielebi da alan-osebi somxeTSi SeiWren qristes Sobidan I saukunis
70-ian wlebSi. 2 somxeTis erT-erTi dedaqalaqi, artaSati Seqmnilia qristes Sobamde II
saukunis pirvel naxevarSi iq, sadac md. mewamori uerTdeba md. araqss
(erevnis samxreTiT). mas, damaarseblis, artaSes I-is saxelis mixedviT ar-
taSati ewoda _ ix. “somexi xalxis istoria,” I, gv. 850 (somxur enaze). 3 Mmovses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984, gv. 141-144.
34
amas qarTvelTa nebarTvis gareSe did-didi dampyroblebi ver
axerxebdnen da somxeTi miT ufro ver SeZlebda.
naTqvamis dasturad erT faqts movitanT. cnobilia, rom
arabTa saxalifos sardalma, buRa Turqma IX saukunis Sua
xanebSi dalaSqra, daarbia amierkavkasiis qveynebi. “matiane
qarTlisais” ucnobi avtori mogviTxrobs: “movida buRa Tur-
qi, mona, baRdadiT (baRdadidan _ a. a.), romeli gamoegzavna
amir-mumnsa, spiTa didiTa: Semusra yoveli somxiTi da tyue
yvna yovelni mTavarni maTni. da movida da moadga qalaqsa
tfilissa... Semusra tfilisi, dawua cecxliTa da moaoxrna
yovelni areni misni.
Dda Tevdosi, mefe afxazTa, gamovida winaaRdgomad misa,
da dadga kuercxobs. xolo buRa, viTarca cna, waravlina zi-
raq, spasalari Tvisi, da bagrat, Ze aSot kurapalatisa: Seib-
nes da gaaqcivnes afxazni, da moswyda simravle uricxvi. da
Tevdosi mefe warvida meoti gzasa dvaleTisasa”. buRa Turqi
“movida WarTaleTs, da dadga mun Sina; aRiyvanna mTiulTagan
mZevalni, kaci samasi, da lamoda Seslvasa ovseTad, da Sevi-
da cxavatamdis.”Gguaram mamfalma da kidev erTma erisTavma
“miuweres mTiulTa, raTa ara SeuSuan. xolo maT gawirnes
mZevalni maTni.1 uSvelan RmerTman: rameTu movida Tovli, da-
udges wina da Seebnes. mosca RmerTman Zleva, da mokuda
uricxvi eri sarkinozTa; da cxenman maTman Zova ieli, da da-
ixoca friad. xolo simravlisagan laSqrisa ara aCnda dak-
leba, rameTu iyo simravle misi viTar asoci aTasi.” buRa
Turqi “Seiqca gare da daizamTra bardavs”.2
is rac SeuZlebeli gaxda uzarmazari arabTa imperiis-
Tvis, e.i. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis gavliT oseTSi
SeWra, miuRweveli iqneboda somxeTis samefosTvisac. movses
xorenaci Tu amas advil saqmed miiCnevs, es imitom, rom misi
da saerTod Zveli somxuri ideologiis mixedviT, somxeTi
mTeli kavkasiis baton-patroni, somxoba wamyvani eri iyo da
mis nebas verc erTi kavkasieli xalxi win ver aRudgeboda.
1 Ees ganwiruli 300 mTiuli 300 aragvelTa Rirseul winaprebad SeiZleba
miviCnioT. 2 ix. qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, s. yauxCiSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1955, gv. 256.
35
xorenaci, saubrobs ra somxeTis mefis, tigran I-is Sesa-
xeb, aRniSnavs, rom tigranis erT-erTi vaJi iyoo vahagni.
Tqmulebis mixedviTo, “vahagni SeebrZola da sZlia veSapebs,
mas heraklesaviT vaJkacad Tvlian.Aamboben agreTve, rom igi
gaaRmerTes, qarTvelTa qveyanaSi Tavisi zomis qandakebac da-
udges da Tayvans scemdnen, msxverpls swiravdnen. vahagnis
STamomavlebia vahunebi.”1 sinamdvileSi arc erTi somexi uf-
liswuli, miT umetes, vahunebi saqarTveloSi ar gauRmerTebi-
aT, msxverpls ar swiravdnen maT. amgvari akviatebuli war-
modgenebi isev da isev somxuri ideologiis nayofia, misgan
gamomdinareobs. am sakiTxze sagangebo msjeloba maqvs gamar-
Tuli xorenacis “somxeTis istoriis” Cemeul gamocemaSi da
aq sityvas aRar gavagrZeleb.
Tu rodis cxovrobda da saqmianobda movses xorenaci,
es dRemde garkveuli ar aris. mkvlevarni asaxeleben sxvada-
sxva saukuneebs, mexuTidan mecxre aswleulamde. rogorc et-
yoba, xorenacis xanaSi somxeTi dasustebuli iyo. aman gamo-
iwvia avtoris godeba: “dagtiri Sen, somexTa qveyanav, dagti-
ri Sen, yovelTa CrdiloelTa Soris gamorCeulo.’’2 maSasada-
me, CrdiloeTis xalxebTan, tomebTan, erebTan SedarebiT som-
xebi rCeuli eri yofila. ukve movitane xorenacis is cnoba,
Tu ra vrceli teritoria gadasca iranis Sahma arSakma som-
xeTis mefe valarSaks samflobelod.Aamis Taobaze movsesi
Tavisi wignis sxva adgilas ase iuwyeba: “arSakma im xanebSi
somexTa qveyanaSi Tavisi Zma, valarSaki gaamefa, misca mas
sabrZaneblad CrdiloeTi da dasavleTi”.3 “dasavleTSi” aq,
pirvel rigSi, SeiZleba igulisxmebodes zemoT motanili xo-
renaciseuli cnobis “mTeli Sua xmeleTi.” VII saukunis som-
xur “geografiaSi”,4 romlis avtoradac amJamad anania Sira-
kacia miCneuli, “Sua xmeleTi” ewodeba berZenTa da pontos, e.
i. xmelTaSua da Sav zRvebs Soris moTavsebul miwa-wyals
anu mcire azias. aSkaraa, rom somxeTis CrdiloeTiT mcxov-
1 Mmovses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, gv. 94-95. 2 Mmovses xorenaci, gv.240. 3 iqve, gv. 101. 4 es Txzuleba samecniero literaturaSi somxuri,”aSxarhacuicis” sa-
xelwodebiTac gvxvdeba.
36
reb xalxTa Soris xorenaci qarTvelebsac gulisxmobs da
maTTan SedarebiTac miiCnevs somxebs rCeul erad.Aamdenad,
somxuri ideologiiT, qarTvelebs xeli ar unda SeeSalaT
somxebisTvis mTels kavkasiaSi gabatonebis saqmeSi _ piriqiT,
qarTvelebi moxaruli unda iyono, Tu somexTa “rCeuli eri”
kavkasiis patronobas itvirTaveno. kavkasiis erTianoba uamrav
dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg omebSi, cxadia, sasurveli iyo, magram
es ver moxdeboda somxuri gegmis mixedviT_qarTveli eri ver
Seegueboda Cveni qveynis gadaqcevas somxeTis nawilad, mis
provinciad, saqarTvelos gasomxurebas, qarTvelTa gasom-
xebas.
Aama Tu im qveynis geografiul mdebareobas Zvel xaneb-
Si, imroindeli santransporto saSualebebis ganuviTareblo-
bis gamoc, kidev ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda, vidre am-
Jaad. kavkasiis centrs warmoadgenda saqarTvelo, metadre,
aRosavleTi saqarTvelo da ara somxeTi. qarTvelTa dedaqa-
laqebi, mcxeTa da Tbilisi swored kavkasiis SuagulSi mde-
bareoben, rasac ver vityviT somxeTis dedaqalaqebze. amde-
nad, kavkasiis gaerTianeba, darazmva qarTuli droSis irgv-
liv ufro advili iyo, vidre somxuri droSis qveS. amas som-
xebi rom xedavdnen, yoveli RoniT cdilobdnen aRmosavleT
da samxreT saqarTveloSi gabatonebas, raTa amis Semdeg ga-
advilebodaT mTeli kavkasiis dapyroba. qarTvelebi, saqar-
Tvelos mtkiced gaerTienebamdec ki, Seupovrad ibrZodnen
somxuri agresiis winaaRmdeg, amsxvrevdnen somexTa gegmebs.
ilia WavWavaZis Tanamoazre, cnobili istorikosi dimit-
ri baqraZe1 gadaWriT acxadebda: “qarTvelebi meomruli su-
liskveTebiT gamoirCeodnen da maTi gandevna mSobliuri ad-
gilebidan SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod maTze Zlieri mtris xan-
grZlivi SeteviT; qarTvelebi rogorc ricxobrivad, ise fi-
zikuri ZaliT, Tu ar aRematebodnen, ar Camouvardebodnen ma-
inc somxebs. amitom somxebs SeeZloT mxolod drodadro mie-
tacebinaT maTTvis miwa-wyali, daesaxlebinaT maTs teritori-
1 aRsaniSnavia, rom iliam d. baqraZis dakrZalvisas miitana gvirgvini war-
weriT: “saflavi SenisTana kacisa salocavia mamulisa.” saerTodac, ilia
miiCnevda, rom saqarTvelos istoriis mkvlevarni did erovnul saqmes
akeTebdnen, vinc keTilsindisierad iRwvoda.
37
aze Tavisi moaxalSeneebi, magram Zala ar SeswevdaT sabolo-
od waeglijaT maTTvis miwa-wyali. ase Sexeda am sakiTxs som-
xeTis istoriis saukeTeso mcodnem, cnobilma orientalistma
sen-martenma, romelic, miuxedavad somxebisadmi erTgvari mi-
kerZoebisa, iZulebuli iyo eRiarebina, rom Woroxis, mtkvris,
evfratisa da araqsis wyalgamyofi qedi, ori eris, somxebisa
da qarTvelebis, mudmivi sazRvari iyo, da rom somxebi, maTi
mwerlebis mtkicebis miuxedavad, Tu gadascdebodnen TavianT
bunebriv sazRvrebs, mxolod droebiT, magram ar SeeZloT Se-
moemtkicebinaT dapyrobili miwa-wyali. sen-martenis es Sexe-
duleba savsebiT eTanxmeba qarTul cnobebs, saidanac Cans,
rom somxebi zogjer marTlac waaglejdnen saqarTvelos zo-
gierT kuTxes, magram atydeboda brZola da saqarTvelo
kvlav ibrunebda Tavisas.
mTeli Woroxis auzi da mtkvris zemo weli, mokle Sua-
ledis gamoklebiT, yovelTvis saqarTvelos xelSi rom iyo,
amas cxadyofs Semdegi cnobebi: saxelebi mTebis, mdinareebis,
cixeebisa da mTeli ubnebisa, Cvens welTaRricxvamde didi
xniT adre rom warmoiSva1”... somxebi SeZlebdnen Tu qarTvelebi kavkasiis gaerTiane-
bas, es garkveulwilad damokidebuli iyo imazec, vin moaxer-
xebda Tavisi gavlenis qveS moeqcia Crdilo kavkasiis meomari
tomebi, xalxebi. Crdilo kavkasielebi xSirad arbevdnen sa-
qarTvelosa da somxeTs, magram ufro meti safrTxe maTgan
Cvens qveyanas emuqreboda, rameTu Crdilo kavkasia uSualod
saqarTvelos esazRvreboda da ara somxeTs. saqarTvelos
mSvidoba, gaZliereba ar eRirseboda, Tu Crdilo kavkasiaze
Tavis gavlenas ar gaavrcelebda. qarTvelebi yoveli RoniT
cdilobdnen amis miRwevas da xSirad dasaxul mizansac an-
xorcielebdnen. rodesac Crdilo kavkasia saqarTvelos uze-
naesobas cnobda, qarTvelebs xelewifebodaT iqedan maSveli
jaric gadmoeyvanaT da TavianTi mtrebisTvis miesiaT, kerZod,
somxebisaTvisac, Tu maTi jari Tavs esxmoda Cvens qveyanas
1 d. baqraZe, arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi, baTumi, 1987,
gv.38. d. baqraZis es naSromi Tavdapirvelad rusul enaze gamoqveynda 1878
wels peterburgSi.
38
da qarTuli miwa-wylis mitacebas cdilobda. somxeTs imito-
mac surda saqarTevlos dapyroba da gasomxureba, qarTveli
eris gasomxeba, rom amis Sedegad uSualod gamezobleboda
Crdilo kavkasias, Tavis samsaxurSi Caeyenebina is. magram
Crdilo kavkasiaze gavlenis mopoveba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
SeZlo saqarTvelom da ver SeZlo somxeTma.
faqtia, rom saqarvelos istoriis oqros xanaSi, XII sa-
ukunesa da XIII aswleulis pirvel meoTxedSi Crdilo kavka-
siis tomebi saqarTvelos samefos uzenaesobas cnobdnen da
qristianobac saqarTvelodan vrceldeboda Crdilo kavkasia-
Si. am movlenas ki safuZvlebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi eyre-
boda. qarTuli saxelmwifoebi XIX aswleulamdec cdilob-
dnen TavianTi gavlena gaevrcelebinaT Crdilo kavkasiaze da
erTgvar warmatebasac aRwevdnen. Tu qarTvelebi am gzas ar
daadgebodnen, Cveni qveynis sisxlismsmeli dampyroblebi ec-
debodnen Crdilo kavkasieli tomebi SemoesiaT saqarTvelo-
saTvis, gavixsenoT, mag., qarTveli erisTvis damRupveli mov-
lena _ lekianoba. miuxedavad lekianobisa da msgavsi movle-
nebisa, xsovna Crdilo kavkasiaze saqarTvelos didi gavlenis
arsebobisa axal dromde SemorCa. am mxriv sayuradReboa cno-
bili moRvawis, giorgi lasxiSvilis mogoneba.
1887 wlis dekemberSi g. lasxiSvili odesaSi daupatim-
rebiaT revoluciuri saqmianobisaTvis. garkveuli xnis Sem-
deg is saqarTveloSi gamoagzavnes policiis zedamxedvelo-
bis qveS. mgzavrobis droso “sapatimro vagonSi Semoiyvanes
kidev ori tusaRi, erTma maTganma maSinve miiqcia Cveni yurad-
rReba: maRali, mSvenieri, tanadi, Cveneburad gamowyobili mo-
xuci, imerel Tavadad miviReT, saldaTebma igi CvenTan das-
ves. aRmoCnda, rom axovani moxuci yabardoeli iyo. me pirve-
lad vxedavdi Crdilo kavkasiels da cnobismoyvareobiT ga-
movesaubre... me gadakvriT davuwye laparaki kavkasiis mdgoma-
reobaze... rogorRac uxalisod maZlevda pasuxs da mec Tavi dava-
nebe. mere Cven gamogvkiTxa vinaoba. roca gaigo, qarTvelebi
viyaviT, siamovneba gamoacxada. karga xnis siCumis Semdeg
Rrmad amoioxra da sTqva:
_ roca kavkasiis mze Caesvena, mTeli Cveni qveyana maSin
39
daiRupa. _ me vifiqre _ Samils gulisxmobs-meTqi da amitom
raRac imis Sesaxeb vkiTxe.
_ ara ymawvilo; _ mipasuxa moxucma, _ me Samilze rodi
miTqvams, kavkasiis mze _ saqarTvelo iyo1”... somxebs didi
survili hqondaT kavkasiis mze saqarTvelo ki ara, somxeTi
yofiliyo, yvelafers akeTebdnen amisaTvis, saZraxis saqciel-
sac (mag., dampyroblebTan garigebas) ar Takilobdnen, magram
ar gamouvidaT. igive XIX saukuneSi somxuri burJuazia, ker-
Zod, saqarTveloSi, Zalian gamdidrda, qarTvelebi Raribebi
iyvnen, ruseTis imperiam mospo qarTuli eklesiis avtokefa-
liac, somxur eklesias ki SeunarCuna avtokefalia, magram
qarTveli eris didma warsulma, didma brZolisunarianobam
is Sedegi gamoiRo, rom XIX aswleulSi qarTvelebs gvyavda
bumberazi eriskacebi ilia da akaki, somxebs ki aseTebi ar
hyavdaT.
ukve movitane movses xorenacis cnobebi, romliTac
“somxeTis istoriis mama” cdilobs mkiTxvelis darwmunebas,
rom qarTlis anu iberiis saxelmwifo, TiTqos, somxeTis
ymadnafics, vasals warmoadgenda. l. janaSias sityviT, “xo-
renacis koncefciiT qarTli somxeTis erT-erTi mxarea, xo-
lo qarTlis mmarTveli (kerZod, Cveni pirveli qristiani me-
fe mirianic – a. a.) somxeTis mefis qveSevrdomia”.2 xorenaci
ayalbebs ara marto saqarTvelos, aramed sxva qveynebis war-
sulsac. ase mag., movsesis “somxeTis istoriaSi”3 gasomxebu-
lia, somexTa saamayo Svilad, somexTa mefedaa gamocxadebu-
li sirielTa kerpi, edesis mefe abgari (gasomxebulia misi
Tanamosagreebic). xorenaci, Tu misi somxuri wyaro, imeorebs
somxur quraSi nawrTob siriul gadmocemas imis Sesaxeb, rom
abgars TiTqos miwer-mowera hqonia ieso qristesTan, qristes
wamebisTanave monaTlula kidec da sxva qveynebis xelisuf-
lebsac, maT Soris romis imperatorsac urCevda qristes
rjulis Sewynarebas. marTalia, sinamdvileSi qristes Tana-
medrove edesis mefe abgari ar gaqristianebula, magram faq-
tia isic, rom msoflioSi pirveli qristiani mefe III saukunis
1 g. lasxiSvili, memuarebi, Tb., 1992, gv.34-39.
2 l.-n. janaSia, lazar farpecis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv.185. 3 movses xorenaci, gv. 123-130.
40
damdegs swored edesis mefe abgar IX Seiqmna. qristianobis
saTaveebTan mdgomi, TiTqos, qristes keTilmosurne mefis,
qristes Tanamedrovis, sirieli abgarisa da misi amalis ga-
somxeba xorenacis “Rvawlia”.1 cxadia, xorenacis amgvari na-
biji Sors gamiznulia. misi survilia, warmoaCinos somxeTis
didi amagi qristianuli moZRvrebis gamarjvebis saqmeSi, ga-
moacxados somxeTi msoflioSi qristianobis erT-erT yvela-
ze ufro uZveles kerad.
xorenacis mixedviT, somexTa mefed qceulma abgarma si-
riaSi “aago qalaqi im adgilas, romelsac adre somexTa jari
icavda… qalaqs edesa daarqves. [abgarma] nizibinidan iq gada-
itana samefo kari da yvela Tavisi kerpi...” sinamdvileSi ro-
gorc abgari ar iyo somexTa mefe, ise arc qalaqi edesa au-
gia somexTa romelime gvirgvinosans. edesa, romelic Suamdi-
nareTSi mdebareobs, somxeTis dedaqalaqi arasodes yofila.
erT mSvenier dRes somxeTidan wargzavnilma despaneb-
mao “ierusalimSi gaiares Cveni macxovris, qristes saxilve-
lad, rameTu smenodaT misi saswaulmoqmedebebis Sesaxeb; maT
TavianTi TvaliTac ixiles es da uambes abgars [yovelive].
abgari saxtad darCa da irwmuna, rom [qriste] namdvilad iyo
Ze RmrTisa… vinaidan abgaris sxeuls xrwnidnen uborotesi
sneulebani, romelnic sparsTa qveyanaSi Sehyroda mas Svidi
wlis win da kacTagan veravis ganekurna igi, amitom vedrebis
werili gaugzavna [abgarma] qristes, rom mosuliyo da moer-
Cina igi; [werili] Semdegi saxisa [iyo].
abgaris baraTi macxovrisadmi
abgari, Ze arSamisa, qveynis mTavari, salams giZRvnis ie-
so macxovarsa da ganmkiTxavs, romelic gamoCndi ierusali-
mis qveyanaSi.
Sens Sesaxeb Sevityve isic, rom ZalgiZs gankurno adami-
ani wamlebis, balaxebis gareSe... mkvdrebic ki gagicocxle-
bia. roca Sevityve yovelive es Sens Sesaxeb, ori azri dame-
1 h. g. melqoniani, somxur-asuruli urTierTobebis istoriidan (III-V sau-
kuneebi), erevani, 1970, gv. 158-166 (somxur enaze); xorenacis “istoriis” in-
glisuri Targmani, 1979 w., gv. 13.
41
bada: an xar RmerTi, ciT movlenili, anda Ze RmrTisa da amis
gamo xelgewifeba amgvari saqmeebis keTeba. amitomac gigzavni
werils da gevedrebi, rom gaiRo msxverpli, moxvide CemTan
da ganmkurno sneulebaTagan. gavige isic, rom gkicxaven uri-
ebi, Seni wameba surT maT.” somexTa mefe epatiJeba ieso qris-
tes, Cems samflobelos Seafare Tavio. xorenaci ganagrZobs:
“baraTis wamRebni Sexvdnen qristes ierusalimSi, rasac adas-
turebs saxarebis sityvebic; “movidnen masTan vinme warmarT-
Tagannio”_o, [naTqvamia] iq.” cxadia, saxarebis am sityvebidan
sulac ar gamomdinareobs, rom xsenebuli warmarTebi main-
cdamainc somexTa mefis wargzavnilebi iyvnen. ieso qristes
ver miuRia somexTa mefis miwveva, Tumca, TiTqos, werili ki
miuweria misTvis:
“pasuxi abgaris baraTisa, romelic
macxovris brZanebiT dawera Toma mociqulma
netar iyos, visac ar vunaxivar da swams Cemi, rameTu
asea dawerili: vinc mixilavs, mas ara swams, xolo romelnic
ver mxedaven, maT aqvT Cemi rwmena da cxondebian. Sen rom
mwer, movide SenTan, amis Taobaze getyvi, rom me aq unda Se-
vasrulo yovelive, risTvisac gamomgzavnes, Semdgom ki avmaR-
ldebi masTan, vinc momavlina. raJams avmaRldebi, SenTan ga-
movuSveb erT-erT Cems mowafes, raTa gangkurnos sneuleba-
Tagan da moganiWoT cxovreba Senc da Sens garSemo myof
[adamianebsac].” sinamdvileSi somexTa mefis ki ara, siriele-
bis, edesis mefis, abgar ukamas1 saxels ukavSirdeba Tqmule-
baTa cikli, romlebic warmoiqmnen siriaSi ara ugvianes IV
saukunis pirveli naxevrisa. es cikli nawilobriv Setanilia
siriul TxzulebaSi “addas moZRvreba,” romelic klasikuri
siriuli literaturis saTaveebTan dgas. es Tqmulebebi far-
Tod gavrceldnen aRmosavlurqristianuli kulturuli wris
xalxTa Soris (adre sirielebic qristianebi iyvnen; JamTa
siavis gamo siriel qristianTa ricxvi TandaTanobiT mcirde-
boda). gansakuTrebiT popularuli iyo Tqmuleba abgar ukamas
1 “ukama” Savs niSnavs da abgaris metsaxelia. is edesis mefe iyo qristes
Sobamde 4 _ qristes Sobidan 7 da 14_50 wlebSi.
42
qristesTan mimowerisa da edesis mflobelis saswaulebrivi
gankurnebis Sesaxeb. aRsaniSnavia, rom sirielTa mefis abga-
ris, abgariosis saxelisagan aris warmoqmnili sityva avgaro-
zi.
raki “somxeTis istoriis mama” movses xorenaci ayal-
bebs, akninebs saqarTvelos da sxva mezobeli qveynebis war-
suls, raTa amiT meti brwyinvaleba mianiWos somxeTis isto-
rias, “mamas” “Svilebmac” mibaZes, e.i. sxva somexma mematianeeb-
mac, romelTa rigebi sakmaod mravalricxovania. Zveli somxu-
ri saistorio mwerloba rom friad uxvmosavliania, es, cxa-
dia, SesaniSnavi movlenaa da ara marto somxeTisTvis, aramed
mezobeli qveynebis, maT Soris, saqarTvelos istoriis prob-
lemebis sakvlevadac, magram faqtia isic, rom somxuri wyaro-
ebi saocrad tendenciuria. somxeTSi ZvelTaganve, imTaviTve
damkvidrda tradicia, romlis mimdevari somexi mematianeebi,
rogorc wesi, mrude sarkeSi ucqerdnen saqarTvelos war-
suls, qarTul kulturas, akninebdnen mas. Zvel somex mematia-
neTa es tradicia aitaces axali drois, Tanamedrove somexma
istorikosebmac. maTac didi survili aqvT msoflios mohfi-
non ambavi, TiTqos, kavkasiaSi somxebi warmoadgendnen rCeul
ers da ara qarTvelebi, viTomc kavkasiis mze somxeTi iyo da
ara saqarTvelo. ra icodnen maT, amis Taobaze Tu rogori
azri hqonda gaTavisebuli, SeTvisebuli yabardoel moxucs
saukunoebrivi tradiciis ZaliT, Torem ecdebodnen mis gaCu-
mebas, mosyidvas.
Mme darwmunebuli var, rom somxebma saqarTvelos pirve-
lad qristes Sobamde meore saukunis dasawyisSi Semouti-
es.Yyovel SemTxvevaSi, araviTari ueWveli masala ara gvaqvs
imis samtkiceblad, rom somxuri saxelmwifo ufro adrec
axerxebda qarTuli miwa-wylis mitacebas. amdenad, miuRebe-
lia Sexeduleba imis Taobaze, TiTqos, somxebs upiratesoba
gaaCndaT qarTvelebTan SedarebiT uZvelesi droidan, adamJa-
mobidan. arada, amgvari Tvalsazrisi gatarebulia ZvelTagan-
ve qarTveli eris wminda, patiosan wignad aRiarebul “qarT-
lis cxovrebis” Semadgenel pirvel TxzulebaSi (“cxovreba
qarTvelTa mefeTa“), romlis avtoradac XI saukunis moRvawe,
ruisis mTavarepiskoposi leonti mrovelia miCneuli.Ees miT
43
ufro ucnauria, rom qarTvelebi, marTlmadidebluri qarTu-
li eklesia monofizit, grigorian somxebs mwvaleblebad, ie-
so qristesgan gandgomil erad miiCnevdnen da am dros qar-
Tveli mTavarepiskoposic, somxuri wyaroebis msgavsad, som-
xebs kavkasiaSi lamis rCeul xalxad acxadebs, maT upirate-
sobas RaRadebs.
Lleonti mroveli mogviTxrobs: “pirvelad vaxsenoT ese,
rameTu somexTa da qarTvelTa, ranTa da movaknelTa, herTa
da lekTa, megrelTa da kavkasianTa _ amaT TvisTa (naTesavTa
_ a. a.) erTi iyo mama, saxeliT Targamos. ese Targamos iyo Ze
TarSisi, Ziswuli iafeTisi, Zisa noesi. da iyo ese Targamos
kaci gmiri...
xolo SvilTa Soris misTa gamoCndes kacni rvani,
gmirni Zlierni da saxelovanni, romelTa saxelebi ese ars:
pirvelsa erqua haos, meoresa qarTlos, mesamesa bardos,
meoTxesa movakan, mexuTesa lek, meequsesa heros, meSvidesa
kavkas, mervesa egros. ese rvani iyvnes gmirni. xolo haos
umetes gmiri iyo yovelTasa, rameTu egeviTari araodes yo-
fil iyo arca wylis-rRunis winaT da arca Semdgomad tani-
Ta, ZaliTa da simxniTa’’.1Lleonti mroveli kavkasiis xalxebs
erTi modgmisad, Zmebad rom acxadebs,2 es gakeTebulia im miz-
niT, rom erToba damyarebuliyo kavkasielTa Soris, raTa
isini saerTo ZalisxmeviT dapirispirebodnen uamrav dam-
pyroblebs.Mmagram ratom aniWebs qarTveli mematiane upirate-
sobas somexTa miTiur winapars, haoss (somxurad mas haiki
ewodeba) qarTvelTa miTiur winaparTan, qarTlosTan Sedare-
biT, es Zneli asaxsnelia.
Hhaosis gamorCeuloba leontis Semdgomi Txrobidanac
Cans: “ganuyo Targamos (Targamosma _ a. a.) queyana da naTesa-
vi Tvisi rvaTa amaT gmirTa: naxevari naTesavisa misisa da na-
xevari da umjobesi queyanisa misisa misca haoss, xolo Svid-
Ta amaT misca” darCenili naxevario.3 “xolo haos daemkvidra
sayofelsa mamisa Tvisisa TargamosisTa... da amaT SvidTave
1 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, Tb., 1955, gv. 3-4. 2 sinamdvileSi, faqtia, rom qarTvelebi da somxebi sxvadasxva warmoSo-
bis xalxebia, maTi enebic enaTa sxvadasxva ojaxebs miekuTvnebian. 3 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv.4.
44
gmirTa zeda iyo ganmgebel da ufal haos. da ese yovelni
iyvnes morCil haosisa. da ese rvanive erTobiT hmonebdes neb-
roTs gmirsa, romeli iyo pirveli mefe yovlisa queyanisa.
Semdgomad amisa mciredTa weliwadTa mouwoda haos
SvidTa maT gmirTa, Semokribna da rqua maT: “moguca RmerT-
man maRalman Zali da simravle naTesavisa Cuenisa,” aRar da-
vemorCiloTo nebroTs. “ewamnes Svidni igi gmirni, da daum-
tkices ganzraxva igi; da ganudges nebroTs da arRara misces
xarki... maSin ganuwyra nebroT, da Semokribna gmirni misni da
yovelni romelni erCdes spani misni, da momarTa Targamo-
sianTa.” pirvel brZolaSi Targamosianebma gaimajves.Ees am-
bavi “viTarca esma nebroTs, ganwyra da warmoemarTa maT ker-
Zo yovliTa ZaliTa misiTa. xolo haoss ara hyves spani neb-
roTis spaTa odenni: ganmagrda igi RirRalTa Sina masisi-
saTa.Mmiudga queSe kerZo nebroT; da iyo igi Wurvili rkini-
Ta da rvaliTa terfTagan vidre Txemamde. da aRxda gorasa
erTsa zeda zraxvadHhaosisa da etyoda damorCilebasave mis-
sa... xolo haos rqua gmirTa misTa: “ganmimagreT zurgiT kerZi
Cemi, da miveaxlo nebroTs’’.
Dda warvida da mivida pirispir maxlobelad nebroTisa,
da styorca isari daHhkra mkerdsa nebroTissa, ficarsa zeda
rvalisasa, da ganavlo zurgiT. maSin daeca nebroT, da iota
banaki misi. da ganTavisufldes naTesavni Targamosisni.Dda
maSin haos hyo Tavi Tvisi mefed ZmaTa TvisTa zeda da sxua-
Taca naTesavTa zeda, maxlobelTa sazRvarTa misTasa. xolo
Svidnive ese Zmani warvides Tvis-Tvisad queyanad, da iyvnes
morCil haosisa”.
aRsaniSnavia, rom leonti mroveli momxrea qarTvelebis
mokavSireobisa, megobrobisa ara marto kavkasielebTan, ker-
Zod, somxebTan, aramed sxva xalxebTanac, rameTu amas saWi-
rod miiCnevs mravalricxovani mtris, saxeldobr, sparsele-
bis mosagerieblad. sparsTa mefem daamarcxao Turqebi. amaT
“gamovles zRua gurganisi (kaspiis zRva _ a. a.), aRmoyves
mtkuarsa da movides mcxeTas... da ezraxnes mamasaxlissa (ma-
Sindel uzenaes xelisufals _ a. a.) mcxeTisasa, aRuTques Se-
wevna sparsTa zeda. xolo mamasaxlisman mcxeTelman auwya
45
yovelTa qarTvelTa. inebes damegobreba maT TurqTa,1 rameTu
aqunda SiSi sparsTa, da SemweobisaTvis daimegobrnes Turq-
ni”... es Turqebi, TiTqos, dausaxlebiaT kidec saqarTvelos
sxvadasxva adgilebSi: “xolo umravlesni maTganni movides
da poves adgili erTi mcxeTas,2 dasavliT kerZo kldeTa So-
ris gamokueTili, Rrma, da moiTxoves adgili igi mcxeTelTa
mamasaxlisisagan. misca da aRaSenes igi, mozRudes mtkiced,
da ewoda mas adgilsa sarkine.
da iyvnes ese Turqni da qarTvelni nebismyofel erTma-
nerTisa, moelodes moslvasa sparsTasa, amagrebdes cixeTa
da qalaqTa.Mmas Jamsa Sina sadaTac vin mividis Zviris-moqmed-
Tagan saberZneTiT, gina asuriT otebuli, gina xazareTiT, yo-
velive daimegobrian qarTvelTa SemweobisaTvis sparsTa zeda.
da gamoxdes amas Sina Jamni mravalni. maSin nabuqodono-
sor mefeman warmostyuena ierusalemi, da muniT otebulni
uriani movides qarTls, da moiTxoves mcxeTelTa mamasaxli-
sisagan queyana xarkiTa. misca da dasxna aragusa zeda, wyaro-
sa, romelsa hqvian zanavi.”3 rogorc vxedavT, qarTvelTa mo-
kavSireni, megobrebi gamxdaran sxvadasxva xalxebi, isini,
TiTqos, dausaxlebiaT kidec saqarTveloSi, magram arc erT
maTgans leonti mroveli upiratesobas ar aniWebs qarTveleb-
Tan SedarebiT, arc berZnebsa da ebraelebs.Uupiratesobis pa-
tivs leonti mxolod somxebs miagebs.
axsenebs ra babilonis mefe nabuqodonosors da misgan
ltolvil ebraelTa saqarTveloSi mosvlas, e. i. qristes So-
bamde VI saukunis ambebs, leonti mroveli dasZens: “aqamomdis
qarTlosianTa ena somxuri iyo, romelsa zraxvides.4 xolo
odes Semokrbes ese uricxuni naTesavni qarTlsa Sina, maSin
qarTvelTaca dauteves ena somxuri.Dda amaT yovelTa naTesav-
Tagan Seiqmna ena qarTuli.”5 Tu rogor unda gavigoT leon-
tis es cnoba, amis Sesaxeb kamaTi xSirad cxare xasiaTs
1 leontis Tanaxmad, es ambavi momxdara babilonis mefis, nabuqodonoso-
ris xelmwifobamde (qristes Sobamde VII-VI saukuneebi) bevrad ufro ad-
re. 2 nagulisxmevia mcxeTis sanaxebi. 3 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 14-16. 4 qarTvelTa deda-ena aRniSnul dromde somxuri iyoo. 5 qarTlis cxovreba t. I, gv. 16.
46
iRebs da leonti mrovelsac armenofil avtors uwodeben.
leontis armenofilurma cnobebma proletaruli poeti, alio
mircxulavac (maSaSvili) ki aRaSfoTa. wesiT da rigiT, pro-
letaruli poeti internacionalisti unda iyos da erovnuli
grZnobebi ar unda awuxebdes, Tavisi qveynis warsuliTac ar
unda amayobdes, SeiZleba es warsuli mxolod ganaqiqos, mag-
ram alio mircxulava gamonaklisi aRmoCnda – Tu manamde
ara, 54 wlis asakSi masSi erovnuli grZnobebi aSkarad Cans.
1957 wlis 2 marts gazeT “axalgazrda komunistSi”
(#27)1 gamoqveynda a. mircxulavas werili mravlismetyveli
saTauriT: “es aris Cveni istoria?!”, romelSic avtori ver ma-
lavs aRSfoTebas 1955 wels gamoqveynebul “qarTlis cxovre-
bis” pirvel tomSi leonti mrovlis armenofiluri Tvalsaz-
risis Semcveli Txzulebis ucvlelad Setanis gamo. mircxu-
lavas sityviT, arqeologiur naSromSi – “mcxeTa” – “moTavse-
buli masalebi, arqeologiuri Zeglebi amtkiceben, rom es
qveyana, sadac Cven vcxovrobT, modgmidanve qarTvelebis sam-
kvidro-sacxovrisia. am mxriv amouwuravi da eWvmiutaneli ma-
sala eZleva qarTvel istorikosebs. da ai, 1955 welsve para-
lelurad gamodis sruli “qarTlis cxovreba” s. yauxCiSvi-
lis redaqciiT. unda iTqvas, rom es wigni diametriulad ewi-
naaRmdegeba im faqtobriv Zeglebsa da masalebs, rac mocemu-
lia arqeologiur naSromSi “mcxeTa”.
a. mircxulavas mixedviT, “qarTlis cxovrebis” pirvel
tomSi Setanili leonti mrovelis “cxovreba qarTvelTa me-
feTa” “met SemTxvevaSi yalb wyaroebzea agebuli… da saqar-Tvelos uZvelesi istoriis saxiT warmodgenilia Cvens wina-
Se”. es Txzulebao “Rrma mecnieruli Seswavlis sagans ar
warmoadgens”, masSi “naklebad sCans saqarTvelos istoria.
eyrdnoba ra ZiriTadad Zveli somexi istorikosebisa da mema-
tianeebis naxevradzRaprul, apokriful da tendenciur cno-
bebs, igi arasworad aSuqebs qarTlis istorias, kerZod, qar-
Tvel mefeTa istorias, maT vinaobas, genealogias, gvartomo-
bas… leontis cnobiT saqarTvelos yvela mefe yofila an
1 rogorc Cans, am gazeTis redaqtori da TanamSromlebic qarTveli pat-
riotebi iyvnen da ara namdvili, mamali komunistebi.
47
sparsi, an somexi”. a. mircxulava aq ferebs amuqebs. leonti
saqarTvelos yvela mefes araqarTvelad ar acxadebs, Tumca
bevr maTgans ki miiCnevs aseTad – uZvelesi droidan mexuTe
saukunemde.
a. mircxulava ganagrZobs: “zRaparze agebuli istoria
qarTvel ers ar sWirdeba. Tqven ggoniaT es savalalo mdgo-
mareoba gasuli saukunis qarTvel erismoZRvrebs ar awuxeb-
daT? gaixseneT akakisa da ilias galaSqreba am yalbi versie-
bis winaaRmdeg”. a. mircxulavas sityviT, “qarTlis cxovre-
bis” “redaqtorsa da Semdgenels (e. i. s. yauxCiSvils – a. a.)
SeeZlo wignidan amoeSala yalbi adgilebi, an eWvis qveS dae-
yenebia isini da mecnieruli analiziT gaebaTilebia; Torem
metismetad arasasiamovno istoria gamodis. Cven, kargi, moviT-
menT, magram ase unda vaswavloT Cvens norCsa da momaval Ta-
obas mSobliuri istoria?”
moaqvs ra leonti mrovelis cnoba, babilonis mefis, na-
buqodonosoris (qristes Sobamde 604-562 wlebi) dromde qar-
TvelTa deda-ena, mSobliuri ena, TiTqos, somxuri yofili-
yos da mxolod am xanebSi Seqmniliyos qarTuli ena, a. mir-
cxulava dasZens: “ara mgonia esec WeSmaritebas Seicavdes.
aseTi “qarTlis cxovreba” araa saWiro arc CvenTvis, arc
somxebisaTvis,1 arc Cveni momavali TaobebisaTvis. amiT Cven
moZme somexi xalxis warsul cxovrebasac eWvis qveS vayene-
bT.2 me did pativs vcem da vafaseb somex ers, nuravin ifiq-
rebs, TiTqos yvelaferi es patriotuli mikerZoebis Sedegia.
ara. magram unda vicodeT: arsebobs erTa erTmaneTisadmi pa-
tiviscemisa da siyvarulis grZnoba, magram arsebobs yvela
erSi erovnuli Tavmoyvareobis grZnobac”. raki proletaru-
li poetic ki erovnul Tavmoyvareobaze alaparakda, imedia,
qarTvelebSi dRes Sesustebuli, dakninebuli erovnuli Seg-
neba momavalSi kvlavac gaZlierdeba.
cxadia, “qarTlis cxovrebidan” raimes amoSlis ufleba,
Tundac “yalbi adgilebisa”, aravis ara aqvs, sanam ar dam-
1 somxebs Zalianac moswonT leonti mrovelis armenofiloba da TavianT
sasargeblodac iyeneben. 2 rogor? somxebma moisyides leonti mroveli?
48
tkicdeba, rom yalbad miCneuli esa Tu is cnoba gviandeli
CanarTia. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom “qarTlis cxovrebis”
avtorebi saqarTvelos samefo karis interesebs asaxavdnen,
maTi Txzulebebi saqarTvelos mefeebis politikis safuZvli-
anobis dasabuTebas isaxavdnen miznad. bunebrivia, Cndeba
kiTxva: XI saukunis saqarTvelos mefisaTvis misaRebi iyo le-
onti mrovelis Txzuleba, romelic Zalze xSirad armenofi-
luria, uZvelesi droidan IV aswleulamde qarTvelebTan Se-
darebiT somexTa upiratesobas qadagebs? sakiTxavi ai, es
aris! Cemi azriT, saqarTvelo-somxeTis urTierTobebis Rrmad
Seswavla am problemas Suqs hfens. amis Taobaze winamdebare
naSromis meore TavSic visaubreb, rameTu leonti mroveli XI
saukunis avtoria da misi armenofiluri koncefciis gasage-
bad saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT qarTul-somxuri urTierTobe-
bis istoria uZvelesi droidan XII saukunemde mainc.
levan sanikiZis sityviT, leonti mroveli aris “araqar-
Tuli orientaciis mqone istorikosi”. amasTanave, mkvlevars
aRniSnuli aqvs “saerTod qarTulobisadmi misi (leontis – a.
a.) tendenciuri da saziano ganwyobileba“1. leontis Tval-
sazrisis amgvar Sefasebas mohyva simon yauxCiSvilis gamox-
maureba: “Zalian daamcireT2 Cveni SesaniSnavi (vityodi swo-
rupovari) istorikosi leonti mroveli…
leonti mroveli XI saukunis is pirveli qarTveli is-
torikosia, romliTac iwyeba Cveni “wmidaTa-wmida” wigni “qar-
Tlis cxovreba”… leonti mrovelis am SesaniSnav naSromze
izrdeboda mTeli rigi saukuneebis manZilze qarTveli axal-
gazrdoba; mTeli qarTveli sazogadoeba imiT ecnoboda sa-
qarTvelos istorias… rogor fiqrobT Tqven… ”araqarTuli
orientaciis mqone istorikoss”, “qarTulisadmi misi saziano
ganwyobilebis” matarebel adamians qarTveli sazogadoeba Ta-
vis maswavleblad gaixdida?”.
Semdeg s. yauxCiSvili gamoTqvams guliswyromas leonti
mrovelis armenofilad gamocxadebis gamo: “zogierTi misi
1 l. sanikiZe, tacitusi qarTuli umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb, “ciska-
ri”. 1972, #2, gv. 133.
2 mimarTavs s. yauxCiSvili l. sanikiZes.
49
(leontis – a. a.) gamonaTqvami sabuTs aZlevda mkvlevarebs
elaparakaT leonti mrovelis armenofilur ganwyobaze, rac
Tqven… ufro gaaRrmaveT da leonti mroveli gamoacxadeT
araqarTuli orientaciis mqone istorikosad, ufro metic,
qarTulisadmi tendenciurad ganwyobil adamianad.”
“leonti mrovelis Sesaxeb iv. javaxiSvilis mier gamoT-
qmuli eWvebi qarTvelebisa da somexTa Zmobis Sesaxeb sxva
mkvlevarebma... “gaaRrmaves’’ da mas, leonti mrovels armeno-
filoba daswames”.1 arsaidan ar Cans, rom qarTvelebs sauku-
neTa ganmavlobaSi moswondaT leonti mrovelis Txzulebis
is adgilebi, sadac mematiane qarTvelebTan SedarebiT somex-
Ta upiratesobas qadagebs. cnobilia, mag., rom XII aswleulis
qarTveli avtori, arsen beri ar iziarebda leontis armeno-
filobas (pirobiTad mainc vixmaroT es termini). rogorc et-
yoba, XII saukunisa da XIII aswleulis saqarTvelos samefo
kars, garkveuli mizezebis gamo (amaze qvemoT visaubrebT), mi-
zanSewonilad ar miuCnevia leontis “cxovreba qarTvelTa me-
feTas” nacvlad axali Txzulebis Seqmna da Setana “qarTlis
cxovrebaSi.” Semdgom ki, XIII-XVIII saukuneebSi, sxvadasxva
juris dampyroblebma lamis samSoblo Tavze dagvamxes da
amisTvis viRas cxeloda. Tumca im drosac qarTveli eri, sa-
qarTvelos xelisufalni kvlav fiqrobdnen kavkasiis erTia-
nobaze da kavkasielebis, kerZod, somxebis ganawyenebas eride-
bodnen. iqneb, amitomac aRar amoiRes “qarTlis cxovrebidan”
erTxel ukve masSi Setanili leontis Txzuleba da arc ga-
daakeTes is.
Cems naSromSi kvlavac vapireb leonti mrovelis arme-
nofiluri cnobebis motanas da ganxilvas, magram raki leon-
tis Tvalsazrisis Sesaxeb cxare kamaTis gaCaReba vaxsene, aq-
ve vityvi, rom amgvari kamaTi gaimarTa 1998 welsac, rodesac
gamoqveynda cnobili armenologis, zaza aleqsiZis werili _
”Cveni istoriis gakveTilebi.”2 z. aleqsiZes moaqvs leonti
mrovelis “cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTas” is cnobebi, romle-
1 s. yauxCiSvili, Ria werili profesor levan sanikiZes, gazeTi “quTaisi,”
1972 w., 12 aprili. 2 ix. gazeTi “saqarTvelos respublika”, 1998 w., 11 ianvari.
50
bic uZveles xanaSi kavkasiaSi somexTa upiratesobas RaRade-
ben, cdilobs Taviseburad gaiazros es masala da dasZens,
rom leonti mrovels tyuilad, usamarTlod swameben armeno-
filobas.
z. aleqsiZis sityviT, “amierkavkasiis qveynebi (saqarTve-
lo, somxeTi) ekuTvnian im iSviaTi qveynebis ricxvs, romel-
Tac sxvadasxva periodSi wyvetilebiT, magram SeinarCunes
TavianTi saxelmwifoebrioba antikurobidan dRemde.” am mxriv
saqarTvelos da somxeTis Sedareba nuTu SeiZleba? amierkav-
kasiaSi somxuri saxelmwifoebrioba daeca XI saukuneSi da
1918 wlamde (daSnakebamde) aRar aRmdgara. somxebi TandaTan
aiyarnen TavianTi samSoblodan da sxvadasxva qveynebSi gai-
fantnen. saqarTvelom ki XII aswleulSi Tavisi istoriis oq-
ros xana Seqmna da warmatebebs miaRwia mTeli kavkasiis mter-
Tagan dacvis saqmeSic. qarTveli xelisufalni im xanebSi
mfarvelobdnen, kerZod, somxebsac da cdilobdnen maT damag-
rebas somxeTSi an saqarTveloSi asaxlebdnen maT, raTa xel-
sayrel pirobebSi somxeTSi daebrunebinaT da saerTod Cae-
nergaT somxebisTvis rwmena, rom maT qarTvelebTan erTad un-
da ebrZolaT Tavisive samSoblos, somxeTis gadasarCenad.
marTalia, XIII saukunidan saqarTvelos bedis Carxic
ukuRma datrialda (gamonaklisia giorgi brwyinvalis epoqa),
magram Cveni istoriis oqros xanaSi Seiqmna qarTuli, erovnu-
li saxareba, “vefxistyaosani,” maRali donis qarTuli kul-
tura, romelsac “vefxistyaosnis”kultura SeiZleba vuwo-
doT.Aamis wyalobiT qarTulma saxelmwifoebriobam gauZlo
XIII_XVIII aswleulebis jojoxeTs da SemdgomSic gaZlebda,
moyvrulad mosul, e. w. erTmorwmune mters, ruseTis imperias
motyuebiT, veragulad rom ar moespo, ar daengria qarTuli
samefo-samTavroebi, saxelmwifoebi.
somxuri saxelmwifoebrioba imitomac daeca, rom som-
xebma ver Seqmnes “vefxistyaosnis” msgavsi erovnuli saxare-
ba, romelic maT gaaZlebinebda TavianT samSobloSi umZimes
pirobebSiac. rogorc iTqva, somxeTis imperia arsebobda tig-
ran II didis dros, magram maSin somxuri mwerloba, somxuri
damwerloba ar arsebobda da erovnuli saxarebis Seqmnac
ver moxerxdeboda. amasTanave, tigranis imperia Seiqmna iseT
51
pirobebSi, rodesac pontos mefe miTridate romis saxelmwi-
fos eomeboda da romi somxeTis mier mezobeli qveynebis dap-
yrobas did yuradRebas ver miaqcevda, xolo miTridates aw-
yobda mokavSire hyoloda tigranis saxiT. erTi sityviT, som-
xeTis imperiis Seqmna tigran II-is dros Tu savsebiT ara,
mniSvnelovanwilad mainc SemTxveviTi movlena iyo, mas mtki-
ce safuZveli ar gaaCnda da da amitomac oci wlis metxans
ver gaZlo, daingra. didi qarTuli saxelmwifo, didi saqar-
Tvelo ki saukuneTa manZilze Sendeboda, mas mtkice safuZv-
lebi gaaCnda da aman gaaZlebina qarTul saxelmwifoebrioba-
sac XIX aswleulamde. “vefxistyaosnis” kulturiT (romel-
sac safuZvlebi XII saukunemde bevrad adre Caeyara, aswleu-
lebis manZilze mzaddeboda) STagonebuli qarTvelebi ki sa-
xelmwifos SesanarCuneblad Tavdauzogavad ibrZodnen 1810
wlamde da saswaulebsac axdendnen omebSi_xSirad erT qar-
Tvel meomarze mtris asi mebrZoli modioda da mainc qarTve-
lebi imarjvebdnen. aseT viTarebaSi gaCnda qarTul enaSi mi-
salmebis aRmniSvnel sityvad_gamarjveba, gamarjobac. saqar-
Tvelo, miuxedavad imisa, rom TviTon Zalze uWirda XIII sau-
kunidan, somxeTis gadarCenasac cdilobda, saamisod irjebo-
da, SemorCenil Zalebs ar zogavda. @@
z. aleqsiZe aRniSnavs: leonti mrovelis koncefciao “XI
s-is meore naxevarSi cxaddeba, rodesac kavkasiaSi saqarTve-
los politikuri upiratesoba sruliad aSkaraa. miuxedavad
amisa, leonti mrovelis sqemaSi rva Zmas Soris ufrosi da
“ugmiresi Ze” haosia (somexTa eTnarqi) da ara qarTlosi (qar-
TvelTa eTnarqi). haosi flobs memkvidreobiT kavkasiaSi “um-
jobes” miwas da ara qarTlosi. ratom moxda ase? imitom, rom
leonti mroveli istorikosia da man ar uRalata istoriisa
da logikis kanonebs. kavkasiis eTnarqTa warmomavloba man
bibliidan gamoiyvana... Tavis obieqturobaSi leonti mroveli
kidev ufro Sors midis. axla mas surs gaarkvios, ra enaze
laparakobda Tavdapirvelad qarTvelTa eTnarqi qarTlosi,
Ze Targamosisa. cxadia, igi laparakobda Tavisi mamis enaze.
leonti mrovelma icis, rom Targamosis ufrosi Svilis, hao-
sis STamomavalTa ena somxuria. maSasadame, rva kavkasieli
eTnarqis, da, maT Soris, qarTlosis enac somxuri unda yofi-
52
liyo garkveul dromde...
iwyeba didi procesi kavkasiis gaerTianebisa saqarTve-
los egidiT da am epoqis qarTvel meistories ar eSinia Ta-
vis istoriulad ufros Zmad somexTa eTnarqi gamoacxados,
xolo somexTa qveyana saqarTveloze ukeTes qveynad... leonti
mroveli araviTar angariSs ar uwevs Tavisi epoqis naciona-
listurad ganwyobil Zalebs da arc istoriis samsjavrosi
eSinia, radgan darwmunebulia Tavisi koncefciis istoriul
WeSmaritebasa da politikur aucileblobaSi”...
z. aleqsiZis debulebebma vnebaTa Relva gamoiwvia qar-
Tul sazogadoebaSi. Mmis sapasuxod araerTi kritikuli we-
rili daibeWda. mec ar viziareb z. aleqsiZis mosazrebebs.
amis Taobaze Cemi pozicia ukve gamoqveynebulic maqvs1 da uf-
ro vrclad mas winamdebare naSromSic gadmovcem TandaTan.
aq mokled vityvi, rom leonti mroveli, garkveuli mizezebis
gamo, somxuri wyaroebiT sargeblobda da qarTvelebTan Se-
darebiT somxebis upiratesobis (uZvelesi droidan, qristes
Sobidan IV saukunemde) ideac iqedan aqvs SeTvisebuli. avi-
RoT, mag., sakiTxi, TiTqos, qarTvelTa deda-ena Zvelad som-
xuri yofila, kerZod, qristes Sobamde VI aswleulamde. rea-
lurad aq SeiZleba igulisxmebodes is, rom swored am drom-
de amierkavkasiaSi saukuneTa manZilze batonobda, ufro swo-
rad, cdilobda gabatonebuliyo urartus Zlieri saxelmwi-
fo.MmarTalia, qarTvelebi urartus dampyrobel jarebs did
winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen, magram mainc Sesawynarebeli Cans is
azri, rom urartu axerxebda Tavisi gavlenis gavrcelebas
amierkavkasiaSi.Aaqedan gamomdinare, im xanebSi urartul ena-
sac zogjer qarTulze meti mniSvneloba mieniWeboda. SesaZ-
lebelia, am faqtma mogvianebiT somxuri qura gamoiara da
urartuli ena somxuriT Caanacvles.
somxuri enis gansakuTrebulobis Sesaxeb somxuri le-
gendebi adreve Cans warmoqmnili.Aamis Taobaze masala moipo-
veba XIII saukunis somexi mematianis, vardan arevelcis (“aRmo-
savlelis”) “msoflio istoriaSic.” vinaidan noes kidobani
1 “qarTlis cxovrebis” pirveli matianis armenofilobis Taobaze, gazeTi
“saqarTvelos respublika”, 1998 w., 18 marti.
53
araratis mTaze gaCerebula (arsebobs iseTi gadmocemebic,
rom noes kidobani somxeTSi ki ara, sxvagan gaCerda), etyoba,
Zveladve gaCnda somxuri legendebi, romlebSic noes sasaub-
ro enad somxuri gamocxadda.
XVIII saukunis cnobili somexi istorikosis, miqael Cam-
Cianis, iseve, rogorc zogierTi misi Tanamedrovis “mtkice-
biT”, is erTaderTi ena, romelzedac, TiTqos, kacobrioba
laparakobda babilonis godolis mSeneblobamde da amasTan
dakavSirebul “enaTa aRrevamde,” Turme somxuri yofila da,
maSasadame, “enaTa aRrevis” Sedegad gaCenili yvela enac som-
xuris safuZvelze warmoSobila.Mm. CamCianis Tanaxmad, amgvari
gadmocema somxeTSi adreve iyo gavrcelebuli, magram Tu so-
mexi mematianeebi ar aRniSnavdnen am faqts, es imitomo, rom
isini am sakiTxSi ganicdian eklesiis mamebis, saRvTismetyve-
lo mwerlobis gavlenas, romelSic msoflios Tavdapirvel
enad ebrauli an asurulia gamocxadebuli.1
XI saukuneSi, leonti mrovelis dros, saqarTveloSi
sakmao raodenobiT cxovrobdnen somxebi, rogorc monofizi-
tebi (grigorianebi), ise qalkedonitebi (marTlmadidebelni).
legenda qarTvelebTan SedarebiT somexTa upiratesobis Sesa-
xeb saqarTveloSi mcxovreb somexTa orive jgufSi iyo gavr-
celebuli. rogorc etyoba, leonti mrovelma qalkedonit
(marTlmadidebel) somexTagan SeiTvisa legenda, TiTqos, qar-
TvelTa deda-ena uZveles droSi somxuri yofila. amgvari
legendis gaCena somxur garemoSi, Cveni azriT, gamowveuli
iyo imiT, rom somex saero xelisufalT, aseve, somxuri ekle-
siis Tavkacebs qarTvelTa gasomxeba, saqarTvelos gasomxure-
ba hqondaT miznad dasaxuli. leonti mroveli amis momxre ar
iqneboda, magram, garkveuli mosazrebiT, man Tavis Txzuleba-
Si somxuri legendebi mainc Seitana.
z. aleqsiZis kidev erTi debuleba unda ganvixilo mok-
led. mis werilSi2 naTqvamia: “387 wels bizantiam da iranma
1 m. CamCiani, somxeTis istoria, t.I, venecia, 1784, gv.153-157, 164 (somx.Eenaze)
a. abdalaZe, “qarTlis cxovreba”da saqarTvelo-somxeTis urTierToba,
Tb., 1982, gv. 144-146. 2 sxvaTa Soris, es naSromi wakiTxulia moxsenebad gelaTis mecnierebaTa
akademiis yovelwliur samecniero konferenciaze 26. IX . 97w.
54
somxeTi Suaze gaiyves da sul raRac ormoci wlis manZilze
orivegan moSales adgilobrivi samefo xelisufleba.Yyvela
piroba Seiqmna imisaTvis, rom upatronod darCenil qveyanas
erovnuli saxe daekarga, somexi xalxis erovnuli konsoli-
dacia uimedod Seferxebuliyo. magram moxda is, rac dRemde
auxsneli rCeba. swored mexuTe saukuneSi, am socialuri
gardatexebisa da politikuri ganukiTxaobis epoqaSi, somxur-
ma kulturam miaRwia iseT simaRles, romelic misTvisac ki
miuwvdomeli aRmoCnda Semdegac.Oorad gaglejilma qveyanam,
romlis saero da sasuliero cxovrebaSi ucxo enebi bato-
nobdnen, sul raRac ormoci wlis manZilze Seqmna saerTo
erovnuli ena, romelsac dResac klasikur somxurs vuwo-
debT, da saerTo erovnuli mwerloba, romelsac aseve klasi-
kuri ewodeba dRemde. swored amitom, Tavis istoriaSi erT-
erT yvelaze ufro did Znelbedobis saukunes, paradoqsia,
albaT, magram somexma xalxma “oqros xana” uwoda”... am “oq-ros xanasTan” dakavSirebiT unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom
somxebSi iyo tendencia, daeZvelebinaT TavianTi miRwevebi,
monapovarni.Aase mag., somxeTis “istoriis mama,”1 movses xore-
naci Tavs V saukunis avtorad acxadebs, magram bevri serio-
zuli mecnieris mtkicebiT, is VIII_IX aswleulTa avtoria.
amis Taobaze saubaria xorenacis “somxeTis istoriis” Ceme-
ul gamocemaSi.
z. aleqsiZe saubrobs saqarTvelos oqros xanazec da
askvnis: “amrigad, somxeTisTvis “oqros xanaa” V s., rodesac
ukiduresi Znelbedoba da politikuri artaxebi mxolod
biZgs aZlevs misi xalxis sulier amaRlebasa da Sinagan Ta-
visuflebas.2 saqarTvelosTvis “oqros xanaa” XIIs., rodesac
politikuri siZliere da ekonomikuri simdidre udides ga-
saqans aZlevs misi xalxis laR mxatvrul warmosaxvasa da
akademiur azrovnebas.”
1 aRsaniSnavia, rom Zvel somxur originalur mwerlobaSi saistorio
mwerlobas wamyvani adgili uWiravs. 2 Tu somxebs Wirsa Sigan gamagrebis aseTi unari hqondaT da upirveles
yovlisa maTTvis samSoblo, somxeTi arsebobda, romlis sasicocxlo in-
teresebs yvelaferze maRla ayenebdnen, maSin XI saukunidan somxeTs ar
miatovebdnen da sxvadasxva qveynebSi ar gaifantebodnen.
55
gvrCeba iseTi STabeWdileba, rom raki somxebis “oqros
xanaa” V saukune, xolo leonti mroveli, avtori, mematiane
mcxovrebi XI aswleulSi, ver moeswro qarTvelTa oqros xa-
nas, amitomac qadagebs leonti qarTvelebTan SedarebiT so-
mexTa upiratesobas dasabamidan IV saukunemde qristes Sobi-
dan. sinamdvileSi V aswleuli qarTvelebisTvisac gamorCeu-
lia. vaxtang gorgaslis epoqam didad Seuwyo xeli saqarTve-
los aRmavlobas, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis safuZvlebis
ganmtkicebas, saqarTvelos erTianobis ideis gaZlierebas.
SemTxveviTi araa is ambavi, rom qarTveli eris oqros xanaSi
Cvens saxelmwifo droSas gorgaslian-daviTians uwodebdnen.
qarTuli kulturac maRal doneze idga petre iberisa da
vaxtang gorgaslis xanaSi. sazogadod, gorgaslis epoqa sa-
qarTvelos istoriaSi saetapo mniSvnelobisaa da mTlianoba-
Si Tu ganvsjiT, igi somxebis erTgvar “oqros xanas” araf-
riT Camouvardeba, Tu ar sWarbobs kidec. amis Taobaze kar-
gad icodnen leonti mrovelis drosac, XI saukunis saqarTve-
loSi. gorgaslis epoqaSi gaZlierebuli qarTuli suli ar
dakninebula momdevno saukuneebSi da amanac ganapiroba, amis
Sedegicaa oqros xanis Seqmna uricxv mterTagan garemocul
saqarTveloSi.
axla isev leonti mrovels movusminoT. sanam aleqsan-
dre makedonelis gamoCenaze daiwyebdes Txrobas, leonti aR-
niSnavs: “izraxeboda qarTlsa Sina equsi ena: somxuri, qarTu-
li, xazaruli, asuruli, ebrauli da berZuli. ese enani ico-
des yovelTa mefeTa qarTlisaTa, mamaTa da dedaTa”.1 rogorc
vxedavT, qarTlSi, anu iberiis saxelmwifoSi gavrcelebul
enaTa Soris pirvel adgilze somxuria dasaxelebuli, rac
leonti mrovelis armenofilobis kidev erTi gamovlenaa. mag-
ram isic unda iTqvas, rom leonti mTlianad ar iziarebs so-
mexTa teritoriul pretenziebs saqarTvelos mimarT. misi
cnobebiT, jer kidev qarTlosis samflobelo yofila qvemo
qarTli, javaxeTi, klarjeTi da sxvac, romelTa dapyroba
somxebma daisaxes miznad qristes Sobamde II saukunidan.
leonti mrovelis sityviT, qvemo qarTlSi qarTlosma
1 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 16.
56
“aRaSena cixe orbisa, romelsa aw hqvian samSvilde da kua-
lad aRaSena mtueris cixe, romelsac aw hqvian xunani”. qar-
Tlosis gardacvalebis Semdeg qvemo qarTlSi mSenebloba ga-
ugrZelebia mis meuRles: “Semdgomad amissa colman misman
aRaSena deda-cixe. da manve aRaSena bostan-qalaqi, romelsa
aw hqvian rusTavi.1”
saubrobs ra qristes Sobamde IV-III saukuneebis iberiis
cnobil mefe farnavazze, leonti aRniSnavs: farnavazmao “Tu-
eni gazafxulisa da sTulisa arisani dayvnis mcxeTas, sameu-
fosa qalaqsa; da Tueni zamTrisani dayvnis gaCianTa; xolo
Tueni zafxulisani – wundas. da JamiTi-Jamad mividis egriss
da klarjeTs, da moikiTxnis megrelni da klarjni, da gana-
gis yoveli saqme daSlili.2” gaCiani qvemo qarTlSi mdebare-
obda, xolo wunda – javaxeTSi.
leonti mroveli ar iziarebs arc im somxur Teorias,
TiTqos, qarTuli damwerloba somexi mesrop-maStocis mier
iyos Seqmnili. qarTuli anbanis gaCenas leonti farnavazis
saxels ukavSirebs: farnavazmao “ganavrco ena qarTuli, da
arRara izraxeboda sxua ena qarTlsa Sina Tvinier (garda _
a. a.) qarTulisa. da aman Seqmna mwignobroba qarTuli3”.
leonti mrovelis Tanaxmad, iberiis meoTxe mefem, far-
najomma “Seiyuara sjuli sparsTa, cecxlis msaxureba, moiy-
vanna sparseTiT cecxlismsaxurni da moguni, da dasxna igini
mcxeTas... amisTvis moiZules igi mkvidrTa qarTlisaTa.” qar-
Tvelebs mxsnelad somxebi moevlineno: “maSin SeiTqunes eris-
Tavni qarTlisani umravlesni, da waravlines mociquli wina-
Se somexTa mefisa da rques: “mefe Cueni gardaxda sjulsa ma-
maTa CuenTasa, arRara msaxurebs RmerTTa mpyrobelTa qar-
TlisaTa... aw arRara Rirs ars igi mefed Cuenda. moguec Ze Seni arSak, romelsa uzis colad naTesavi farnavazianTa, me-
feTa CuenTa, guaSuele Zali Seni, da vaotoT farnajom, Se-
momRebeli axlisa sjulisa, da iyos mefed Cuenda Ze Seni ar-
Sak.” somexTa mefes iberieli erisTavebisTvis SemouTvlia:
1 iqve, gv. 4-5, 8. 2 iqve, gv. 25. 3 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 26.
57
“Tquen yovelTa erisTavTa momeciT me mZevali, da migce Ze
Cemi mefed Tquenda da yovliTave niWiTa (simdidriT, saboZva-
riT _ a. a.) aRgavsne.”
maSin erisTavTa qarTlisaTa umravlesTa misces mZevle-
bi da ganacxades gandgoma farnajomisi. maSin somexTa mefe
yovliTa ZaliTa misiTa warmoemarTa qarTls”. farnajoms
sparselebi miSvelebian, qarTvelTa nawilic misi erTguli
darCenila. somexTa mefes da mis momyvan qarTvelebs daumar-
cxebiaT mowinaaRmdege: “moikla farnajom da mosres spa mi-
si... xolo somexTa mefeman mosca (gviwyaloba _ a. a.) Ze Tvisi
arSak.
dajda mefed arSak, da daipyra yoveli qarTli; da me-
fobda igi nebierad.” arSakis Semdeg iberiis mefe gamxdara
misi Svili da SviliSvilic.1 sinamdvileSi, mecnierebisaTvis
araa cnobili, rom iberiaSi somxebs emefoT. leonti mroveli
am SemTxvevaSic tendenciur somxur wyaroebs emyareba. am uka-
nasknelT ki xSirad somxuri legendebi, zepirgadmocemebi
kvebavdnen.
leonti mrovelis Tanaxmad, qristes Sobis Jams iberiis
mefe yofila aderki: “xolo amas aderkis esxnes orni Zeni,
romelTa erqua saxelad erTsa bartom da meoresa qarTam. da
amaT ganuyo yoveli queyana Tvisi.” maSasadame. iberiis samefo
orad gayofila, ormefoba dawesebula. Tu amgvari ram marT-
la moxda iberiaSi, is mainc udavoa, rom leontis qronolo-
gia areuli aqvs _ mecnierebisaTvis cnobilia, rom qristes
Sobidan I-II saukuneebSi iberia Zlier saxelmwifos warmoad-
genda da im dros iq araviTari ormefoba ar yofila. barto-
misa da qarTamis mefobis Semdeg gamefebulan maTi vaJebi
farsmani da kaosi. leontis sityviT, “aderkisiTgan vidre
amaT mefobamde iyvnes morCilebasa Sina somexTa mefisasa. da
umetes armazelni mefeni2 Seeweodes somexTa yovelTa mterTa
maTTa zeda. maSin mefe iqmna somxiTs didi igi mefe iarvand.
da daiviwya man keTili qarTvelTa, emZlavra farsmans arma-
1 iqve, gv. 29-30. 2 leontis mixedviT iberiaSi ormefobis dros samefo taxtebi erTmaneTis
gverdi-gverd daudgamT, erTi mcxeTaSi, meore armazSi.
58
zelsa, da mouRo (waarTva, CamoaWra _a. a.) sazRvarsa qarTli-
sasa qalaqi wunda da artani mtkuramde1”. aq aSkarad Cans le-
onti mrovelis pozicia, ganwyobileba: is gmobs somexTa me-
fes qarTvelebisadmi gamoCenili umadurobisTvis, agresiis-
Tvis. leontis rwmeniT, qarTvelebma da somxebma erToblivi
ZalisxmeviT unda ibrZolon saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg da er-
TmaneTs ar unda daerion.
somexTa mefem, iarvandmao “dasxna wundas Sina kacni
mxecni, naTesavni devTani, da uwoda wundasa saxelad qajatu-
ni, romeli-ese iTargmnebis devTa-saxlad. da ver iZebnes mefe-
Ta qarTlisaTa sazRvari, da mokudes mwuxarebasa Sina didsa
farsman da kaos”2. leonti mrovelis am cnobaSi asaxulia is
ambavi, rom somxebi rodesac qarTul miwa-wyals daipyrobd-
nen, iq adgilebs saxelebs ucvlidnen, qarTul saxelwode-
bebs somxuriT cvlidnen, raTa gaesomxebinaT iqauri qarTve-
lebi, gaesomxurebinaT qarTuli mxareebi. magram, leontisave
sityviT, qarTvelTa mefeebis mwuxareba usazRvro yofila,
rameTu somexTa mefem qarTul miwa-wyali miitaca. aSkaraa,
qarTvelebi far-xmals ar yridnen da saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi
ibrZodnen dakarguli mxareebis dasabruneblad.
leonti mrovelis mixedviT, farsmanisa da kaosis Sem-
deg gamefebulan azorki da armazeli: “xolo ese mefeni arma-
zel da azork iyvnes kacni mxneni da SemmarTebelni. da SeiT-
qunes eseni, da ganizraxes Zieba sazRvarTa qarTlisaTa. maSin
mokla sumbat bivritianman iarvand, mefe somexTa, da dasva
mefed Zma iarvandisi, romelsa ewodeboda saxelad artaSan.”
azorks da armazels miumxriaT Crdilo kavkasielebi da ga-
erTianebuli jariT Sesevian somxeTs: “maSin sumbat bivriti-
anman mouwoda spaTa somxiTisaTa, da Sekrbes mswrafl somex-
ni da devna uyves.” sabolood somxebma gaimarjveso: “maSin
sumbat gamarjuebuli Semovida qarTlad, da moaoxra qarT-
li, romeli pova cixeTa da qalaqTa gare; xolo cixe-qalaq-
Ta ara hbrZoda, rameTu ara mza iyo mswrafl gamoslvisa-
gan”... sumbatis iberiidan wasvlis Semdeg “mefeni ese qarTli-
1 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 35. 43-44. 2 iqve, gv.44.
59
sani, arzok da armazel, sificxliTa gulisa maTisaTa ara
SeuSindes, aramed ganamagrnes cixeni da qalaqni Tvisni... da ara dascxres kirTebisagan (kirTeba Setevas niSnavs aq _ a. a.)
somexTa zeda”.
somxeTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi Tavi gamouCenia klarje-
Tis erisTavsac: “da iyo klarjeTs erisTavi arzok mefisa,
aznaurTavegani. da igi avnebdis sazRvarTa somxiTisaTa, que-
yanasa parxlisasa, romel ars tao, da veravin Sevidoda mavne
klarjeTs, rameTu Seuvali da magari iyo tyiTa da kldiTa,
da mkvidrni klarjeTisani iyvnes kacni mkvircxni da mxedar-
nica.”1 leonti amjeradac somxuri wyaroebis tyveobaSi imyo-
feba, rodesac parxals, taos somxur miwa-wylad acxadebs.
tao xom qristes Sobamde II saukunis dasawyisSi waarTva ibe-
rias somexTa mefe artaSesma. magram qarTvelebi swored
klarjeTze dayrdnobiT ibrZodnen taos dasabruneblad da
mizansac aRwevdnen. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom somxebi
kvlav axerxebdnen taos dapyrobas da ase, saukuneTa ganmav-
lobaSi, tao xelidan xelSi gadadioda. zogjer mis dapyro-
bas bizantiis imperiac axerxebda.
iberiis mefeTa dasamorCileblado “warmoemarTa ZaliTa
TvisiTa yovliTa artaSan, mefe somexTa, da spaspeti misi sum-
bat bivritiani… maSin SesWirda qarTvelTa da ovsTa (qar-
Tvelebis mokavSirenia im dros – a. a.), iTxoves mSvidoba, da
aRuTques morCileba da arRara Zieba sisxlisa da zRvarisa.
maSin ismina somexTa mefeman vedreba maTi. da qmnes fici da
aRTqma, da daimonna qarTvelni da ovsni somexTa mefeman, da
warvida”2. rogorc vxedavT, movses xorenacis msgavsad, arme-
nofili qarTveli mematiane, leonti mrovelic aRniSnavs, rom
somxeTis mefis uzenaesobas ara marto iberia, Crdilo kavka-
siac, kerZod, oseTi aRiarebda. aq ufro somex xelisufalTa
gegmebia asaxuli, vidre realuri viTareba. sinamdvileSi, so-
mexTa mefeebi zogjer Tu axerxebdnen qarTuli mxareebis
dapyrobas (mag., igive artaSani, romelic artaSesi unda iyos),
isini, ipyrobdnen iberiis samefos mxolod nawils, mis samx-
1 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 45-48. 2 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv 48.
60
reT mxareebs da ara mTel iberias. somxeTisgan damoukidebe-
li iberiis nawili yoveli RoniT cdilobda Crdilo kavkasi-
elTa mimxrobas, maTTan erTad brZolas somxeTis winaaRmdeg
da mizansac aRwevda, rameTu Crdilo kavkasiis tomebi mra-
valnairad dakavSirebuli iyvnen saqarTvelosTan da ara som-
xeTTan. qarTvelebs SeeZloT Crdilo kavkasielebisTvis kav-
kasionis gadmosasvleli uReltexilebi, zekarebic CaeketaT
(mag., dariali da sxvac) da moewyvitaT isini samxreTis samya-
rosgan, rac Crdilo kavkasiis mkvidrTaTvis aramc da aramc
sasurveli ar iyo. sxva rom ara iyos ra, Crdilo kavkasiis
tomebi xSirad laSqrobdnen samxreTis qveynebSi, Soulobd-
nen didZal nadavls, rac maT cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebda. iberiis samefo axerxebda, Crdilo kavkasielTa
amgvari swrafva Tavis sasargeblod gamoeyenebina, Crdilo
kavkasiis tomebze saqarTvelos gavlena gaevrcelebina.
somexTa mefis, artaSanis iberiidan wasvlis Semdego
“gardaxdes… welni raodennime. da aRSenda qarTli mooxre-
buli somexTagan. maSin ucalo iqmnes somexni, rameTu iwyes
brZola sparsTa da berZenTa. da poves mas Sina Jami marjue
qarTvelTa da ovsTa, iwyes kirTebad somexTa… viTar ganam-
ravles qarTvelTa da ovsTa vneba somexTa, maSin artaSan me-
feman Sekribna spani, romelni Sina darComodes, da miscna Ze-
sa Tvissa zarens, da warmogzavna qarTvelTa zeda.
xolo Sekrbes qarTvelni da ovsni, da miegebnes queyana-
sa javaxeTisasa. da ewyunes da sZlies qarTvelTa da ovsTa,
da aotes zaren, Ze somexTa mefisa, da mosres spa misi yove-
li da sdevnes sazRvarTamde somxiTisa; miewivnes zarens, Ze-
sa mefisasa, da Seipyres igi tbisa mis pirsa, romelsa rqvian
celi, da ukmoiyvanes.
xolo ovsTa hnebvida moklva mis zarenisi… aramed qar-TvelTa daicves cocxlebiT ZiebisaTvis sazRvarTa maTTasa,
da dasues pyrobilad cixesa darialanissa”.1 rogorc vxe-
davT, iberiis Semadgeneli nawilia javaxeTic da darialic.
amasTanave, qarTvelebs somexTa ufliswulis darialis cixe-
simagreSi gamoketva, Camwyvdeva moundomebiaT imisaTvis, rom
1 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 48-49.
61
aRedginaT iberiis samefos Zveli sazRvrebi, daebrunebinaT
somxeTis mier mitacebuli qarTuli mxareebi. amdenad, le-
onti mroveli somxeTis sasargeblod amuqebs ferebs,1 rode-
sac ambobs, rom somexTa mefem “daimonna qarTvelni”. TviT
leontis Txrobis kritikuli analizi gvidasturebs, rom
qarTvelebs damonebisa araferi etyobaT.
ismis kiTxvac: raRa maincadamainc darialis cixe-simag-
reSi gamoamwyvdies qarTvelebma somexTa ufliswuli? es gaa-
keTes imitom, rom somxebs darialze xeli ar miuwvdebodaT.
aqedanac Cans, rom Crdilo kavkasiaze somxeTis gavlenis gav-
rceleba mxolod somexTa ocnebas warmoadgenda da realur
sinamdviles ar Seesabameboda. yuradRebas iqcevs is faqtic,
rom osebs, SurisZiebis niadagze, somexTa ufliswulis mokv-
la Zalian ndomiaT, magram qarTvelebma CaSales osTa gan-
zraxva da es gaukeTebiaT iberiis samefos interesebis dasa-
cavad, Sesabamisad. esec imaze metyvelebs, rom Crdilo kavka-
sielebi, kerZod, osebi, saqarTvelos gavlenis qveS imyofe-
bodnen. sxvaTa Soris, motanil amonawerebSi leonti mroveli
qarTvelTa mokavSired osebs rom asaxelebs, SesaZlebelia,
aq osebi krebiTi saxelwodeba iyos. osebi axerxebdnen Crdi-
lo kavkasiis zogierTi tomis daqvemdebarebas da am tomTa
Svilebic ibrZodnen osebTan erTad qarTvelebis mxardamxar.
male somxebma mTeli ZaliT Semoutieso iberias: “welsa
mesamesa movida sumbat bivritiani da orni Zeni mefisani, ar-
tavaz da tigran, yovliTa spiTa somxiTisaTa. maSin mefeTa
qarTlisaTa ubrZanes queyanasa maTsa Seltolva cixeTa da
qalaqTa, da mTeuleTTa ganamagrnes cixeni da qalaqni. xolo
movides somexni da dadges TrialeTs. da aRdges maT Soris
mociqulni da daizavnes; misces qarTvelTa Ze mefisa Sepyro-
bili, da aRuTques Sewevna esreT: “ukeTu vin aRdges mteri
Tquen zeda da moRmarT [g]ebrZodis, Cuen ornive mefeni Tavi-
Ta CueniTa da spiTa CueniTa TanadagidgeT da giSueloT; da
ukeTu kualad visme miRmarT hbrZodiT, aTas-aTasiTa mxed-
riTa WurviliTa SegeweodiT”. da eseca aRuTques qarTvelTa,
viTarmed: “qalaqsa amas Cuensa drama (fuli _ a. a.) artaSan
1 es gamowveulia imiT, rom is somxur wyaroebs emyareba.
62
mefisa xatiTa davsceTo”.
xolo amisTvis somexTa ukmosces sazRvari qarTlisa,
qalaqi wunda da cixe demoTisa, javaxeTi da artani. da mie-
riTgan iqmnes moyuare somexni da qrTvelni da ovsni. da sam-
nive erTobiT brZodes mterTa.
da aResrulnes arzok da armazaeli, nugeSinis-cemulni
didad. rameTu simxniTa maTiTa ukumoixunes (ukanve daibrunes
_ a. a.) sazRvarni qarTlisani”1. qarTvelebs rom fuli somex-
Ta mefis, artaSanis (artaSesis) saxeliT moeWraT da, amave
dros, misi gamosaxulebiT, amgvari ram istoriam ar icis. es
imas gavs, movses xorenaci Tavisi tendenciuri koncefciis
Sesatyvisad rom ambobs, qarTvelebma somexTa ufliswuli va-
hagni RmerTad gaixadeso. leonti mrovelic am SemTxvevaSic
uTuod somxuri wyaroTi ikvebeba, sargeblobs. es iqedanac
Cans, rom leonti amdens laparakobs somxeTis jarebis laS-
qrobebze iberiaSi, somex xelisufalTa gavlenaze iberiis
samefoSi, xolo arafers ambobs imaze, rom qarTvelTa mefis,
farsman I-is Zma miTridate da Svili radamisti (radami)
qristes Sobidan I saukuneSi somxeTis mefeebi gaxdnen. rac
Seexeba imas, rom somxebi, qarTvelebi da osebi saerTo Za-
lisxmeviT ebrZodnen mterso2, es leonti mrovelis idea-
lia_misi didi survilia damyardes kavkasiis xalxebis, ker-
Zod, qarTvelebisa da somxebis erToba, raTa amiT Zlieri,
erTiani iyos mTeli kavkasia.
qristes Sobidan III saukunis I naxevarSi sparseTSi gaba-
tonda sasanianTa dinastia. maTi TavkacobiT gaZlierda spar-
seTis agresia mezobeli qveynebis, kerZod, amierkavkasiis
xalxebis mimarT. leonti mrovelis sityviT, iberiis mefis,
asfaguris dros “mefe iqmna sparseTs qasre anuSarvan sasani-
ani... xolo somxeTs mefe iqmna kosaro (xosro _ a. a.). da aman
kosaro somexTa mefeman uwyo brZolad qasre mefesa sparsTa-
sa, da Seeweoda mas asfagur, mefe qarTvelTa, da aman asfa-
gur ganuxunis karni kavkasianTani da gamoiyvannis ovsni, lek-
1 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 49_50. 2 drois romeliRac monakveTSi.
63
ni da xazarni, da mividis kosaro mefisa Tana somexTasa
brZolad sparsTa.
da pirvelsave Seslvasa sparseTad ewyo qasre, mefe
sparsTa, da aotes igi da mosres spa misi. da mieriTgan ver-
Rara winaaRudga amaT mefe igi sparsTa, da ganamravles Ses-
lva sparseTad da tyuenva sparseTisa”. amis gamo sparseTis
mefe, TiTqos, sagonebelSi Cavardnila. mas Semoukrebia Tavi-
si didebulebi saTaTbirod: “aRuTqmida niWsa didsa da pativ-
sa, romelman uZlos da uZios Rone Suris-gebisa.
xolo krebulsa mas Soris iyo warCinebuli erTi mTa-
vari, saxeliT anak... aRdga igi, warmodga da Tqua: “otebul
ars spa Cueni kosaros somexTa mefisagan, awyuedil arian
mxedarni Cuenni, da dasdebia SiSi da Zrwola maTi sparsTa
zeda, da ganZlierebul arian igini, da ver Zal gvic winaaRm-
dgomad maTda. aw ese ars ganzraxva Cemi, raTa mSvidobiTa da
vedrebiTa da xarkisa micemiTa davamSvidoT kosaro mefe”... amis Semdeg “ganmzadebul iyo kosaro mefe kualad Seslvad
sparseTs”. sparselebma SeZles veragobiT moewyoT somexTa
mefis mkvleloba da am gziT gadaurCnen did safrTxes, rome-
lic somexTagan elodaTo: “viTarca esma ambavi ese sparsTa
mefesa qasres sasaniansa, aRivso sixaruliTa” ...1 rodesac somexTa mefes ase usazRvrod ganadidebs2 le-
onti mroveli, aqac biblias emyareba? rogorc z. aleqsiZe da
sxva qarTveli mkvlevarebic aRniSnaven, saqarTvelosTan Se-
darebiT somxeTis upiratesobis qadagebisas leonti mroveli
bibliidan amodis. roca somexTa mefe kosaro (xosro), gaZli-
erebul sparseTs, TiTqos, SiSis zars scemda, am SemTxveva-
Sic bibliaSi veZeboT axsna? sinamdvileSi somexTa
gandidebisas leonti somxur wyaroebs, somxur legendebs em-
yareboda. movses xorenacis Tanaxmad, qristes Sobidan III
saukunis I naxevarSi “somexTa mefe xosrovma mtkiced gadaw-
yvita SurisZieba” sasanianTa sparseTis SahinSahebze. xosrov-
mao “Tavisi jariTa da keTilmosurneebis, agreTve Crdiloel
1 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 59_62. 2 sasaniani mefeebi, kerZod, TavianTi mmarTvelobis pirvel etapze, Zalze
Zlieri xelisufalni iyvnen da somxeTs sad SeeZlo sparseTis dapyroba-
ze efiqra.
64
tomTa SewevniT sZlia artaSirs (sasanian mefes _ a. a.), aota
igi indoelTa qveynamde...
xosrovis mier indoeTamde otebulma, friad Seviwroe-
bulma artaSirma aRuTqva naxararebs (erisTavebs _ a. a.) uam-
ravi ram, oRond exsna igi vinmes xosrovisagan, an moewamla,
anda farulad, maxviliT daekla [somexTa mefe]. [artaSiri]
nair-nair wyalobas hpirdeboda, [vinc amas gaakeTebda]”. somex-
Ta mefisgan vinc ixsnidao, sparseTis sasaniani SahinSahi ar-
taSiri aRuTqvamda mas “mefur pativsa da didebas, arielTa
[qveynis]1 naxevarsa da xelmwifis Semdeg qveynis meore [kacad]
qcevas. amiT moxiblulma anakma, suren pahlavTa gvariSvilma,
ikisra, rom moklavda xosrovs. man moigona, rom artaSirs ga-
nudga da amitom unda gascloda mas. [xalxis] Tvalis asaxve-
vad [anaks] daedevna sparsTa jari da TiTqos gandevnes igi...
xosrov didma rom Seityo es.... razmi gagzavna anakis misaSve-leblad. isini Sexvdnen anaks da mefis brZanebiT miiyvanes“
somxeTSi.
“somxeTSi anakis mosvlidan gavida ori weli da roca
mesame dadga, mokla man xosrovi... imave dros daiRupa ana-kic”2. leonti mrovelis mixedviTac, somexTa mefe xosro (ko-
saro) anaks mouklavs veragulad: “warmovida anak da Zma misi
deda-wuliTa maTiTa reca (TiTqos _ a. a.) gandgomad sparsTa
mefisagan. da movida sazRvarTa somxiTisaTa... sazamTroTa
adgilTa somexTa mefeTasa. ixila ra mefeman kosaro, didiTa
pativiTa Seiwynara, rameTu yovliTave simarjviTa moslvasa
missa sarwmunod aCuenebda3; da xedvida mefe, rameTu yovliTa
saxleuliTa misiTa misda moemarTa. maSin mefeman misca mas
pativi”... SemdgomSi moxdao ise, rom “ganvida mefe nadirobad, da gahyves Tana anak da Zma misi, da ipyrnes maxvilni lesul-
ni farulad sawvimarsa queSe steoedsa4; da poves dro da
mokles mefe da ivltodes. xolo devna uyves mTavarTa somxi-
TisaTa, da mouswres vieTme xidsa da romelTame mouswres
1 igulisxmeba sparseTi. 2 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, Tb., 1984, gv. 158_160. 3 moyvrulad mosuli mteri iyoo, aRniSnaven xorenacic da leontic. 4 steoedi steviT naqsovs niSnavs. sulxan-saba orbelianis mixedviT, ste-
vi aqlemis matyls erqva.
65
fonsa, da iwyudines iwrosa Sina; da vervin wauvides, da mok-
lnes iginica”1. aSkaraa, rom somxeTis ambebi leonti mrovels
ase dawvrilebiT somxuri wyaroebidan aqvs SeTvisebuli. maT-
ze damyarebiT da ara bibliis SemweobiT ganadidebs leonti
somxebs.
leonti mroveli gazviadebulad aRwers somexTa mefe
xosros (kosaros) vaJis, Trdatis Tavgadasavalsac: xosros
mokvlis Semdego, sparseTis SahinSahi “movida pirvelad som-
xiTs da daipyra somxiTi, mosra da tyue yo yoveli naTesavi
somexTa mefisa. xolo erTi Ze kosaro mefisa, mcire yrma, Se-
ivltoda sazRvarTa saberZneTisaTa da mun (iq _ a. a.) izarde-
boda, romelsa erqua Trdat”2. am Trdats, romelic mogviane-
biT somxeTis pirveli qristiani mefe xdeba, leonti arc “sa-
berZneTSi” (sinamdvileSi romis imperiaSi) tovebs yuradRebis
gareSe: “mefe guTTa spiTa uricxviTa Sevida saberZneTs. xo-
lo mefe berZenTa (romis imperatori _ a. a.) Sekrba spiTa di-
diTa da winaaRudga. maSin mefeman guTTaman sTxova Tavis-Tav
brZola (orTabrZola _ a. a.) keisarsa. xolo keisarsa ver
Zal-edva brZola misi. xolo maSin mun iyo spaTa Tana ber-
ZenTasa (romis imperiis jarTan _ a. a.) Ze kosaros somexTa
mefisa, saxeliT Trdat... aRzrdil iyo igi saberZneTs, da
iyo igi goliaTi. mas Jamsa Sina iyo igi spasa Tana berZenTa-
sa, da igi gamoarCies yovelTa spaTa berZenTa, da Semoses igi
SesamosliTa da saWurveliTa keisrisaTa, da keisris saxed
(viTom Trdati romis imperatoriao _ a. a.) gaugzavnes brZo-
lad guTTa mefesa. gamovida muniT (iqedan _ a. a.) guTTa me-
fe da mietevnes urTierTas brZolad: sZlo Trdat da xelad
Seipyra, da iotes banaki guTTa. xolo keisarman miscna spani
Trdats da gamogzavna somxiTs, mamulsa Tvissa.”3
SemdgomSi romis imperators, TiTqos, werili gamoug-
zavnia TrdatisTvis da Tavisi saimperatoro taxtis mozia-
red gamoucxadebia somexTa mefe: “moiwivnes mociqulni keis-
risani winaSe Trdat somexTa mefisa da moarTues wigni keis-
1 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 61. 2 iqve, gv. 62. 3 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 68.
66
risa, romelsa weril iyo esreT:
“TviTmpyrobeli keisari sayuarelsa Zmasa da megobarsa
da Tanamosaydresa Cemsa Trdats gikiTxav. uwyebul iyavn Zmo-
ba Seni da Tana Semweoba”...1 aSkaraa, leonti mroveli amjera-
dac somxuri wyaroebis tyveobaSia.2 Trdatisa da qarTvelTa
pirveli qristiani mefis, mirianis dapirispirebis aRwerisas
leonti ixseniebs kidec Tavis somxur wyaros. mirians leon-
ti ratomRac sparseTis mefis Zed, sparselad miiCnevs. mirian-
mao “Zali moirTo sparseTiT da uwyo brZolad Trdats. xo-
lo odes moirTis Zali Trdat saberZneTiT da momarTis mi-
rians, da mas ver Zal-edvis winaaRdgomad, da gaamagrnis ci-
xeni da qalaqni, da movlis Trdat queyana misi. da odes gan-
Zlierdis mirian sparseTiT, maSin ver winaaRudgis Trdat, da
movlis mirian somxiTi. da esreT daucxromelad iyvis SfoTi
maT Soris welTa mravalTa, da aravin ipova odes sparsTa
Soris martod-mbrZoli Trdatisi. da saxelovan iqmna igi yo-
velsa queyanasa da sZlo yovladve mbrZolTa misTa, viTarca
weril ars ambavi misi cxorebasa somexTasa”3. “somexTa cxov-
rebaSi”, Zvel somxur matianeebSi ki gandidebulia somxeTis,
xolo dakninebulia saqarTvelos warsuli.
leonti mrovelis mixedviT, rodesac sparselebma vera-
gulad mokles somexTa mefe xosro da sparseTis mefem daip-
yro somxeTi, igi Tavisi jariT Semoesia iberiis samefosac.
amis gamo “warvida asfagur qarTvelTa mefe ovseTs, raTamca
moimatna spani ovseTiT da ganamagrna cixe-qalaqni. xolo ra-
Jams Sevida asfagur ovseTs, ewia sikudili da mokuda mun.
amas asfagurs ara esua Ze, aramed asuli erTi. maSin
Sekrbes yovelni erisTavni mcxeTas qalaqsa spaspetisa Tana,
romelsa erqua maeJan”, raTa eTaTbiraT, Tu rogor gamkla-
vebodnen sparselebs. maeJans uTqvams: “ukeTumca iyo Cuen Ta-
na Zali ezomi, Cuenmca mesamedTa sparsTa SevesworebodeT,
damcavsxeniT Tavni Cuenni sikudilad da winaaRudegiT maT.
da Tumca darComil iyo mkvidri mefisa Cuenisa anu naTesavi
1 iqve, gv. 82. 2 ix. mag., movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984, gv. 162-164, 166-170, 178-
179. 3 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 64, 69.
67
mefeTa CuenTa, romelimca Rirs iyo mefobasa, davdegiTmca
cixe-qalaqTa Sina, davsxeniTmca Tavni Cuenni sikudilad... aramed mowevnadsa Jamsa esreT mouvlenia, rameTu moikla
sparsTagan didi igi mefe somxiTisa, waRebul ars somxiTi,
romelsa ekida samefo Cueni, da aRuRia piri misi sparsTa me-
fesa STanTqmad yovlisa queyanisa. aravin ars Cuen Tana wina-
aRmdgomi misi da darComil varT Cuen oblad, viTarca cxo-
varni umwyemsoni”1. sinamdvileSi, iberiis samefo somxeTs ar
ekida, masze damokidebuli ar yofila. marTalia, zogjer
somxebi ipyrobdnen iberiis erT nawils, magram, rogorc ukve
iTqva, qarTvelebi axerxebdnen dakarguli mxareebis dabrune-
bas, xolo qristes Sobidan I saukuneSi somxeTi iberiis same-
fom daiqvemdebara. ase rom, iberia somxeTs ekidao, es somxe-
bis mogonilia, somxuri ideologiis mieraa SeTxzuli da
iqedanaa gadmotanili leonti mrovelis “cxovreba qarTvel-
Ta mefeTaSi”.
saubrobs ra wminda ninos moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, leonti
mroveli aRniSnavs: saqarTvelosken momavali wminda nino
“moiwia mTaTa javaxeTisaTa, sada-igi miemTxvia tbasa didsa
gardamdinaresa, romelsa hqvian faravna... da dayo mun ori dRe da iTxova sazrdeli meTevzurTa-
gan, tbasa mas Sina monadireTasa. da mwyemsnica iyvnes masve
adgilsa... xolo wmida nino mecnier iyo mcired enasa somxursa,
rameTu pirvel eswavla niaforisgan, da pova mwyemsTa maT
Soris somxurad mzraxveli (mosaubre _ a. a.) da hkiTxa mas,
viTarmed: “romlisa soflisani (sofeli aq mxares niSnavs _
a. a.) xarT?” xolo man miugo da rqua, viTarmed: “dabiT elar-
biniT da safurcliT, da qinZarelni, rabatelni2 didisa qa-
laqisa mcxeTisani, sada RmerTni RmerToben da mefeni mefo-
ben”3. raki iberiis samefos gaqristianebamdec hyolia aseTi
RirsSesaniSnavi RmerTebi da mefeebi, esec imis mowmobaa, rom
iberia somxeTs ar ekida, masze damokidebuli ar iyo. am mx-
1 iqve, gv. 62_63. 2 rabati cixe-qalaqis samosaxlo nawils erqva. 3 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 85_86.
68
riv, leonti mroveli winaaRmdegobaSi vardeba. is saubrobs
iberiis did warsulzec, magram somxuri wyaroebis gavleniT
am warsuls xSirad akninebs kidec.
leonti mrovelis motanil cnobaze dayrdnobiT cnobi-
li somexi istorikosi leo (misi namdvili saxeli da gva-
ria_araqel babaxaniani) aRniSnavs: “somxuri enisa da kultu-
ris upiratesoba javaxqSi (javaxeTSi _ a. a.) SesamCnevia jer
kidev meoTxe saukuneSi. amis damadasturebel sabuTs Cven
isev da isev qarTul gadmocemebSi vpoulobT. ase magaliTad,
wm. nunem (wminda ninom _ a. a.), miemgzavreboda ra somxeTidan
saqarTveloSi qristianobis gasavrceleblad, gzad gaiara
javaxqi, sadac, rogorc Cans, Sirakidan gadavida (Siraki ani-
sis garemomcveli mxarea _ a. a.). aq, Tafaravanis tbis max-
loblad igi Sexvda qarTvel mwyemsebs, romlebic mcxeTidan
da misi sanaxebidan amosuliyvnen. am mwyemsebisgan gaigo wm.
nunem, Tu romel mxares mdebareobda mcxeTa. misi saubari
mwyemsebTan, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, somxur enaze mimdinareob-
da.
am cnobidan gamomdinareobs, rom somxuri ena javaxqSi
imdenad gavrcelebuli, gamoyenebuli yofila IV saukuneSi,
rom mis sazRvrebs gareT mcxovrebi mwyemsebic iZulebulni
gamxdaran eswavlaT es ena, raTa SeZlebodaT urTierTobis
damyareba adgilobriv mkvidr mosaxleobasTan”,1 e.i. somxebTa-
no. pirvel rigSi, unda iTqvas, rom wminda nino Tu marTla
somxeTidan Semovida saqarTveloSi, es imas ar niSnavs, rom
is somexi iyo an somxebma gamogzavnes saqarTveloSi qristia-
nobis gasavrceleblad. leonti mrovelis Txrobidanac Cans,
rom Cveni qveynisaken momaval wminda ninos somxeTi mxolod
da mxolod gzad gamouvlia.
rac Seexeba javaxeTis somxurobas Zvel xanebSi, es le-
os da ZmaTa misTa mogonilia. SesaZloa, qristes Sobamde II_I
saukuneebSi somxebma marTlac daipyres javaxeTis nawili,
1 leo, sasazRvro dava_lore, axalqalaqi, yarabaRi, Tb., 1919w. (somxur
enaze). rogorc am wignis saTauridanac Cans, somxuri wreebi lore-taSi-
ris, yofili axalqalaqis mazris, e.i. javaxeTis da yarabaRis problemebs
somxeTisTvis erT sibrtyeze ayeneben. somxebma ukve daisakuTres lore-
taSiri da yarabaRi; amJamad javaxeTsac umizneben.
69
magram, rogorc ukve iTqva, qristes Sobidan I_II aswleuleb-
Si, rodesac iberiis samefo farsman I-isa da farsman II qve-
lis moRvaweobis Sedegad gaZlierebulia, javaxeTi ueWvelad
iberiis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSia. aRsaniSnavia, rom V
saukunis somexi mematianis, favstos buzandis cnobebiT, som-
xebsa da qarTvelebs Soris cxare brZolebi gamarTula qvemo
qarTlisTvis IV aswleulSi. iberiam SeZlo kidec qvemo qar-
Tlis dabruneba im xanebSi. rogorc Cans, javaxeTic iberiis
SemadgenlobaSia im dros, Torem raki somxebi pretenzias ac-
xadebdnen am ZirZvel qarTul mxarezec da qarTvelebic coc-
xali TaviT ar Tmobdnen TavianT miwa-wyals, kerZod, java-
xeTs, mosalodneli iyo qvemo qarTlTan erTad qarTvel-so-
mexTa Soris brZolebi javaxeTisTvisac gaimarTeboda, rac
uTuod aisaxeboda Zalze mdidar Zvel somxur saistorio
mwerlobaSi. Tu naxevar javaxeTs qristes Sobamde II_I sauku-
neebSi marTla daetyo somxuri elferi, gaviTvaliswinebT ra
Zveli iberielebis brZolisunarianobas, maT SemarTebas qar-
Tuli miwa-wylis dasacavad, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom qristes Sobidan I_II aswleulebSi javaxeTma savsebiT
aRidgina qarTuli, mSobliuri iersaxe.
leo javaxeTs somxur mxared rom acxadebs (somexi po-
litikosebi, istorikosebi Tu publicistebi dRemdec am azr-
ze mtkiced dganan), am mizniT iSveliebs VII saukunis somxur
“geografiasac”. am TxzulebaSi ki sruliad mkafiod, garkve-
viT weria, rom somxeTis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca mxolod da
mxolod zemo javaxeTi.1 maSasadame, somxeTs erTxans, droe-
biT SeiZleboda daepyro mxolod javaxeTis nawili da ara
mTeli javaxeTi. ase amaxinjeben, ayalbeben leo da Zmani mis-
ni, TavianTi winaswar SemuSavebuli SexedulebisaTvis mosar-
gebad, somxuri wyaroebisve monacemebs, romlebic isedac ten-
denciurad asaxaven saqarTvelo-somxeTis urTierTobebs.
movses xorenacis cnobiT, “Saras naSiers, guSars ergo
mTinis mTa, anu kangarqi, naxevari javaxeTi2”… am cnobis mi-xedviTac, somxeTis SemadgenlobaSi droebiT moqceula mxo-
1 ix. anania Sirakaci, Txzulebebi, erevani, 1979, gv. 297, somxur enaze. 2 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984, gv. 106.
70
lod naxevari da ara mTeli javaxeTi1. amasTanave yuradRebas
ipyrobs is garemoebac, rom xorenacis “somxeTis istoriaSi”
guSaris saxels somexTa mamamTavris, haikis (leonti mroveli
mas haoss uwodebs) uSualo STamomavalTa Soris ver vxvde-
biT. rogorc etyoba, guSaris dakavSireba somexTa miTiur wi-
napar haikTan gvian unda momxdariyo, raTa amiT “daesabuTebi-
naT” somxeTis xelisufalTa miswrafebebi, mezoblebis xar-
jze maTi samflobelos gafarToebisaken rom iyo mimarTuli.
gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom guSari gogarene-gugarqis (qvemo
qarTlis, Tu misi erTi nawilis) qarTuli mxaris eponimi,
saxelwodebis mimniWebeli unda iyos.2 zemoT ukve motanili
leonti mrovelis cnobiT, mefe farnavazi weliwadis erT na-
wils atarebda mcxeTaSi, meores gaCianSi (qvemo qarTlSi),
xolo mesames – wundaSi (javaxeTSi). am cnobaSi xazgasmulia
Zveli qarTlis (iberiis) samefos sami centris udidesi mniSv-
neloba, “saidanac mosaxerxebeli iyo Sida, qvemo da zemo
qarTlis adgilze marTva-gangeba3.” javaxeTi zemo qarTlis
nawili iyo da amdenad qarTuli samyaros sisxli sisxlTaga-
ni da xorci xorcTagani. amis dasturia isic, rom javaxeTi
moqceuli iyo rogorc aRmosavlurqarTul, ise dasavlur-
qarTul kulturul-istoriul sferoSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom
iseve, rogorc mTel samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi, javaxe-
Tis toponimiaSic SeiniSneba zanuri (megrul-Wanuri) enis
nakvalevi. es SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos imiTac, rom javaxe-
Tis toponimebis nawils safuZvlad daedo fuZe-qarTuli enis
leqsika, e.i. imdroindeli sityvebi, sanam fuZe-qarTuli ena
samad daiSleboda_svanur, megrul-lazur (Wanur) da qarTul
enebad.
javaxeTis toponimebis udidesi nawili, saerTod, qar-
Tulia. friad mravlismetyvelia is faqti, rom javaxeTis to-
ponim xerTvisSi qarTuli enis uZvelesi, e.w. xanmeti formaa
dadasturebuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom javaxeTSi ar SemogvrCenia
1ix. d. berZeniSvili, narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiidan,
zemo qarTli _ Tori, javaxeTi, Tb., 1985, gv. 78, 126. 2 iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoriis Sesavali, I, Tb., 1950, gv. 24-25. 3 d. berZeniSvili, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 76.
71
uZvelesi somxuri warwerebi, aseTi aq mxolod qarTulia.1
rac Seexeba faravnis tbasTan, javaxeTSi wm. ninos som-
xurad dalaparakebas iberiel mwyemsebTan, es somxur legen-
das warmoadgens_leonti mroveli xom xSirad sazrdoobda
somxuri TqmulebebiT. somxur gadmocemebSi, saukuneTa ganmav-
lobaSi, wm. ninos saxeli ufro da ufro mWidrod daukavSi-
res somxeTs. saqme iqamdec mivida, rom XII_XIII aswleulebis
somxur natyuar TxzulebaSi, e.w. “xelSekrulebis wignSi” wm.
nino (nune) pirvel rigSi somexTa, xolo Semdeg qarTvelTa
“moZRvradaa” dasaxelebuli. masSi naTqvamia, rom qarTvelebi
“Cvens (somxebis _ a. a.) nunes daemowafnen”-o; agreTve “Cveni
(somxebis _ a. a.) da qarTvelTa moZRvari” ewodeba wm. ninos
am somxur TxzulebaSi.2 sayuradReboa, rom es “xelSekrule-
bis wigni”, TiTqos, IV saukuneSi gaCenila da warmoadgendao
SeTanxmebas, erTi mxriv, romis imperiis pirvel qristian impe-
rator konstantinesa da romis paps, silvestrs, xolo, meore
mxriv, somxeTis mefe Trdatsa da grigol somexTa ganmanaT-
lebels Soris, samyaros “gavlenis sferoebad” danawilebis
Sesaxeb. romaelebs dasavleTi, viTomc, TavisTvis dautovebi-
aT, xolo aRmosavleTis qveynebi, maT Soris saqarTveloc,
somexTa saero Tu sasuliero xelisufalTaTvis gadauciaT.
amgvar somxur legendebs daswafebia ratomRac leonti mro-
velic.
aRsaniSnavia, rom X saukunis somexi mematiane, uxtanesi
VI_VII aswleulTa qarTveli kaTolikosis, kirionis Sesaxeb
gvauwyebs: “is (kirioni _ a. a.) iyo qveyniT da naTesaviT qar-
TvelTagan, javaxeTis gavaridan (mxaridan _ a. a.); soflidan,
romelsac skutri ewodeba”...3 kirionis warmoSoba ase dawvri-lebiT imitom ainteresebs somex mematianes, rom swored kiri-
onis kaTolikosobis Jams moxda ganxeTqileba qarTul-som-
xur eklesiebs Soris, rac somxurma eklesiam somxeTisaTvis
1 d. berZeniSvili, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 126. 2 xelSekrulebis wigni, k.v. Sahnazariancis gamocema, parizi, 1862, gv. 21,
25, somxur enaze. uZveles droSive damkvidrebuli tradiciiT, wm. nino
kapadokieli iyo. 3 uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa qarTvelTa somexTagan, z. aleqsiZis gamo-
cema, Tb., 1975, gv. 21.
72
did ubedurebad miiCnia, rameTu, somexTa SexedulebiT, qar-
Tuli eklesia somxurs unda daqvemdebareboda. rogorc vxe-
davT, uxtanesic javaxeTs qarTvelTa qveynis nawilad acxa-
debs da ara somxeTisad. kirionis javaxeTidan warmoSoba yu-
radRebas ipyrobs sxva mxrivac: kirionsa da somxuri eklesi-
is saWeTmpyrobelTa Soris dapirispireba warmoiSva qvemo
qarTlis samxreTi nawilis Taobazec, sadac qarTvelebTan
erTad, garkveuli mizezebis gamo,1 somxebic cxovrobdnen. ga-
sagebia, kirions surda, rom es somxebi qarTuli eklesiis
samwysos nawili gamxdariyvnen, rameTu ZirZvel qarTul miwa-
wyals qarTuli ier-saxe unda hqonoda da ara somxuri. somex-
Tagan mitacebul qarTul mxareebs qarTvelebi rodesac ukan-
ve ibrunebdnen, bunebrivia, cdilobdnen maTi qarTuli elfe-
ris srulad aRdgenas, ver iTmendnen qarTul saxelmwifoSi
dabrunebuli uZvelesi mxaris gaucxoebas. aSkaraa, rom amgva-
ri problema ar mdgara javaxeTis winaSe, iq somxebi an sul
ar cxovrobdnen, an Zalze mcire raodenobiT, Torem javaxi
kirioni qvemo qarTlis samxreT nawilis garda, javaxeTis ga-
moc daupirispirdeboda somxuri eklesiis Tavkacebs. Tu ja-
vaxeTSi somxebi kompaqturad, didi odenobiT binadrobdnen,
kirioni Seecdeboda, isinic qarTuli eklesiis mrevlis nawi-
li gamxdariyvnen, razec somxuri eklesia iseTive mwvave rea-
girebas moaxdenda, rogorc es qvemo qarTlis samxreT nawi-
lis SemTxvevaSi dasturdeba.2
uxtanesi javaxeTs qarTul mxared rom miiCnevs, cxadia,
mas amis gamo qarTvelebis mimarT mikerZoebulad veravin
CaTvlis, radgan isic, sxva somex mematianeTa msgavsad, gana-
didebs somxeTis warsuls da mas upiratesobas aniWebs saqar-
TvelosTan SedarebiTac. misi Txzulebis mxolod saTauric
ki – “istoria gamoyofisa qarTvelTa somexTagan” – amis das-
turia. uxtanesis mixedviT, somxeTi uZlieresi saxelmwifo
yofila adamJamobidanve, lamis iqedanve, roca RmerTma qvey-
niereba Seqmna. am mematianis sityviT, legendarulma aramma,
1 somxebi droebiT qarTul mxareebs rom ipyrobdnen, maTi gasomxurebis
mizniT iq somxuri mosaxleobac Cndeboda. 2 es simwvave kargad Cans “epistoleTa wignSi” (z. aleqsiZis gamocema, Tb.,
1968) da uxtanesis dasaxelebul TxzulebaSi.
73
TiTqos, somexTa erT-erTma mamamTavarma, miTiurma winaparma
“Tavisi simamaciT ganavrco somxeTis sazRvrebi imdenad, rom
yoveli eri somxeTs dids eZaxda.1” aRsaniSnavia, rom biblia-
Si arami semis vaJadaa warmodgenili da misi gamocxadeba so-
mexTa erT-erT mamamTavrad, winaprad, bibliuri da somxuri
tradiciis Serwymis Sedegia. amasTanave, somxeTis gaZliereba
xdeba qristes Sobamde II saukunidan da ara adam da evadan.
leonti mrovelic amgvari somxuri legendebis tyveobaSia da
bibliuri da somxuri tradiciebis Serwymis Sedegebsac gvTa-
vazobs “cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTaSi”.
leonti mrovelis armenofilur koncefcias qarTvelebi
ar iziarebdnen. marTalia, “qarTlis cxovreba” saqarTveloSi
wminda, patiosan wignad miaCndaT, magram masSi moTavsebuli
“cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTas”, am krebulis pirveli matianis
mimarT mainc kritikul damokidebulebas iCendnen. gviandel
xanebze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, am mxriv friad sayuradReboa
XII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi moRvawe mwerlis, arsen beris
pozicia. arseni ekamaTeba leonti mrovels im gancxadebis ga-
mo, TiTqos, nabuqodonosoris xanamde “qarTlosianTa ena
somxuri iyo” da sxva sakiTxebzec. arsen bers Tavisi “cxov-
rebai ninoisi”-saTvis daurTavs, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, “qar-
Tlis mokle matiane.” pavle ingoroyvas sityviT, es danarTi
warmoadgens “mokle matianisebur mimoxilvas saqarTvelos
istoriisas”. mkvlevari mas “arseni metafrastis matianes”
uwodebs.2
arsen bers miznad dausaxavs qarTvelTa warmomavlobis
garkvevac: “uwyebai jer-ars amisica, sayuarelno, viTarmed
ese mefe mirian,3 anu sxuani mefeni qarTvelTani, romlisa to-
misagan iyvnes, anu Cuen qarTvelni romelTa naTesavTa (modg-
mis – a. a.) Svilni varT.” Semdeg arseni gadmogvcems aleqsan-
dre makedonelis qarTlSi laSqrobis ambavs (sadReisod mec-
nierebaSi miRebulia azri, rom aleqsandre makedoneli pira-
1 uxtanes episkoposi, somxeTis istoria, vaRarSapati, 1871, gv. 29, somxur
enaze. 2 p. ingoroyva, TxzulebaTa krebuli, t. IV, Tb., 1978, gv. 527-528. 3 igulisxmeba iberiis pirveli qristiani mefe, romelsac leonti mrove-
li sparselad miiCnevs.
74
dad iberiaSi ar yofila, magram, SesaZloa, misma romelime
sardalma ilaSqra saqarTveloSi), ixseniebs aleqsandres
Tanmxleb azos, romelic yofila “Ze arian qarTvelTa mefi-
sa”. Tu sad mdebareobda arian qarTvelTa qveyana, mxare, ari-
an-qarTli, amis Taobaze mecnierebaSi mravali mosazreba ga-
moiTqva. amJamad ufro miRebulia azri, rom arian-qarTli1
ewodeboda istoriul samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos, rome-
lic moicavda tao-klarjeTs, spers, basians da sxva uZveles
qarTul mxareebs.
arsen beris mixedviT, aleqsandre makedonels azosTvis
gadaucia “queyanai ese Cueni sameufod da samkvidrebelad”.
arseni ganagrZobs: “xolo ese azove warvida arian qarTlad
mamisa Tvisisa da warmoiyvana muniT aTasi saxli mdabioi da
moqalaqe dedebiT, yrmebiTurT maTiT da kualad aTi saxli
mTavarTagan palatisaTa dedebiT da yrmebiTurT maTiT: da
maT Tana hyves kerpni RmrTad. da ese azove ars pirveli mefe
qarTvelTai.2 da amisTa Svilis-SvilTagan ocdamerve mefe iyo
mirian… Cuen qarTvelni Svilni varT maT arian qarTliT ga-
mosrulTani da ena maTi uwyiT. da yovelni mefeni qarTlisa-
ni amaT mefeTa Svilis-Svilni arian.3” aSkaraa, rom arsen be-
ris Txzulebidan motanil amonaridebSi gamoyenebulia “moq-
cevai qarTlisais” qronika, magram arsens aqvs sakuTari po-
ziciac qarTvelTa da maTi vinaobis, aseve sxva sakiTxebis Se-
saxebac. “moqcevai qarTlisaiSi” qarTvelTa enaze araferia
naTqvami. amis Taobaze arsenamde mxolod leonti mrovelis
“cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTaSi” aris warmodgenili armeno-
filuri Sexeduleba da arsenis Tvalsazrisi swored mas upi-
rispirdeba. meoregan arseni saxeldebiTac akritikebs “cxov-
reba qarTvelTa mefeTas”, ixseniebs ra mas “hanbavi mefeTas”
saxelwodebiT, iseve, rogorc “moqcevai qarTlisais,” aRar
sjerdeba maT arapirdapir kritikas: “wmidano mamano da
1 sayuradReboa, rom arian-qarTlSi qarTuli saxelmwifo arsebobda qar-
Tuli tradiciis mixedviT. 2 sinamdvileSi, qarTvelebs mefeebi aleqsandre makedonelis epoqaze ga-
cilebiT adre hyavdaT Zveli kolxeTisa da diaoxis saxelmwifoebSi. 3 Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, t. III, ilia abu-
laZis redaqciiT, Tb., 1971, gv. 46-47.
75
Zmano, ese netarisa ninois “cxorebai” Seuwyobelad da ganbne-
ulad “qarTlisa moqcevasa” Tana da “hanbavsa mefeTasa” Tana
aRreulad sweria, viTarca Tquen uwyiT… win ukuana da ukua-na war, igive da erTi piri. da amisTvis saeklesiod mkiTx-
velTaTvis friad sawyino iyo da msmenelTaTvis uxmar da
ver sacnaur.1”
simon janaSias Tanaxmad, arsen beri friad saintereso,
sayuradRebo mweralia; “Tavisi wminda literaturuli amoca-
na fsevdo-arsenim (s. janaSia ase ixseniebs “cxovrebai ninoi-
sis” avtors – a. a.) Cinebulad gadawyvita, magram CvenTvis igi
kidev ufro sainteresoa, rogorc publicisti. igi sapatio
adgils daiWers Zveli periodis qarTuli sazogadoebrivi
azrovnebis istoriaSi Tavisi gamokveTili msoflmxedvelo-
biT. radganac fsevdo-arsenis misTvis saintereso sakiTxebis
garSemo ukve garkveuli, sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebebi daxvda
mwerlobaSi, amitom man sakuTari koncefciis gamoTqmas po-
lemikuri forma misca. vfiqrobT, rom roca fsevdo-arseni
sxva avtorebs, kerZod – leonti mrovels ambisa da Txrobis
“Seuwyoblobas”, “ganbneulobas”, “aRreulobas” ukiJinebs, igi
marto literaturul mxares ki ar gulisxmobs, aramed arse-
biTad ekamaTeba Tavis mowinaaRmdegeebs.”
qarTvelTa, maTi enisa da mefeebis warmomavlobis sa-
kiTxebis arsen beriseuli gaazrebis Sedegad, “Zireulad uar-
yofil iqna leontiseuli konstruqcia dinastiaTa cvlis Se-
saxeb qarTlSi da… bagrationebis samefo prerogativebis ge-
nezisic TviT qarTlis samefos dasawyiss daukavSirda faru-
lad. ramdenadac kategoriulad, amdenadve samarTlianad uku-
agdo fsevdo-arsenim leontis ususuri debulebac qarTuli
enis warmoSobis Sesaxeb. Cven “ena maTi (e. i. arian-qarTvele-
bis) uwyiT”, Zvelsa da axal samSobloSi2 xalxi erTsa da
imave enaze metyvelebdao, aseTi iyo axali debuleba”3… zemoT ukve iTqva, rom somxur samecniero literatura-
Si klarjeTic somxur mxared cxaddeba. aseTadaa is miCneu-
1 iqve, gv. 51. 2 sinamdvileSi, arian qarTlic da danarCeni qarTlic (iberia) qarTvelTa
Zveli samSobloa; arian qarTlis cnebis axlandeli gageba amas mowmobs. 3 s. janaSia, Sromebi, t. VI, Tb., 1988, gv. 99-100.
76
li, kerZod, “somxur sabWoTa enciklobediaSic”. amasTan da-
kavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos isic, rom klarjeTSi uZvelesi
droidan SeimCneva megrul-lazuri kvalic.1 klarjeTis cen-
tris artanujis (qarTuli saistorio tradiciis mixedviT,
artanuji vaxtang gorgaslis drosaa agebuli) saxelwodebac,
rogorc miRebulia mecnierebaSi, warmomdgaria “artaaniS yu-
ji”-sagan, rac artaanis yures niSnavs. megrul-lazuri yuji
yurs qvia. lazuri warmoSobisaa oSkis saxelic (a. SaniZe).
somxuri, VII saukunis “geografiis” mixedviT, klarjeTs ekv-
ris an SeiZleba sulac klarjeTis nawilia egris olqi.2 es
egr Ziri gvaqvs daculi sityvebSi – egrisi da megreli. eg-
ris olqis mkvidri mosaxleoba, cxadia, megrul-lazur toms
warmoadgenda. egerelTa mxareebs samxreT-dasavleT saqarTve-
loSi, taos maxloblad ixseniebs movses xorenacic.3 TviT
armenofil leonti mrovelsac eWvi ar epareba, rom klarje-
Ti qarTuli mxare iyo da ara somxuri. somxur “geografiaSi”
ixsenieba “SavSeT”, qarTuli –eT daboloebiT, magram iqve
naTqvamia, rom es mxare qarTvelebma waarTves somxebs sxva
olqebTan erTad.4 etyoba, “geografiis” avtorma ar icoda,
rom –eT daboloeba wminda qarTulia, Torem SavSeTs saxels
Seucvlida, SavSq-s daarqmevda.5 ai, aseTi tendenciuri som-
xuri wyaroebis safuZvelze acxadeben Tanamedrove somexi
mecnierebi ZirZvel qarTul mxareebs somxurad, kerZod, qvemo
qarTlsac ki, romelic ekvroda qarTvelTa dedaqalaqebs,
mcxeTas da Tbiliss. es xdeba im mizniT, rom somxebma moma-
valSic SeZlon qarTuli miwa-wylis mitaceba. maT moaxerxes
1921 wels, ruseTis bolSevikuri imperiis daxmarebiT, qvemo
qarTlis samxreT nawilis, lore-taSiris misakuTreba da am-
Jamad javaxeTis saqarTvelosgan moglejasac gegmaven. arada,
lore-taSiris SesanarCuneblad, gadasarCenad qarTvelebs sa-
ukuneTa ganmavlobaSi zRva sisxli aqvT daRvrili.
1 ix. a. SaniZe, qarTvelTa monasteri bulgareTSi, gv. 266-267. 2 anania Sirakaci, Txzulebani, erevani, 1979, gv. 298, somxur enaze. 3 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984, gv. 103. 4 anania Sirakaci, Txzulebani, gv. 289, 290, 297. 5 Tanamedrove somexi mecnierebi (mag., p. muradiani) SavSeTs SavSqs uwode-
ben, isini tendenciurobaSi Zvel somxur matianeebsac ki aWarbeben – ix.
mari da armenologiis sakiTxebi, erevani, 1968, gv. 65, somxur enaze.
77
meore Tavi
saqarTvelo da somxeTi IV_XI saukuneebSi
zemoT ukve iTqva imis Taobazec, rom somxuri wayroe-
bis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi qristianoba, TiTqos, somxeTs,
somxebs, kerZod, somexTa pirvel qristian mefe Trdats da
somxeTis ganmanaTlebel grigols gauvrcelebiaT. amis Sesa-
xeb moTxrobilia V saukunis somexi mematianis, agaTangelo-
sis “somxeTis istoriis,” “somexTa moqcevis” sxvadasxva re-
daqciebSi.1 movses xorenacis mixedviTac, wm. nino somxeTis
ganmanaTleblis, grigoris TanaSemwe yofila TiTqos: “erTi
qali, saxelad nune (wm. nino _ a. a.), [devnil] da gafantul
wmida rifsimianTa amxanagTagani,2 iltvoda da miaRwia qar-
TvelTa qveyanas, maT dedaqalaqs, mcxeTas. didi gulmodgine-
bis wyalobiT man SeiTvisa mkurnalobis xelovneba da mrava-
li sneuli moarCina, savsebiT [gankurna] qarTvelTa winamZRo-
lis, mirianis (tendenciurobis gamo xorenaci mirians mefes
ar uwodebs3 _ a. a.) colic. maSin hkiTxa mas mirianma, Tu ra
Zalis meoxebiT Cadis amgvar saocrebebs, [nunem ki] amaze
qristes saxarebis qadagebiT upasuxa; [miriani] gatacebiT us-
menda mas, merme [amis Sesaxeb] mouyva Tavis naxararebsac
(erisTavebs – a. a.) da qebac ar dauSurebia. male man Seityo
im sakvirvelebaTa Sesaxeb, rac somxeTSi mefesa da naxara-
rebs SeemTxvaT (nagulisxmevia maTi gaqristianeba – a. a.), ag-
reTve sanatreli nunes amxanagebis (rifsimianebis – a. a.) [Tav-
gadasavali]. gancvifrebulma [mirianma] uambo es sanatrel
nunes, romlisganac ufro sarwmunod da dawvrilebiT gaigo
yovelive.
imave xanebSi sanadirod wasul mirians Znelsaval mTeb-
Si gza daebna; mas TvalT ki ar daubnelda, aramed nisli Ca-
mowva… amnairad, miriani moeqca sibneleSi, rac gaxda mizezi
misTvis samudamo sinaTlis miniWebisa, rameTu SeSinebuls mo-
agonda Trdatis Sesaxeb mosmenili ambavi: rodesac iman moi-
1 ix. iv. javaxiSvili, Zveli somxuri saistorio mwerloba, Tb., 1935 w. 2 somxeTSi mosuli qristian qalTa jgufi; wm. rifsimes Tanamosagreni
uwamebiaT, SeuviwroebiaT Trdat mefis gaqristianebamde. 3 miriani somexTa mefis oTxi mxedarTmTavridan erT-erTi iyoo.
78
wadina nadiroba da gzas gaudga, RvTis risxva daatyda Tavs.
mirianma ifiqra, rom masac msgavsi ram SeemTxveva da Tavzar-
dacemuli mohyva locva-vedrebas, raTa nisli gafantuliyo
da Sin mSvidobiT misuliyo. [samagierod], igi pirobas debda,
rom Tayvans scemda nunes RmerTs; ausrulda mas survili da
TviTonac ar gatexa sityva.
sanatrelma nunem moiTxova sando kacebi da gagzavna
isini wmida grigorTan [imis gasagebad], Tu ris gakeTebas
ubrZanebda mas Semdeg, rac qarTvelebma siamovnebiT Seiwyna-
res saxareba. [nunem] miiRo brZaneba, rom moespo kerpebi, ro-
gorc es Tavad [grigorma] qna da aRemarTa jvari patiosani
jer kidev manamde, sanam ufali uwyalobebda maT mwyemss wi-
namZRvrad. [nunem] dauyovnebliv mospo Weqa-quxilis [momvli-
nebeli] aramazdis (armazis – a. a.) qandakeba,1 romelic qala-
qisagan (mcxeTisgan – a. a.) gancalkevebiT, didi mdinaris
(mtkvris – a. a.) meore mxares idga2”.
marTalia, xorenaci wm. ninos somexTa ganmanaTlebels
umorCilebs, iseve, rogorc qarTvelTa pirvel qristian mefe
mirians somxeTis mefe Trdats, magram nebsiT Tu uneblieT
mis TxrobaSi gamosWvivis azric, rom somxeTis da iberiis me-
feebi TiTqmis erTdroulad gaqristianebulan. cxadia, miria-
ni mezobeli somxeTis mefis gaqristianebas maSinve Seityob-
da. am mxriv mas xels Seuwyobda isic, rom iberiis, kerZod,
qvemo qarTlis samxreT nawilSi, somxeT-iberiis sazRvarTan
somxebic cxovrobdnen. rogorc ki gaugia somxeTis mefis gaq-
ristianeba, mirianic, xorenacis sityviT, “imave xanebSi sana-
dirod” wasula da gaqristianebula. raki es asea, maSasadame,
somxeTs ar dasWirvebia zrunva, wlebis ganmavlobaSi saqmia-
noba iberiis gasaqristianeblad. es somxeTisagan damoukideb-
lad moxda.
somxeTSic da saqarTveloSic qristianobis saxelmwifo
religiad gamocxadeba romis imperiasTan SeTanxmebiT moxda.
im periodSi somxeTic da iberiac romis imperatoris uzenae-
sobas cnobdnen da mas Semdeg, rac qristianobam romis impe-
1 movses xorenacis somexTa uzenaes RvTaebasTan, aramazdTan gauigivebia
qarTvelTa uzenaesi RmerTi armazi. 2 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984, gv. 170-171.
79
riaSi gaimarjva, iberiasa da somxeTSic gamocxadda saxel-
mwifo religiad. somxuri saistorio tradiciis, kerZod, aga-
Tangelosis Tanaxmadac, TviT somexTa ganmanaTlebeli gri-
gori romis imperiaSi, saxeldobr, qalaq kesariaSi aRizarda,
gaqristianda da iqve moxda misi somexTa episkoposad xel-
dasxmac. vinaidan romis imperia gareulia iberiasa da som-
xeTSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis saq-
meSi, am mxriv somxeTis rolze laparaki iberiis mimarT sru-
liad usafuZvloa da mxolod somxuri ideologiis Semqne-
lebs Tu mouvidodaT TavSi azrad.
l. janaSias sityviT, “im wyaroTa Soris, romlebic qar-
Tlis gaqristianebas aRweren, uZvelesia berZnul-romauli.
isini TiTqmis mxolod naxevari saukuniT arian dacilebuli
TviT qarTlis moqcevas. metad mniSvnelovania is, rom swo-
red am uZveles wyaroebSi araferia naTqvami imaze, rom qar-
Tlis gaqristianeba riTime yofiliyos dakavSirebuli somxe-
Tis gaqristianebasTan”1. aRsaniSnavia, rom bolnisis sionis V
saukunis qarTul warweraSi gvxvdeba sityva eklesia berZnu-
li formiT. aseve, wminda berZnuli vokativis (wodebiTis)
forma iesu qristes saxelisa_iesus qristus mxolod qar-
TulSia gamoyenebuli saxelobiTSi. es garemoebani “sxva niS-
nebisa da sabuTebis gverdiT gamodgeba imis sabuTad, rom
qristianoba saqarTveloSi berZnuli warmoSobisaa da ara
somxurisa.”2
isic unda iTqvas, rom IV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, Se-
saZloa, zogierTi qarTuli mxare, mag., qvemo qarTlis samxre-
Ti nawili, somxeTs hqonda mitacebuli. am mxareebSi qristia-
noba saxelmwifo religiad, cxadia, somxeTis xelisufalTa
nebiT, igive grigol ganmanaTleblis monawileobiT gamoc-
xaddeboda. SemdgomSi es mxareebi saqarTvelom ukanve daib-
runa. amis safuZvelze somxuri ideologiis Semqmnelebma bu-
zi spilod aqcies da mTeli saqarTvelo somxeTis wyalobiT
1 ix. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. II, Tb., 1973, gv. 76. aRsaniSnavia,
rom berZenma mematianem gelasi kesarielma da sxvebmac qarTvelTa gaq-
ristianebis, aseve wm. ninos Sesaxeb iberiis mefis Zis, bakurisagan Seity-
ves. 2 m. TarxniSvili, werilebi, Tb., 1994, gv. 307.
80
gaqristianebulad gamoacxades.
leon meliqseT-begis da sxvaTa Tanaxmad, qarTuli bib-
liis “uZvelesi versiebi somxuridanac iyo Targmnili”1. am
faqtsac iSvelieben imis dasturad, TiTqos, qarTveli eri
somxeTis wyalobiT gaqristianda. rogorc iTqva, somxeTi
axerxebda qarTuli mxareebis dapyrobas, romlebsac saqar-
Tvelo brZoliT ukanve ibrunebda. somxeTisagan mitacebul
qarTul mxareebSi mcxovreb qarTvelebs ecodinebodaT som-
xuri enac. garda amisa, saqarTveloSi qarTvelebis gverdiT
xom uZvelesi droidan, kerZod, qristes Sobamde II saukunidan
cxovrobdnen somxebic. amis Sedegadac zogierT qarTvels
ecodineboda somxuri ena. es saWiro iyo qarTuli saxelmwi-
fosTvisac, rameTu saqarTvelo-somxeTis ganuwyveteli teri-
toriuli davis viTarebaSi qarTveli xelisufalni somxuri
enis mcodne qarTvelebs gamoiyenebdnen mzveravebad, saqarTve-
los mimarT somxeTis gegmebis dawvrilebiT Sesatyobad. raki
zogierTma qarTvelma icoda somxuri ena, raRa gasakviria,
rom qarTul-somxuri eklesiebis ganxeTqilebamde bibliis
calkeuli nawilebi qarTulad somxuridanac eTargmnaT.
somexi mematianeebi, koriuni, movses xorenaci da sxve-
bic qarTuli damwerlobis Seqmnas somexTa saeklesio moRva-
wes, mesrop-maStocs miaweren. es azri gabatonebulia somexTa
Soris dResac imdenad, rom V klasis “somxeTis istoriaSic”
kia Setanili. ufro metic, somxebi cdiloben amgvari tenden-
ciuri, usafuZvlo Sexedulebebi mTel msoflios mohfinon.
xorenacis mixedviT, somexTa mefis, vramSapuhis dros
(387/88-413/14) siriel episkopos daniels Seuqmnia somxuri an-
bani. igi gadasces somexTa eklesiis saWeTmpyrobels sahaks
da mis Tanamosagre mesrops (maStocs): “isini Seudgnen mis
Seswavlas, ramdenime weliwads bavSvebic avarjiSes, magram
darwmundnen, rom am asoebiT SeuZlebeli iyo somxuri enis
bgerebis zedmiwevniT, damakmayofileblad gadmocema, anbani
mwiri gamodga”. amis Semdeg mesrop-maStocma RmerTis
STagonebiT Seqmnao somxuri damwerloba. magram mesrop-maS-
tocis muza somxuri damwerlobis Seqmnisas rodi damcxra-
1 l. meliqseT-begi, Zveli somxuri literaturis istoria, Tb., 1941, gv. 56.
81
la. erT mSvenier dReso mesrop-maStoci “wavida qarTvelTa
qveyanaSi da madlis zegardmo miniWebiT maTac Seuqmna anbani
vinme jalasTan erTad, romelic berZnuli da somxuri ene-
bidan Targmnida. [mesrops] xels uwyobdnen imaTi mefe bakuri
da mose episkoposi. man (mesropmao _ a. a.) SearCia bavSvebi,
gahyo isini or jgufad da moZRvrebad dautova Tavisi [ori]
mowafeTagani, ter xorZenaci da muSe taronaci.
[amis Semdeg] mesropi gadavida alvaneTSi (kavkasiis al-
baneTSi _ a. a.)... [mesropma] miixmo vinme beniamini, niWieri
mTargmneli, romelic dauyovnebliv gaugzavna mas siuniqis
xelisufalma, ymawvilma vasakma Tavisi episkoposis ananis
TanxlebiT. maTi SewevniT [mesropma] Seqmna anbani gar-
garelTa (albanelTa _ a. a.) xorxismieri, arakeTilxmovani,
barbarosuli da uxeSi enisaTvis...”1 koriunis Tanaxmad, mes-
rop-maStocs ar scodnia arc qarTuli da arc albanuri ene-
bi. mas beniamenisagan mousmenia albanuri enis sityvebi da ase
gamougonebia albanelTaTvis damwerloba. qarTuli anbanic
mesrop-maStocma qarTuli enis codnis gareSe Seqmnao.2
aRsaniSnavia, rom XI saukunis somexi mematianis, stefa-
nos taronecis (asoRikis) cnobiT, “daniel asurTa filoso-
fosma somxurisTvis 29 aso moigona, xolo Svidi danaklisi
aso netarma mesrop taronelma vedrebiT RmerTisagan miiRo”-
o. XIII aswleulis somexi istorikosis, vardan arevelcis Ta-
naxmad, “wminda mesropma somxuri mwignobroba moagvara Zveli
droiTgan daniel asurisagan mopovebul 22 asoze” damyare-
biT.3 rogorc vxedavT, somxurive cnobebiT, mesrop-maStocs
somxuri damwerlobac ar Seuqmnia, mas mxolod Seuvsia is.
miT ufro eWvs iwvevs mesrop-maStocis mier qarTuli anbanis
gamogoneba.
specialistebi didi xania aRniSnaven, rom damwerlobis
Seqmna rTuli lingvisturi procesia. gamoricxulia, vinmem
ama Tu im enisaTvis gamoigonos anbani, Tu am enis bunebas,
Taviseburebebs Rrmad ar Cawvda. mesrop-maStocs ki srule-
biT ar codnia qarTuli ena. rogorc koriuni da movses xo-
1 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984, gv. 222-224. 2 ix. iv. javaxiSvili, Zveli somxuri saistorio mwerloba, gv. 155. 3 ix. iqve, gv. 165.
82
renaci aRniSnaven, sirieli anu asuri danielis mier Seqmni-
li somxuri anbani ar esadageboda somxuri enis bunebas. Tu
danielma marTla Seadgina somxuri damwerloba, safiqrebe-
lia, mesrop-maStocma da sxva somxebma ara marto Seavses,
aramed gadaamuSaves kidec is. miT umetes, uvargisi iqneboda
qarTuli enis ucodinari somexis mier Seqmnili qarTuli an-
bani. ase rom, mesrop-maStocis mier qarTuli damwerlobis
gamogoneba somxuri legendaa, zRaparia da meti araferi. yu-
radRebas ipyrobs is garemoebac, rom V saukunis meore naxev-
ris somexi mematiane, lazar farpeci koriunze dayrdnobiT
aRwers mesrop-maStocis mier somxuri anbanis Seqmnas, magram
arafers ambobs misgan qarTuli damwerlobis gamogonebis Ta-
obaze. arada, lazar farpecic iziarebs im somxur pozicias,
romlis mixedviTac kavkasiaSi wamyvani eri somxebi unda iyv-
nen. aqedan gamomdinare, lazarma Tu icoda cnoba, Wori mes-
rop-maStocis mier qarTuli anbanis gamogonebaze, amas usa-
Tuod moaTavsebda Tavis “somxeTis istoriaSi.” maSasadame,
somxuri legenda, zRapari, TiTqos, mesrop-maStocs Seuqmnia
qarTuli damwerloba, ar arsebobda V saukuneSi, igi gviande-
li SenaTxzia, somxuri ideologiis monapovaria.
vaxtang gorgaslis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb misive Tanadro-
uli, sando pirvelwyaroebi maincdamainc ar mogvepoveba. mag-
ram gorgasali namdvilad didi mefe, xelmwife rom iyo, amas
adasturebs erTi arapirdapiri Cvenebac. cnobilia, rom ama
Tu im qveynis pirvel qristian mefes metismetad ganadideb-
dnen xolme. ase moxda bizantiaSi, somxeTSic da sxvaganac.
saqarTveloSi ki mirianze metad daaxloebiT erTi saukunis
Semdeg gamefebuli vaxtang gorgasali ganadides. es ar mox-
deboda, Tu gorgasalma sinamdvileSic udidesi roli ar Se-
asrula saqarTvelos istoriaSi. somexi mematiane, vaxtang
gorgaslis Tanamedrove lazar farpeci ki xan aqebs da xanac
lanZRavs vaxtang mefes. amis gamo mizanSewonilad mimaCnia
ganvixilo lazar farpecis cnobebi saqarTvelos, saqarTve-
lo-somxeTis urTierTobebis Sesaxeb.
iranis Sahs, iezdigerd II-s (439-457) Tavisi veziri moax-
senebdao: “uwinares yovlisa somexTa didi qveyanaa saWiro
da sasargeblo, da masTan erTad qarTli da albaneTi... Tqven
83
TviTonac iciT da yovelma arielma (sparselma _ a. a.), Tu
raoden didia da sasargeblo somexTa qveyana. [amasTan] igi
maxlobelia da mosazRvre keisris samefosi (bizantiis impe-
riisa _ a. a.) da rjuli da msaxureba iseTive aqvs, radganac
keisars upyria maTi samTavro. magram Tu Cvens rjuls miaC-
vevT, dauaxlovdebian mas da SeZleben mis cnobas, aqamde Tu
Semcdarni iyvnen, axla [swor] gzas daadgebian, Semdeg Tqvenc
Segiyvareben da arielTa qveyanasac, xolo keisars, mis
rjulsa da qveyanas ki ganudgebian da ganSordebian. maSin
CvenTan eg qveyana mtkice siyvaruliTa da TanxmobiT iqneba.
xolo, rodesac somxeTi mtkiced iqneba Cveni, maSin swored
qarTlica da albaneTic Cveni iqneba.”1 rogorc vxedavT, so-
mexi mematiane xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom somxeTi didi qveya-
naa, xolo iberia da albaneTi somxeTis danamatia. sinamdvi-
leSi, iberia, rogorc ukve iTqva, somxeTis upiratesobas ar
cnobda. sparseTis imperiisTvisac iberias somxeTze naklebi
mniSvneloba rodi hqonda. iberia xom kavkasiis centrSi mde-
bareobda da Cvens qveyanaze dayrdnobiT sparseTs SeeZlo Ta-
visi gavlena gaevrcelebina Crdilo kavkasiaze, risi didi
survilic hqonda.
iezdigerd Sahs werili miuweria somxeTis didebulebi-
saTvis: “radganac Tqven sasargeblo da CvenTvis sayvareli
qveyana xarT, Cven gvnebavs, rom Cveni marTali da WeSmariti
rjuli2 iswavloT da miiRoT... aw, moismineT es Cveni brZane-
ba, nebiTa da siyvaruliT Tavs ideviT igi da sxva rames sru-
lebiTac nu gaivlebT gulSi... xolo, rodesac Tqvenc Cvensa-
viT scnobT Cvens WeSmarit rjuls, qarTli da albaneTi Cve-
ni da Tqveni nebis iqiT gadasvlas ver gabedaven”.3 maSasadame,
somexTa azriT, Tu somxeTi damorCildeboda sparseTs, dayve-
boda mis nebas, sparseTi da somxeTi erTdroulad ibatoneb-
dnen iberiasa da albaneTSi; sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, didi ba-
toni sparseTi iqneboda, magram iberiasa da albaneTSi spar-
1 l.-n. janaSia, lazar farpecis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tb., 1962,
gv. 209-210. 2 nagulisxmevia mazdeanoba (igive zoroastrizmi, cecxlTayvanismcem-
loba). 3 l.-n. janaSia, lazar farpecis... gv. 213.
84
seTis mier mouravebad daniSnuli somxebic ibatonebdnen.
somxeTs es Zalian surda, Tumca qristianobas ar Tmobda.
amierkavkasieli didebulebi iZulebuli gaxdnen iezdi-
gerd Sahs xlebodnen sparseTSi. Sahi maTgan gamazdeanebas
moiTxovda: “maSin samive qveynis, somxeTis, qarTlisa da al-
baneTis yvela naxarari (erisTavi _ a. a.) erT adgilas Seik-
riba, yoymanobda da bWobda, Tu ra saSualebiT da mofiqre-
biT moeZebnaT gamosavali am saqmidan. mcire dReTa ganmavlo-
baSi bevri ifiqres da imsjeles da droebiT im azrze SeTan-
xmdnen da ganmtkicdnen, rom “gadarCenis araviTari sxva Rone
ar gagvaCnia im maxisagan, romelic dagvigo borotma monadi-
re satanam da romelSic gagvaba, garda imisa, rom droebiT,
garegnulad Tavs vidvaT maTi brZaneba. Semdeg wavideT Cven-
Cven qveyanaSi da imieridan an vicxovroT qristes WeSmariti
sarwmunoebis msaxurebiT, romelSic davibadeT embazis ga-
naxlebiTa da uwmindesi moZRvrebiT wminda grigorisa da mi-
si Svilisa, an mivatovoT Cveni qveyana da wavideT”...1 Tu gvi-
andeli CanarTi araa sagulisxmebeli bolo striqonebSi, ma-
Sin gamodis, rom somxuri legenda, TiTqos, grigori qar-
TvelTa ganmanaTlebelic iyo, V saukunis dasasrulisTvis
ukve arsebula. SesaZloa, isic vifiqroT, rom lazar farpeci
am SemTxvevaSi gulisxmobs qvemo qarTlis sapitiaxSos, arSu-
Sa pitiaxSis samflobelos. sparseTSi gaemgzavrao im momen-
tSi “qarTvelTa qveynidan bdeSxi(pitiaxSi _ a. a.) aSuSa da im
qveynis sxva” didebulebi.2 aqcenti qvemo qarTlis pitiaxSzea
mimarTuli. qvemo qarTlis erTi nawili ki, rogorc zemoT
iTqva, SesaZloa, IV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi somxeTs hqon-
da mitacebuli da am SemTxvevaSi qristianobasac saxelmwifo
religiad iq somxeTi gamoacxadebda. magram radgan motanil
cnobaSi somxeTis, qarTlisa da albaneTis ganmanaTleblad
grigoria gamocxadebuli, aq mainc SeimCneva imis tendencia,
iqeTken swrafva, rom somexTa ganmanaTleblis kulti mTels
amierkavkasiaSi dainergos da somxur eklesias qarTul-alba-
nuri eklesiebic daeqvemdebaros.
1 iqve, gv. 223. 2 iqve, gv. 217-218.
85
lazar farpecis mixedviT, ...“ucbad qarTlis qveyanaSi
moxda SfoTi da areuloba. vaxtangma (gorgasalma _ a. a.)
mokla urjulo bdeSxi vazgeni1 mefe perozis (iranis Sahis _
a. a.) ocdamexuTe wels. es gaigo somxeTis qveynis xalxma...
rodesac maT gaiges qarTlis mefis ajanyebis Sesaxeb, mxia-
ruli guliT gaixares, radganac maT ambavi miuvidaT, qarT-
lis mefe ambobs: “me brZolas aravis davanaxveb, imden hons
(hunebs _ a. a.) gadmoviyvan, rom sparsTa jarebi win ver daud-
gneno.” qristes moyvarulni gamxnevdnen am ambisagan da moe-
lodnen TavisTvisac sargeblobisa da keTilmowyalebis pov-
nas [cad] amaRlebulisagan...”
erTmaneTSi moiTaTbira zogierTma somexma naxararma:
...”eg qarTvelTa mefe vaxtangi mamacia, vin icis, iqneb mraval-
mowyale RmerTi gadmoxedavs Cvens gaWirvebas, dagvexmareba
da, egebis, qarTvelebTan erTad SevZloT cotaTi mainc miva-
yenoT Sroma sparsTa”-o. ase moiTaTbires mciredma somexma
naxararebma, da es ganzraxva sxvebsac gaagebines. vinc ki gai-
go igi, yvela nebiTa da mondomebiT SeuerTda mas, rogorc
RmrTis winamZRolobiT [miRebuls]”.2 im xanebSi somxeTis sa-
mefo aRar arsebobda. sparseTis imperiis nebiTa da, SesaZ-
loa, somex didebulTa erTi nawilis decentralisturi mis-
wrafebebis, qmedebebis Sedegadac somxeTSi mefoba gauqmebul
iqna 428 wels. somex didebulebs vaxtang gorgasalTan SeTan-
xmebuli moqmedeba sWirodaT imisaTvisac, rom mefis, metadre
didi mefis avtoriteti saerTo saqmes wadgomoda.
somex didebulTa Soris erT-erT gamorCeulTagans, va-
han mamikonians3 ar gauziarebia vaxtang gorgaslis antispar-
suli ajanyebiT gamxnevebuli somexi didebulebis pozicia:
“SeuerTde Tqvens gadawyvetilebas, romelic gangizraxavT,
da giTxraT, kargia eg azri da imoqmedeT-Tqo, magis Tqma arc
SemiZlia da verc vbedav, radganac kargad vici arielTa Za-
la da Seupovroba, xolo hromTa (bizantielTa _ a. a.) sisus-
te da matyuvroba. Tqvenc gicnobT Cemi gamocdilebiT, Tu
rogor migiciaT ficiT aRTqma Cveni mamebisTvis da mogityue-
1 nagulisxmevia qvemo qarTlis pitiaxSi varsqeni. 2 l.-n.janaSia, lazar farpecis... gv. 243-245. 3 mamikonianebi warmoSobiT Wanebi(lazebi) iyvnen, magram gasomxdnen.
86
biaT. rac Seexeba imas, rasac ambobT qarTlis mefis da honTa
Sesaxeb, [getyviT], rom calke qarTli susti qveyanaa da mxed-
robiT mcirericxovani. honTa Sesaxeb ki, vin icis, daTanxmde-
bian mosvlas, Tu ara isini, vinc aq arc arian da arca Canan?
magram yvelaze metad ki Tqvenive Tavisa geSinodeT, radgan
cru da arasando xalxi xarT. me Tu mkiTxavT da Cems sity-
vas aasrulebT da daijerebT, Tavi gaanebeT mag azrebs da
mxolod evedreT RmerTs... mogaZebninoT gamosavali mag saqme-
ebidan. me ki Tqveni amao da gamousadegari ganzraxviT nu
mrjiT”.1 rogorc vxedavT, somexi mematiane xazs usvams, rom
vaxtang gorgaslis droindeli qarTlis, iberiis samefo
“susti qveyanaa da mxedrobiTac mcirericxovani.” ise ga-
modis, iberiis qveyana patara yofila, Torem, cnobilia, rom
qarTvelebs brZolis velze, kerZod, sparselTa winaaRmdeg
omebSi qudze kaci gamoyavdaT da mcirericxovani jari rad
eyoleboda vaxtang gorgasals? Zlieri da mravalricxovani
mxedrobis gareSe gorgasali verc moipovebda didi, gmiri me-
fis saxels, rameTu man bevri omi gadaixada uricxvi mtris
winaaRmdeg. amave dros, lazar farpecis mixedviT, sparseTic
ki aRiarebda, rom somxeTi didi qveyana iyo, e.i. arsebobda
didi somxeTi. amdenad, somxebs bunebrivad miaCndaT, rom kav-
kasiaSi wamyvani saxelmwifo yofiliyo e. w. didi somxeTi,
xolo “susti iberia” mas damorCileboda. qarTvelebi, cxa-
dia, ar iziarebdnen somexTa pozicias da es iwvevda dapiris-
pirebas maT Soris.
sabolood, vahan mamikoniani mainc daiyolies da iberi-
asTan erTad somxeTSic daiwyo sparseTis sawinaaRmdego
ajanyeba. lazar farpecis sityviT, “zogierTi uRmrTo somexi
naxararTagani” sparselTa erTguli darCenila da maTTan er-
Tad ebrZoda qarTvel da somex ajanyebulebs.2 qarTvelTagan
im dros sparseTis momxre da erTguli mxolod varsqen
pitiaxSi yofila da isic iomebda ajanyebulTa winaaRmdeg;
amitomac moakvlevina varsqeni vaxtang gorgasalma.
damxmare jaris momlodine somxebma “saswrafod gagzav-
1 l.n. janaSia, lazar farpecis... gv. 245-246. 2 l.-n. janaSia, lazar farpecis... gv. 246-247.
87
nes despani qarTlis mefe vaxtangTan, raTa Tavisi dapirebe-
bisamebr mieca maTTvis honebi. is ki drois gasayvani sityve-
biT aWianurebda Tavisi naTqvamis [asrulebas]. Semdeg saidan-
Rac Sekriba samasi honi da gamogzavna somxeTSi. magram jer
kidev zamTris erTi Tvec ar gasuliyo, rom saswrafo momize-
zebiT isev TavisTan gaixmo.” male somxeTSio “moawia despan-
ma qarTlis mefe vaxtangisagan: “qarTlis qveyanaSi didi jari
movida. me davinaxe, rom ver aRvudgebi win da gavecale som-
xeTis mTebSi, qarTlis sazRvrebTan, da Tqven gelodebiT”-o.
[despans] werilic hqonda motyuebiT [miwerili] vaxtangisagan:
“honTa jars vubrZane mosuliyo, magram jer ar mosula. mag-
ram sanam Tqven moxvalT, isinic moaweven da imieridan Tqven,
Cven da honebi davRupavT maT. Tumca me mgonia, rom rodesac
honebi movlen, Cven srulebiT aRaraferi mogviwevs gasa-
keTeblad, isini TiTon moagvareben am saqmes, radgan uzomo
simravles vubrZane mosvla”-o...
somexTa mTeli jari dauyovnebliv mivida qarTlis me-
fesTan da cota xniT daibanaka kangarqis gavarSi. iq qarT-
lis mefe vaxtangi momacdunebeli sityvebiT atyuebda da iyo-
liebda somexTa zoravar (mxedarmTavars _ a. a.) vahan mamiko-
niansa da sxva uxuces somex tanuterebs (didebulebs _ a. a.)...
“ori dReca da honTa jarebi moaweven”-o. xolo, rodesac ga-
vida am cru paemanis ori dRe, maSin igi mesame da meoTxe
dReze gadaitana, Semdeg ki meeqvse da meSvide dRezec. merme
mzveravebi gaagzavnina qarTvelTa da somexTa jaridan. rode-
sac isini Cavidnen erT-erT velze, man daanaxva maT mravali
cecxlis sinaTle da xis kunZebi adamianis magvarad Seiara-
Rebuli, aleqsandre makedonelis eSmakobis msgavsad. igi isev
ambobda: “honTa jari ar amodis CvenTan mTebSi. isini amboben,
aq, am velze Camoiyvane da gvaCvene somxebi da yovelive Sens
sityvas verwmunebiT, rac CvenTvis giTqvams da Semogificavs.
maSin ris gakeTebasac gvibrZaneb, yvelafers SevasrulebT.
Tu ara da, ara gvjera, rom somxebi SenTan erTad arian. mag-
ram Tu namdvilad davinaxavT amas, maSin sparselebi Cven dag-
vanebeT da Tavs nu SeiwuxebTo. axla, Tu Tqven am velze ar
CaxvalT, xolo honTa jari me ar damijerebs da im qveynidan
arsaiTken ar daiZvreba,” sparselTa mxedroba ki “mibrundeba
88
da qarTls aaoxrebs, ra sargebloba eqneba CemTvis Tqvens aq
mosvlas?”
somexTa jari ki, radganac pirobiT iyo Sekruli qarT-
lis mefesTan, rasac igi eubneboda, marTali iyo Tu tyuili,
yvelafris asrulebas cdilobda saxarebis SiSiT”.1 somexi
mematiane sxva adgilzec uwodebs vaxtang gorgasals crus,
somexTa momtyuebels: ...”rodesac meore dRes brZolis velze
gavidnen, maSinac elaparakeboda da eubneboda qarTlis mefe
somexTa zoravar vahansa da sxva somex uxuces tanuterebsa
da sepuhebs(didebulebs _ a. a.): “CvenTvis umjobesi iyo dRes
SevbrZolebodiT sparsTa jars, radgan Cvenc veyofiT maT da
win ver dagvidgebian. magram, Tu dResac davizarebdiT, honebi
movidodnen da gamarjvebis saxelsa da nadavls isini waiRe-
bdnen.” igi aqamdisac ki ganagrZobda motyuebas cru sityve-
biT.
maSin somexTa zoravars vahan mamikonians guli mouvida
qarTlis mefis cru da uxams sityvebze... magram vahan mamiko-
nianma mainc gaawyo jari sabrZolo wyobis wesisamebr. mar-
jvena mxare man Caabara barSil vahevunisa da saton gabeli-
ans, marcxena mxare misca qarTlis mefe vaxtangs, xolo Sua
nawils ki TviTon adgenda netari arSaviris samive vaJisa da
gnunTa netar ufalTan erTad. xolo netari aspeti sahaki da
babgen sivnieli Tavis Tavisa da barSilis Soris daayena”.2
ise gamodis, rom sparseTis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis momwyobi
vaxtang gorgasali gadamwyveti brZolis Jams somexTa mxe-
darTmTavris nebis aRmsrulebeli, mis xelebSi Semyure yofi-
la. brZolis velze umniSvnelovanes rols, Turme, somexTa
jari asrulebda, xolo vaxtang gorgaslis laSqari mis dan-
amats warmoadgenda. ra Tqma unda, es sicruea, somexi mematia-
ne akninebs vaxtang mefes. Tu gorgasali ar ufrTxildeboda
Tavis mefur avtoritets, rogorc es lazar farpecis Txro-
bidan gamosWvivis, maSin vaxtang mefe qarTvel erSi ver daim-
kvidrebda gamorCeuli xelmwifisa da wmindanis saxels.
sabolood, sparselTa mravalricxovanma jarma daamar-
1 l.-n. janaSia, lazar farpecis... gv. 248-251. 2 iqve, gv. 252-253.
89
cxa ajanyebulni. amis gamoo “somexTa mTeli jari da masTan
erTad qarTvelTa gamousadegari jari Tavis mefe vaxtangTan
erTad daiSala da daifanta.”1 vaxtang gorgasali XII sauku-
neSi Seqmnili didi saqarTvelos erT-erTi gamoCenili mesa-
Zirkvlea; somexi mematiane ki vaxtang mefesa da mis jars
uvargiss, gamousadegars uwodebs. Tu gorgasali ar iyo Zli-
eri, gamorCeuli mefe da mis jarsac Tavi ar gamouCenia omeb-
Si, vimeoreb, maSin qarTvelTa pirveli qristiani mefe, miria-
ni, romlis Sesaxebac kargis meti araferi gvsmenia, ratom
gorgasalze SedarebiT naklebad ganadides Cvenma winaprebma?
lazar farpecis Tanaxmad, ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg
sparselTa sardals mouxsenebia Tavisi qveynis SahisTvis va-
han mamikonianisa da somxebis guladobis ambebi da, bolos,
uTqvams: “somxeTis qveynis sidide da sargeblianoba Tqvenc
kargad iciT. magram vahani da sxva warCinebulni, romelnic
masTan arian, dResac rom mSvidobianad yofiliyvnen Tqvens
samsaxurSi,” am ambavso me “nugeSad CavTvlidi. radgan, rode-
sac somxebi aseTi xalxiT Cveni iqnebodnen, qarTlica da al-
baneTic srulebiT ver gabedavdnen piri eqciaT Cvengan, an
sxvanairad ganezraxaT raime”.2 isev da isev mematiane xazs us-
vams somxeTis sidides, somexTa guladobas, xolo iberia,
TiTqos, somxeTis danamati yofila, miuxedavad imisa, rom im
xanebSi somxeTis samefo ar arsebobda, xolo iberias hyavda
didi mefe gorgasali. motanil nawyvetSi yuradRebas ipyrobs
isic, rom sparselebi aRar iTxoven somxebis gamazdianebas,
oRond dagvmorCildnen da, jani gavardes, qristianebad darC-
neno. es Sedegia imisa, rom, marTalia, sparselebma CaaxSves
vaxtang mefis TavkacobiT mowyobili ajanyeba, magram mainc
iZulebulni gaxdnen daTmobebze wasuliyvnen amboxebul qar-
TvelTa da somexTa mimarT.
lazar farpecis mier vahan mamikonianTan gagzavnil we-
rilSi naTqvamia: “rodesac netarma dedaSenma wagiyvanaT
Tqven bdeSxTan, mis karze Cvenc gvaswavlidnen.”3 aq igulis-
xmeba, rom daoblebuli vahani da misi Zmebi qvemo qarTlis
1 iqve, gv. 255-257. 2 iqve, gv. 266-267. 3 iqve, gv. 267.
90
pitiaxSis arSuSas (varsqen pitiaxSis mamis) karze izrdebod-
nen_arSuSas meuRle vahanis deida iyo. lazar farpecic va-
hans da mis Zmebs Tan axlda da isic qvemo qarTlSi izrdebo-
da. vinaidan lazari vahanTan daaxloebuli yofila, swored
esecaa mizezi, rom somexi mematiane vaxtang gorgaslisa da
vahan mamikonianis urTierTobaSi vahanis momxreobas iCens,
tendenciurad ganadidebs mas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom lazar farpeci qarTlSi izrde-
boda, is, rogorc davinaxeT, lanZRavs wmindanad Seracxul
qarTvelTa mefe vaxtang gorgasals. amis mizezi, Cemi azriT,
isaa, rom somxebs ar moswondaT gorgaslis miswrafeba, gam-
xdariyo mTeli kavkasiis Tavkaci. arada, sparseTis imperiis
winaRmdeg brZola Zalze Zneli, SeuZlebelic ki iqneboda,
Tu kavkasielebi saerTo ZalisxmeviT ar daicavdnen Tavs. ro-
gorc ukve iTqva, somxeTis samefo im dros ar arsebobda da
vis unda daerazma kavkasielebi, Tu ara vaxtang gorgasals?
es ki imas niSnavda, rom kavkasiaSi wamyvani iqneboda iberiis
samefo da ara somxeTi, rac somxebisTvis da maTi mematiane
lazar farpecisTvis miuRebeli iyo. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom
im xanebSi ZirZveli qarTuli mxare tao somxeTis Semadgen-
lobaSi iyo moqceuli, mamikonianTa samflobelos warmoad-
genda. vaxtang gorgasals, cxadia, dagegmili eqneboda taos
dabrunebac da rom dascloda, daibrunebda kidec, yovel Sem-
TxvevaSi, aqtiurad imoqmedebda saamisod. vahan mamikonianis-
Tvis miuRebeli iyo gorgaslis es gegma da amitomac ar mos-
wondaT masa da mis mexotbe mematianes, lazar farpecis vax-
tang mefe.
somex mkvlevarT miaCniaT, rom qarTuli eklesia did-
xans somxur eklesias eqvemdebareboda. ase mag., v. inglizia-
nis mixedviT, 506 wlisTvis qarTuli eklesia somxuri ekle-
siis iurisdiqciis qveS imyofeboda. msgavsi azrebi gamoTqmu-
lia n. akinianis da sxvaTa naSromebSic. amgvari Sexeduleba
zogierT qarTvelsac gasCenia. 2007 wlis 29 martis gazeT
“jorjian TaimsSi” daibeWda gubaz sanikiZis interviu, ro-
melSic naTqvamia: 451 wlis qalkedonis krebis Semdego “sa-
qarTvelo moxvda monofizitur samyaroSi... somxuri, qarTu-
li da albanuri eklesiebi_saeklesio federacias warmoad-
91
genda, romelSic pirveloba somxebs hqondaT. am eklesiaTa
centri iyo dvini.”
aRsaniSnavia, rom sparseTis imperia ereoda rogorc
qarTuli, ise somxuri eklesiis saqmeebSi. sparselebi dar-
wmundnen, rom verc qarTvelebs da verc somxebs qristianoba-
ze uars ver aTqmevinebdnen, mazdianebad ver aqcevdnen. maSin
sparseTis xelisuflebam miznad daisaxa, iberiasa da somxeTs
mieRoT qristianobis iseTi mimdinareoba, romelic dapirispi-
rebuli iqneboda bizantiis imperiaSi aRiarebuli qristianu-
li mimdinareobisagan. amiT sparseTs surda aRmoefxvra bi-
zantiis gavlena saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi. sparseTma raki
SeZlo 428 wels somxeTSi mefobis mospoba, xolo iberiis sa-
mefo amis Semdeg mTeli saukunis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda,
sparseTisTvis ufro advili iyo somxuri eklesiis moqceva
Tavisi gavlenis qveS, vidre qarTuli eklesiisa. somxuri
eklesiac, Tu gamazdeanebas ar aiZulebdnen, garkveuli mize-
zebis gamo, TandaTan Tanaxma xdeboda sparseTis xelisufle-
bas morigeboda.
movses xorenacis Tanaxmad, somxeTSi mefobis gauqmebis
Semdeg somxuri eklesiis saWeTmpyrobeli sahaki sparseTSi
Casula. Sahma “miixmo sahaki xalxmraval samsjavroSi da uTx-
ra: “daifice Seni rjulis mixedviT, rom erTgulad gvemsaxu-
rebi Cven, ar gacdunebs berZenTa erTmorwmuneobis sicrue da
fiqrad ar gaivleb amboxebas, raTa amiT mizezi ar gaxde
Cvens mier somexTa qveynis warwymedisa, Tqvendami Cveni ke-
Tilganwyobilebis mtrobiT Secvlisa.” sahaks ar moswonebia
Sahis laparaki, kerZod, mis mier “erTmorwmuneobis sicruis”
xseneba, magram mainc moundomebia, rom sparseTis xelmwifes
misTvis ori ram Seesrulebina. Sahmao “brZanos, rom somex
naxararTa xarisxTa rigi momavalSic imgvaradve darCes, ro-
gorc... iyo aqamde, sparsma marzpanebma gaiTvaliswinon es da
nu eqnebaT ufleba TavianTi survilisamebr misi Secvlisa.
amasTanave... Wabuk gazavons, hrahatis Zes, daubrunos samflo-
belo, Tu Zvel adgilze ara... sxva naxararTa gverdiT mainc
daayenos igi, romel adgilzec moisurvebs, iseve, rogorc
imis naTesavs, kamsarakans anda amatunis uyves, romelnic, aR-
zevebulni, mamapapuri taxtidan CamoaqveiTes, dabal safexur-
92
ze ganamweses; an iqneb miandos mas da mis naSiers mefis (ira-
nis Sahis _ a. a.) moxeleoba.”
Sahi “daTanxmda da brZana, yovelive SeesrulebinaT [sa-
hakisaTvis]. misi SviliSvili vardan stratelatic [mefem]
kvlav daadgina sakuTari gvaris, mamikonianTa uflad da som-
xeTSi gagzavna.”1 cxadia, sparseTis xelisuflebasa da som-
xur eklesias Soris arsebobda winaaRmdegobebi, dapirispire-
ba, magram iyo morigebis, garigebis cdebic da es Cans motani-
li amonarididanac. erTi somxuri wyaros cnobiT, VI sauku-
nis Sua xanebSi sparseTis Sahma Zalian mouwona somxeTis ka-
Tolikoss, nerse mijins berZnul eklesiasTan dapirispireba:
“meeqvse kreba moiwvia nerse mijinma dvinSi da gamoeyo somxe-
Ti saberZneTsa da ierusalemSi wasvlas, risTvisac didad
aRuTqva xosrom, sparseTis mefem, nerses...”2
VII saukunis 10-ian wlebSi sparseTis Sahma, xosrom II-m
eklesiaTa e.w. sparsuli kreba moiwvia. krebaze ganixiles sa-
kiTxi sparseTis imperiis mier daqvemdebarebuli qristianuli
qveynebisa da tomebis aRmsaareblobis Sesaxeb. krebis zedam-
xedveloba mindobili hqonda somex didmoxeles smbat bagra-
tunis. krebis dadgenilebis safuZvelze xosro II-m gamosca
brZaneba: “yvela Cemma qveSevrdomma qristianma unda miiRos
somxuri sarwmunoeba.”3 igulisxmeba monofizitoba, gviandeli
terminiT rom vTqvaT, grigorianoba. am ambavs mogviTxrobs
VII saukunis somexi mematiane sebeosi. SeiZleba vinmem eWvic
Seitanos sebeosis cnobis sisworeSi, magram aSkaraa, rom
somxebs, kerZod, sebeoss didi survili hqoniaT, somxur ek-
lesias sparseTis daxmarebiT daqvemdebareboda qarTuli da
sxva xalxTa eklesiebic.
vaxtang gorgasalma Tavisi gavlena rom gaavrcela TiT-
qmis mTels kavkasiaze, kerZod, somxeTzec, amis Sedegad qar-
Tuli eklesiac moindomebda pirvelobas amierkavkasiaSi. yo-
vel SemTxvevaSi, somxuri eklesiis Tavkacebi dainaxavdnen,
rom isini, sparseTis dauxmareblad qarTuli eklesiis daq-
vemdebarebas ver SeZlebdnen. arada, amisken miswrafeba maT
1 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984, gv. 236-237. 2 ix. epistoleTa wigni, Tb., 1968, gv. 064. 3 istoria sebeosisa, erevani, 1979, gv. 151, somxur enaze.
93
hqondaT. iseve, rogorc somxeTis mefeebi acxadebdnen preten-
zias mTeli kavkasiis damorCilebaze da zogjer ama Tu im
qarTuli mxaris mitacebasac axerxebdnen, somxuri eklesiac
gegmavda qarTulis daqvemdebarebas.1 magram gorgasalis dros
iberiaSi mazdeanur samlocveloTa adgilze qarTuli saepis-
koposoebi Seiqmna, qarTuli eklesiis sabrZolo suliskve-
Teba gaZlierda da, cxadia, is somxur eklesias ar eymoboda.
piriqiT, qarTuli eklesia Seecdeboda somxuris pretenziebis
ganqarvebas da Tavisi pirvelobis win wamowevas. es ki iwvev-
da somxuri eklesiis Semdgom daaxloebas sparseTis xeli-
suflebasTan.
marTalia, VI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi sparseTma me-
foba iberiaSic mospo, magram VI aswleulis damdegidanve uZ-
velesi droidan qarTvelTa dedaqalaqi mcxeTa saeklesio qa-
laqad, centrad gamocxadda Tbilisis gadedaqalaqebis Sem-
deg. amiT qarTuli eklesiis avtoriteti kidev ufro metad
gaizrdeboda.2
aRsaniSnavia, rom somexTa ganmanaTlebeli grigori par-
Telad, e.i. iranelad, sparselad iwodeba. marTalia, is zog-
jer berZenad, romaelad, kapadokieladac miaCndaT, magram sa-
bolood grigoris parTelobas mieniWa upiratesoba. safiqre-
belia, rom es sparseTs xels aZlevda da cdilobda kidec
grigoris parTelobis azris damkvidrebas ara marto som-
xeTSi, aramed saqarTveloSic. Tu monofizitur somxur ekle-
sias qarTuli daeqvemdebareboda, amiT, sparselTa azriT, di-
ofizituri, qalkedonuri bizantiis imperiis gavlena amier-
kavkasiaSi friad Semcirdeboda. am mizniT sasurveli iyo so-
mexTa ganmanaTleblis, grigol parTelis kulti iberiaSic
danergiliyo. amis gamoc moxda erTxans wm. ninos CrdilSi
moqceva, Torem VI saukuneSi iberiaSi wm. ninos kultis arse-
bobas adasturebs qarTuli “mravalTavis” masalebi, romelic
gamoikvlia m. van-esbrokma. grigoris kultis iberiaSi gavr-
1 somxuri eklesiis amgvari survili gaZlierdeboda somxeTSi mefobis
gauqmebis Semdeg, 428 wlidan, rameTu amieridan somxuri eklesiis roli
somxeTSi Zalze gaizarda. 2 cnobilia, rom vaxtang gorgaslis dros qarTulma eklesiam avtokefa-
liac moipova.
94
celebas xels uwyobdnen is qarTvelebic, romelTa mSobliu-
ri mxareebi gaqristianebis dros somxeTs hqonda mitacebuli
(mag., qvemo qarTlis erTi nawili) da SemdgomSi iberiam daib-
runa. am mxriv gasaTvaliswinebelia qalkedoniani, gviandeli
terminiT rom vTqvaT, marTlmadidebeli somxebis rolic. am
aRmsareblobis somxebi sakmao raodenobiT cxovrobdnen Cvens
qveyanaSi da qarTul eklesiasTan mWidrod iyvnen dakavSire-
bulni. qarTvelTa saero Tu sasuliero xelisufleba qalke-
doniani somxebis gamoyenebiT cdilobda monofiziti, grigo-
riani somxebis moqcevas marTlmadideblobaze. amdenad, qal-
kedonian somxebs saqarTveloSi aravin uSlida maTi Sexedu-
lebebis qadagebas, gavrcelebas, kerZod, grigoris Tayvanis-
cemas.
somxurma eklesiam sparseTis mxardaWeriTac ver SeZlo
qarTuli eklesiis daqvemdebareba (somxuri eklesiis did
pretenziebze metyvelebs arsen safarelis is cnobac, sadac
VI s-is somexTa kaTalikos nerse mijins aSxarakali ewodeba;1
aSxarhakal somxurad samyaros mpyrobels niSnavs. qarTveleb-
ma icodnen, razec ocnebobda somxuri eklesia). maT Soris
dapirispireba TandaTan izrdeboda da VII saukunis dasaw-
yisSi, daaxloebiT 607 wels moxda ganxeTqileba, maSin, rode-
sac qarTvelTa kaTolikosi iyo kirion I. amasTan dakavSire-
biT somexTa kaTolikosi abraami Tavis samwysosadmi mimar-
Tul sayovelTao epistoleSi Tanamemamuleebs mouwodebda:
qarTvelebio “radgan ar moiqcnen WeSmaritebaze,” e. i. mono-
fizitobaze (grigorianobaze), Cveno “vbrZaneT qarTvelTa Se-
saxeb: sruliad ar eziaroT maT arc locvaSi, arc Wamasa da
smaSi, arc megobrobaSi, arc dedamZuZeobaSi, arc salocavad
wasvliT jvarSi, romelic ganTqmulia mcxeTis midamoSi, arc
manglisis jvarSi da nurc Cvens eklesiaSi miiRebT maT, ara-
med maTTan qorwinebisaganac sruliad ganeSoreT, mxolod
iyideT da mihyideT viTarca uriebs!..
Cven ar davdumdebiT wvrTna-darigebaSi, sanam cocxali
varT da vinc Cven Semdeg [iqneba], SevevedrebiT, rom mogvba-
1 arseni safareli, ganyofisaTvis qarTvelTa da somexTa, z. aleqsiZis
gamocema, Tb., 1980, gv. 85-86.
95
Zon da moaqcion isini simarTleze”1. marTlac, somxuri ekle-
sia amis Semdegac cdilobda qarTulis daqvemdebarebas da am
mizniT arab dapyrobTa mxardaWeris mopovebasac gegmavda. sa-
zogadod, somxur-qarTuli eklesiebis ganxeTqilebam uaryo-
fiTi roli Seasrula saqarTvelo-somxeTis urTierTobebSi,
am ori xalxis istoriaSi. amieridan qarTvelebi da somxebi
erTmaneTs eretikosebs, mwvaleblebs uwodebdnen, rac kidev
ufro metad, vidre aqamde abrkolebda maT erTobliv brZo-
las saerTo mtrebis, dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg. qarTul da
somxur eklesiebs didi gavlena hqondaT TavianT qveynebSi da
maTi dapirispireba mrevlzec gadadioda. vinaidan somxuri
eklesia 607 wlis Semdegac qarTulis daqvemdebarebaze pre-
tenzias acxadebda, qarTul eklesiaSic gaZlierda swrafva
iqeTken, rom monofiziti (grigoriani) somxebi, romelTac,
garkveuli mizezis gamo, xaCecarebsac uwodebdnen, diofizi-
tobaze, qalkedonianobaze, marTlmadideblobaze moeqciaT.
wminda eqvTime TayaiSvilis sityviT, “kirioni rom ara,
Cven namdvilad gavsomxdebodiT. didi saqme qna erovnuli
TvalsazrisiT, nametani gonieri, magari da gamWriaxi kaci yo-
fila, rogorc gavs! Cven mas Zegli unda davudgaT2”. ara mgo-
nia, rom mxolod kirionma gadagvarCina qarTvelebi gasomxe-
bas. Tu qarTvelma erma Tavisi erovnuli saxe dRemde Seinar-
Cuna da didi kulturac Seqmna, es Cveni winaprebis Tavgan-
wiruli, sisxlismRvreli brZolebis Sedegia. qarTveli eri
ki Tavdauzogavad omobda, sisxls Rvrida kirionamdec da
Semdegac. magram aSkaraa isic, rom xaCecari somxebi, kerZod,
somxuri eklesia cdilobdnen saqarTvelos gasomxurebas,
qarTvelebis gasomxebas. sxvaTa Soris, somxurma eklesiam
gaasomxura kavkasiis albaneTis eklesia. aRsaniSnavia, rom
albanuri eklesiis cneba, albanTa kaTalikosebi XIX sauku-
nemde SemorCnen, magram e. w. albanur eklesiaSi didi xania
RvTismsaxureba somxurad sruldeboda.
XIII aswleulis somexi mematianis, vardan arevelcis
cnobaze dayrdnobiT somexi mkvlevarni miiCneven, rom qar-
1 epistoleTa wigni, Tb., 1968, gv. 121-122. 2 ix. g. lomTaTiZe, qarTuli kulturis mematiane eqvTime TayaiSvili, Tb.,
1990, gv. 102.
96
Tveli bagrationebi warmoSobiT somxebia da VIII saukunis
bolos gadmovidnen somxeTidan saqarTveloSi, sadac mefeebi
gaxdneno. aseTi Tvalsazrisi warmodgenilia, kerZod, 1984
wels erevanSi somxur enaze gamoqveynebul “somexi xalxis
istoriis” mravaltomeulis meore tomSi1 da mravalgan sxva-
ganac. “somxeTis istoriis” V klasis saxelmZRvaneloSic na-
Tqvamia, rom somexi bagratuniebis “erTi Sto damkvidrda sa-
qarTveloSi da maRal mdgomareobas miaRwia im qveyanaSi”2.
cnobilia, rom bagrationTa uZveles samkvidros speris
mxare warmoadgenda. amis Sesaxeb gvauwyebs movses xorenaci3
da favstos buzandic (V. 44). speri rom ZirZveli qarTuli
mxarea, amas adasturebs isic, rom qarTvelebi Sav zRvas spe-
ris zRvas eZaxdnen, xolo mdinare Woroxs speris mdinares.4
SavizRvispira saqarTveloSi am zRvas ucxo mxaris saxels
rad uwodebdnen? aseve, Woroxic saqarTveloSi miedineboda.
zogjer somxebi ki ipyrobdnen Woroxis auzSi mdebare qar-
Tuli miwa-wylis nawils, magram mTeli Woroxis xeoba maT
arasdros miutacebiaT. Woroxsac speris mdinares Tu sulac
spers uwodebdnen qarTvelebi imitom, rom speri qarTuli
mxare iyo. marTalia, qristeSobamde II saukuneSi somxebma da-
ipyres speri, magram es droebiTi movlena iyo. qarTvelebi
ibrZodnen mis dasabruneblad da mizansac aRwevdnen. speris
saxelwodebasTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia leCxumSi mdeba-
re sofeli nasperic. es toponimi eTnikuri saxelidan momdi-
nareobs da speris qarTulobaze migvaniSnebs.
rogorc ukve iTqva, somxeTis mier dapyrobili xalxe-
bis, tomebis gasomxeba somxuri eklesiis gaZlierebamde, V-VI
saukuneebamde TiTqmis ar xdeboda. am dromde arc spereli
bagrationebi gasomxdebodnen. sxva ambavia, Tu sperel bag-
rationTa nawili damkvidrda somxur mxareebSi. amas xels
Seuwyobda is garemoeba, rom zogierTi bagratidi adreve da-
winaurda somxeTis mefeTa samsaxurSi. bagrationTa dawi-
1 ix. a. abdalaZe, mikerZoebis seni isev mZvinvarebs, Jurnali “mnaTobi”,
1988 w., #9. 2 1998 w. gamocema, gv. 114-115, somxur enaze. 3 movses xorenaci, 1984 w., gv. 133, 151, 214. 4 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 8, 9, 17, 19, 205.
97
naureba dadasturebulia iberiis samefoSic V saukuneSi. am
sagvareulos warmomadgeneli bivritiani oZrxis, samcxis
erisTavia vaxtang gorgaslis mefobisas.1 im xanebSi iberiaSi
bagrationTa aRzevebas adasturebs bizantiis imperatori, ama-
ve dros mematiane konstantine porfirogeneti.
mematiane imperatoris cnobiT, bagrationebi iberiis xe-
lisufalni gamxdaran misi Txzulebis (“imperiis marTvis Se-
saxeb”) daweramde, e. i. 952 wlamde 400 Tu 500 wliT adre.2 ma-
Ti STamomavalni ganagebda qarTvelTa qveyanas konstantine
porfirogenetis drosac. mematiane imperatoris igive Txzu-
lebidan Cans, rom X saukuneSi iberiel bagrationebsa da bi-
zantiel xelisufalTa Soris sasazRvro mxareebis gamo dava
amtydariyo. bizantiis imperiaSi ar moswondaT qarTvelTa sa-
mefos gaZliereba, misi sazRvrebis gazrda-gafarToeba. keis-
rebs qarTvel bagrationTa samflobelo TavianT vasalur sa-
xelmwifod miaCndaT da mis mzard pretenziebs ver eguebod-
nen. amave dros, bizantiuri diplomatia ganviTarebis uaRre-
sad maRal safexurze idga da saqarTvelosTan mWidro urTi-
erTobis viTarebaSi bizantielebs isic garkveuli eqnebodaT,
Tu daaxloebiT rodis aRzevdnen iberiaSi bagrationebi. kon-
stantine porfirogeneti imasac iuwyeba, rom iberebi, kurapa-
latis iberebi “Tavisi Tavis ganmadidebeli arian”. aq pirvel
rigSi swored qarTvel bagrationTa pretenziebia nagu-
lisxmevi. raki mematiane imperatori erTgvar antipaTiasac ki
amJRavnebs maT mimarT (rac saqarTvelo-bizantiis interesTa
dapirispirebiTaa gamowveuli), warmoudgenelia porfiroge-
nets daeZvelebina bagrationTa iberiaSi gaxelmwifeba, miT
umetes, rom TviTon axlad gamomcxvari dinastiis warmomad-
genelia.
rac Seexeba vardan arevelcis, is, sazogadod, saqar-
Tvelo-somxeTis urTierTobis tendenciurad amsaxveli mema-
tianea. vardani gamgrZelebelia im somex JamTaaRmwerelTa
saqmisa, romelTa warmodgeniT kavkasiaSi pirveloba ekuTv-
nodaT somxeTsa da somxebs da ara saqarTvelos. sxvanairad,
1 iqve, gv. 185, 189, 200, 204. 2 georgika, t. IV, nakv. II, s. yauxCiSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1952, gv. 259-260.
98
TiTqos, istoriis kanonzomiereba irRvevoda. raxan XII sauku-
nesa da XIII aswleulis pirvel meoTxedSi didi saqarTvelos
samefo mTel kavkasias moicavda, rogorc etyoba, vardansa da
mis Tanamoazreebs es ambavi eucxovebaT, emcxeTebaT, ar mos-
wonT da cdiloben warmoaCinon somexTa wvlili am did saq-
meSi.
movses xorenacis TxzulebaSi naTqvamia: “zogierTi, nak-
lebad sando adamiani TviTneburad, WeSmaritebis ugulvebel-
yofiT, ambobs, rom bagratuniebis... gvari haikis naSieria. amis Taobaze unda giTxra (mimarTavs xorenaci “Tavis mecenats” –
a. a.): amgvar ugunur xmebs nu irwmuneb, rameTu isini usafuZv-
loa da sruliad moklebuli simarTles”.1 rogorc vxedavT,
somxeTis istoriis mama, Tavisi qveynis didi patrioti xore-
naci gacxarebuli uaryofs bagratidTa gvaris somxur warmo-
Sobas. Tu is darwmunebuli ar iyo bagratidTa arasomxur
warmoSobaSi, ase gacxarebiT ar Seutevda sawinaaRmdego az-
ris mqone somxebs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom qristeSobamde VIII saukuneSi urmiis
tbis midamoebSi arsebobda manas samefo, romelic moqceuli
iyo urartus saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi, misi nawili
gaxldaT. qristeSobamde VIII aswleulSive moxseniebulia ma-
nas mefe bagadati. mecnierebi fiqroben, rom saxeli bagrati,
saidanac warmomdgaria gvari bagrationi, bagadatisgan momdi-
nareobs. ase, rom bagrationTa winaprebi, SesaZloa, urarte-
lebi an manas samefodanac iyvnen. speri moqceuli iyo urar-
tus gavlenis qveS da, dasaSvebia, bagrationTa gvaris winapa-
ri urartudan an manas samefodan sperSi gadmosaxlebuliyo.
arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom urartus saxelmwifoSi dadastu-
rebuli saxeli bagadati sperSic Semosuliyo, rameTu speri
urartus uzenaesobas aRiarebda erTxans. SeiZleba isic vi-
fiqroT, rom vinaidan bagrationebi Tavis RvTiur warmoSobas
xazs usvamdnen, isini xsenebuli mefe bagadatis dinastiidan
momdinareoben. sayuradReboa, rom Zveli sparsuli sityva
bagadata “RvTis mocemuls”, “RvTis wyalobas” niSnavs2.
1 movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, 1984, gv. 87. 2 m. andronikaSvili, narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli enobrivi urTierTobi-dan, Tb., 1966, gv. 443.
99
SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom somxebi md. araqsis Crdiloe-
TiT damkvidrden SedarebiT gvian, daaxloebiT qristeSobam-
de III-II saukuneebSi.1 apolodores cnobiTac xom qarTvelebsa
da somxebs erTmaneTisgan md. araqsi mijnavdaT. am droisaT-
vis bagrationTa winaprebi ukve sperSi saxlobdnen. amierkav-
kasiaSi mosul somxebs isini sperSi daxvdnen.
VII aswleulis somexi mematianis, sebeosis cnobiT, baga-
rati, bagratidTa sagvareulos fuZemdebeli, faraziani yofi-
la. sebeosi imasac gveubneba, rom bagarati farnavazis Ze
iyo.2 udavoa, rom sebeosiseuli faraziani igive farnavazia-
nia. farnavazianTa qarTuli dinastia ki, rogorc cnobilia,
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mefobda iberiaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom
V aswleulis somexi mematiane, favstos buzandi (V.15) qar-
Tlis farnavazianTa dinastias faravazianTa saxelwodebiT
ixseniebs. faravaziani Sualeduri formaa qarTul farnavazi-
ansa da sebeosiseul farazians Soris. marTalia, sebeosi
farnavazs somxad miiCnevs, magram es imis Sedegia, rom es
mematianec somxuri ideologiis poziciebidan ucqeris ibe-
riis samefos, is somxeTis nawilad miaCnia Tavis mefeebianad.
miuxedavad amisa, sebeosis “istoriaSi”, avtoris uneburad,
gaparula cnoba, arapirdapiri Cveneba, rom bagrationTa wi-
naprebi qarTvelebia.
niko marma gamoTqva tendenciuri, mcdari mosazreba,
rom tao-klarjeTSi mxolod somxebi cxovrobdnen. isini
qalkedonitebi (marTlmadideblebi) iyvnen da raki somxuri
monofizituri (grigorianuli) eklesia maT upirispirdeboda,
tao-klarjeTis qalkedoniani somxebi IX-X saukuneebSi gaqar-
Tveldneno, rameTu tao-klarjeTi qarTuli saxelmwifos
farglebSi moeqca da aq qarTuli eklesiis poziciebi gaZli-
erdao.3 n. maris es Sexeduleba aitaces somexma da maTma
Tanamoazre ucxoelma mkvlevarebmac (n. adonci, p. muradiani,
v. aruTinova-fidaniani da sxvani) da araerTi cnobili qar-
1 ix. a. abdalaZe, qvemo qarTli Zv. w. II saukunidan ax. w. IV saukunemde,
krebuli “dmanisi”, III, Tb., 2001. 2 istoria sebeosisa, 1979, gv. 51, 54, somxur enaze. 3 n. mari, kavkasiuri kulturuli samyaro da somxeTi, erevani, 1995, gv.
209-276, rusul enaze.
100
Tveli moRvawe somxad gamoacxades.1 maT somxad miiCnies, ker-
Zod, gamoCenili qarTveli swavluli da mwerali eqvTime mTa-
wmindeli. zemoT ukve iTqva, rom somxebi ver axerxebdnen qar-
Tuli mxareebis gasomxebas, qarTvelTa ganuwyveteli brZola
dakarguli miwa-wylis dasabruneblad somxebs amis saSuale-
bas ar aZlevda. tao-klarjeTSi cxovrobda somxuri mosaxle-
obac, magram iq ufro meti qarTvelebi mkvidrobdnen. amis Se-
saxeb ukve visaubre, aq ki damatebiT erT faqtsac movitan.
wminda eqvTime TayaiSvili i. megreliZes werda: “Tqvenma sta-
tiam (fxes Sesaxeb) masiamovna, kidevac gamoviyene. erT frag-
mentarul warweraSi parxalisa (taoSi _ a. a.) amovikiTxe
sityva Sanifxe, ese igi SaniZis asuli (qali)”.2 Sanifxe Sani-
Zis asuls lazurad niSnavs. maSasadame, taoSi sxva qarTve-
lebTan erTad lazebic cxovrobdnen. am mxriv sayuradReboa
isic, rom taos mefis, daviT kurapalatis sardali iyo gab-
riel oCopintres Ze. oCopintre nadirT mfarvel RvTaebas
warmoadgenda. oCi lazur-megrulad vacs qvia.
rac Seexeba eqvTime mTawmindels, mamamiss, ioanes gada-
uwyvetia qarTvelTa saZebrad bizantiidan, aTonis mTidan es-
paneTSi gamgzavreba, iqauri qarTvelebis gacnoba. Cemi Sexe-
dulebiT, istoriam ar icis iseTi gaqarTvelebuli somxis
arseboba, romelic qarTvelobaze im zomiT dadebda Tavs, ise
Tavgadakluli qarTveli gaxdeboda, rom X saukuneSi espa-
neTSi wavidoda iqaur qarTvelTa saZebnelad. es gamowveulia
saqarTvelo-somxeTis mravalsaukunovani urTierTobebis spe-
cifikiT. saqme isaa, somxebs sisxlSi hqondaT gamjdari, rom
kavkasiaSi wamyvani eri somxoba unda yofiliyo da ara qar-
Tvelebi. amis gamoc somxebi, sxvadasxva mizeziT, Tu qarTve-
ldebodnen, es xdeboda zedapirulad, moCvenebiT da ara mTe-
li suliTa da guliT. ioane mTawmindeli ki did qarTvelTa
“laSqris” mSvenebaa. taoSi Tu gvxvdeba somxuri saxelebi, es
bevrs arafers ar niSnavs. qrTvelebi da somxebi gverdi-
1 ix. s. janaSia, istoriuli simarTlis damaxinjebis erTi magaliTis Se-
saxeb, Tb., 1947, rusul enaze; n. lomouri, petriwonis qarTuli monas-
tris istoriisaTvis, Tb., 1981, rusul enaze; a. bogveraZis naSromi kre-
bulSi: amierkavkasiis istoriis problemebi, Tb., 1991 w. 2 i. megreliZe, eqvTime TayaiSvili, Tb., 1989, gv. 365.
101
gverd cxovrobdnen, kaTolikos abraamis akrZalvis miuxeda-
vad, erTmaneTzec qorwindebodnen. amis Sedegad qarTulSi
Semosula, mag., somxuri saxeli Tornik (Tornikes saxiT),
somxebisTvis daurqmeviaT qarTuli gvanca, naTela. 1213 wlis
xnZoreqsis somxur warweraSi somxis saxelia sityva “qarTve-
li”. bizantiis imperia IX-X saukuneebSi samxreT-dasavleT
saqarTvelos, kerZod, taos mitacebas cdilobda. miitaca ki-
dec es mxare XI s-is damdegs. bizantias taoSi qarTvelTa po-
ziciebis gaZliereba ar awyobda. is arc taoeli qalkedonia-
ni somxebis gaqarTvelebas dauSvebda, maT gaberZnebas ecde-
boda da miaRwevda kidec.
isev ioane mTawmindels mivubrundeT. giorgi mTawminde-
li mogviTxrobs: “ganizraxa netarman mamaman Cuenman iovane,
raiTa aRiRos Ze Tvisi da ravdennime mowafeni da ivltodis
spaniad (espaneTSi – a. a.)... rameTu asmioda, viTarmed qar-
Tvelni armciredni naTesavni da erni mkvidr arian mun.1 da
amis pirisaTvis warvida vidre avidosamde, raiTa mier povos
navi, kerZoTa spaniisaTa mimavali, da warvides mun”. iqaur
mTavars ioanesTvis amis neba ar miucia. rodesac bizantiis
imperiis am didmoxelem “ixila mamai iovane damtkicebuli
Tvissave gulis-sityuasa zeda,” es ambavi saimperatoro karis-
Tvis ucnobebia. iqedan mosula brZaneba, rom ioane da misi
mxlebelni qarTvelTa saZebnelad espaneTSi ar gaeSvaT.2 vime-
oreb, aseTi Tavgamodebuli, gulanTebuli qarTveli nasom-
xrebs Soris ar arsebobda. ioane Zal-Rones ar iSurebda
imisTvisac, rom did qarTvel moRvawed aRezarda vaJiSvili
eqvTime, rasac miaRwia kidec. mis mier dafuZnebulma qar-
TvelTa monasterma aTonis mTaze xom qarTuli kulturis
ganviTarebaSi udidesi wvlili Seitana.
sparselTa kvaldakval arab dampyrobTaTvisac Sedare-
biT misaRebi iyo, rom maTi qveSevrdomi qristianebi monofi-
zitebi (grigorianebi) yofiliyvnen da ara marTlmadidebel-
ni,3 rameTu arabTa saxelmwifosac surda bizantiis imperiis
1 ioane emyareboda im faqts, rom Zvelad espaneTsac iberia erqva. 2 Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, wigni II, ilia abu-laZis redaqciiT, Tb., 1967, gv. 54-55. 3 ix. a. abdalaZe, amierkavkasiis politikur erTeulTa urTierToba IX-XI saukuneebSi, Tb., 1988 w.
102
dasusteba, kerZod, misi gavlenis aRmofxvra amierkavkasiaSi.
aqedan gamomdinare, arabebi qarTvelebs ufro undoblad uc-
qerdnen, vidre monofizit (grigorian), xaCecar somxebs. som-
xuri eklesiis Tavkacebmac scades dampyrobel arabTa xeli-
suflebasTan TanamSromloba, saerTo enis gamonaxva.
VIII saukunis somexi mematianis, Revondis Tanaxmad, so-
mexTa kaTolikosi sahak III (677-703) episkoposTa TanxlebiT
somxeTidan gamgzavrebula arabebTan zavis dasamyareblad.
magram qalaq xaranSi sahaki avad gaxda da gardaicvala. mas
ar dascalda Sexvedroda somxeTisaken daZrul arabTa jaris
sardals mahmeds. sikvdilis win kaTolikosma werili miswe-
rao arab sardals: “uboZe Cems xalxs mSvidoba da igi dage-
morCileba Sen, gadagixdis xarks... dae, nuravin TqvenTagani
nu gvawamebs Cven da nu gvaiZulebs rjulis gamocvlas. aw,
ukeTu Seasruleb Cems Txovnas, ufali ganamtkicebs Sens xe-
lisuflebas da aRasrulebs Sens survilebs, dagimorCilebs
yovelT... uyuradRebod nu moekidebi Cems saTxovars da
aRsruldeba Sens mimarT Cemi locva-kurTxeva.”1 rogorc
vxedavT, somexTa kaTolokosi locva-kurTxevasac ar iSurebs
mZvinvare dampyroblisaTvis. oRond somxeTma aicilos Tavi-
dan arabTa TareSi da sahaki mzadaa ilocos imisaTvis, rom
arabebma Tundac mTeli saqristiano samyaro daipyron. kaTo-
likosis garjas amaod ar Cauvliao. sahaki jerac ar daekrZa-
laT, mahmedi rom Cavida xaranSi. arabTa sardalio “dadga ra
micvalebulis cxedarTan, miesalma mas TavianTi Cveulebisa-
mebr. rogorc marTlismTqmel kacTagan gvsmenia, man gaimeora
da mesamedac [warmoTqva] igive sityvebi. Semdgom CabRuja misi
xeli, viTarca cocxali adamianisa, daelaparaka, uTxra mas:
“Sevityve Seni sibrZne im ustaridan, romelic wavikiTxe... Ta-
naxma var, Cemi xmali Cavago ucodvel kacTa winaSe. aw, Sevas-
ruleb, gavakeTeb yovelives, rasac werilSi iTxov Cemgan da,
dae, Seni RvTisnieri locva-kurTxeva aRsruldes Cems mi-
marT.” somxebio “amis Semdeg monuri morCilebiT emsaxurebo-
dnen ismaitelebs”2, e. i. arabebs.
1 istoria Revondisa, somexTa didi varTapetisa, 1887, gv. 28-30, somxur ena-ze. 2 iqve, gv. 30-31.
103
amave TemasTan dakavSirebiT sayuradReboa somexTa ka-
Talikosis ovanes oZnecis (717-728) Sesaxeb Seqmnili somxuri
gadmocemac. ovanesi, Turme nu ityviT, imdeni uqiaT arabTa
xalifis, omar II-sTvis (717-720), rom mas saocrad mondomebia,
exila es sakvirveli pirovneba da TavisTan miuwvevia kidec
somxuri eklesiis saWeTmpyrobeli. somexTa Soris bolo xane-
bamde SemorCenila gadmocemebi arabTa mfarvelobiT ovanes
oZnecis brZolis Taobaze qalkedonianobis (marTlmadideb-
lobis) winaaRmdeg.1 somexTa kaTolikosebsa da xalifebs So-
ris arsebuli “keTilmegobruli” urTierTobis tradicia
mogvianebiTac gagrZelebula.
aRsaniSnavia somexTa kaTolikos eRia (elia) I-is (703-
717) mier qalkedonuri mrwamsisaken (marTlmadideblobisaken)
gadaxrili albanelTa kaTolikosisa da maTive dedoflis
dasmena xalifas winaSe. eRiam miswerao xalifas: “aw, is, vinc
albanelTa kaTolikosia da bardavSi zis, SeuTanxmda berZen-
Ta keisars, ixseniebs mas locvebSi da aiZulebs qveyanas, misi
TanaaRmsarebelni da Tanamoazreni gaxdnen. uwyodeT Tqven
amis Sesaxeb da nu gamoiCenT uyuradRebobas, rameTu erTi
didgvarovani qalbatonic Tanamosagrea misi. Tqveni didi uf-
lebamosilebiT brZaneT TavianT saqmeTa Sesaferisad imaTi
dasja, vinc ganizraxa Sescodos RmerTs.”2 arabTa xalifas,
TiTqos, ase miuweria eRiasTvis: “RvTis kaco, eRia, somexTa
naTesavis (modgmis – a. a.) kaTolikoso, wavikiTxe Seni, er-
Tgulebis [gamomxatveli] werili da madlierebis niSnad gig-
zavni Cems keTilsaimedo monas didZali jariT. vbrZanebT,
Cveni xelisuflebisagan gandgomili albanelebi Sens sarwmu-
noebaze moiqcnen. Cvens ganaCens [maT mimarT] bardavSi Sens
Tvalwin aRasrulebs Cveni mona (sardali – a. a.), xolo ner-
sess3 da mis Tanamoazre qals rkinis borkilebs daadebs, Se-
uracxyofilT moiyvans samefo karze, raTa yovel ajanyebuls
Wkua vaswavlo maT magaliTze.” eRias arabTa mxardaWeriT mo-
1 leo, somxeTis istoria, t. II, erevani, 1947, gv. 470-473, somxur enaze; a. n.
ter-Revondiani, somxeTi da arabTa saxalifo, erevani, 1977, gv. 82-83, ru-
sul enaze. 2 ix. a. abdalaZe, amierkavkasiis politikur erTeulTa... gv. 162. 3 nersesi albaneTis kaTolikosi iyo 689-706 wlebSi.
104
uxerxebia albanuri eklesiis daqvemdebareba.1
vinaidan arabi dampyroblebisTvis monofiziti (grigo-
riani) somxebi ufro misaRebi iyvnen, vidre marTlmadidebeli,
berZenTa, bizantielTa erTmorwmune qarTvelebi, arabTa saxa-
lifos politikac saqarTvelosa da somxeTis mimarT ase Tu
ise sxvadasxvanairi iyo. amas Sedegad mohyva is, rom IX sau-
kunis II naxevarSi, rodesac saxalifo TandaTan sustdeba da
iSleba, somxeTi erTian qveyanas warmoadgenda, xolo saar-
Tvelo samefo-samTavroebad iyo dayofili. aqedan gamomdina-
re, somexTa xelisuflebma (885 wels aRsdga somxeTis same-
foc) SeZles saqarTvelos saSinao saqmeebSi Careva da qvemo
qarTlis didi nawili miitaces. somxeTis mefeebma, somxebma
kvlav gaixsenes Zveli gegmebi da miznad daisaxes mTels kav-
kasiaSi, kerZod, saqarTveloSi gabatoneba.2 somexTagan mita-
cebul qvemo qarTlSi somxurma eklesiamac imZlavra, somxu-
ri saqmianoba gaaCaRa da amis Sedegia, rom qvemo qarTlis
erT nawils X saukuneSi somxiTi daerqva. X aswleulSive
somxeTi calkeul samefoebad daiSala (saqarTvelo, piriqiT,
im xanebSi erTiandeboda). aseT viTarebaSi somxebma samefo
qvemo qarTlSic Seqmnes3 X saukunis II naxevarSi, romlis sa-
taxto qalaqs erTxans samSvilde warmoadgenda. somexTa es
samefo taSir-Zoragetis an lores samefos saxelwodebiTaa
cnobili. 1065 wels saqarTvelos mefem, bagrat IV-m samSvil-
didan gandevna somexi bagratuniebi, e. w. kvirikianTa dinas-
tia, romelic amis Semdeg loreSi mokalaTda. SemdgomSi lo-
re Turq-selCukebma daipyres. 1118 wels daviT aRmaSeneblis
jarma gaaTavisufla lore da saqarTvelos daubruna. aRmaSe-
nebelma xom mahmadianTagan oTxas wels mitacebuli Tbili-
sic gaaTavisufla; cxadia, is, iseve, rogorc, sazogadod,
qarTveli eri, miznad isaxavda, Tundac didi xnis win dakar-
guli yvela qarTuli mxaris dabrunebas. qarTveli eris sasi-
cocxlo interesebi iTxovda amas da lore-taSiric, qvemo
1 ix. a. abdalaZe, amierkavkasiis... gv. 162-163; movses kalankatuaci, alvanTa qveynis istoria, l. davlianiZis gamocema, Tb., 1985, gv. 139-144. 2 ix. a. abdalaZe, amierkavkasiis politikur erTeulTa urTierToba... 3 amis Taobaze somexi mematiane, mxiTar airivaneci gvauwyebs: “daiwyo bag-ratuniebis mefoba qarTvelebze” (mxiTar airivaneci, qronografiuli is-toria, l. davlianiZis gamocema, Tb., 1990, gv. 74).
105
qarTlis es samxreTi nawili, saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi
unda moqceuliyo, rac somxebisTvis miuRebeli iyo. amis Sesa-
xeb qvemoTac visaubrebT.
qarTul-somxuri eklesiebis urTierTobas VII saukunis
Semdegac simwvave ar akldeboda. somexi mematianis, uxtanesis
sityviT (gv. 71), is qarTvelebi, romlebic somxur eklesias-
Tan ganxeTqilebis gzas daadgnen, “satanas Zeni arian da Ta-
naxma maTi”. somxuri eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelni cdilobdnen,
iseve daeqvemdebarebinaT qarTuli eklesiac, rogorc kavkasi-
is albaneTis eklesia moaqcies TavianTi iurisdiqciis qveS.
ase, mag., somexTa kaTolikosi ovanes drasxanakertci, romel-
sac “somxeTis istoriac” dauweria, X saukunis I meoTxedSic
miiCnevda, rom qarTuli eklesia somxurs unda eqvemdebarebo-
des, iseve, rogorc mTeli saqarTvelo unda cnobdeso somxe-
Tis uzenaesobas.1 somexTa amgvarma usafuZvlo pretenziebmac
gamoiwvies, rom qarTuli eklesiac somxuris mimarT Setevaze
gadavida. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia, mag., tbeTis episkoposis, ste-
fane mtbevaris Txzuleba “wameba wmidisa mowamisa gobroni-
si”, romelic 914-918 wlebs Sorisaa dawerili. stefane mtbe-
varis sityviT, “scoda boroti didman saxlman (qveyanam _ a.
a.) somxiTisaman”. amis sanacvlodo RmerTma “miscna igini (so-
mxebi – a. a.) maxvilsa borotsa da... srvasa sikvdilisasa uw-
yalosa, romelTa mflvel aravin iyo...
rameTu miwai igi somxiTisai ampartavan ars da mkvidrni
misni cudad mzvaobar, angahar, laR da codvis moyvare, am-
partavan, uwyalo, uyvarul da yovliTa ukeTurebiTa savse,
romelsa Sina ara ipova Tavisa misadrekeli qristesi, romel-
TaTvis qriste cudad mokvda...
emsgavsa saxli igi somxiTisai kacsa mas ugunursa, ro-
melman dadga saxli safuZvelsa zeda sacTurebisasa da qvi-
Sasa zeda wvalebisasa”.2
aRsaniSnavia, rom eqvTime mTawmindels grigol nazian-
zelis erT-erTi Txzulebis Targmnisas somexTa Sesaxeb naTq-
vami sityvebi friad gaumZafrebia, TargmanSi ufro Tavisi da-
1 ix. a. abdalaZe, amierkavkasiis politikur erTeulTa... gv. 77 da Semdgo-
mi. 2 qarTuli proza, t. I, Tb., 1981, gv. 158-160.
106
mokidebuleba gamoumJRavnebia somxebisadmi, vidre grigol
nazianzelisa: “ars naTesavi (modgma – a. a.) igi somexTai ara
wrfeli, aramed mzakuvari da gularZnili (gulmrude, cbieri
– a. a.), da boroti, mimsgavsebuli kldeTa maT, romelni dafa-
rul arian zRuasa Sina, da ver ixilven maT menaveni, vidre
ara scen navi da gantexon. esreT sxuasa ityvian igini (somxe-
bi – a. a.) da sxuai uc gulsa, da siwrfoebai maT Tana ara
ars. da rai sakvirvel ars ukueTu kacsa ecruvnen, vinaiTgan
Tavadisa RmrTisa mimarT cru arian da mzakuvar, da boro-
tad aRmsaarebel.”1
giorgi mTawmindelis biografi, giorgi mcired wodebu-
li mwerali, SesaniSnavi mwignobari, somxuridan qarTulad
wignis Targmnasac ki saCoTiro saqmed miiCnevda: “daRacaTu
pirveliTganve guqondes werilnica da sarwmunoebai WeSmari-
ti da marTali, garna queyanai Cueni Sors iyo queyanisagan
saberZneTisa. da viTarca Teslni arawmidani Soris Cuensa da-
Tesul iyvnes borotni igi Teslni somexTani, gularZnilni
da manqanani, da amis mier friad guevneboda, rameTu naTesavi
Cueni (qarTveli eri – a. a.) wrfeli iyo da umankoi; xolo
igini reca mizeziTa wesierebisaiTa, reca cTunebad guazmnob-
des, da romelnime wignnica guqondes maTgan Targmnilni.”2
giorgi mcires mixedviT, giorgi mTawmindelic cudad yofi-
la ganwyobili somxuri sarwmunoebisadmi. is, erT mSvenier
dRes, konstantinopolSi bizantiis imperator konstantine X
dukas (1059-1067) winaSe warmdgara. am dros imperatorTan yo-
filan yarsis (vanandis) somxuri samefos mefe gagiki, misi
Tanmxlebi pirebi da sxvebic. saubris dros imperators gior-
gi mTawmindelisTvis ukiTxavs somexTa sarwmunoebis Taoba-
zec: “merme kualad hkiTxa mefeman somexTaTvis: “Tu aqus rai
nawili qristianeTa Tana?” giorgi mTawmindelma ase upasuxao
– “xolo miugo wmidaman mokled, viTarmed: ”borotsa sarwmu-
noebasa saxelca nu edebin”.3
somxuri eklesiis mimarT arakeTilganwyobileba qar-
1 e. xinTibiZe, qarTul-bizantiuri literaturuli urTierTobis istorii-
saTvis, Tb., 1982, gv. 221-223. 2 Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, II, gv. 123. 3 iqve, gv. 178-180.
107
Tul saero wreebs, jarsac gadasdebia. am mxriv niSandobli-
vi Cans X-XI saukuneebis somexi mematianis, stefanos tarone-
cis (asoRikis) saTanado cnoba. 997 wels, rodesac daviT ku-
rapalatis jars alya Semourtyams qalaq xlaTisaTvis, qar-
Tvelebs somxuri taZari, eklesia jariskacebisa da cxenebis
sadgomad uqceviaT. xlaTel mahmadianTa replikaze, Tu ratom
epyrobian qarTveli qristianebi ase udierad somex qristian-
Ta wminda adgils, qarTvelebs upasuxiaT: “somxur eklesiasa
da Tqvens meCeTs CvenTvis erTi fasi aqvs”-o.1
XI saukunis somexi mematiane aristakes lastiverci mog-
viTxrobs: anis-Sirakis, somexTa mefe gagikis gardacvalebis
(daaxl. 1017 w.) Semdego xelisuflebas “daeuflnen misi
Svilebi: sumbati, romelic ioaned iwodeboda da aSoti, [sum-
batis] mkvidri Zma. sumbati iyo tanad mosuli da Zlier msu-
qani... isini erTmaneTs Seetaknen qveynis danawilebisaTvis,
saWiro Seiqmna sasamarTlo. maTTan movida afxazTa mefe gi-
orgi (nagulisxmevia saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I – a. a.)2 da
mSvidobianad Seariga isini. ori saxelis mqone sumbats [asa-
kiT] ufrosobis gamo [giorgim] misca wili: anisis cixe... sum-
bati daTanxmda da dabrunda Tavis qalaqSi. igi gzaze SeCer-
da sxeulis modunebis gamo da udardelad daiZina. [maSin]
aSotis mxridan erTi mTavari saCivriT mivida giorgisTan da
uTxra, rom “Satiki Cemi samkvidro adgilia, romelic Cemgan
usamarTlod waiRo sumbatmao”. es rom giorgim moismina, di-
di risxviTa da sibraziT aRenTo da jari daadevna [sumbats]
kvaldakval. isini mividnen da moulodnelad Tavs daacxrnen
mas ise, rom [sumbatma] sxeulis damZimebis gamo verc ki SeZ-
lo cxenze Sejdoma. masTan myofi mTavrebi swrafad gaiqcnen.
ukan dadevnebulma [giorgis jarebma] gzaze [qalaq] anisis ka-
ramde gvamebis grova daayenes, xolo iqidan dabrunebisas ga-
Zarcves sakaTedro taZris mokazmuloba. moglijes jvrebs
lursmnebi da Tan lanZRviT gaiZaxodnen: “mogvaqvs, raTa cxe-
1 stefanos taronecis, asoRikis msoflio istoria, sanktpeterburgi, 1885,
gv. 268-269, somxur enaze. 2 afxazTa samefo qarTuli saxelmwifo iyo da saqarTvelos mefeebs ar
eCoTirebodaT TavianT titulaturaSi pirvel adgilze sityva afxazTa
daesvaT.
108
nebis nali gavakeToT”-o. samarTlianma RmerTma isini Sesafe-
ris dros xelT misca horomebs (bizantielebs – a. a.)... Sepy-
robili sumbati maT giorgisTan miiyvanes, romelmac brZana
misi Camwyvdeva. Semdeg waarTva sami cixe-simagre da gaaTavi-
sufla [sumbati]”.1 male e. w. erTmorwmune bizantiis jari Se-
moesia saqarTvelos, am brZolebSi bizantielebma uamravi
qarTveli daxoces, Tumca arc TviTon dadgomiaT kargi dRe
qarTvelebisgan. somexi mematiane miiCnevs, rom bizantiis ja-
ris Semosevis saxiT qarTvelebs RvTis risxva daatydaT Tavs
da es moxdao imitom, rom qarTvelebi usamarTlod moeqcnen
somxebs.
qarTul-somxuri eklesiebis dapirispirebas msxverplic
mohyolia. stefanos taronecis (asoRikis) cnobiT, somxeTis
kaTolikosis, xaCik I-is (973-992) dros, imJamad erT-erTi yve-
laze ufro cnobili varTapeti (moZRvari, sasuliero piri)
ovanesi sicocxles gamoesalma “gacofebuli qarTvelTa to-
misagan maxviliT da daimarxa savaneSi, romelsac aksigomi
ewodeba, basianis gavarSi”,2 anu basianis olqSi. basiani Zir-
Zveli qarTuli mxarea. am saxelwodebis fuZe bas anu fas
igivea, rac dadasturebulia md. rionis meore saxelSi – fa-
zisSi. somxebi drodadro axerxebdnen basianis dapyrobas,
magram arc qarTvelebs dauviwyebiaT es mxare da ukanve dai-
brunes. bunebrivia, qarTvelebi miznad daisaxavdnen basianSi
qarTuli eklesia-monastrebis dafuZnebas (iseve, rogorc gri-
gol xanZTelma da misma Tanamosagreebma tao-klarjeTi gaab-
rwyines qarTuli eklesia-monas-trebiT), rasac somxebs garda
xels uSlidnen mahmadiani da bizantieli dampyroblebic. Cve-
ni winaprebi arc erT maTgans ar epuebodnen sazogadod da,
kerZod, basianisaTvis brZolaSi. amis Sedegi Cans somexi var-
Tapetis mokvla qarTvelTagan.
gaZlierebuli qarTuli eklesia da misi mxardamWeri sa-
qarTvelos samefo karic (es ukanaskneli frTxilad) cdi-
lobdnen monofizit (grigorian) somexTa moqcevas marTlma-
1 aristakes lastiverteci, istoria, e. cagareiSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1974,
gv. 44. 2 stefanos taronecis, asoRikis msoflio istoria, gv. 185.
109
dideblobaze.1 es pirvel rigSi gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom
mazdeanurma sparseTma da mahmadianurma arabTa saxalifom
SeZles TanamSromloba, saerTo enis gamonaxva somxur ekle-
siasTan. arsebobda safrTxe, rom momavalSic muslimi dam-
pyroblebi daupirispirebdnen monofizitur (grigorianul)
somxur eklesias saqarTvelos, qarTul eklesias.
1046 wels javaxeTSi, sofel RrtilaSi gamarTula qar-
Tvel-somexTa saeklesio kreba, paeqroba imis Sesaxeb, qar-
TvelTa rjuli iyo marTali sarwmunoeba, Tu somxebisa. am
paeqrobis dros somxeTidan Camosul somexTa Tavkaci yofi-
la marmaSenis monastris winamZRvari sosTeni, romelsac da-
pirispirebia qarTveli beri, eqvTime grZeli. eqvTimes Rrma
rwmeniT, saqarTvelos didi upiratesoba gaaCnda somxeTTan
SedarebiT. eqvTime mimarTavs sosTens: “esreT ars wesi, ro-
mel: mefeni Tquenni winaSe CuenTa da mRdelT-moZRuarni
mRdelT-moZRuarTa da mTavarni mTavarTa SiSiT da ZrwoliT
warmodgebian da SevrdomiT Tayuanis-scemen.2” qarTuli
Txzulebis, _ “sityvis-geba berisa efTvime grZelisa sosTe-
nis mimarT, somexT moZRurisas”, _ mixedviT, paeqrobaSi qar-
Tvelebs somxebi daumarcxebiaT da mouTxoviaT maTgan mar-
Tlmadideblobaze, qarTul rjulze moqceva. saqarTvelos
mefes, bagrat IV-s, TiTqos, ase miumarTavs sosTenisTvis:
_ “sosTen, gaqusRa rai sityuad Cuenda anu sruliad iZ-
lie?”
“miugo sosTeni mefesa:
_ “me ara Tu kacisagan viZlie, arca Zleul var, aramed
WeSmaritebisagan.”
kualad hrqua mefeman sosTenis:
_ “rad ara moiqcevi?”
miugo sosTeni:
_ “marmaSeni viTar (rogor – a. a.) dauteo?”
xolo hrqua mefeman:
_ “mis wil Cuengan miiRe.”
miugo sosTeni:
1 ix. a. abdalaZe, amierkavkasiis politikur erTeulTa ... gv. 108-111. 2 Zveli qarTuli polemikuri literaturis ori Zegli (publikacia i.
lolaSvilisa), krebulSi: literaturuli Ziebani, Tb., 1983, gv. 282.
110
_ “egeoden ara advilad datevebul iqmnebis Cemgan mar-
maSeni”.1 rogorc vxedavT, qarTvelebi, kerZod, saqarTvelos
mefec cdiloben somexTa marTlmadideblobaze moqcevas, mag-
ram somxebi amaze Znelad dasaTanxmebeli yofilan, isini som-
xur rjulze mtkiced idgnen. bagrat IV sosTens pirdeboda,
Tu moiqceoda, marTlmadidebluri monastris winamZRvrobas,
magram uari miiRo. somexi saero pirebic Tu miiRebdnen mar-
Tlmadideblobas, qarTul rjuls, saqarTvelos mefe maTac
daawinaurebda, imdenad mniSvnelovnad miaCnda somexTa moqce-
va.
XI saukuneSi somxeTSi daeca, moispo somxuri saxelmwi-
foebrioba, pirisagan miwisa aRigava somxuri samefoebi. es Zi-
riTadad Sedegi iyo bizantiis imperiis agresiuli politiki-
sa, romelmac daipyro somxeTi. bizantias ganzraxuli hqonda
saqarTvelos samefos mospobac, qarTuli saxelmwifoebrio-
bis ganadgurebac, magram qarTveli eris Tavganwiruli, gmi-
ruli brZolis gamo bizantia iZulebuli gaxda Cveni winapre-
bis mimarT daTmobebze wasuliyo, ukan daexia. cnobili qar-
Tveli moRvawe, grigol bakurianis Ze ambobda: qarTvelebi
ganuwyvetliv vomobTo – “mciredniRa vin Cvenganni momkudar
arian sarecelsa zeda Tvissa mSvidobiT”. amis Sedegad saqar-
Tvelos samefo gadarCa.
QqarTvel bagrationTa dinastia somex bagratuniebze
gacilebiT ufro sicocxlisunariani, Zlevamosili rom ga-
modga, amisi erT-erTi mizezi aseTia: saqarTveloSi xazi esme-
boda im garemoebas, rom daviT winaswarmetyvelis STamomav-
lebad miCneuli bagrationebi naTesavebi iyvnen RvTismSobli-
sa da xorcielad ieso qristesic. monofizitur somxeTSi
qristes “xorcieli” winaprebis Tu STamomavlobis Sesaxeb
Sexedulebebi ver gavrceldeboda. somex bagratuniebsac ver
gamoacxadebdnen qristes naTesavebad.
mkvlevar h. barTikianis sityviT, “naTlad Cans, rom X s-
is Sua xanebisTvis somxebi moxetiale, aramdgar xalxad miaC-
ndaT.” h. barTikiani fiqrobs, rom es ar aris somexTaTvis bu-
nebrivi, Tandayolili Tviseba, igi SemdgomSi unda iyoso Se-
1 iqve, gv. 286.
111
Zenili. asea Tu ise, faqtia, rom X_XI aswleulebSi uamravi
somexi aiyara Tavisi mSobliuri miwa-wylidan da ucxo qvey-
nebs miaSura.1 samSoblodan gaqcevis gasamarTleblad somexma
mematianeebma saxarebis sityvebic moiSvelies: “raJams gdevni-
dnen Tquen amier qalaqiT, miivltodeT sxuad” (maTe, 10 : 23).2
somexTa samSoblodan gaqcevac iyo mizezi somxuri saxelmwi-
foebriobis dacemisa. XI saukuneSi somxebs saqarTvelosTvi-
sac SemoufarebiaT Tavi. aristakes lastivercis cnobiT, so-
mexTa “upatrono cxenosani jari daxetialobs zogi sparse-
Tis, zogi saberZneTis, xolo nawili qarTvelTa mxareebSi.
aznaurTa sepuhi (warCinebuli _ a. a.) gundi, samSoblodan wa-
suli, Zlevamosilebas moklebuli, drtvinavs Tavis adgil-
samyofelSi, rogorc lomebis lekvebi. samefo sasaxleebi
aoxrebuli da gaukacrielebulia. dasaxlebuli qveyana (som-
xeTi _ a. a.) dacarielda mcxovrebTagan”.3 somexTa erTi jgu-
fi somxeTidan saqarTveloSi rom mosula bagrat IV-is mefo-
bis dros, es asaxulia ioane bagrationis TxzulebaSic _
”SemoklebiT aRwera saqarTvelosa Sina mcxovrebTa TavadTa
da aznaurTa gvarebisa.”4 daviT aRmaSenebels, Turme, e.w. mab-
ralobelni ar uwonebdnen yivCaRTa Camosaxlebas saqarTve-
los samefoSi (aRmaSenebelma yivCaRebi qarTuli miwa-wylis
garda somxur da albanur mxareebSic Caasaxla). XI saukuneSi
saqarTvelos mefes arc somexTa Cvens qveyanaSi Camosaxlebas
mouwonebda qarTvelTa erTi nawili. qarTuli eklesia XI as-
wleulSi amayobda imiT, rom qarTvelebSi mwvalebloba aras-
dros yofilao gavrcelebuli. amitom qarTuli eklesiis
warmomadgenlebic ar iqnebodnen momxre saqarTveloSi mwva-
leblebad miCneuli somxebis Camosaxlebisa, miT umetes, rom
es monofiziti (grigoriani) somxebi araviTar survils ar
iCendnen marTlmadideblobaze, qarTul rjulze moqcevisa.
bizantiis imperia yoveli RoniT cdilobda somxeTis
centraluri, anis-Sirakis samefos dapyrobasac. somxeTis
1 ioane skilica, h. barTikianis gamocema, erevani, 1979, gv. LXXVII_LXXXII, somxur enaze. 2 ix. a. abdalaZe, amierkavkasiis polotikur erTeulTa... gv. 169, 208. 3 aristakes lastiverteci, istoria, Tb., 1974, gv. 68-69. 4 z. kacelaSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1997, gv. 36.
112
dapyrobis Semdeg bizantia kidev erTxel ecdeboda qarTuli
saxelmwifoebriobis mospobasac. amitomac saqarTvelos me-
fem, bagrat IV-m gadawyvita 1045 wels daeswro bizantiisTvis
da anis-Sirakis samefos teritoria Cveni qveynisTvis Semoeer-
Tebina. bagrats anisel somxebSi mxardamWerni hyolia.1 mas am
mxriv xels uwyobda isic, rom dedamisi, saqarTvelos dedo-
fali mariami, giorgi I-is qvrivi somexi iyo. im xanebSi wesad
iyo miRebuli, rom saqarTvelos mefes sxva qveynis mefis asu-
li unda SeerTo colad. “matiane qarTlisais” cnobiT, “daa-
go sueman bagratisman Jami; moerTo vesti (anis-Sirakis dide-
buli _ a. a.) cxriTa cixiTa anisisaTa, Tvinier amberdisaTa.
da mosces anelTa anisi bagratis dedasa, rameTu mamulad ey-
vodes somexni_senaqerem somexTa mefisa asuli iyo mariam de-
dofali, bagratis deda”.2 im dros bizantiis imperiis agenti
iyo qarTveli warCinebuli, kldekaris erisTavi liparit baR-
vaSi. bizantiis xelisuflebam mas daavala, rom bagrat IV-is
jari gaeZevebina anisidan. ra Tqma unda, bizantiam liparits
amisTvis didZali fuli gadauxada. am fuliT liparitma ga-
aZliera Tavisi laSqari da anisisaken daiZra. am dros bag-
rat IV Tbilisis gaTavisuflebas cdilobda mahmadianTa
batonobisagan da mTeli Tavisi ZalebiT ver ibrZoda anis-Si-
rakis SemosaerTeblad. amiT isargebles bizantiis imperiam
da misma agentma liparit baRvaSma: “kualad iwyo liparit
maTve ficxelTa sauravTa. da gamoityuvna anisiT dedoflisa-
gan abuseri, erisTavi artanujisa, da xixaTa da cixis-juari-
sa da awyueris cixis patroni, da ivane erisTavi, ivane dadia-
ni da guaram goderZis Ze, beWis cixisa patroni, _ da Seipyr-
na igini anisis karsa”.3 amis Sedegad bizantiis imperiam daip-
yro anis-Siraki. bunebrivia, bagrat IV-is momxre anis-Sira-
kelTa erTi nawili mainc am movlenebis Semdeg saqarTvelos
moaSurebda, rameTu bizantielebi maT eWvis TvaliT dauwyeb-
dnen cqeras.
1 aristakes lastiverteci, istoria, 1974, gv. 70-71. 2 qarTlis cxovreba, I, 1955, gv. 299. anisis cxra cixe rom ixsenieba, ag-reTve amberdi (anberdi), es mowmobs, rom anisi misi sanaxebiT gadmosces saqarTvelos. qarTul jarTan erTad, anisSi saqarTveloSi myofi somex-Ta razmic gailaSqrebda. 3 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 300.
113
axla leonti mrovelis armenofilobis sakiTxs davub-
rundeT. leonti XI saukunis avtoria. me ase Tu ise ganvixi-
le saqarTvelo-somxeTis urTierTobebi XI aswleulis 60-ian
wlebamde da yovelive zemoT Tqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT Se-
vecdebi avxsna, Tu riTia gamowveuli qarTveli mematianis,
ruisis mTavarepiskopos leonti mrovelis armenofiloba. XI
saukunisaTvis qarTvelTa erovnuli Segneba maRal doneze
idga. qarTul eklesiaSic erovnuli mimarTuleba gamokveTi-
li iyo. gavixsenoT ioane zosimes “qebai da didebai qarTu-
lisa enisai” da isic, rom ioane mTawmindeli espaneTSi api-
rebda qarTvelebis moZebnas. am mxriv yuradRebas ipyrobs X
aswleulSi sinas mTis qarTveli berebis mier locvebSi qar-
Tvelobisa da farTo gagebiT qarTlisTvis, e.i. saqarTvelos-
Tvis didi adgilis daTmoba, rac imdroindeli qristianuli
eklesiisTvis, sazogadod, Cveulebriv movlenas ar warmoad-
gens. sinas mTis qarTveli berebi SesTxovdnen macxovars:
“qriste Seiwyale... yovelni Zmani da yovelni qristianeni da
ufrois yovelTasa yovelni qarTvelni”. isini loculobdnen
“qarTlisa mSvidobisa, sazRvarTa ganmagrebisa... mterTa gare-
miqcevis” wadiliT.1 aseT viTarebaSi qarTvelTa wminda, pat-
iosan wignSi, “qarTlis cxovrebaSi” SeaqvT armenofiluri ma-
tiane, maSin, rodesac qarTvelebs kargad axsovdaT, rom som-
xeTi mudam cdilobda saqarTvelos dapyrobas, Cveni qveynis
gasomxurebas, qarTvelTa gasomxebas. magram politikuri miz-
nebiT raRa ar xdeba!
somxeTSi somxuri saxelmwifoebrioba, rogorc iTqva,
XI saukuneSi daeca, moispo. saqarTvelos samefo kars ki ukve
im dros hqonda seriozuli gegmebi dasaxuli, rom gaeerTia-
nebina mTeli kavkasia nikofsiidan darubandamde. saqarTve-
los saxelmwifos mesveurni, rogorc Cans, fiqrobdnen, rom
qarTvel-somexTa dapirispireba kargs arafers uqadda qarTu-
li droSis qveS mTeli kavkasiis gaerTianebis did saqmes. XI
aswleulis qarTveli mematianis, sumbat daviTis Zis sityviT,
saqarTvelos mefem, bagrat III-m, romelic 1014 wels gardaic-
vala, “daipyra yoveli kavkasia TviTmpyrobelobiTa jiqeTiT-
1 ix. l. menabde, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi, t. II, Tb., 1980, gv. 50.
114
gan vidre gurgenadmde (kaspiis zRvamde – a. a.). xolo adarba-
dagani (iranis azerbaijani – a. a.) da Sarvani moxarke yo,
somxiTisa xelmwifebiTa, nebierad ganagebda. mefe sparsTa
Tvis megobrad da erTgul yo sibrZniTa da ZlierebiTa Tvi-
siTa ufros saxleulTa TvisTasa da berZenT mefesaca (bi-
zantiis imperators – a. a.) SiSi aqunda amisi yovladve.”1 es
cnoba nawilobriv gazviadebulia, magram udavoa isic, rom
bagrat III-is mefobis Jams saqarTvelos samefo kars miznad
hqonda dasaxuli mTeli kavkasiis gaerTianeba, rasac win uaR-
resad didi siZneleebi, problemebi eRobeboda.
bizantiis imperiam XI saukunis dasawyisSi tao waarTva
saqarTvelos da Cveni qveynis mier kavkasiis gaerTianebas da-
uSvebda? bizantiisTvis saqarTvelos gaZliereba miuRebeli
iyo. rogorc vnaxeT, bagrat IV-is jarma 1045 wels somexTa
dedaqalaqi anisic daikava droebiT. bizantiis xelisufleba
SeSfoTebuli iyo imiT, rom mis gabatonebas somxeTSi qar-
Tvelebi win aRudgnen. bizantiis imperiis somxeTidan gansa-
devnad, miT ufro, islamuri samyaros mosagerieblad auci-
lebeli iyo qarTvel-somexTa erToblivi ZalisxmeviT moqme-
deba da ara dapirispireba maT Soris. qarTvel-somexTa Tana-
mSromloba rom Semdgariyo, saWiro xdeboda qarTvelebSi an-
tisomxuri ganwyobilebis Serbileba. qarTul-somxur eklesi-
ebs Soris arsebuli mwvave urTierTobac xels SeuSlida
upatronod darCenili somxeTis2 saqarTvelosTan SemoerTe-
bas. XI aswleulis 50-iani wlebidan Turq-selCukTa gamanad-
gurebeli Semosevebis safrTxec daemuqra amierkavkasias. aR-
mavlobis, gaZlierebis gzaze damdgari saqarTvelo dampyrob-
lebs SeiZleba miwasTan gaesworebinaT. isini yoveli RoniT
cdilobdnen somxebis gadabirebasac da saqarTvelosadmi da-
pirispirebas.
amave dros, somxebs TviTon hqondaT pretenzia kavkasia-
Si pirvelobisa da saqarTvelos droSis qveS kavkasiis gaer-
Tianebas advilad ver Seeguebodnen. somxuri eklesiac amis
winaaRmdegi iyo, rameTu saqarTvelos Zlevamosilebis viTa-
1 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 382. 2 bizantiis nebiT somexTa sakaTolikosoc XI s-is Sua xanebSi somxeTis
sazRvrebs gareT gadaitanes.
115
rebaSi qarTuli eklesia monofiziti (grigoriani) somxebis,
kerZod, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi, mwvaleblebad miCneuli
grigoriani somxebis marTlmadideblobaze, qarTul rjulze
mosaqcevad yvelafers iRonebda. es aucilebeli xdeboda imis
gamoc, rom rogorc sparseTma da arabTa saxalifom SeZles
somxur eklesiasTan saerTo enis gamonaxva, sxva dampyroble-
bic amasve izamdnen. aseT pirobebSi didi mniSvneloba eniWe-
boda im faqts, rom qalkedoniani (marTlmadidebeli) somxebi
upirispirdebodnen somxur monofizitur (grigorianul) ek-
lesias da keTilad iyvnen ganwyobili qarTuli eklesiisadmi.
amasTanave, marTlmadidebel somxebs XI saukuneSi somxuri
erovnuli saxe SenarCunebuli hqondaT da somxeTis warsuli-
Tac amayobdnen. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia, mag., rom bizantiaSi
aTonis mTis proti (niSnavs pirvels), monastris winamZRvari,
qalkedoniani somexi 1037 wels sabuTs somxurad awers xels.1
saqarTveloSi da somxeTis erT nawilSi mcxovrebi mar-
Tlmadidebeli somxebi qarTuli eklesiis samwysos Seadgen-
dnen. SeiZleboda maTi gamoyeneba imisaTvis, rom monofiziti
(grigoriani) somxebic SeCveodnen kavkasiaSi saqarTvelos,
qarTvelobis pirvelobis azrs. amisTvis saWiro oyo somexTa
erovnuli Tavmoyvareobis dakmayofilebac. marTlmadidebel
somxebsac sisxlSi hqondaT gamjdari Sexeduleba, rom Zve-
lad, VII saukunemde mainc, sanam somxuri eklesia mwvaleblu-
ri gaxdeboda, kavkasiaSi wamyvan ers somxebi warmoadgendnen.
aucilebeli xdeboda, somxebi dayvavebiT, maTi warsulisadmi
pativiscemis gamoCeniT, somxuri legendebis, zRaprebis dasa-
jereblad miCneviT, SeeCviaT saqarTvelos, qarTvelebis pir-
velobis azrisaTvis. am mizniT saqarTvelos samefo karma ga-
dawyvita, qarTul enaze Seqmniliyo armenofiluri matiane da
is SeetanaT “qarTlis cxovrebaSi.” kavkasiis, kerZod, somxe-
Tis gadarCena XI s-dan mxolod saqarTvelos SeeZlo. qarTve-
lebs unda ebrZolaT, rom somxeTSi mosaxleobis umravleso-
ba mahmadianuri ar yofiliyo. somxebs is ki undodaT, rom
saqarTvelos exsna somxeTi dampyrobTa, metadre, islamuri
samyaros klanWebisgan, magram qarTvelTa pirvelobas kavkasi-
1 ix. n. lomouri, petriwonis qarTuli monastris istoriisaTvis, gv. 37.
116
aSi mainc ver eguebodnen. saqarTvelos ki somxeTis gadasar-
Cenad somexTa gverdSi dgomac sWiroda. amis misaRwevad dai-
wera qarTulad armenofiluri matiane. sayuradReboa, rom ma-
le “qarTlis cxovreba” da masSi Setanili armenofiluri ma-
tianec somxurad iTargmna. saqarTvelos samefo kari somexTa
moqcevasac sifrTxiliT apirebda.
SesaZloa, leonti moZRvravs somxebs: Tu somxuri ekle-
sia marTlmadidebluri gaxdeba, somxeTi kvlav gaZlierde-
bao.
taSir-Zoragetis somexi, bagratuni mefis vaJma, gagikma
XI saukunis 30-ian wlebSi Tavisi dedis Zmis, kaxeT-hereTis
gardacvlili mefis, kvirikes taxti daikava, kaxeT-hereTSi ga-
mefda.1 kvirikes ar surda misi samefo, kaxeT-hereTi danarCen
saqarTvelos SeerTeboda da amitomac airCia memkvidred, mar-
Talia, disSvili, magram mainc somexi mefis vaJi. gagikis Sem-
deg kaxeT-hereTis mefe gaxda misi Ze, aRsarTani. is damor-
Cilda saqarTveloSi SemoWril Turq-selCukTa sulTan al-
farslans: “xolo aRsarTan mierTo sultansa. miuZRuana ZRu-
eni didi, dauteva sjuli, daicviTa wina,” gamahmadianda.2 igi-
ve aRsarTani meoredac gamuslimda: “maT JamTa aRsarTanca,
kaxTa mefe, warvida maliq-Sas winaSe, dauteva qristeanobai
da SeeZina sarkinozTa sjulsa.”3 ufro adre, wina saukuneeb-
Si, mahmadian dampyroblebs araerTxel ucdiaT qarTvel xe-
lisufalTa, arCil mefis, argveTis mTavrebis, daviTisa da
konstantines, agreTve konstanti-kaxas, miqel-gobronis da
sxvebis gamuslimeba, amgram am mefe-mTavrebma Tavi gaswires
qristianobisTvisa da samSoblosTvis. isini saSineli tanj-
viT awames. viTom SemTxveviTia, rom saqarTvelos istoriaSi
pirveli gamahmadianda somxuri warmoSobis, kaxeT-hereTis me-
fed movlenili aRsarTani? albaT, ara! TiTqos gaqarTvele-
buli nasomxrebi (sinamdvileSi, somxebis gaqarTveleba moCve-
nebiTia), maT Soris, aRsarTan mefec, saerTodac, gamonakli-
sis gareSe, pirad interesebs saqarTvelos sasicocxlo inte-
resebze maRla ayenebdnen. es dResac ase xdeba.
1 qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 297. 2 iqve, gv. 309. 3 cxorebai mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, m. SaniZis gamocema, Tb., 1992, gv. 163.
117
mesame Tavi
saqarTvelo da somxeTi XII_XVIII saukuneebSi
daviT aRmaSenebeli warmatebiT ibrZoda Turq-selCukTa
batonobisagan somxeTis gasaTavisufleblad. es saqarTvelo-
saTvis aucilebeli iyo, radgan Tu Turq-selCukebi somxeTSi
iqnebodnen mokalaTebulni, isini gamudmebiT safrTxes Seuqm-
nidnen Cvens qveyanasac. am did brZolaSi aRmaSenebels somxe-
bis, yovel SemTxvevaSi, maTi erTi nawilis mxardaWerac moup-
ovebia. daviT mefis Tanamedrovis, zemo SuamdinareTSi, qalaq
edesaSi (urhaSi) mcxovrebi somexi mematianis, maTeos urhae-
cis sityviT, “daviT mefe iyo wminda da mxne, gamoirCeoda
RvTismsaxurebiT da samarTlianobiT; is aRmoCnda mimRebi da
moyvare somexTa tomisa. masTan Semokrba somexTa jaris nar-
Cenebi. daviTma qarTvelTa qveyanaSi aaSena qalaqi somexTaT-
vis, romelSic mravali eklesia-monasteri daafuZna. im qa-
laqs saxelad gora (gori _ a. a.) uwoda; didi sixaruli, sia-
movneba [mianiWa] misdami daqvemdebarebul somexTa mTel naTe-
savs,” e. i. somex ers. aRmaSeneblis mier somexTa dedaqalaqis,
anisis dakavebasTan dakavSirebiT (1124w.), maTeos urhaecisve
Tanaxmad, “gaxarebuli iyo somexTa mTeli saxli”, e.i. yoveli
somxeTi.1 anisis gaTavisufleba dampyrobTa TareSisagan ani-
seli somxebis Tavkacebma Txoves aRmaSenebels. aseT viTare-
baSi somxuri eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelTac imedi gasCeniaT,
rom saqarTvelos daxmarebiT sruliad somexTa sakaToliko-
sos kvlav somxeTSi daabrunebdnen.2
daviT mefis mematianis sityviT, aRmaSenebelTan “movi-
des mewigneni anelTa TavadTani da moaxsenes mocemai qalaqi-
sa da cixeTai boJanas wyaroTa zeda mdgomsa. da myis wignebi
wuevisai mimodaisrbola da mesamesa dResa sameoci aTasi mxe-
dari winaSe udga. waremarTa da mesamesa dResa aRiRo qalaqi
anisi da cixeni misni uWirvelad da sofelni da queyanani
(mxareebi _ a. a.) mimdgomni anisisani...
anisis mcvelad dautevna aznaurni mesxni da warmovida
1 maTeos urhaeci, JamTaaRmwerloba, 1898, gv. 356, 359, somxur enaze. 2 ix. a. abdalaZe, somxur xelnawerTa X_XIII saukuneebis anderZ-minawere-bis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tb., 2005, gv. 35-36.
118
qarTlad.” aRmaSeneblis istorikosis TxzulebaSi moipoveba
CanarTic, sadac naTqvamia: daviT mefemo “daipyrna arfaslani-
anni da amoswyuitna igini, romelTa didi saydari anisisa
misgiTad moekazmaT da qristianeTa sisxliTa igi saydari da
qalaqi moerwyo. imuqfa RmrTis moyuareman daviT aRmaSenebe-
lman, molaTa da dariSmanTa sisxliTa axladve man morwyo
da saydari igi axlad monaTla, romeli aReSena berZenTa
asulsa dedufalsa katronites (somexTa mefis meuRles _ a.
a.) da iqive esaflava. maSin mivida TviT mefe daviT da kaTa-
likozi, episkopozni da erTobili laSqarni saflavsa zeda,
da axlad wesi aRuges. da TviT mefeman sam gzis saflavsa
CasZaxa: gixaroden Sen, wmidao dedofalo, romel ixsna Rmer-
Tman saydari Seni usjuloTa xelTagan.”1
“qarTlis cxovrebis” Zveli somxuri Targmanis CanarTis
mixedviT, aRmaSenebeli Turme keTilganwyobas iCenda somxebi-
sadmi da maTi rjulis, monofizitobis(grigorianobis) mimar-
Tac: “xolo TviT uyvarda somexTa tomi, eklesiebi da erTi
vinme ritori, [monastris] winamZRvari haxbats, saxelad sarka-
vagi; aRuarebda mas Tavis Secodebebs, daudrekda patiosan
Tavs da misgan moiRebda kurTxevas. ijda masTan da exveoda
qedze. xolo is eubneboda: daxsnili var da suni midis me
Cemi siberiT, gameSore, rom ar SegemTxvios Sroma.” mefe ki
eamboreboda da eubneboda: “numc momklebia es suni, mamao pa-
tiosano.” da uboZa mas sofeli monastris axlos mis samsaxu-
reblad. mefis dalocvis dros amas ambobda, roca xels
adebda Tavze: “vpove daviT mona Cemi da wmida zeTi vcxe mas”
(da ase Semdeg) meaTe muxlamdis. uxaroda mefes da aqebda so-
mexTa mSvenivrad [Sesrulebul] Targmanebas.
da marTlac vnaxeT, rom Sesrulda fsalmunis sityva
mefeze. mravali im sityvaTagani auxda mas”...2 aRmaSenebeli
politikuri mosazrebebiT iCenda sifrTxiles, keTilganwyo-
bilebas somxuri eklesis mimarT, raTa amiT somxeTis saqar-
TvelosTan SemoerTeba gaadvilebuliyo, mahmadian dampyrob-
lebs ver moexerxebinaT somxebis, somxuri eklesiis dapiris-
1 cxorebai mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, 1992, gv. 196-197. 2 qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli somxuri Targmani, ilia abulaZis gamocema,
Tb., 1953, gv. 255.
119
pireba saqarTvelosadmi. leonti mrovelis armenofiluri ma-
tianec am mizniT daiwera da saqarTvelos samefo karis Tan-
xmobiT “qarTlis cxovrebaSic” Seitanes. aRsaniSnavia, rom
mogvianebiT kaTolike misionerebi ambobdnen: saqarTvelo yo-
veli mxridano “garemoculia iseTi mahmadiani saSineli mtre-
bisagan, rom TviT dedamiwasac umZims maTi yofna”.1 Tu saqar-
Tvelo somxeTs ar SemoierTebda, mtrebi somxeTs gamoiyeneb-
dnen bazad, sayrdenad Cveni qveynis dapyrobis mizniT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi
TavgamodebiT esarCleba, amarTlebs didi mefis yovel na-
bijs, igi ar TanaugrZnobda daviTis lmobier damokidebu-
lebas, keTilmosurneobas somxebisa da somxuri eklesis mi-
marT: “Semokrba odesme winaSe mefisa naTesavi gularZnili
(veragi _ a. a.), yovlad borotTa somexTa episkoposebi da mo-
nasterTa maTTa winamZRurebi mravali, romelni friad azmno-
bdes TavTa TvisTa miwevnad Tavsa yovlisa swavlulebisa da
mecnierebisasa. da moaxsenes, raiTamca yo brZanebiTa misiTa
krebai, da yvesmca sityvis-gebai da gamoZiebai sjulisai; da
ukueTu iZlivnen, iqmnen TanaerTxma sjuliTa, da Tvisi Sea-
Cuenon; xolo ukueTu sZlon, ese oden miemadlos: “raiTa ar-
Rara guxedvideTo mwvalebelad da arca SeguaCuenebdeT...
mouwoda mefemanca iovanes, kaTalikossa qarTlisasa da
misqueSeTa episkoposTa da meudabnoeTa da arsenis iyalToe-
lsa, Targmansa da mecniersa berZenTa da qarTvelTa enaTasa
da ganmanaTlebelsa yovelTa eklesiaTasa da sxuaTa mecnier-
Ta da brZenTa kacTa”...2 qarTvel-somexTa am krebas somxebis
marTlmadideblobaze, qarTul rjulze moqceva ar mohyolia
Sedegad. arada, aRmaSenebels hqonia amgvari mizani. man “moi-
surva somexTa da qarTvelTa SeerTebac... gamarTa kreba da
gamoiZiebdnen dilidan saRamomdis, magram ver daeTanxmnen
erTimeores”. maSin daviT mefem “daawynara orive mxare da ga-
1 m. TamaraSvili, istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris, Tb., 1902, gv
266. 2 cxorebai mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, 1992, gv. 213-214; unda iTqvas, rom qarT-
vel-somexTa am saeklesio paeqrobaSi somxebis mxridan arsen iyalToe-
lis Sesadari didi swavluli ar monawileobda. amitom ueWvelia, rom
qarTuli eklesiis Tavkacebma kamaTSi daamarcxes somexi varTapetebi
(moZRvarni, sasuliero pirebi).
120
uSva kreba.”1 aSkaraa, rom aRmaSenebeli erideba somxebis,
kerZod, somxuri eklesiis warmomadgenlebis gaRizianebas; mi-
si Rrma rwmeniT, somexTa marTlmadideblobaze, qarTul
rjulze mosaqcevad saWiroa dro da uaRresad frTxili Ro-
nisZiebani saqarTvelos mxridan. es aucilebeli iyo, raTa
somxeTis saqarTvelosTan SemoerTebis, Semomtkicebis saqmes
zedmeti garTulebebi, dabrkolebebi ar Seqmnoda.
aRmaSeneblis drosac somexTa erTi nawili ar malavda
Tavis dapirispirebas qarTvelebis mimarT. am mxriv yuradRe-
bas iqcevs cnobili somexi saeklesio moRvawis, daviT mefis
Tanamedrovis, daviT alavikis Zis e.w. “kanonTa krebulSi” er-
Ti aseTi “kanonis” Setana: monofizit (grigorian) somexTaga-
no “aravin Wamdes qarTvelis mier dakluli cxovelis xorcs
SimSilisagan iZulebulis garda”.2 somxuri eklesiis rwme-
niT, WeSmariti rjulis aRmsarebelni somxebi iyvnen, xolo
gansxvavebuli mimdinareobis qristianebi iseTive wyeuli yo-
filan, rogorc qarTvelebi. somexi mematianis, uxtanesis sit-
yviT, “qarTvelebi somxebTan erTobas gamoeyvnen wyeuli ki-
ronis (kirionis _ a. a.) mier, agreTve berZnebi da italia maT-
Tan erTad”.3
islamuri samyaros Tavkacebma miiCnies, rom daviT aRma-
Seneblis gardacvalebis Semdeg maT gauadvildebodaT brZo-
la saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, kerZod, somxeTis CamoSoreba sa-
qarTvelosagan. marTlac, mahmadianma xelisuflebma anisis
didebulebs dapirebebi aRuTqves4 da saqarTvelos mefe de-
metre I iZulebuli gaxda anisi, ymadnaficobis, vasalobis pi-
robiT, 1126 wels islamuri dinastiis warmomadgenlisTvis
gadaeca. es ukanaskneli da misi memkvidreni yoveli RoniT
cdilobdnen saqarTvelos sasicocxlo interesebis sawinaaR-
mdegod emoqmedaT. maT anisis garemomcvel mxareSi, SirakSi
XII saukuneSi daasaxles Turqebi, mahmadianur saamiroTa dam-
1 qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli somxuri Targmani, gv. 254-255. 2 l. meliqseT-begi, “Crdilo mxareTa somexTa moZRvarni” da maTi vinaoba
Tb., 1928, gv. 165-168. 3 uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa... Tb., 1975, gv. 205. 4 somexi xalxis istoria, mravaltomeuli, t. III, erevani, 1976, gv. 481,
somxur enaze.
121
naSave elementebi.1 anisis muslimi xelisufalni somxebis ga-
dabirebasac axerxebdnen. amas Sedegad moyva is, rom rogorc
maTeos urhaecis “JamTaaRmwerlobis” gamgrZelebeli grigor
xucesi gvauwyebs, 1161 wels, rodesac saqarTvelos mefem, gi-
orgi III-m aiRo anisi, “daxoca aTasi suli qristiani da uc-
xoTeslni.” etyoba, es somexi qristianebi gadaibires mahmadia-
nebma da saqarTvelos daupirispires, maSin, rodesac qarTve-
lebi Cveni istoriis oqros xanaSi da Semdgomac mudam amira-
nis xmals iqnevdnen, amiranis oms ixdidnen ara marto saqar-
Tvelos interesebisaTvis, aramed somexTa gadasarCenadac,
somxeTSi maT dasamagrebladac. rom dagvcloda, kargi iqne-
boda somxeTSi, ltolvili somxebis nacvlad, qarTvelebi
dasaxlebuliyvnen, raTa somxeTi ar gamxdariyo mahmadianuri
qveyana XIII saukunis Semdeg.
somexi mematianeni ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamdnen imis ga-
mo, rom somexi bagratuniebi lore-taSiridan, TiTqos, saqar-
Tvelos mefeebs ganudevniaT. cnobili somexi mwerali da
moRvawe mxiTar goSi (gardaicvala 1213 wels) mogviTxrobs:
“rodesac gardaicvala mefe demetre (aRmaSeneblis Ze _ a. a.),
mis nacvlad gamefda misi Svili daviTi, kaci keTilgonieri,
gansakuTrebiT im somexi iSxanebis (mTavrebis _ a. a.) mimarT,
romlebic mis xelT imyofebodnen... imdenad keTilgulovneba
gamoiCina, rom gagzavna [kaci] da ixmo mefe kvirike, mefe da-
viT bagratunis Svili da dapirda mas, rom daubrundeba mis
samkvidrebels (lore-taSirs _ a. a.), romelic Tavis wi-
naprebs CamoerTvaT misTvis.” daviT demetres Zes, TiTqos,
isic mouwadinebia, rom moewvia kreba da gaerkvia, qarTvlTa
sarwmunoeba iyo WeSmariti, Tu somexTa rjuli, monofizito-
ba, grigorianoba.2 XIII saukunis somexi mematianeebis, kirakos
ganZakecisa da vardan arevelcis cnobebiTac, qvemo qarTlis
samxreT nawilSi, lore-taSirSi mokalaTebuli somexi mefee-
bi, bagratuniebi, anu kvirikianebi qarTvelebs SeuviwroebiaT
da amis Sedegad miutovebiaT maT TavianTi samefo. sinamdvi-
1 iqve, gv. 482. 2 l. davlianiZe, mxiTar goSis “albaneTis qronika,” krebulSi: qarTuli
wayroTmcodneoba, II, Tb., 1968, gv. 46-47.
122
leSi, kvirikianebis samefo Turq-selCukebma miitaces.1
aRmaSeneblis istorikosis cnobiT, 1118 wels “warmoe-
marTa mefe (daviTi – a. a.) RanuxiT warslvad raxsis pirsa
da zatiki (aRdgomis dResaswauli – a. a) gardaixada naxi-
durs. mun moarTues ambavi beSqen jayelisa javaxeTs TurqTa-
gan moklvisai; da amisTvis uSlides didebulni mas Jamsa
warslvad; da yovlad ara moismina, aramed daesxa TurqTa,
raxsis (md. araqsis – a. a.) pirsa mdgomTa, mosra simravle ma-
Ti da warmoiRo tyue da alafi uricxvi.
amasve welsa aRiRo… cixe-qalaqi lore da maSinve iv-
lissa aRixuna agarani meoresa dResa ciskars.2” aSkaraa, rom
aRmaSenebeli farTo frontiT utevs Turq-selCukebs, miereke-
ba maT amierkavkasiidan. selCukebi javaxeTSi SemoWrilan,
magram daviT mefem amis gamo ar gadado dagegmili laSqroba
araqsis napirebze. aseT viTarebaSi aRmaSenebeli somxebs da-
uwyebda kinklaobas? cxadia, man loredan Turq-selCukebi ga-
reka da ara bagratuniebi, somexi kvirikiani mefeebi. etyoba,
somxebs gauCndaT pretenzia imisa, rom daviT aRmaSenebels
somexi kvirikiani mefeebisTvis daebrunebina lore-taSiri,
saidanac isini Turq-selCukebma gandevnes. aRmaSenebelma mTe-
li kavkasia gaaerTiana da qarTul miwa-wyalze, lore-taSir-
Si, Tavis droze usamarTlod Seqmnil somxur samefos veRar
aRadgenda.
Tamar mefis pirveli istorikosi, “istoriani da azmani
SaravandedTanis” ucnobi avtori gvauwyebs, rom Tamaris xel-
mwifobis dros kvlav gamarTula qarTvel-somexTa saeklesio
kreba, paeqroba. gaCaRebul saRvTismetyvelo kamaTSi qarTve-
lebs gaumarjviaT da somxebisTvis mouTxoviaT, mieRoT mar-
Tlmadidebloba. qarTvelebma gamarjvebis Semdego “mxiaru-
liTa piriTa movles yoveli banaki. somexni, viTarca myuari
(bayayi – a. a.) utbo, egreT dges uxmod, queyanad (miwaze – a.
a.) mxedvelni… xolo Tu viTari sixaruli, sasoeba da mad-
loba RmrTisa moiwia qarTvelTa zeda, Txroba SeuZlebel
ars. da Se-ra-vides, didi seri (nadimi – a. a.) Semzades mefe-
1 ix. r. i. maTevosiani, taSir-Zorageti, erevani, 1982, gv. 105, somxur enaze. 2 cxorebai mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, 1992, gv. 181.
123
man da kaTalikosman.
xolo somexni sircxvileulni warvides mxargrZelTa
karvad.1 ivane msaxurTuxucesi etyoda Zmasa Tvissa, amirspasa-
larsa zaqarias… ”qarTvelTa marTali sarwmunoeba upyries.
raRa ars myenebel Cuenda, rome marTali sarwmunoeba ara Se-
viwynaroT da ara naTel-viRoT qarTvelisa kaTalikosisa mi-
er?” xolo igi miugebda: “uwyi, Zmao, rameTu marTali sjuli
ars qarTvelTa,” magram, miuxedavad amisao, “me ara SeverTvi
qarTvelTa!” da esma ivanes da rqua: “mikvirs sibrZnisa Seni-
sagan, romel umjobessa ara arCev, me ara SeverTvi ganzraxva-
sa Sensa, naTel-viReb sarwmunoebasa zeda qarTvelTasa”...
movida da naTel-iRo sarwmunoebasa zeda Cuensa ioanes
mier kaTalikosisa. da mravali simravle somexTa movida naT-
lisRebad. da iqmna sixaruli” 2… zaqaria mxargrZelis gar-
dacvalebis Sesaxeb saubrisas igive mematiane aRniSnavs: zaqa-
ria “iyo sarwmunoebiTa somexi, aramed yovelni saTnoebani
saRmrToni da sakacoboni aqundes”.3 Tamar mefis meore isto-
rikosis, basili ezosmoZRvris matianeSi – “cxovreba mefeT-
mefisa Tamarisi” – zaqaria da ivane mxargrZelebis Sesaxeb
naTqvamia: “ese kacni Rirsni iyvnes kacobisani: daRacaTu sju-
liTa somexni iyvnes, garna yovliTurT marTlmadideblobisa
mosavni. ese ivane werilTa zedamiwevniTa swavluli iyo, rom-
lisaTvisca gulisxma hyo simrude sjulisa somexTasa, naTel
iRo da iqmna WeSmarit qristiane.4”
zaqaria mxargrZelis vaJi SanSec marlTmadiebeli, qar-
Tuli rjulis aRmsaarebeli gaxda. TviT zaqariac moiTxov-
da, rom somxur eklesias Tavis wesebSi, RvTismsaxurebaSi Se-
etana mTeli rigi cvlilebebi qarTuli eklesiis gavleniT.
im xanebSi marTlmadidebluri eklesia-monastrebic momravl-
da somxeTSi, kerZod, somexTa dedaqalaq anisSic. es eklesia-
monastrebi miznad isaxavdnen, rac SeiZleba meti somexi moeq-
1 mxargrZelebi gasomxebuli qurTebi iyvnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom Crdilo
kavkasiaSi cxovrobda qurdTa tomi. qvemo qarTlSi mdebareobda
qurdvaWris xevi. arsebobs mosazreba, rom mxargrZelebi, SesaZloa,
warmoSobiT Crdilo kavkasiidan iyvnen da ara qurTebi. 2 qarTlis cxovreba, t. II, s. yauxCiSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1959, gv. 90. 3 iqve, gv. 110. 4 iqve, gv. 123.
124
ciaT marTlmadideblobaze, qarTul rjulze. saqarTvlos ka-
Tolikosi mouwodebda anisis marTlmadidebel mRvdlebs:
xalxisgan mcire gamosaRebs dasjerdiTo. es xels uwyobda
somexTa marTlmadideblad moqcevas. yovelive amas Sedegad
mohyolia qarTul-somxuri eklesiebis urTierTobis gamwvave-
ba. mxiTar goSis “epistoleSi” Cans gulistkivili imis gamo,
rom, Turme, qarTveli sasuliero moRvaweebi amxedrebdnen
“Tavis xalxs” “somxebze, rom taWiki (mahmadiani _ a. a.) da
uria umjobesia somexzeo.” qarTvelebio “imdenad arian so-
mexTa Zviris momxsenebeli, rom nakurTx eklesias angreven da
sakurTxevels, romelzec Sewirulia qriste, gareT agdeben;
ityvian ZaRlis dakvlas somexTa eklesiaSi”... mxiTar goSi
qarTvel mefeebs, kerZod, Tamar mefes sTxovs, rom maT “same-
fo xelmwifebiT risxva dascen, raTa ar daarRvion RvTis ek-
lesia da (ar) daswvan jvari”.1 marTalia, qarTul-somxuri ek-
lesiebis urTierToba gamwvavda, magram isic unda iTqvas,
rom saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi moqceuli somxeTic iseve dawi-
naurda, gamdidrda, rogorc sakuTriv saqarTvelo Cveni isto-
riis oqros xanaSi. Tu XI saukuneSi da ufro adrec somxebi
tovebdnen TavianT samSoblos, XII aswleulsa da XIII sauku-
nis pirvel meoTxedSi amgvari ram TiTqmis aRar xdeboda; sa-
qarTvelos wyalobiT somxebma daaskvnes, rom maT somxeTSi
cxovreba da saqmianoba SeeZloT.
somxuri “saxarebis” 1214 wlis anderZ-minaweris Tanax-
mad, am xelnaweris damzadeba momxdara “saqarTveloSi laSas
mefobisas, romelic flobda tfiliss, aniss da adrindel
somex, alan da alvanel tanuterTa (xelisufalTa _ a. a.)
mraval sxva qalaqs, karinidan (arzrumidan _ a. a.) sparseTam-
de.”2 maSasadame, giorgi-laSa iseTive mflobelia somexTa de-
daqalaq anisisa da kavkasiis sxva qalaqebisa, rogorc Tbili-
sisa. es cnoba, iseve, rogorc sxva masalebi, savsebiT dauje-
rebels xdian somex mkvlevarTa, kerZod, l. babaianis mosaz-
rebas imis Sesaxeb, rom zaqaridebisaTvis (ase somexi mkvle-
varni usafuZvlod uwodeben mxargrZelebs) gadacemul teri-
1 ix. a. abdalaZe, somxur xelnawerTa X_XIII saukuneebis anderZ-
minawerebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 113-116, 150-157. 2 iqve, gv. 49.
125
toriebs Tanamedroveni ar Tvlidnen saqarTvelos saxelmwi-
fos nawilad. maT isini, TiTqos, miaCndaT “zaqaridebis” da-
moukidebel samflobelod. qarTul wyaroebze rom aRarafe-
ri vTqvaT, somxuri wyaroebis mecnieruli Seswavlac adastu-
rebs, rom mxargrZelebic iseTive ymebi, qveSevrdomebi iyvnen
saqarTvelos mefisa, rogorc sakuTriv qarTuli miwa-wylis
erisTavebi.1 Tu Tamar mefem zaqaria da ivane mxargrZelebi
aRazeva didi saqarTvelos samefo karze da ivanesTvis axali
Tanamdeboba, aTabagobac ki dawesda, es gakeTda im mizniT,
rom somxeTis saqarTvelosTan kidev ufro metad Semomtkice-
ba momxdariyo, Cvens qveyanas SemoeerTebina samxreT somxeTis
mxareebic da somxebi masobrivad moqceuliyvnen marTlmadi-
deblobaze, qarTul rjulze. samxreT somxeTis mahmadiani
mflobelni Sah-armenebad, e. i. somexTa Sahebad (mefeebad)
iwodebodnen. isini mtrobdnen saqarTvelos. Cveni qveynis
usafrTxoebisTvis aucilebeli iyo Sah-armenTa gandevna sam-
xreT somxeTidan.
aramcTu saqarTvelos istoriis oqros xanaSi, XIV sau-
kuneSic ki TviT somxebi somxeTs saqarTvelos Semadgenel
nawilad miiCnevdnen. amas ganapirobebda Cveni qveynis gaZlie-
rebac giorgi brwyinvalis mefobis Jams. 1336 wels somexi
mwignobari, terter(tiracu) erevanci, e.i. erevneli, romelic
yirimSi wasula, wers: “me, tiracu, kaci uRirsi (sasuliero
pirisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tavmdablobaa _ a. a.), sabralobe-
li, udebi (zarmaci, daudevari _ a. a.) mRvdeli... Camovel sa-
qarTvelodan, xor-virapis mezobeli, SesaniSnav qalaq erevni-
dan.” es mwignobari meoreganac aRniSnavs: “me, terteri, uRir-
si mwerali, romelmac es wigni, “vardani,” davwere, codvebiT
savse da Tanamdebi, udebi mRvdeli, sabralobeli, movedi sa-
qarTvelodan, xor-virapis da ejmiawinis (eCmiaZinis _ a. a.) me-
zobeli SesaniSnav qalaq erevnidan.”2 rogorc vxedavT, ere-
vani XIV saukuneSic saqarTvelos organuli Semadgeneli na-
1 ix. iqve, gv. 123-125, 129-130, 144 da sxvac; ilia abulaZe, Sromebi, t. IV, Tb., 1985, gv. 50_61; a. abdalaZe, somxur xelnawerTa VII-XIII saukuneebis anderZ-minawerebis (hiSatakaranebis) cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, krebulSi: literaturuli Ziebani, t. XXIV, Tb., 2003w. 2 somxur xelnawerTa XIV_XV saukuneebis anderZebis (hiSatakaranebis) cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, a. abdalaZis gamocema, Tb., 1978, gv. 22-23.
126
wili yofila. cxadia, amgvarive viTarebaa saqarTvelos isto-
riis oqros xanaSic, didi saqarTvelos epoqaSi.
XIII saukunis somexi mematianis, kirakos ganZakecis sity-
viT, xvarazmelebis sulTanTan, jalaledidTan brZolis1 win
qarTvelebi “uzomo yoyoCobiT da ampartavnebiT pirobas deb-
dnen, (rom) ukeTu sZlion mas (jalaledins _ a. a.), maTi xe-
lisuflebis qveS myof yovel somexs qarTvelTa rjulze
moaqcevdnen, xolo winaaRmdgomT maxviliT aRxocavdnen.” ki-
rakosi da aseve XIII aswleulis meore somexi mematiane, var-
dan arevelci garnisSi saqarTvelos jaris damarcxebis mize-
zad miiCneven qarTvelTa Zaladobas monofiziti somxebis
(grigorianebis) marTlmadideblobaze, qarTul rjulze mo-
saqcevad, agreTve qarTvelebis mier somexTa wmindanis saf-
lavis wabilwvas. somxur eklesias Tavis samwysoze didi gav-
lena hqonda da, albaT, ganawyobda kidec mas saqarTvelos
winaaRmdeg. amdenad, araa gamosaricxi, rom garnisis brZo-
laSi, sadac dasamarda saqarTvelos oqros xana, somexTa er-
Tma nawilma uRalata Cvens qveyanas. jalaledinic Seecdebo-
da esargebla qarTvel-somexTa dapirispirebiT da somxebi ga-
daebirebina.2 XIII saukunisve somexi mematiane, stefanos orbe-
liani (warmoSobiT qarTveli, magram gasomxebuli) garnisis
brZolaSi somex-qarTvelTa uTanxmoebaze laparakobs, rac ga-
moiwvevda saqarTvelos jaris damarcxebas. am mxriv aRsaniS-
navia XIV aswleulis ucnobi qarTveli mematianis3 cnobebi.
garnisis brZolaSi saqarTvelos jaris mTavarsardali iyo
ivane aTabagi, mxargrZeli (im dros Cveni mefea rusudani),
qarTvelTa winambrZol jars (avangards) ki meTaurobdnen
Salva da ivane axalcixelebi.
qarTveli JamTaaRmwereli, saerTod, aqebs ivane mxargr-
Zels, magram garnisis brZolaSi saqarTvelos sastik marcxs
da 1225 wlidan Cveni qveynis damxobas, rasac is qristes
jvarcmas adarebs, saqarTvelos jaris mTavarsardals, ivane
aTabags abralebs. raki mematiane saqarTvelos mefis samsa-
xurSi ivane mxargrZelis Rvawlsac warmoaCens, mis mimarT wa-
1 es brZola gaimarTa somxeTSi, garnisSi(erevanTan axlos) 1225wels. 2 ix. a. abdalaZe, somxur xelnawerTa X_XIII saukuneebis... gv. 156. 3 iv. javaxiSvilma mas JamTaaRmwereli Searqva.
127
yenebuli braldebac, rogorc etyoba, usafuZvlo araa. jala-
ledinisa da qarTvel winambrZolTa jarebi erTmaneTis pi-
rispir rom dadgnen, “aqa daipyra ferxi ivane aTabagman. it-
yvian, viTarmed SuriTa yo axalcixelTa Salva da ivanesiTa.
hoi, Suri, yovelTa borotTa dasabami.” ivane mxargrZels “wi-
nambrZolTa yovelTa mouvlines kaci da rques: “daaxloebul
varT sultansa da spaTa misTa da Cuen didad umcires varT
da omi Zlieri wina gvic. warmoimalon mxneTa spaTa mefisaTa
da simxneman Senman.” ese orgzis da samgzis mouvlines, xolo
igi ara-rasa miugebda. xolo vinaTgan winambrZolni Torelni
da umetes axalcixelni Salva da ivane axovan iyvnen da wyo-
baTa Sina (brZolebSi _ a. a.) saxelovanni, arRara rides sim-
ravlesa sultnisa spaTasa, viTa mxecni zeda mietevnes, da
iqmnes Zlierni omni. moswyda orgniTve uricxvi, da Zlierad
mbrZolobdes Salva da ivane, axovanTa da ZlierTa srvides,
da gangrZelda omi sastiki. xolo ivane aTabagi da spani...
xedvides Zliersa omsa da ara Seiwyalebdes TanamonaTesave-
Ta da erTsjulTa, qristes aRmsarebelTa TorelTa da maT
Tana mravalTa saxelovanTa, aramed dges SoriT, da ara ineba
Suela ivane aTabagman, romelsa SuriT ityvian amas yofad da
ara Tu SiSiTa.
da viTar gangrZelda omi, orTave ZmaTa axalcixelTa
dauxoces cxenni, da queiTni mxned ibrZodes da moisrnes or-
gniTve uricxuni, da umetes Torelni. da viTar SenivTda
Zlierad omi, xrmalnica axalcixelTani gantydes Cabalaxsa
zeda, maSin ivltodes qarTvelni”.1 SesaZlebelia, ivane aTaba-
gis Ralatis ambavi asaxuli iyos erT javaxur TqmulebaSic:
“Tamar dedofli SulisaTvin (SvilisaTvis _ a. a.) uRalatnia
mTavar aTabegebs”...2 raki “aTabegi” mravlobiT ricxvSia, iva-
nesTan erTad, SesaZloa, nagulisxmevia misi vaJi avagic. ga-
somxebulma qurTma Tu qurdma, ivane aTabagma Tavis Suriano-
bas, pirad interesebs anacvala oqros xanis saqarTvelo. es
SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos imiTac, rom bevri somexi ver egue-
boda saqarTvelos Zlierebas, qarTuli droSis qveS kavkasi-
1 qarTlis cxovreba, t. II, gv. 169-170. 2 i. gigineiSvili, v. Tofuria, i. qavTaraZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, t. I,
Tb., 1961, gv. 351.
128
is gaerTianebas.
XIII saukuneSic araerTi somexi lanZRavda qarTvelebs,
mag., istorikosebi kirakos ganZakeci da vardan arevelci. ma-
Ti aRmzrdeli maswavlebeli, vanakanic ukmayofilebas gamoT-
qvams qarTvelTa mimarT. misi sityviT, “qarTvelni gvgmoben
Cven da gvRalatoben,” miuxedavad imisao, rom “mesropma mis-
ca maT anbani, da varZiis jvari manve akurTxa.” qarTvelebi
umadurobas iCeneno somxebisadmi.1 gamodis, rom varZiis samo-
nastro kompleqsi vanakans V aswleulis Zeglad miuCnevia,
riTac, cxadia, didi Secdoma mosdis. aseve daujerebelia mi-
si zRaprebi mesrop-maStocis did Rvawlze qarTuli kultu-
ris ganviTarebaSi. isev da isev saqme gvaqvs somxur ideolo-
giasTan, romlis mixedviTac kavkasiaSi wamyvani eri somxebi
unda iyvnen da ara qarTvelebi. vanakans da mis amqars, albaT,
araferi smeniaT dinozavrebsa da saTafliaze, Torem ityod-
nen _ saTafliaSi dinozavrebi somxeTidan movidneno! ra Se-
uSlidaT xels dinozavrebs, saTafliidan wasuliyvnen som-
xeTSi? somxebis azriT, qarTulma eklesiamac Tavi daiRupa,
rodesac, TiTqos, gamoeyo somxur eklesias qarTvelTa
kaTolikosis, kirion I-is dros. amis gamo XIII s-is somexi me-
matiane, mxiTar airivanecic, agrZelebs ra somxur tradicias,
kirions bilws uwodebs.2
qarTvel-somexTa metoqeoba, dapirispireba Cans l. maRa-
laSviliseuli “saxarebis” 1310 wlis anderZ-minaweridanac.
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma eqvTimemo “mibrZana qur-
muxisa mTavarefiskopossa da yovlisa mTeulisa winamZRuarsa
kvirile donaursa gardawerinebad saxarebisa da wargzavnad
TuiTeulisaTvis eklesiisa.” me “saxarebao” “warvgzavnen say-
darTa, monasterTa da SvidTa saswavlelTa TavsmdgomTadmi
da vubrZane swavlebad sjuli WeSmariti... qarTlisa cxore-
ba[i] da cxoreba[i] alvaniisa (kavkasiis albaneTis _ a. a.)...
romeli dawera petre lagaZeman da vinme somexman ga[daiRo]
1 l. meliqseT-begi, Zveli somxuri literaturis istoria, gv. 131-132. ro-
gorc etyoba, vanakans samcxe-javaxeTi, cxadia, usafuZvlod, somxur miwa-
wylad miaCnia da ver egueba, rom mis dros es mxare qarTuli kulturis
umniSvnelovanes keras warmoadgenda. 2 mxiTar airivaneci, qronografiuli istoria, 1990, gv. 32.
129
igi. da sakuTrad dawerilad gamoacxada da somexTac advi-
lad iwames Cueulebisamebr.”1
mas Semdeg, rac Temur lengis urdoebma aaoxres saqar-
Tvelo, 1412 wels Cveni qveynis mefe gaxda aleqsandre I. mahma-
diani dampyroblebi aleqsandres mefobis Jamsac gacxarebiT
utevdnen saqarTvelos, misi miwasTan gasworeba surdaT. miu-
xedavad amisa, 1431 wels aleqsandre mefem didi laSqroba
moawyo qvemo qarTlis samxreT nawilis, lore-taSiris gasa-
Tavisufleblad da es mxare kvlav saqarTvelos daubrunda.
lore-taSirisaTvis brZolaSi didi wvlili Seutania qar-
TvelTa imdroindel kaTolikoss Tevdores.mas ase miumar-
Tavs saqarTvelos jarisTvis: “ama usjuloTa agaris naTesav-
Ta (mahmadianebs _ a. a.) andronikes Svili alastaneli giorgi
mouklavs (alastani sofelia javaxeTSi _ a. a.) da mravalni
qristianeni wamebiTa aRusrulebian da dautyueebian, da tax-
ti mefeTa ganuryvnia da sapationi da camdis maRalni say-
darni Seuracx uqmnian, saxl-salocveli quab avazakTa uqmnia
da uneTa (cxenebisTvis _ a. a.) maTTvis sayofad ganuCenia. aw
brZoleT Zlierad da daRaTu vinme omsa Sigan aRsasruli mi-
iRoT, qristesTuis wamebulTa guerdis miiTualviT; da daRa-
Tu vinme dakodiTa (daWriT _ a. a.) anu daSavebiTa da raTaca
tkiviliT itanjebiT, yovelsave qriste misad nebismyofelad
miiTualavs”.2 rogorc vxedavT, saqarTvelos kaTolikosi
Tevdore STaagonebda qarTvelTa jars, rom mas jvarosnuli
laSqroba moewyo qarTuli miwa-wylis, lore-taSiris gasaTa-
visufleblad.
mefe aleqsandre I-s loreli unda ewodos, radgan man
saqarTvelosTvis uaRresad mZime pirobebSi SesZlo qarTuli
jaris fexze dayeneba da imdenad gaZliereba, rom Cveni qvey-
nis TavdacvisTvis metad mniSvnelovani lores cixe-simagre,
lore-taSiris mxare mtrisgan gawmendil iqna. msgavsi saxel-
wodebebi ki, mag., afrikeli, neveli, erevneli (paskeviC-erevne-
li) damkvidrebulia msoflio istoriaSi. 1921 wels ruseTis
imperiam lore-taSiri waarTva saqarTvelos, somxeTs gad-
asca.
1 m. janaSvili, saqarTvelos istoria, Tb., 1895, gv. 204-205. 2 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. II, i. doliZis gamocema, Tb., 1965, gv. 123.
130
iyvnen iseTi somxebic, romlebsac saqarTvelos marcxi
ar moswondaT. mag., somexi mwignobari, maTeos monazoni wuxs
XV saukunis dasawyisSi mtris mier saqarTvelos mefis, kon-
stantines mokvlis gamo: “warwymides mefe saqarTvelosi,
Turqmenis boroti naTesavis, [i]usufad saxeldebuli satanis
mier datyvevebuli kostantine. moicva didma mwuxarebam gone-
baca da arseba Cveni, radganac didsa naTesavs Cvensas (somex
ers _ a. a.) hyavda is Tavis mefis magivrad; davkargeT igi...”1
daaxloebiT 1411 wels meore somexi swavluli, maTeos juRa-
eci aRniSnavda: sikeTe oTxi saxisaa, esenia _ Sewyaleba,
kacTmoyvareoba, stumarTmoyvareoba da guluxvoba; “qarTvel-
Ta naTesavs aqvs es [Tvisebebi] srulyofilad, amis gamo ga-
darCa maTi samefo.”2 am somxebs imedi hqondaT, rom saqarTve-
lo Tu SeZlebda, daexmareboda maT, yovel SemTxvevaSi, som-
xeTidan ltolvil somxebs TavSesafars miscemda. XV sauku-
nis miwuruls saqarTvelosTvis, kerZod, lore-taSirSi mde-
bare monastris, haRbatisaTvis (axpatisaTvis) Tavi Semoufare-
bia ejmiawinidan ltolvil somexTa kaTolikos sargiss.3 ej-
miawinSi somexTa sakaTolikoso gadmotanil iqna 1441 wels.
rogorc zemoT iTqva, somexTa sakaTolikoso somxeTs moa-
Sora bizantiis imperiam XI s-is Sua xanebSi. saqarTeloSi
somexTa kaTolikoss XVII aswleulSic upovia TavSesafari.
1437 wels gadawerili somxuri xelnaweris anderZ-mina-
werSi naTqvamia: xelnaweri wigni damzaddao “sanainis monas-
terSi... saqarTveloSi RvTismsaxuri aleqsandres mefobisas.”
xelnaweris gadamweri JamTa siaves uCivis: “sasowarkveTili
var drois sisastikisa da somexTa qveynis mravali vaebisa da
aoxrebis gamo, rameTu movida SeCvenebuli, boroti mZlavri
da antiqristes winamorbedi, Ze satanisa Sahruxi, lang-Ta-
muris Svili, tomiT sparsi (mahmadiani igulisxmeba _ a. a.);
igi samxreTidan daiZra didi laSqriT, uricxvi mxedrobiT,
movida da daaqcia Cveni qveyana, gaZarcva da daatyveva yove-
live... es mesamed mosvla da darbeva iyo, Cveni eklesiebi sib-
nelem moicva... Cveni Zmobis wevrebi (somexi berebi _ a. a.) ga-
1 somxur xelnawerTa XIV_XV saukuneebis anderZebis... gv. 35-36. 2 iqve, gv. 138. 3 iqve, gv. 99-101.
131
viqeciT da gavifanteT qarTvelTa qveyanaSi... am mizezis gamo
davmkvidrdiT sanainis am wm. monasterSi”.1 sanainis monasteri
lore-taSirSi mdebareobda. rogorc vxedavT, somexi mwigno-
bari sanainsa da lore-taSirs qarTvelTa qveynis nawilad mi-
iCnevs da ara somxeTisad. raki saqarTvelos xelisufleba
somxeTidan ltolvil somxebs TavSesafars aZlevda, bunebri-
via, maT Cvens qveyanaSi somxuri eklesia-monastrebic hqondaT.
yuradRebas ipyrobs 1438 wels gadawerili somxuri
xelnaweris anderZ-minaweric: ...”Tamuris Ze, Sahruxad saxel-
debuli, didZali mxedrobiT, sastiki, gulqva, uwyalo da
qristianTa sisxls mowyurebuli, oTxgzis daesxa Tavs Tav-
rizis qveyanas da didi, eniT uTqmeli ziani miayena somxeTs,
rameTu zogi maxviliT mosres, zogi Seubraleblad tyved wa-
asxes da warwymides; sxvebi SimSilisagan mimkvdarebuliyo.
maTgan zogi mokvda, zogic mglebma da mxecebma SeWames da
daglijes, xolo danarCeni, ganadgurebulebi aqeT-iqiT miaw-
ydnen da miaSures saqarTvelos. sruliad gaukacrielda da
aoxrda Cveni qveyana, cis mobaZav taZarTa karni daiketa, lam-
prebi da sanTlebi Caqra, dabnelda, sakmeveli da Sesawiravi
Semcirda, locvam da fsalmunTa galobam iklo da Sewyda,
msxverplad Sesawiri da eklesiis yoveli siwminde, jvari da
saxareba, yvela samoseli da eklesiis samsaxurebeli urju-
loebma xelT igdes tyved. didad damwuxrda, SeZrwunda, moT-
qvamda da godebda somexTa eklesia. gavxdiT viTarca Zveli
israeli, yvela naTesavisagan daTrgunvili da damcirebuli...
am sastik da ubedurebis xanaSi, did gaWirvebasa da si-
RatakeSi davawerine es wigni ucxo qveyanaSi, saqarTveloSi,
hohanes mRvdels, haRbatis monasterSi... saqarTveloSi aleq-
sandres mefobisas”.2 haRbatis anu axpatis monasteric lore-
taSirSi mdebareobda. anderZ-minaweris somexi avtori lore-
taSirs somxebisaTvis ucxo mxared, saqarTvelos organul
nawilad miiCnevs. somxeTidan ltolvil, gaWirvebul somxebs
saqarTveloSi, kerZod, lore-taSirSi dasaxlebaze, Semoxizv-
naze qarTvelebi uars rom ar eubnebodnen, es imitomac xde-
1 iqve, gv. 51. 2 iqve, gv. 53-54.
132
boda, rom Cvens winaprebs miaCndaT, kvlav aRidgendnen, xel-
meored Seiqmnidnen saqarTveloSi oqros xanas, sjerodaT,
rom qarTuli suli kvlavac gaSlida, Seisxamda frTebs,
Cvens qveyanas isev moevlineboda daviT aRmaSenebeli da Tama-
ri, romlebic SeZlebdnen kavkasiis gaerTianebasac, rac auci-
lebeli iyo mozRvavebul mterTa mosagerieblad. kavkasiis
gasaerTianeblad ki saWiro iyo normaluri urTierTobebi
damyarebuliyo kavkasiel xalxebs, erebs Soris. am mizniT
qarTveli xelisufalni marto somxebs ki ara, saerTod, yve-
la kavkasiels uRebdnen Cveni qveynis karebs, SeZlebisdagva-
rad maspinZlobdnen.
lore-taSirisaTvis brZolas qarTvelebi saqarTvelos
samefo-samTavroebad daSlis Semdegac agrZelebdnen. 1491
wels qarTlis mefe konstantine II-s, mahmadian dampyrobTa
rac SeiZleba Sors gasarekad, sevanis tbamde ulaSqria. am
dros qarTlis “mefem aiRo lores cixe da mbrZaneblobs am
qveyanaze.”1 lore-taSirisaTvis brZola kidev ufro gamZafrda
XVI saukuneSi, kerZod, qarTlis mefis, simonis dros. 1579
wels, rodesac Turq-osmalebi TareSobdnen qarTlSi, simon
mefes daulaSqravs lore-taSiri, magram lores cixe-simagre
ver gauwmendia TurqTagan. 1586 wels simonma “kualad Sehyara
spa Tavisi da waremarTa loresa zeda. ra mivida, gamovida
faSa muneburi (iqauri _ a. a.) da ewyunen (SeebrZolnen – a. a.)
urTierTas da iqmna brZola Zlieri da RvTiT gaemarjua me-
fesa svimons, da moswyda urumi (Turqi – a. a.) mravali… da
aRiRo quabebi (gamoqvabulebi – a. a.) lorisa, daipyra2 lore,
da cixe maTve urumT eWira.
da gamovida xani, mciredTa JamTa Seisuena da kualad
Seiyara da warmovida da moadga cixesa lorisasa, dauwyo
brZola da aRiRo cixe lorisa.”3 ase grZeldeboda gauTaveb-
lad saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi.4 bevri rom ar gavagrZeloT,
qarTvelebs, aswleulebis manZilze, lore-taSiris gasaTavi-
1 iqve, gv. 98. 2 imdroindel qarTul enaSi es sityva dakavebas, daWerasac niSnavs. 3 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 372-374. 4 ix. papuna orbeliani, ambavni qarTlisani, e. cagareiSvilis gamocema,
Tb., 1981, gv. 67, 99, 121-122, 125, 139.
133
sufleblad, SesanarCuneblad zRva sisxli aqvT daRvrili.
amdenad, usamarTlobaa, rom dRes lore-taSiri somxeTis Se-
madgenlobaSia da ara saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi.
XVI saukunis erT Turqul dokumentSi naTqvamia: “seid
Cuquris reaias (e. i. erevnis mxaris glexebis – a. a.) umravle-
sobam Tavisi ojaxis gamosakvebad lukma-purisaTvis saqarTve-
los miaSura.” Zalian xSirad xdeboda ase.1 lukma-puris arm-
qone somexi glexebi Soreul qveynebSi gadaxvewas verc SeZ-
lebdnen usaxsrobis gamo. saqarTvelomde ki rogorme moaR-
wevdnen da darwmunebulic iyvnen, rom Cvens qveyanaSi TavSe-
safarsac da “arsobis pursac” moipovebdnen. miuxedavad imisa,
rom XV saukunidan qarTvelebsac Zalian uWirdaT da saqar-
Tvelo calkeul samefo-samTavroebadac daiSala dampyrobTa
Semotevebis, veragobis Sedegad, qarTveli eris jansaRi nawi-
li mudam ibrZoda saqarTvelos gasaerTianeblad da kavkasi-
is erTobisTvisac. kavkasielebsac, SeZlebisdagvarad, exmare-
bodnen, mfarvelobdnen Cveni winaprebi.
XVI aswleulSi TurqeTma daipyro javaxeTi. amave sau-
kunis bolos dampyrobelma Turqebma, rac SeiZleba meti xar-
kis akrefis mizniT, aRweres javaxeTi.2 aRweris masalebidan
irkveva, rom XVI saukuneSi javaxeTis mosaxleobis 90 _ 95
procents qarTvelebi Seadgendnen. ase, rom usafuZvloa so-
mex mklevarTa, publicistTa Tu politologTa gancxadebebi,
TiTqos, javaxeTi XIX saukunemdec somxur mxares warmoad-
genda. ruseTis imperiisa da somxuri wreebis nebiTa Tu mcde-
lobiT javaxeTi xelovnurad aqcies somxur mxared swored
XIX_XX aswleulebSi.
dampyroblebi cdilobdnen, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi
somxebi TavianT sayrdenad gamoeyenebinaT qarTveli eris wi-
naaRmdeg brZolaSi. es movlena adridanve dasturdeba, mag.,
monRolTa batonobis dros.3 amasve akeTebda sisxlismsmeli
Sah-abas I-c. mas miumxria, kerZod, Tbiliseli somxebi, romle-
1 Turquli wyaroebi samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisaTvis, c. abulaZis gamo-
cema, Tb., 1983, gv. 28-29, 48, 52. 2 ix. gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTari, s. jiqias gamocema, t. II, Tb.,
1941 w. 3 qarTlis cxovreba II, gv. 244.
134
bic giorgi saakaZis winaaRmdeg moqmedebdnen, mxars uWerdnen
yizilbaSebs. giorgi saakaZes kicxavs warmoSobiT somexi mema-
tiane, goreli farsadan gorgijaniZec _ rogor misca Tavs
ufleba saakaZem, rogor gabeda Sah-abasis winaaRmdeg ajanye-
bao.1 roca amas saqarTvelos sasicocxlo interesebi moiT-
xovda, qarTvelebi Sah-abasis, Temur lengis da nebismieri
mtarvalis winaaRmdeg ajanyebas, brZolas bedavdnen da Tu
mTlianad vera, nawilobriv mainc mizansac aRwevdnen, avad
Tu kargad axerxebdnen samSoblos dacvas, saxelmwifoebrio-
bis SenarCunebas. somxebis msgavsad, qarTvelebsac rom mieto-
vebinaT TavianTi samSoblo da sxvadasxva qveynebSi gadaxve-
wiliyvnen (sparseT-TurqeTi xom yoveli RoniT cdilobda
qarTveli eris winaaRmdegobis gatexvas, qarTvelobis gada-
gvarebas, maT mospobas), islamuri samyaro Seisrulebda Ta-
vis mizans da mTels kavkasias gaamahmadianebda. aseT SemTxve-
vaSi somxebs gauWirdebodaT XIX_XX saukuneebSi somxeTSi
dabruneba Tundac ruseTis imperiis daxmarebiT.
italielma pietro dela valem 1627 wels romis paps wa-
rudgina “informacia saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.” pietro saqarTve-
loSi namyofi ar aris, man es “informacia” sxvaTagan gagoni-
li ambebis safuZvelze Seadgina. pietros sityviT, calke me-
fe hyavs qarTlsac, “romelic warmoadgens didi somxeTis na-
wils da misi mTavari rezidenciaa tfilisi.” axlandeli sa-
qarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi moqceuliao somxeTis erTi nawi-
li.2 saqarTvelom Tavisi araerTi mxare dakarga saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi, mag., tao-klarjeTi, kola-artaani da sxvebic
da maincdamainc somxur miwa-wyals daexarba? igive sparseTi
da TurqeTi qarTul mxareebs rom itacebdnen da mTeli som-
xeTic dapyrobili hqondaT, saqarTvelosagan somxuri miwa-
wylis misakuTrebas moiTmendnen? cxadia, ara! aSkaraa, rom
safrangeTis agent pietro dela vales somxebma miawodes
mcdari informacia; SesaZloa, somexma vaWrebma, somxurma ek-
lesiam pietro moisyida kidec. pietro dela vales “informa-
1 ix. saistorio moambe, II, 1925w., gv. 233. 2 g. Jordania, z. gamezardaSvili, romis kaTolikuri misia da saqarTve-
lo, nawili I, Tb., 1994, gv. 347, 351-352, rusul enaze; msgavsi cnobebi sxva
ucxoel avtorTa nawerebSic gvxvdeba.
135
cia” saeWvod emTxveva erTi somxuri xelnaweris 1629 wlis an-
derZ-minaweris cnobas, sadac Tbiliss somexTa qalaqi ewode-
ba.1 sinamdvileSi, im dros Tbilisi qarTlis samefos dedaqa-
laqi iyo da, tradiciulad, sruliad saqarTvelos, yovelTa
qarTvelTa sataxto qalaqad aRiqmeboda. qarTvelebi aTas-
wleulebis ganmavlobaSi TavganwirviT imisTvis ar omobdnen,
brZolis velze Cveni winaprebis zRva sisxli imitom ar iRv-
reboda, rom saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi Tbilisi somxebisTvis
daeTmoT. XVIIs-is poetis, feSangis Tanaxmad, sparseTis Sahs
uTqvams qarTvelebze: “ver ewyobian muqaras maTi modgma da
jilagi.” XVIIIs-is ucnobi poeti ambobs: “qarTvelni lomni,
uyvaran omni.” omi ra sayvarelia, magram samSoblos, igive
Tbilisis gadarCena sxvagvarad ar iqneboda. Tu qarTvelTa
mefeebi somxebs TbilisSi dasaxlebis nebas rTavdnen, es xde-
boda imis gamoc, rom saqarTveloSi JamTa siavis drosac
cocxlobda kavkasiis erTianobis idea.
XVII_XVIII saukuneebis cnobili somexi moRvawe, somxuri
saxelmwifoebriobis, somxeTis samefos aRdgenis mosurne is-
rael ori evropelebs umtkicebda, rom “saqarTvelo did sa-
somxeTSia da yvela iqauri qristianebic sul somxebi aria-
no.”2 somxur wreebSi maradJams cocxlobda kavkasiaSi somex-
Ta pirvelobis idea. maT miaCndaT, rom rodesac somxeTis sa-
mefo mkvdreTiT aRdgeboda, saqarTvelo misi nawili unda
gamxdariyo, rameTu somxuri ideologiis mamebs somxeT-saqar-
Tvelos urTierToba sxvagvarad ver warmoedginaT. am dros
qristianuli samefoebi mxolod saqarTveloSi arsebobda da
isini TavganwirviT ebrZodnen uricxv mters kavkasiaSi qris-
tianobis gadasarCenad. qarTvelebi somxeTis gaTavisufleba-
sac rom isaxavdnen miznad, amis dasturia XVIII s-is 20-iani
wlebis ambebic. im dros somxeTis erT-erT mxareSi, siuniqSi
(sivnieTSi) somxebi aujanydnen dampyroblebs da daxmareba
sTxoves qarTlis samefo kars. qarTlis xelisuflebam siv-
nieTSi gagzavna qarTul jarSi gamowrTobili, saqarTveloSi
1 somxur xelnawerTa XVII saukunis hiSatakaranebi, t. II, Seadgines v. ako-
fianma da a. ovanisianma, erevani, 1978, gv. 321, somxur enaze. 2 ix. m. TamaraSvili, pasuxaT somxis mwerlebs, romelnic uaryofen qar-
TvelTa kaTolikobas, Tb., 1904, gv. 43.
136
mcxovrebi somexi daviT-begi da sxvebic. daviT-begis razmma
sivnieTSi mniSvnelovani gamarjvebebi moipova. daviT-begi so-
mexTa erovnul gmirad iqca. qarTveli mefeebi fiqrobdnen,
rom kavkasiaSi somexi qristianebis arsebobac aucilebeli
iyo, raTa amiT eCvenebinaT msofliosaTvis, rom kavkasiaSi
qristianobas meti safuZveli, uflebebi gaaCnda, vidre
mahmadianobas, romelic walekviT emuqreboda mTels kavkasi-
as.
somxeTi ki TandaTan somxebisgan icleboda. XVIII sauku-
nis bolos somxeTSi mxolod 25000 somexi cxovrobda, danar-
Ceni mosaxleoba somxeTisa arasomxuri, mahmadianuri iyo. ej-
miawinis somxuri sakaTolikoso haerSi gamokidebuli rom ar
darCeniliyo, amitomac asaxlebdnen qarTveli mefeebi somxe-
Tidan ltovil somxebs saqarTvelos im mxareebSi, kerZod,
lore-taSirSi, romlebic somxeTs esazRvrebodnen. miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom XIII saukunidan, metadre, XV aswleulidan sa-
qarTveloc mZime mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda, gaWirvebuli
somxebi mainc moiltvodnen Cveni qveynisaken. am mxriv sayu-
radReboa XVII-XVIII saukuneebis somexi poetis, nayaS ionaTa-
nis magaliTic. is aRniSnavs, rom erevanSi “hava mavnebelia,
aris cieb-cxeleba, wayli mRvriea”. am qalaqSi araferia saqe-
beli, yvelaferi Zviriao. poetis sityviT, mas erevanSi gul-
RviZli daexruka, daavadda da TbilisSi gamoipara.1 moiswra-
fvodnen somxebi saqarTvelosken, Tbilisiskenac, magram amis
gamo samSoblos warTmeva xom ar unda dagvipiron?! somxuri
eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelTac XVIII saukuneSic kvlav hqondaT
pretenzia, rom sasuliero sferoSi maT qarTvelebze ufro
Zveli da Zlieri tradiciebi gaaCndaT. amis dasturia erekle
II-is Tanamedrove somexTa cnobili kaTolikosis, simeon ere-
vancis gamokveTilad (cxadia, usafuZvlod) naTqvami sityvebi:
wyeul kirionamdeo2 qarTvelebi yvelaferSi emorCilebodnen
somxur eklesias.3
1 l. meliqseT-begi, Zveli somxuri literaturis istoria, gv. 183-187; nayaS ionaTani xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom im xanebSic uricxvma mterma ver daa-Coqa qarTveli eri: “saqarTvelos xalxi Ronieria, sxva mileTze uZvele-si eria, urcxvi mteri bevrjer moigeria.” 2 nagulisxmevia VI-VII saukuneebis qarTvelTa kaTolikosi, kirion I. 3 simeon erevanci, jambri, 1958, gv. 138-139, rusul enaze.
137
somexTa amgvari, antiqarTuli pozicia aRizianebda zo-
gierT qarTvels, rameTu isini miiCnevdnen, rom somxebi saqar-
Tvelos, qarTveli eris mimarT umadurobas iCendnen. somxe-
biT gaRizianebul qarTvelTa ricxvs ekuTvnis, kerZod, erek-
le II-is Tanamedrove mwerali iese baraTaSvili: “uRmToni
somexni, mterni qristesni da mesisxleni marTlmadidebelTa-
ni, raoden ZalucsT da Tu dros icemen, vaWarni vaWrulad
da codvisaTvis Cvenisa mefisa palatsa Semocvivnulni, kal-
miT sisxlis mRvrelni, romlisa brali qristeman maTgan
izRvos… mTavroba da mefoba-aRZrcvilni da yoelsa pirsa
qveyanisasa RvTis mier monad micemulni, saqarTveloSi uf-
lad da ganmged da aznaurad daudgeniaT, winaaRmdegad RvTis
brZanebisa… naxeT aRmosavali, dasavali… sada aqvs somexsa aznaureba! RmerTman ganxeTqa, kacma viT aRadginos?”1 erekle
II somxebs Tavis samsaxurSi Tu awinaurebda, amas im mizniT
Svreboda, rom erevnis saxano erekles eqvemdebareboda, misi
moxarke iyo. araerTxel mkvdreTiT aRmdgari saqarTvelo,
ereklec, qarTuli tradiciisamebr, fiqrobda kavkasiis gaer-
Tianebaze, kerZod, somxeTis gaTavisuflebaze muslimTa ba-
tonobisagan, saqarTvelosTan somxeTis SemoerTebaze. imdro-
indel rTul viTarebaSi saamisod erekle mefes somexTa, sa-
xeldobr, ejmiawinis sakaTolikosos mxardaWerac sWirdebo-
da.
XVIII saukunis meore naxevris germaneli mogzauris, aka-
demikos giuldenStendis cnobiT, “javaxeTi… aris qarTuli
mxare, romelic amJamad mTlianad Turqebis xelSia da ekuT-
vnis axalcixis gubernias.” javaxeTi dasaxlebuliao qarTve-
lebiT, romlebic qarTulad laparakobeno.2 qarTvelebs didi
Zalisxmeva dasWirdaT imisTvis, rom XVI saukunidan Turqe-
Tis sazRvrebSi moqceul javaxeTs qarTuli ier-saxe Seenar-
Cunebina. ase, rom somxebi javaxeTSi, iseve, rogorc, saerTod,
saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis umciresobas Seadgendnen XIX sa-
ukunemde da ara umravlesobas. javaxebSi arsebobs gamoTqma:
“javaxeTi oTxmocjer waxdenila da oTxmocdaaTjer aRSene-
1 qarTuli proza, V, Tb., 1983, gv. 645. 2 giuldenStedtis mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, t. I, g. gelaSvilis gamoce-ma, Tb., 1962, gv. 215, 315, 317.
138
bula.”1 somxebi, rogorc ukve iTqva, samSoblos masobrivad
tovebdnen da sxvadasxva qveynebs exiznebodnen. mterTagan da-
culi arc javaxeTi iyo, am mxareSi xSirad TareSobdnen dam-
pyrobni da javaxeTis 90-jer aRSenebas somxebi Tavs ar Seak-
lavdnen. es rom ndomodaT, TavianT samSoblosac ar miatove-
bdnen. aqedanac gamomdinareobs, rom javaxeTSi somxebs XIX
saukunemde mxolod mcire raodenobiT SeiZleba ecxovraT.
amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia, rom somxebi, xedavdnen ra qarTvel-
Ta Seupovar brZolas iran-TurqeTisa da lekebis winaaRmdeg,
darwmundnen, rom amierkavkasiaSi qristianuli samefos arse-
boba Turme SeiZleba. somxebSic gaZlierda swrafva somxuri
samefos aRdgenisa.
dampyroblebi, rogorc sparseTisa da TurqeTis, aseve
ruseTis imperiebi cdilobdnen gaeCinaT, gaemravlebinaT agen-
tebi, jaSuSebi saqarTvelos somxur mosaxleobaSi. maT es
somxebi gamoiyenes rogorc krwanisis omSi, 1795 wels erekle
II-is dasamarcxeblad, aseve, ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dap-
yrobis mizniT. amis Taobaze arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis cno-
bebi, gadmocemebi. sparseTis saWurisma mbrZanebulma, aRa-mah-
mad-xanma 1795 wels Tbilisi rom gadabuga, daangria da rbe-
va-TareSiT saqarTvelos droebiT gaecala, im dReebSi SioS
TumaniSvili werda sulxan da manuCar TumaniSvilebs (es
somxuri warmomavlobis pirebi dawinaurebuli iyvnen mefe
erekles samsaxurSi): “batoni (erekle II _ a. a.) TianeTs wab-
rZanda, Tavi ver davaRwieT, Tan viaxel. aq darCa Cveni yuTe-
bi, damtvreuli da uklito, sablebiT Semikravs da TviTeu-
lad damiweria. aq duSeTis miSkarbaSs da qaluas mivabare...
Tqven rom mobrZandebiT, me ki wamoval. Tu iSovnoT, cota
TeTri (fuli _ a. a.) wamoiRe qalaqisa, kargi dro aris, ege-
bis cotaTi bevri viSovoT.” maSasadame, erekle mefis somexi
moxeleebi cdilobdnen, xeli moeTboT im cecxlze, romli-
Tac iwvoda Tbilisi da mTeli saqarTvelo, rasac ewirebod-
nen samasi aragvelni da mravali sxva qarTvelni.
Tbiliseli somexi monazvnebis, Taguhi mirimanianisa da
gaiane xoja-behbudianis 1795 w. oqtombriT daTariRebul we-
1 i. gigineiSvili, v. Tofuria, i. qavTaraZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, I, gv. 331.
139
rilSi naTqvamia: qarTvelebio “Caebnen brZolaSi mis (aRa-
mahmad-xanis _ a. a.) winaaRmdeg; magram mcire jariT (ufro me-
tad imis gamo, rom qarTvelTa da somexTa Soris ganxeTqile-
ba arsebobda) mefem ver SeZlo win aRdgomoda sparsTa jars.”
mefe erekles SviliSvili, mecnieri Teimuraz bagrationi gva-
uwyebs: krwanisis omSi damarcxebul, mTiuleTSi gaxiznul
ereklesTan misulan ganjis xelisuflis, javad xanis elCebi.
maT moaxsenes aRa-mahmad-xans: “Cveni ara nebavdaT gamotevebai
(gamoSveba _ a. a.)1... magram idumal movides Cven Tana maxlo-
belni vinme kacni mefisani, romelnica arian megobar javad-
xanisa da dafarviT Rame gamogviteves maT.” maSasadame, mefis-
Tvis mis moxeleebs uRalatniaT. erekles mravali somxuri
warmoSobis moxele hyavda, kerZod, ukve naxsenebi TumaniSvi-
lebi da maTi msgavsni, romlebic Ralatsac ar iTakilebdnen.
cnobilia, rom saqarTvelosken, Tbilisisken aRa-mahmad-
xanis jars mouZRoda yarabaReli somexi meliqi (gamgebeli)
mejlumi, Tavisi razmiT. amis gamo mas kicxavs somexi poeti
SamCi-melqo: “meliq-mejlum ZaRli gaxdes...”2
am utyuari masalebis Suqze sarwmuno xdeba erekle II-
is SviliSvilis, aleqsandre orbelianiseuli da sxva gadmo-
cemebic somexTa Ralatze, kerZod, imis Sesaxeb, rom aRa-mah-
mad-xans ar hqonda imedi mefe erekles damarcxebisa, brZolis
velidan ukan gabrunebasac apirebda, magram “iuda Jams eZieb-
da.”3 jaSuSebma, maT Soris, somxebma aRa-mahmad-xani daarwmu-
nes, rom erekles mcirericxovani jari hyavda da didxans ver
gauZlebda sparselTa urdoebs. erekles sakmao raodenobiT
rom ar hyavda laSqari, esec, mniSvnelovanwilad, igive jaSu-
Sebis damsaxurebaa. isini qarTl-kaxeTSi xmebs avrcelebdnen,
rom sparselebi mTel aRmosavleT saqarTvelos aiklebdnen,
lekebic Semoeseodnen qarTl-kaxeTs. amitom yvelam TavianTi
kuTxe-kunWuli unda daicvas da ereklesTan TbilisSi jari
ar unda gagzavnoTo. daviT guramiSvilis sityviT, “Turqi,
1 am dros erekle axal jars agrovebda sparselebTan saomrad. 2 l. meliqseT-begi, Zveli somxuri literaturis istoria, gv. 212; v. nal-bandiani, Tbilisi Zvel somxur mwerlobaSi, Tb., 1959, gv. 166. 3 es sityvebi nikoloz baraTaSvils ekuTvnis. am ambebze ix. a. abdalaZe, krwanisis omi da somexTa pozicia, gazeTi “bedi qarTlisa,” 7. IX. 1995w., #3.
140
sparsi, leki, osi, Cerqez, RliRvi, dido, qisti, srulad qar-
Tlis mterni iyvnen, yvelam wakra TviTo qiSti!” am kavkasie-
lebs iran-TurqeTi aqezebda. da mainc saqarTvelo cdilobda
erTobis miRwevas kavkasiaSi.
1783 w. traqtatis ZaliT, ruseTi erekles mxedrobiT un-
da daxmareboda aRa-mahmad-xanis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. es miT
ufro aucilebeli iyo, rom traqtatiT SeSfoTebulma isla-
murma samyarom gaorkecebuli ZalebiT Semoutia qarTl-ka-
xeTs, ris Sedegadac qarTl-kaxeTis mosaxleoba 1783-1801
wlebSi ganaxevrda, rogorc amas aRniSnavs ivane javaxiSvi-
li.1 ruseTis imperia imitom ar daexmara erekles krwanisis
omSi, rom mas awyobda qarTvelTa damarcxeba, raTa amiT ga-
advileboda qarTl-kaxeTis ruseTTan SeerTeba. arada, traq-
tatis mixedviT, qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba ruseTs ar un-
da moespo, qarTl-kaxeTis samefo unda Sesuliyo ruseTis
mfarvelobis qveS, misi vasali unda gamxdariyo. es ruseTs
sWirdeboda imisTvis, rom kavkasiaSi sayrdeni moepovebina da
aqedan Seetia TurqeTisa da sparseTisaTvis. ruseTi qarTl-
kaxeTis samefos vasalobas aRar dasjerda da qarTuli sa-
xelmwifoebrioba gaanadgura. rac TurqeTma da sparseTma ver
SeZles, is gaakeTa moyvrulad mosulma, Semoparulma mterma,
ruseTis imperiam. erekle fiqrobda, rom ruseTis mfarve-
lobiT saqarTvelo gaZlierdeboda, gaerTiandeboda da som-
xeTic saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi iqneboda. es arc ruseTs
da arc somexTa garkveul wreebs ar awyobdaT. amis gamo ru-
seTis xelisuflebam ereklesTan daaxloebuli somxebic ga-
moiyena maxis dasagebad, erTmorwmune2 qarTvelebis mosa-
tyueblad, ris Sedegadac samiaTaswlovani qarTuli saxelm-
wifoebrioba Cvens mravaltanjul winaprebs Tavze daamxes.
somxebma miznad daisaxes, rom ruseTTan aliansiT pirveloba
moepovebinaT amierkavkasiaSi. maT awyobdaT qarTl-kaxeTis sa-
mefos mospoba.
1 ix.iv. javaxiSvili, p. surgulaZe, prof. listi, istoriuli raritetebi,
Tb., 1989w. 2 cxadia, imperiisTvis erTmorwmuneoba arafers niSnavs da is SeiZleba
mxolod vinmes gasabriyveblad gamoiyenos. mterTagan Seviwroebuli qar-
Tvelebi ruseTis xelisuflebis veragobas gvian mixvdnen.
141
ioane bagrationi XVIII saukunis bolos qarTl-kaxeTis
samefos saxelmwifoebrivi reformebis proeqtSi aRniSnavda:
“pirveli saqme ars, riTac SeiZlebodes vaWroba davagvaroT
qarTvelTa kacTa Soris. amisTvis, romel risac sarwmunoebi-
sa aris mefe da erni, vaWarnica misive sarwmunoebisani umjo-
bes iqmnebian. Cven TiTqmis somxebis da TaTrebis vaWrebis xe-
lis Semxedvelni varT da es Zliereba iqmneba Cveni, odesca
vaWarnica Cvenni iqmnebian. da amisTvis gamovarCioT qarTli-
dam, kaxeTidam, raodennime kacni, isev vaWrebTan namyofni da
SevaCvioT vaWrobas. amaT xeli ganemarTos saqveynos Semosav-
lidam, raTa iswavlon vaWrobai.”1 rogorc vxedavT, qarTl-
kaxeTis mefis Svili ioane ar endoba somex da mahmadian vaW-
rebs. es faqtic mowmobs, rom qarTvel-somexTa urTierToba
im xanebSi gamwvavebuli yofila. qarTvelebi ganuwyvetliv
omobdnen da maT Soris damkvidrda tradicia, rom vaWrebs
zemodan uyurebdnen. Tu saqarTveloSi Semoxiznul somxebs
Cvenma mefeebma vaWrobis saqme miandes, es moxda isev da isev
im mizniT, rom kavkasiis erTianobas, somxeTSi saqarTvelos
gavlenis gaZlierebas, dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg qarTvel-somex-
Ta erTobliv brZolas amiT xeli Sewyoboda. Tu am mosazre-
biT ar xelmZRvanelobdnen, qarTvelTa mefeebs, cxadia, SeeZ-
loT vaWrobis saqme ufro metad qarTveli ebraelebisaTvis
miendoT da ara somxebisaTvis.
1 ioane bagrationi, sjuldeba, iv. surgulaZis gamocema, Tb., 1957, gv. 39-40.
142
meoTxe Tavi
saqarTvelo da somxeTi XIX-XX saukuneebSi
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelo saomar banakad
iyo gadaqceuli, dampyrobTa mosagerieblad aucilebeli xde-
boda omebSi qudze kacis gamoyvana. qarTveli eri avad Tu
kargad, ase Tu ise Tavis dacvas axerxebda uTanasworo brZo-
lebSi. amis Sedegad qarTvelTa erovnuli siamaye Zlierdebo-
da. amitomac qarTveli eri ver Seurigda ruseTis imperiis
mier motyuebiT qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis mospobas da
qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmebas. aRsaniSnavia isic,
rom ruseTis moxeleebi yovelive qarTul adaT-wess uxeSad
Slidnen, angrevdnen saqarTveloSi. aSkara xdeboda, rom ru-
seTi qarTvelTa garusebas apirebda. amis gamo XIX saukunis
damdegidanve qarTvelebma daiwyes antirusuli ajanyebebi.
sayuradReboa, rom ruseTis xelisuflebas somxuri ek-
lesiis avtokefalia ar gauuqmebia. amiT amierkavkasiaSi XIX
aswleulSi somxebs upiratesoba eniWebodaT qarTvelebTan
SedarebiT, radgan somex ers hyavda meTauri, winamZRoli
Zlieri somxuri eklesiis saxiT, xolo qarTvelebs mouspes
samefo xelisuflebac da eklesiis avtokefaliac. rac qar-
Tuli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenisaTvis saukuneze met
xans Cvens winaprebs brZola dasWirdaT, im erovnuli energi-
iT sxva didi qarTuli saqmeebi gakeTdeboda.
ruseTis xelisuflebam saqarTveloSi qarTvelebis wina-
aRmdeg somxebi gaixada sayrdenad, Zalze moamravla somxuri
mosaxleobac Cvens qveyanaSi XIX saukuneSi, SeiZleba iTqvas,
somxebi Semousia saqarTvelos. n. durnovos sityviT, “ru-
sulma biurokratiam, nacvlad imisa, siyvaruliTa da simar-
TliT hqondeT avsebuli guli, qarTvelebma rom rusuli ar-
wivis frTebqveS Seafares Tavi, maT xarbi eqsploatatorebi –
somxebi Seusia.” … “rusuli biurokratia cdilobda gaesomxe-
bia qarTuli miwa.”1 1812 wlis, ruseTis batonobis winaaRmdeg
kaxeTis ajanyebis dros,2 ruseTis xelisuflebisTvis didi
1 n. durnovo, qarTuli eklesiis bedi, gv. 44, 53, 2 gavixsenoT, rom im weliwads ruseTis imperias eomeboda safrangeTis imperatori napoleoni.
143
samsaxuri gauwevia saqarTvelos somxur mosaxleobas qar-
TvelTa amboxebis CaxSobis mizniT. somexi mkvlevaris, a. eri-
cianis sityviT, 1812 welso “mTeli saqarTvelo mRelvarebam
moicva da qveyanaSi rusul mmarTvelobas friad saSiSi mdgo-
mareoba Seeqmna. ai, am gaWirvebis Jams mTavrobas Semweoba aR-
mouCina qveynis somxurma elementma.”1
aleqsandre fronelis Tanaxmad, “kaxeTis amboxebam naT-
lad daanaxva rusis mTavrobas, rom mas saqarTveloSi megob-
rebi ara hyavs. mRvdeli da beri, Tavadi da aznauri, glexi
da moxele, TiTqmis sruliad saqarTvelo TiTo-orola muxa-
naTs garda, fexze dadga, iaraRs waavlo xeli.” aseT viTare-
baSio ruseTisTvis saqarTvelos somxuri mosaxleobis mxar-
daWeras didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda. 1813 w. maisSi kavkasiis
mTavarmarTebeli rtiSCevi moaxsenebda ruseTis imperators
aleqsandre I-s: saqarTvelos somxobao qarTvelTa ajanyebis
dros ruseTis mxaresaa – “somexTa erTguleba mTavrobisadmi
sali kldesaviT ucvleli da gautexeli iyo.” 1812 welso,
“rodesac mTel saqarTveloSi kaci aRar darCa Cveni erTgu-
li, marto somxebma ara Tu ar miiRes araviTari monawileoba
amboxebaSi, aramed sicocxlesa da qonebasac ar zogavdnen.
Cven jarebTan erTgul da erTsul iyvnen… ibrZodnen maSfo-
TarTa gasawyvetad… aqauri mTavroba somxebs unda umadlo-
des, rom droze da windawin igebda, ras apirebdnen meamboxe-
ni da sad hqondaT bina. kaxeTis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gabneuli,
erTmaneTs mowyvetili jari Tu rames igebda erTmaneTisas, es
sul somxebis wyalobiT, romelnic siamovnebiT da xalisiT
asrulebdnen aseT saxifaTo mindobilobas da xSirad sicoc-
xlesac esalmebodnen.” rtiSCevis azriT, aucilebeli iyo
somxebis waxaliseba, maTTvis jildoebis darigeba. amgvari
qmedebao “TviT qarTvelTa tomis xalxebSi dahbadebs jibrsa
da gamoiwvevs wabaZvas.”
ruseTis imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma samadlobeli si-
geli gamougzavna saqarTveloSi mcxovreb somxebs, romelSic
isini ruseTis burjad miiCnia qarTvelTa “urCobis” alagmvis
1 a. ericianci, sruliad somexTa sakaTalikoso da kavkasiis somxoba XIX saukuneSi, nawili pirveli, Tb., 1894, gv. 63, somxur enaze.
144
saqmeSi.1 sigelisa da Cin-medlebis garda, male somxebma sa-
qarTveloSi ruseTisagan ufro didi, realuri jildo mii-
Res. 1828-1829 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdeg, 1830 wli-
dan samcxeSi, ufro metad ki javaxeTSi rusebma didi raode-
nobiT Camoasaxles somxebi, xolo am mxaridan ltolvil qar-
Tvelebs uari uTxres mSobliur kuTxeSi dabrunebaze.2 Zir-
Zveli qarTuli mxare javaxeTi, romelmac TurqeTis mraval-
saukunovani batonobis Jamsac ki SeinarCuna qarTuli ier-sa-
xe, ase aqcies XIX-XX aswleulebSi somxur mxared. dRes iq
mosaxleobis 95 procenti, Tu metic ara, somexia. nugeSad Se-
mogvrCa mxolod javaxeTze Tu javaxeTSi Seqmnili qarTuli
folkloris nimuSebi: “me javaxeTs ra miSavda, mTvare idga
mzesaviTa, kalmaxi da qeris puri win meyara bzesaviTa;” “Tav-
faravneli Wabuki asfaras qalsa hyvarobda”… somxebs aseTi
Tavankara qarTuli ar sCveodaT.
saqarTvelos, qarTveli eris dasustebis mizniT, ruse-
Tis imperiam gadawyvita Cveni qveynis eTnikurad aWreleba da
amitom ruseTis xelisuflebam daakmayofila somexTa wadili
samcxe-javaxeTSi maTi Camosaxlebisa. amisTvis rusebi da ma-
Ti mouravebi saqarTveloSi – somexi moxeleebi ar dasjerd-
nen samcxe-javaxeTis mxolod mahmadiani qarTvelebis Seviw-
roebas, iqauri qristiani qarTvelebic ar daundviaT. am uka-
nasknelTa Soris gavrcelebuli yofila Tqmuleba: “generali
yofila da im generalma uTxra xalxsao: _ Cqara moSordiT
aqedanao! Tu jari movida uknidanao, kai dRe Tqven dagadge-
baTo. erTs ar gagiSvans cocxalsao! – isinebma (imaT – a. a.)
ro e SiSi gaignes (gaiges – a. a.), gacvindes ormoebSi da ma-
RaroebSi, daimaleso, ro gaignes, gamoiara jarma, vidre isne-
bi gaigenen i jaris ambavs, vidre i generalma (paskeviCma – a.
a.) somxebi gadmoreka azrumidano. aqaur somxebs azrumis wes-
wyobileba aq. namdvilia es, su azrumidan arian gamosuli,
Cven ro gadmoveliTo tyidano, somxebs dakavebuli hqondaT
1 al. froneli, amboxeba kaxeTisa, Tb., 1907, gv. 226-235. 2 iv. javaxiSvili da sxvebi, istoriuli raritetebi; S. lomsaZe, samcxe-
javaxeTi, Tb., 1975, gv. 251, 262, 355, 368, 423, 425, 427, 454.
145
mamulebi da SevrCiT aq glaxa miwawyalsao.”1
al. fronelis sityviT, javaxeTSi somexTa masobrivi Ca-
mosaxlebiT kidev erTxel “aRSenebiT aRSenda javaxeTi, mag-
ram sxvanairad, ukuRma. qarTvelebis gasagisi TiTqmis amovar-
da da maT naoxrebze sxva damkvidrda.” saqarTvelos, qarTve-
li eris Savbedobis gamo al. fronelsave aRmoxda Semzaravi
sityvebi: “gana ara sjobs, daingres varZia, vidre sxvas dar-
Ces?”2 RmerTma nu inebos da Tu varZia qarTveli erisa ar iq-
neba da sxvas darCeba, es sxva somxebi iqnebian.
samcxe-javaxeTSi somxebis didi raodenobiT Camosaxle-
biT qarTvel ers XIX_XX saukuneebSi is ubedurebac daatyda
Tavs, rom samcxe-javaxeTis mahmadiani qarTvelebi somxur ga-
remoSi moeqcnen. nuTu qarTveli erisTvis sakmarisi ar unda
yofiliyo is tanjva-wameba, rac Turqebma ganacdevines mas am
mahmadiani qarTvelebis winaprebis gaTaTrebis, gaTurqebis
mizniT? rogorc iTqva, ruseTis xelisufleba aviwroebda
qarTvelebs, mfarvelobda somxebs. saswavleblebSic qarTul
enas devnidnen, somxur eklesias ki uamravi saswavlebeli
hqonda da iq swavla somxur enaze mimdinareobda. mahmadian
qarTvelTa skolebSic mTavari adgili eWira rusul da Tur-
qul enebs. mahmadianma qarTvelebma upiratesoba Turqul enas
mianiWes da amis gamoc TandaTan gaTurqdnen. mahmadiani qar-
Tvelebi qarTul, qarTulenovan garemoSi rom moxvedriliyv-
nen, amas SeiZleba iavnanasaviT emoqmeda maTze, iseve, rogorc
iakob gogebaSvilis moTxrobis gmir, lekebisagan gatacebul,
datyvevebul qarTvel gogonaze imoqmeda dedis iavnanis mra-
valgzis ganmeorebam.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom 1832 w. SeTqmulebis Cavardnisa
da ruseTis xelisuflebis mier SeTqmulebis monawileTa ga-
neitralebis, ganiaraRebis, daSinebis Sedegad imdroindeli
qarTuli sazogadoebrioba xerxemalSi iqna gadatexili. am
sazogadoebriobam ver SeZlo TurqeTisagan CamorTmeuli sam-
cxe-javaxeTis mahmadiani qarTvelebis mimarT yuradRebis ga-
1 S. ZiZiguri, qarTuli dialeqtologiis masalebi, Tb., 1974, gv. 104; gr.
beriZe, qarTuli enis javaxuri kilo, Tb., 1988, gv. 7; S. lomsaZe, samcxe-
javaxeTi, gv. 353. 2 al.froneli, didebuli mesxeTi, Tb., 1991, gv. 107, 156.
146
moCena 1830-iani wlebidanve. aWara rom Camoscilda TurqeTs
1878 wels, iq qarTvelma moRvaweebma didi erovnuli saqmiano-
ba gaaCaRes da Semdegmac ar daayovna. msgavsi ram SeiZleba
momxdariyo samcxe-javaxeTis mahmadian qarTvelebSic, es mxa-
re rom mTlianad ruseTis imperiisa da misi sayrdeni somxe-
bis klanWebSi ar moqceuliyo. somxurma wreebma miznad dai-
saxes samcxe-javaxeTis gasomxureba da maT awyobdaT, mahmadi-
ani qarTvelebi am mxareSi Tu aRar iqnebodnen, ruseTs Tu
daupirispirdebodnen, qarTul erovnul cnobierebasac ar
aRidgendnen. samcxe-javaxeTis mahmadiani qarTvelebi Tu qar-
Tulenovan garemoSi iqnebodnen, maT skolebSi qarTul ena-
sac Tu sapatio adgili miekuTvneboda da imTaviTve qarTvel
moRvaweebs eqnebodaT SesaZlebloba ezrunaT mahmadian qar-
TvelTa qarTuli erovnuli Segnebis aRdgenaze, dRes Cveni
qveynis winaSe aRar dadgeboda e. w. Turqi mesxebis problema.
ruseTis xelisuflebam XIX saukuneSi saqarTvelos
TiTqmis mTeli vaWroba somxebs Caugdo xelT. somxuri bur-
Juazia, ruseTis mxardaWeriT, yvlefda, sisxls wovda qarT-
vel xalxs da TviTon mdidrdeboda. am gziT naSovn fuls
rus moxeleebsac unawilebda, rogorc amas n. durnovoc aR-
niSnavs. saqarTveloSi somxuri burJuaziis Tu somexi CarC-
vaWrebis parpaSze masalebi sakmaod arsebobs. amis Taobaze
saubaria, kerZod, cnobili moRvawis, sergei mesxis werilSic
– “sami kvira kaxeTSi”: “bevri cudi ram gamegona kaxeTis foC-
tis stanciebze, _ awvaleben xalxso… male davrwmundi, rom
amgvari gakilva siRnaRis traqtisa gazviadebuli da garda-
metebuli ki ara, Semsubuqebulic yofila.” s. mesxma da misma
Tanamgzavrebma fostis samcxena etliT, rogorc iqna, Tbili-
sidan orxevamde miaRwies. aqo “namZinarevi viRac gamovida
stanciidam, dacinebiT Semomxeda, padaroJna CamomarTva da
isev gabrunda. _ iqneba cxenebi Tu ara?
_ niatu!..
_ cxenebi ara gyavT?
_ est da niatu!
147
yvela ubedurebasTan gamodga, rom es kaci viRac kro1
Tu yarabaReli somexi yofila, arc rusuli esmis, arc qar-
Tuli...
azamburis stanciamdin mivaRwie. aqac isev is Cveulebri-
vi mkvaxe sityva: cxenebi ar gaxlavT! TviTon am stanciebis
(Tbilisidam siRnaRamde) meijaradris_mirzoevis (erovnebiT
somxis _ a. a.) Zmiswuli iyo aq, mivmarTe imas.” qarTvelebis-
Tvis Tbilis-siRnaRis gza aqac daketili aRmoCnda: “bevri
gvinaxavs TqvenisTana moCivari! bevri saCivrebi CauweriaT
Cvens wignebSio, ar gveSiniano, “niCavo ni budiTo!”
s. mesxis Tanaxmad, kaxeTis saukeTeso soflebSi, ker-
Zod, winandalSi, mukuzanSi, bakurcixesa da sxvagan qarTve-
lebi Raribebi iyvnen: “Raribebi viqnebiT, ma ra viqnebiTo,
miTxra erTma iqaurma glexma _ yvela soflebSi somxebi Ca-
mogvesaxlneno da Cveni avla-dideba imaT miaqvTo.” maSasadame,
ruseTis mTavrobis mxardaWeriT, somxur burJuazias da mis
amqars kaxelebisaTvis kaxeTSive gza Seukravs da rogorc mo-
eprianeba, ise Zarcvavs, aviwroebs maT: “Tqven warmoidgineT
kaxeli memamulisa da glexis mdgomareoba, didi mosavali
mouvida, Tuki gza ara aqvs, rom waiRos da gaasaRos sadme,
Tuki Rvino qvevrebSi gaufuWdeba da puri _ ormoebSi, Tuki,
rac mometebuli aqvs, fulad ver aqcevs, an erTi rad unda,
an meore? modis somexi vaWari da RvTisagan uxvad nawyalobe-
bi Rvino da puri TiTqmis muqTad miaqvs, is mdidrdeba, kaxe-
li ki pir-Ria rCeba.”2 ase xdeboda saqarTvelos sxva mxareeb-
Sic.
vaJa-fSavelas sityviT, saqarTveloSio “...arian mxolod
CarC-sovdagrebi, parunebi,3 romelnic rogorc Waobidan Tva-
lebgadmobrecili bayayebi, warmomsxdaran duqnebis win da
muStars mielian, elian dilidam moyolebuli meore dilam-
de, rom miutano lukma-puri, iyido ram da xeiri, mogeba aCve-
no, SaurianSi eqvsi Sauri misce. CarCebi daxetialoben sawv-
rilmanoTi da xuTis maneTis zizil-pipilebs xuTs Tumans
1 kro somxurad uzrdels, gauTlels niSnavs; ase eZaxdnen TurqeTidan
gadmoxvewil somxebs. 2 s. mesxi, Txzulebani, t. III, Tb., 1964, gv. 304-307, 315, 323. 3 parun, paron somxurad batons niSnavs.
148
gaagdebineben.”1
XIX saukuneSi kvlav gamococxlda, aRorZinda e. w. di-
di somxeTis idea. raki ruseTis mTavrobam saqarTveloSi Ta-
vis mouravad somxebi daiyena, somxurma wreebma miznad daisa-
xes rusebTan erTad gabatonebuliyvnen saqarTveloSi, ker-
Zod, TbilisSi da sxvaganac. am mxriv aqtiurobda somxuri ek-
lesiac. XIX aswleulis 70-ian wlebSi Tbilisis qalaqis Tavi
iyo gamoCenili moRvawe, dimitri yifiani. erT mSvenier dRes
qalaqis sabWos erT-erT somex xmosans (deputats) fici unda
daedo. am ceremonials eswreboda somexi mRvdelic, tertera.
somexma deputatma daiwyo ficis dadeba somxur enaze. d. yi-
fianma SeaCera _ me somxuri ena ar mesmis, garda magisa, Tbi-
lisi saqarTvelos dedaqalaqia, fici an qarTulad dadeT, an
rusulado. tertera da sxva somxebic amaze ganawyendnen da
protestis niSnad darbazi datoves. maT surdaT, Tbilisi di-
di somxeTis dedaqalaqi yofiliyo. sxvaTa Soris, Tbilisis
qalaqis Tavebic, ruseTis politikis Sedegad, XIX saukunis
bolo mesamedsa da XX aswleulis dasawyisSi, 1917 wlamde,
umeteswilad somxebi iyvnen.
1881 wels TbilisSi gaimarTa ruseTis arqeologTa V
yriloba. im dros sityva arqeologia farTo mniSvnelobiT
ixmareboda, yovelgvar siZveleebs aRniSnavda. yrilobaze
cnobil peterburgel mecniers, aRmosavleTmcodnes, profe-
sor d. xvolsons Tavis misasalmebel sityvaSi uTqvams: “me
bednieri var, rom vimyofebi somxeTis dedaqalaq tfilis-
Sio.”2 yrilobas eswrebodnen akaki wereTeli da sxva qarTve-
li moRvaweebi. cxadia, isini aRSfoTdnen. d. xvolsons Sec-
doma mouvida imis gamo, rom somxebi cdilobdnen, mTeli
msoflio daerwmunebinaT, TiTqos, saqarTvelo da Tbilisic
e.w. didi somxeTis nawili iyo.
somexi mwerali, Sirvanzade meore somexi mwerlis, Ra-
zaros aRaianis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs: somexTa kaTolikosis
erT-erTi arCevnebis dros aRaianma SesTavazao Tavis mego-
1 vaJa-fSavela, Txzulebani, Tb., 1979, gv. 137-138. 2 a. wereTeli, rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad, t. IV, Tb., 1990, gv. 308-309;
e. TayaiSvili, rCeuli naSromebi, I, Tb., 1968, gv. 273; n. gurgeniZe, i. gor-
gaZe, akaki wereTeli, biobibliografiuli qronika, 1989, gv. 138-139.
149
bars, episkopos aristakes sedrakians, wasuliyo kunZul kvip-
rosze da iq gamoecxadebina Tavi yovelTa somexTa kaToli-
kosad. aRaiani fiqrobdao, rom inglisi mfarvelobas gauwev-
da sedrakians. amis Sedegad ki qveynierebis yvela kuTxe-kun-
Wulidan somxebi Cavidodnen kviprosze da iq axal samSob-
los aiSenebdnen TavisTviso.1 Znelia Tqma, aRaianis am gegmas
sxvebic iziarebdnen Tu ara, magram aSkaraa, rom somexTa gar-
kveul wreebsac hqondaT msgavsi idea. oRond isini aRaianiviT
Sors gadaxvewas ki ar apirebdnen, saqarTveloSi fiqrobdnen
axali samSoblos Seqmnas, rac qarTvelebis gasomxebasac gu-
lisxmobda. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia isic, rasac cnobili mecni-
eri m. TamaraSvili werda 1904 wels: 15-20 wlis winaTo, “som-
xebs tfilisis seminariis TavianTi moswavleebi viTom mihyav-
daT gasaseirneblad tfilisis mazraSi, sadac es mowafeebi
Turme lursmnebiT sCiCqniden, amaxinjebden da erTian aox-
rebden, rac ki qarTuli warwerebi da sxva ram msgavsi naSTi
SexvdebodaT Cveni namyoisa.”2 amgvar faqtebze sxva qarTveli
moRvaweebic amaxvileben yuradRebas. aSkaraa, rom somxur
wreebs qarTuli kvalis waSla surdaT saqarTveloSi, ker-
Zod, Tbilisis sanaxebSi, raTa amis Semdeg ufro Tavisuflad
ganecxadebinaT _ Tbilisi somxuri qalaqi iyo adrec da ax-
lac somxebs unda miekuTvnoTo.
istorikos leos (araqel babaxanianis) mixedviT, XIX sa-
ukunis bolos TbilisSi gamomavali oficiozis, gazeT “kavka-
zis” redaqtorad daniSnuli v. veliCkos “somexTmoZule bod-
vas siamovnebiT Seuwyo xma qarTulma “kniazurma” presamac.
ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, nikolaZe da sxvac mravali
maTi msgavsi “kavkazis” poeti redaqtoris adiutantebi iyvnen.
Turqebidan (nagulisxmevia kavkasiis azerbaijanlebi _ a. a.)
ahmed-beg aRaievma aayola mas xma, xolo erT mSvenier dRes
SuSaSi (yarabaRSi _ a. a.) asparezze gamovida vinme “dali-aba-
si”, adre policiis moxele, yomarbazi da loTbazara, rome-
lmac agreTve Cawixla somxebi.”3 rogorc vxedavT, leo did
qarTvel moRvaweebs viRac yomarbazisa da loTbazaras gver-
1 Sirvanzade, cxovrebis brZmedidan, erevani, 1930, gv. 307, somxur enaze. 2 m. TamaraSvili, pasuxaT somxis mwerlebs... gv. 156-157. 3 leo, warsulidan, Tb., 1925, gv. 132-134, somxur enaze.
150
diT ayenebs, riTac Seuracxyofs mTels qarTvel ers. Tana-
medroveTa gadmocemiT, ilias urTierToba ki hqonia veliC-
kosTan, magram igi gulze sulac ar exateboda. ilias eZnele-
bodao “tutuci veliCkos” saubris mosmena.1 aseTive damokide-
buleba hqonda veliCkosTan akakisac. Tu iliam da akakim ve-
liCkos somexTmoZuleobis winaaRmdeg ar gailaSqres, es mox-
da imitom, rom somxuri wreebi, ruseTis mxardaWeriT, mTeli
XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi parpaSobdnen saqarTveloSi, ker-
Zod, TbilisSi da qarTvelTa gasomxebas isaxavdnen miznad.
roca qarTveli eris ori mteri, ruseTis xelisufleba da
garkveuli somxuri wreebi droebiT erTmaneTs waekidnen,
iliam, akakim da sxva qarTvelma moRvaweebma neitralur po-
ziciaze dgoma amjobines. leo TbilisSi cxovrobda da saq-
mianobda. isic somexTa im amqars ekuTvnoda, vinc Tbilisisa
da TiTqmis mTeli saqarTvelos mitacebas isaxavda miznad.
gasagebia, aseTi somxebisTvis ilias da akakis erovnuli moR-
vaweoba miuRebeli iyo da ebrZodnen maT, Seuracxyofasac
ayenebdnen.
somxebi, kerZod, somxuri eklesia, qarTvelTa gasomxe-
bas, grigorianobaze maT moqcevas rom cdilobdnen, amas mow-
mobs ipolite varTagavas mogonebac: XX saukunis 10-ian wleb-
Sio Tbilisis komerciul saswavlebelSi “Semovida vinme no-
rakiZe, imereTidan. dokumentebis gadasinjvis dros aRmoCnda,
rom mas dabadebis mowmobaSi ewera, grigoriani ariso.
aman administracia daainteresa… daibares da kiTxes
norakiZes –qarTvelia Tu somexi; man ganacxada, rom qarTve-
lia. “maS, rad giweria dabadebis mowmobaSi, rom grigoriani
xaro”, ekiTxeboda saswavleblis xelmZRvaneli. “mowafem jer
verc ki gaigo, raSi iyo saqme, Semdeg RimiliT ambobda: ”qar-
Tveli var, imereli, mec arc ki gamigonia, ra aris grigoria-
nio.”
ymawvili ded-mamiT oboli aRmoCnda. “qarTul eklesia-
Si dadixar Tu somxurSio,” kvlav hkiTxes mowafes. “qarTul-
Sio, CvenSi sad aris somxuri eklesiao – upasuxa ymawvilma.”
saswavleblis erT-erTi TanamSromeli yofila somexi deka-
1 ix. krebuli: “ilia”, Tb., 1987, gv. 201, 554-555.
151
nozi. mas kolegebi “mamas” eZaxdnen. “norakiZem daiwyo swav-
la. saRvTo rjuli pirvel sagnad iTvleboda. am sagans no-
rakiZe, sanam komerciul saswavlebelSi Semovidoda, rusu-
lad swavlobda dabal klasebSi (marTlmadideblad). aq ki
“mamam” moiTxova, rom norakiZes saRvTo rjuli somxur enaze
eswavla, rogorc “grigorians”. mowafem ki erTi sityvac ar
icoda somxuri. maSin administracia kompromisze wavida: sa-
nam saqmis viTareba danamdvilebiT gamoirkveodes, norakiZe
gaeTavisuflebinaT saRvTo rjulis swavlebidan. amaze ara-
viTar SemTxvevaSi ar daTanxmda “mama”. is moiTxovda, rom no-
rakiZe daswreboda mis gakveTilebs. administraciam daavala
norakiZes “mamas” gakveTilebze daswreba. is jerac ver gar-
kveuliyo, raSi iyo saqme; davalebas asrulebda, magram “inCi-
binCi” ar gaegeboda, gakveTilebze ra keTdeboda.
bolos es… imiT damTavrda, rom norakiZem Tavi daaneba
saswavlebels”.1 qarTvelTa gasomxebas somxuri eklesia ad-
rec cdilobda, mag., XVII s-is 30-ian wlebSi, roca Sah-abasis
Semosevebis Semdeg qarTl-kaxeTi mZime mdgomareobaSi imyofe-
boda. magram XIX aswleulamde, Cemi azriT, saqarTveloSi Zi-
riTadad gaqarTvelebuli somxebis xelaxla gasomxeba, gri-
gorianobaze moqceva xdeboda. saqme isaa, rom qarTvelTa me-
feebi, qarTuli eklesia dauSveblad miiCnevdnen marTlmadi-
debel qarTvelTa gagrigorianebas, gasomxebas.2 XIX s-Si ki,
roca qarTvelebs aRarc TavianTi mefeebi hyavdaT da qar-
Tuli eklesiis avtokefaliac ruseTma mospo, amasTanave, qar-
Tvelebi Raribebic iyvnen ruseTis mTavrobisa da maTi mou-
ravi somxebis qmedebaTa Sedegad, mdidar somxur eklesias me-
ti gasaqani mieca qarTvelTa gasagrigorianeblad. gasuli sa-
ukunis 70-ian wlebSi goris raionis sof. SindisSi, soso pa-
piaSvilis ojaxSi movismine gamoTqma: “tertera abazad naT-
lavda, mRvdeli or abazadao.” terterebi, somxuri eklesia
dapirdebodnen qarTvelebs cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobese-
basac da amiT zogierT maTgans, albaT, acdunebdnen kidec.
ivane javaxiSvilis Tanaxmad, 1918 wlis dasawyisSi Tbi-
1 i. varTagava, mogonebebi, II, Tb., 1962, gv. 343-344. 2 kaTolikobac ki didi raodenobis qarTvelebs ar miuRiaT, miT ufro ar miiRebdnen grigorianobas.
152
lisSi qarTuli universitetis daarsebas “mtrulad Sexvda
saqarTveloSi myofi mTeli rusTa moxeleoba da imperialis-
turad ganwyobili maTi aq mcxovrebi TanamoZmeni, iseve, ro-
gorc somexTa plutokratiisa da daSnakelebis mesveurni,
romlebic… TavianTs kulturuls saqmianobas somxeTSi ki
ara, aramed tfilisSi da baqoSi awarmoebdnen da yvela mTa-
vari aseTi dawesebulebani, ejmiawinis sasuliero akademias
garda, gamomcemloba da sxvac yvelaferi am ori qveynis, sa-
qarTvelos da azerbaijanis, zemodasaxelebul dedaqalaqeb-
Si hqondaT Tavmoyrili. somexTa plutokratiasa da maTs yve-
laze Zliersa da mravalricxovan politikur partias tfi-
lisi da baqo aramcTu undodaT TavianT qalaqebad eqciaT,
aramed aseT TavianT ucilobel sakuTrebad miaCndaT kide-
vac”...1 aSkaraa, rom somxuri wreebi mTels amierkavkasiaSi ga-
batonebas isaxavdnen miznad.
1918 wlis maisSi saqarTvelos da somxeTis damoukidebe-
li respublikebi rom Seiqmna, qarTvel-somexTa urTierToba
kidev ufro metad gamwvavda. aRsaniSnavia, rom somxeTis saTa-
veSi moeqca erovnuli xelisufleba, daSnakcuTiunis (daSna-
kebis) partia, xolo saqarTveloSi gaxelisuflebuli menSe-
vikebi internacionalistebi, marqsistebi iyvnen da erovnuli
TiTqmis araferi ecxoT. amis mowmobaa Tundac is, rom noe
Jordaniam da misma mTavrobam Tbilisis centralur pros-
peqts daarqves marqsisti plexanovis da ara romelime didi
qarTvelis saxeli. qarTvelebSi marqsizmis bacilam, utopi-
urma ideebma rom fesvi gaidges, es gamoiwvia qarTuli saxel-
mwifoebriobis, samefo xelisuflebis da qarTuli eklesiis
avtokefaliis mospobam, agreTve qarTvelTa siRaribem. maT
daijeres, rom marqsistuli ideebis, ideologiis gaTaviseba
ixsnida saqarTvelos, qarTvel xalxs siRaribisagan. somxuri
eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelTa erovnuli saqmianobis Sedegad ki
somex xalxze marqsizms SedarebiT naklebi gavlena hqonda
da amitomac moeqca 1918 wels somxeTis saTaveSi erovnuli
mTavroba.
sayuradReboa, rom somxeTis mTavroba 1918w. mais-ivnisSi
1 ix. “qarTuli ena da literatura skolaSi,” 1986, #2-3, gv. 124.
153
Seiqmna ara erevanSi, aramed TbilisSi, radgan rogorc iTqva,
aq hqondaT somxebs TavianTi dawesebulebani. somxeTis mTav-
roba Tbilisidan erevanSi gadasvlas ayovnebda, ajanjlebda.
Cemi azriT, amis mizezi isic iyo, rom somxebi emzadebodnen
saqarTvelosTan omisTvis1 da surdaT Cvens qveyanaSi Seeqm-
naT TavianTi mexuTe kolona. jer kidev 1918 w. 22 ianvars
axalqalaqis samazro aRmasrulebelma komitetma daadgina:
“xvalindel dRidan ukve aRiarebulia javaxeTi aleqsandro-
polis (gumbris, leninakanis _ a. a.) guberniad (e. i. somxeTis
nawilad _ a. a.) da es Cveni dadgenileba gamoecxados yvela
dawesebulebasao.” ilia alxaziSvilis sityviT, “amgvarad an-
derZi auges javaxeTs”.2 javaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlze somxebi
wina wlebSic, 1917 w. revoluciamdec acxadebdnen pretenzi-
as,3 magram verc maSin da verc 1918w. ianvarSi mizans ver miaR-
wies. somxeTis damoukidebeli respublikis daSnakurma mTav-
robam ki naxevari saqarTvelos, kerZod, Tbilisis, goris, ba-
Tumis da sxvaTa mitaceba ganizraxa. im xanebSi dabeWdil
somxur rukebzec naxevari saqarTvelo somxeTis Semadgenlo-
baSia moqceuli.
saqarTvelo-somxeTis sazRvarze garTulebebi 1918 w. oq-
tombridan SeimCneoda, amave wlis dekembris pirvel naxevarSi
ki somexTa jari omis gamoucxadeblad, veragulad Semoesia
saqarTvelos. SeiZleba gviTxran, rom rigiTi somxebi arafer
SuaSia, daSnakurma mTavrobam aiZula isini, eomaT saqarTve-
los winaaRmdego. magram ubedurebac isaa, rom TiTqmis yvela
somexi momxre iyo saqarTvelosTan omisa, TiTo-orola gamo-
naklisis garda. noe Jordanias mTavroba am omisTvis ar mom-
zadebula. maT egonaT, rom vinaidan somxeTi im xanebSi mZime
1 somxeT-saqarTvelos omis Sesaxeb ix. a. CaCxiani, daSnakTa nacionalis-
tur-eqspansionisturi ideologia da somxeT-saqarTvelos 1918-1919 wlebis
omi, Tb., 2007; a. abdalaZe, meti obieqturoba! Jurnali “mnaTobi,” 1998, #3-
4, gv. 172-187. es werili me ase davasaTaure: “qarTvelebi brZolis uunaro
dampyroblebia?!“ somexi avtorebi aseTebad acxadeben qarTvelebs 1918w.
somxeT-saqarTvelos omSi. amiT STaagoneben somex xalxs, TiTqos, qar-
Tvelebs surdaT somxuri miwa-wylis mitaceba, magram somexma zinvorebma
(meomrebma), Turme nu ityviT, maT kudiT qva asrolines. “mnaTobis” redaq-
ciam Cems werils saTauri Seucvala. 2 ix. gaz. “saqarTvelo,” 4. II. 1918, #28. 3 ix. iv. javaxiSvili da sxvebi, istoriuli raritetebi.
154
mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda (gavixsenoT somexTa didi raode-
nobiT gaJleta TurqeTSi 1915 wels; amasTanave, 1918 w. bolos
somxeTSi mZvinvarebda infeqciuri daavadeba, romelmac bevri
adamiani imsxverpla, erevnis quCebSi daumarxavi mkvdrebi
eyarnen, rogorc amas leo aRniSnavs), saqarTvelosTan oms
ver gabedavda. menSevikebma ar icodnen saqarTvelo-somxeTis
urTierTobebis istoria, arc ilia WavWavaZisa swamdaT raime,
Torem mis “qvaTa RaRads” yuradRebas miaqcevdnen. noe Jorda-
nias arc is adardebda, ZirZveli qarTuli mxare, qvemo qar-
Tlis samxreTi nawili, lore-taSiri iqneboda Tu ara saqar-
Tvelos SemadgenlobaSi. 1921 w. TebervalSi bolSevikuri ru-
seTis jarma saqarTvelos loredan rom Semoutia da maT mi-
emxrnen loreli somxebic (lore-taSirSi somxebi ruseTma
moamravla XIXs-Si), amasTan dakavSirebiT n. Jordania wers:
“rasakvirvelia, am somxebiT dasaxlebuli midamoebis Semoer-
Teba iyo didi Secdoma, magram Cvenma strategebma ase gadaw-
yvites, Tavdacvis simagreT dainaxes Zveleburi mTa-gora da
ara TviT mcxovrebTa sulis kveTeba”.1 zemoT ukve visaubre,
rom somxebi uZvelesi droidanve, garkveuli mizezebis gamo,
sakmao raodenobiT cxovrobdnen saqarTveloSi, isini Cvens
qveyanaSi, kerZod, TbilisSic Zalian moamravla ruseTis mTa-
vrobam. somxebi pretenzias lore-taSirTan erTad Tbiliszec
acxadebdnen. n. Jordanias raki lore-taSiri ase advilad eT-
moboda, emeteboda, barem Tbilisic daeTmo somxebisTvis. mag-
ram Tbilisi Tavis rezidenciad undoda. RvTis madliT, im
xanebSi saqarTveloSi marqsizmiT mowamluli menSevikebis
garda, iyvnen erovnuli Zalebic, Torem lore-taSirTan er-
Tad sxva mxareebsac davkargavdiT.
somxeT-saqarTvelos omis Sesaxeb saubaria 1918 wlis
movlenebis SuagulSi myofi ioseb imedaSvilis TxzulebaSi,
_ ”ganaxlebuli sicocxle,” _ romelic 1919-1920 wlebSi Jur-
nal “Teatri da cxovrebaSi” daibeWda. masSi laparakia, ker-
Zod, TbilisSi somexTa erT-erTi TavSeyris Sesaxeb, romel-
sac somxuris mcodne erTi qarTveli mweralic eswreboda.
somxebma pretenzia ganacxades Tbilisze.
1 n. Jordania, Cemi warsuli, Tb., 1990, gv. 93.
155
“gana istoriulad qalaqi Tbilisi qarTvelebisa ar
aris? ikiTxa qarTvelma mweralma.
_ romeli istoriiT? hkiTxa tigranma.
_ qarTvelebis sisxliTa da ofliT rom daiwera,_miugo
qarTvelma mweralma.
_ dRes ki istoria oqro-vercxliT iwereba...
SexeT, Cveni (somxebiso _ a. a.) Tbilisi TandaTan rogor ivse-
ba qarTvelebiT.” somxebma unda movspoTo qarTvelebi, radgan
saqarTveloSi somexTa winsvlas eRobebian, xels uSliano:
“saqarTvelo unda mokvdes da mokvdeba kidec _ sTqva tig-
ranma.” aRniSnul krebaze kaxeTSi mcxovreb erT somexs ga-
nucxadebia: ”siRnaRisa da Telavis mazrebSi mofantuli som-
xebi saukeTesod arian mowyobilni, mTeli xalxi xelSi hyavT
da saiTac undaT, iqiT mouRrecen kisers... iqac ki, saca vi-
Tom qarTvelebi gamgebloben, Cveni kacebi gvyavs SeCenili
da Cvens uneblieT erTi nabijic ver gadaidgmeba. swored
amas unda mivaweroT, rom saqarTvelos jaris Sekreba savse-
biT ver moxerxda... Cvenis amxanagebis CagonebiT qarTveli
glexis Svilebi an ar Sedian samxedro samsaxurSi, da Tu
rogorme Caiyvanes, tanisamoss Caicmen, fexsamoss miiReben, ia-
raRs Caibareben da ukanve brundebian...
Cveni agentebic muSaoben da xalxSi avrceleben mTavro-
bisadmi zizRs.”
qarTlSi mcxovreb somexTa warmomadgenels uTqvams:
“social-demokratiul partiis (marqsistebis _ a. a.) propagan-
distTa CagonebiT da Cvenis mecadineobiTac xalxs gulidan
amorecxili aqvs samSoblos siyvaruli da saqarTvelos saxe-
li. xalxi or banakad gavyaviT da erTi meores esisineba.”
terteras mouxsenebia krebisTvis: “karga xania, TiTqmis ocda-
aTi weliwadi, rac mTel saqarTveloSi Cveni sjulis da
gvar-tomis gamavrcelebeli sulis mamani davgzavneT... Cvenis
terterebis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom saqmec kargad midis.
bevr adgilas SegxvdebaT ded-mama namdvili qarTveli tetie-
bi, somxuri enis arc erTi sityvis mcodne, magram Svilebi ki
somxur wes-rigze aRzrdili... ra wuTsac mibrZanebT, maSinve
Tavs davesxmiT Tbiliss dasapyrobad da qarTvelebs mZina-
156
rebs amovwyvet! _ daabolava rixianad aRtacebiT terteram.”1
Tbilisis sabWos xmosans (deputats), paron xaCos ganucxade-
bia: “dgeba momenti, rodesac somxis erma frTebi mZlavrad
unda gaSalos Tavis farTe miznebis misaRwevad, _ ukeTes
dros veRar vnaxavT, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis Seqmnac
_ jer kidev CanasaxSia, Tu movspobT axla, Tu ara da mere
gaZneldeba.”
aRwers ra omis ambebs, i. imedaSvili aRniSnavs: brZo-
lis velzeo qarTvelTa “razmis ufrosma oficerma ucabedad
wamoiZaxa: _Cvenma mTavrobam gagvyida, ueWvelad gagvyida!.. To-
rem sad gagonila ase upatronod mitoveba xalxisa, _ gvxo-
cavden, Sen-ki ar SegeZlos pasuxis gacema. sad aris mamulis
Rirsebis dacva?.. fui, amisTana naZrax sicocxles!” am sityve-
bis TqmisTanave qarTvelma oficerma Tavi moiklao. i. imedaS-
vilis Tanaxmad, somxebs saSineli sibinZurec ukadrebiaT: po-
ruCikma “korZaiam dahxeda da ra naxa _ RamiT somxebs daeti-
tvlebinaT da SeepilwnaT muxanaTur TavdasxmaSi daxocili
qarTveli oficer-jariskacni. agera titlikana meomari, ro-
melsac sasircxo aso moWrili aqvs da pirSi sCria... ager
cxvirmoWrilebi, mTlad gatitvlebulni; ager SubiT Tvaleb-
CaTxrilni, ager aso-aso akuwuli”... gadmocemiT, sasircxo
aso mravali mokluli qarTvelisTvis CauCriaT pirSi.
ivane javaxiSvilis, viqtor nozaZis, noe Jordanias da
sxvaTa mixedviTac, somxeTma saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg omi rom
gaaCaRa, Tbilisis aRebas isaxavda miznad. cxadia, sanam Tbi-
lisTan movidodnen, qvemo qarTlis dakaveba hqondaT somxebs,
kerZod, maT mTavarsardal dros (misi namdvili saxeli da
gvaria _ drastamat kanaiani), ganzraxuli.2 amasTanave, somxe-
Tis mTavrobam da parlamentma 1918 wlis dekemberSi erTxmad
daadgina, rom somxeTis jars daekavebina javaxqi (javaxeTi).3
somxeT-saqarTvelos omis dros saqarTveloSi mcxovreb
1 saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi somexTa mRvdlebis _ terterebis antiqarTuli
saqmianobis Sesaxeb aRniSnuli aqvs menSevik yaribsac(p. geleiSvils). 2 patriot qarTvelebs ki kargad axsovdaT, rom Cvenma winaprebma zRva
sisxli daRvares qvemo qarTlis gadasarCenad _ “kidevac daizrdebian
algeTs lekvebi mglisani, ise ar amowydebian, javri SesWamon mtrisani.”
qarTveli am sityvebs ver daiviwyebs. 3 gr. CalxuSiani, wiTeli wigni, donis rostovi, 1919, gv. 181, rusul enaze.
157
somexTa mniSvnelovani nawili daSnakebma gadaibires da qar-
Tvelebs daupirispires. cxadia, amas arc erTi eri, arc erTi
saxelmwifo ar moiTmenda. qarTvelebic moiTxovdnen moRala-
te, umaduri somxebis dasjas (gamoTqma _ Savi umadurebac
gvxvdeba somxebis mimarT). ase, mag., erovnul-demokratiuli
partiis Tavmjdomare spiridon kedia werda:
“Tbilisi gasawmendia.
aTiaTasjer gamogvecxada, rom aq auarebeli samWedloe-
bia, sadac Cveni damoukideblobis mtrebi sxedan da saqarTve-
los dasaqcevaT yumbarebs asxamdnen da xmals lesavdnen. es
saxelosnoebi unda daiSalos da xelosnebi unda iqnan daWe-
rilni. rusul-somxuri gazeTebi, romelnic TavaSvebulad da
utifrad ilaSqrebdnen da laSqroben Cvens winaaRmdeg, unda
dauyovnebliv iqmnan daketilni. SeuZlebelia, Tbilisis gaze-
Tebi bedavdnen da gvedavebodnen Cveni saxelmwifos terito-
rias. vakxanalia elvis siswrafiT unda ailagmos. vin ar
icis, rom saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg somxeTis gamolaSqreba
ideologiurad da texnikurad TbilisSi moewyo”... spiridon
kedia mimarTavda saqarTvelos mTavrobas: “dauyovnebliv gas-
wmindeT Cveni qveynis guli, Cveni Tbilisi im borotganmzra-
xvel da saxelmwifo damnaSave elementebisagan, romelnic aq
budoben da, rac saqarTvelos damoukidebloba gamocxadda,
mas aqeT, dRe da Ram saqarTvelos dasamxobaT zraxven da
moqmedeben.
gaswmindeT Tbilisi, rom aq SeiZlebodes uSiSari muSa-
oba da saqmianoba. es aris pirveli sawindari brZolis velze
(somxeT-saqarTvelos omSi _ a. a.) saqarTvelos jaris gamarj-
vebisa.”1 saqarTvelos menSevikuri mTavrobac, miuxedavad Ta-
visi internacionalistobisa, iZulebuli gaxda Tbilisidan
gaesaxlebina is somxebi, romlebic danamdvilebiT SemCneuli
iyvnen Cveni qveynis sasicocxlo interesebis sawinaaRmdego
qmedebebSi, saqarTvelos RalatSi.2 roca somxeTi geomeboda,
Cvens qveyanaSi mcxovreb somxebs rogor endobodi?! isini mah-
madianur saxelmwifoebsa da ruseTis imperias emxrobodnen
1 gaz. “saqarTvelo,” 19. XII. 1918w. 2 a. abdalaZe, saqarTvelodan somxebis gasaxlebis Taobaze, gaz. “aisi,” 4.
VII. 2006 w.
158
qarTveli eris winaaRmdeg brZolaSi da somxeTs aRar miem-
xrobodnen?!
RvTis madliT, im xanebSi saqarTveloSi sakmaod Zlieri
iyvnen erovnuli Zalebi. am mxriv marto ivane javaxiSvilisa
da eqvTime TayaiSvilis saxelebi rad Rirs. qarTveli mamu-
liSvilebi aRSfoTdnen somexTa veraguli qmedebebiT, daira-
zmnen maT winaaRmdeg da male saqarTvelos jari general gi-
orgi mazniaSvilis meTaurobiT Setevaze gadavida somxebTan
omSi. SesaZlebeli xdeboda, qarTvelebs erevanic aeRoT, mag-
ram inglis-safrangeTis moTxovniT 1918 wlis 31 dekembris 24
saaTze saomari moqmedebebi Sewyvetil iqna. inglisis nebiT,
qvemo qarTlis samxreTi nawili, ZirZveli qarTuli mxare,
lore-taSiri neitralur zonad gamocxadda. ase Caeyara sa-
fuZveli lore-taSiris saqarTvelosgan CamoSorebas. ingli-
sis xelisuflebam somxebis mxare daiWira. es gamowveuli iyo
imiT, rom didi saxelmwifoebi, kerZod, inglisic TurqeTSi
mcxovreb somxebs Tavisi interesebisTvis iyenebdnen da moma-
valSic SeiZleboda inglisis politikaSi somexTa sakiTxs
garkveuli adgili daekavebina. da ai, saqarTvelos xarjze
inglisma xeli gauwoda somxeTs. 1921 wels bolSevikurma ru-
seTma lore-taSiri CamoarTva saqarTvelos da gadasca som-
xeTs. ruseTi im dros TurqeTis mokavSire iyo, somxuri mxa-
reebi dauTmo TurqeTs da masTan Caxutebul kavkasiis azer-
baijans da samagierod sazRvrebSekvecil somxeTs gadasca
qarTuli miwa-wyali, lore-taSiri, iseve, rogorc azerbai-
jans miakuTvna kaxeTis nawili, hereTi anu saingilo. rac Se-
exeba javaxeTs, mis mierTebas somxeTTan somxebi cdilobdnen
sabWoTa periodSic, XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi. qarTul
warwerebsac isev spobdnen javaxeTis istoriul Zeglebze.1
didi somxeTis idea sabWoTa kavSiris, ruseTis komuni-
sturi imperiis arsebobis Jamsac cocxlobda. somxurma wre-
ebma moaxerxes da iugoslaviis saxelmwifos komunist meTa-
urs, iosip broz titos aTqmevines meore msoflio omis Sem-
deg: “somexi xalxis samarTliani uflebaa, hqondes didi som-
1 ix. mag., n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, I, Tb., 1964, gv.
70-71, 75, 104-106, 109-110, 157.
159
xeTi.”1 somxebi didi somxeTis Seqmnas qarTuli miwa-wylis mi-
tacebis gziTac apireben. cnobilia, rom igive afxazeTis
omis dros somxebi ebrZodnen qarTvelebs. amas Svrebodnen
imitomac, rom somxur wreebs awyobT saqarTvelos calkeul
nawilebad daSla, dasusteba, raTa amis Sedegad amierkavkasi-
aSi wamyvan saxelmwifod iqces somxeTi, saqarTvelos faqtob-
rivad CamoSordes javaxeTi. SeiZleba saerTaSoriso sazoga-
doebriobam, organizaciebma javaxeTis somxeTTan SeerTebas
mxari ar dauWiron, magram Tu Sesrulda somexTa moTxovna
da javaxeTs farTo avtonomia mieniWa, es niSnavs am mxaris
saqarTvelosgan faqtobrivad CamoSorebas, somxeTis sruli
gavlenis qveS moqcevas. mogvianebiT, vTqvaT, 40-50 wlis Sem-
deg, vin icis, kidev ra moxdeba.
1996 wels somxur gazeT “lragirSi” dabeWdil werilSi
_ ”didi somxeTi mcire sazRvrebSi” _ naTqvamia: “Cven unda
movTxovoT saqarTvelos, ara marto Sewyvitos Cveni
Tanamemamuleebis devna-Seviwroeba, aramed movTxovoT teri-
toriuli damoukideblobac javaxeTelebisaTvis. Tu saqar-
Tvelo amaze ar dagvTanxmdeba, maSin Cven unda gavaTavisuf-
loT Cveni miwa-wyali iaraRiT xelSi, miT umetes, rom gvaqvs
amis SesaZlebloba.” samcxe, axalcixis mxarec somxuri miwa-
wyalia, unda davibrunoTo. qarTvelebi brZolaSi, omSi ver
gagvimklavdebiano somxebs: “qarTveli eri, rogorc erTiani
organizmi, ar arsebobs. am saxelwodebiT igulisxmebian mra-
valricxovani eTnikuri jgufebi, romlebic erTmaneTisagan
didad gansxvavdebian.” somexTa mxridan msgavsi gamoxdomebi,
saqarTvelos istoriis daknineba, gayalbeba dRemde grZelde-
ba. cotne dadianma qarTulTan erTad megruli enac Tu ico-
da, amitom Segnebulad ar gaswira Tavi sruliad saqarTve-
losTvis, ar gaxda saqarTvelos erovnuli gmiri? megrelebi
da svanebi iseve monawileobdnen qarTveli eris gadarCenis-
Tvis gaCaRebul saukunovan brZolebSi, omebSi, rogorc sxva
qarTvelebi, sxva qarTul mxareTa mkvidrni.
vinaidan saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidan sakmao raode-
1 ix. s. stefanianci, somxuri samociqulo eklesia stalinuri tiraniis
xanaSi, erevani, 1994, gv. 185, somxur enaze.
160
nobiT cxovrobdnen somxebi garkveuli mizezebis gamo, gasa-
gebia, droTa ganmavlobaSi maTi gaqarTveleba xdeboda. mag-
ram am gaqarTvelebul somxebsac gamokveTili qarTuli erov-
nuli Segneba ar hqondaT. amis gamo saqarTvelos istoriam
ar icis iseTi magaliTi, rom romelime gaqarTvelebul so-
mexs didi qarTuli erovnuli saqme ekeTebinos. isini pirad
interesebs qarTveli eris sasicocxlo interesebze maRla
ayenebdnen. imis gamoc, rom somxebi mravali saukunis ganmav-
lobaSi miznad isaxavdnen qarTvelTa gasomxebas, saqarTve-
los gasomxurebas, magram moxda piriqiT, gacilebiT, Seuda-
reblad meti somexi gaqarTvelda, vidre qarTveli gasomxda,
am movlenam Taviseburi, araqarTuli, xSirad antiqarTuli
buneba, dedaarsi SesZina gaqarTvelebuli somxis fsiqikasac.
dRes saqarTvelos xelisuflebis saTaveSi moqcevas
araerTi gaqarTvelebuli somexi, nasomxari cdilobs, rac,
zemoTqmulis gamo, Cvens qveyanas, qarTvel ers kargs arafers
uqadis. aRsaniSnavia, rom msoflios wamyvan qveynebSi Zlieri,
mdidari, gavleniani somxuri diaspora arsebobs. maTi warmo-
madgenlebi cdiloben, rom saqarTvelos umaRles xelisuf-
lebaSi swored gaqarTvelebuli somxebi, nasomxrebi moxv-
dnen, radgan ician, rom es xels SeuSlis qarTveli eris fex-
ze dadgomas, gaZlierebas, mkvdreTiT aRdgomas. amiT ki, sabo-
loo angariSiT, somxuri saqme keTdeba, saqarTvelos dasus-
teba, qarTveli eris dauZlureba somxeTs, somxebs awyobT.
imis gamo, rom qarTvelebi Raribebi varT, bevri qarTveli
Tanaxmaa seroJistic gaxdes_oRond gamaZRon da vinc ginda,
imaT warmarTon saqarTvelos bedio. zogi vaiqarTveli Tavi-
si seroJistobiT mdidrdeba kidec.
qarTveli eri fxizlad unda iyos, ar unda misces som-
xur wreebs SesaZlebloba, ganaxorcielon TavianTi is gegme-
bi, romlebic saqarTvelos, qarTveli eris dasustebisakenaa
mimarTuli. qarTvelebma aRar unda dauSvan, rom somxeTma
kvlav Camoacilos saqarTvelos Cveni winaprebis sisxliT
morwyuli, maTive ZvlebiT gapoxierebuli qarTuli miwa-wya-
li, rogorc es moxda 1921 wels, rodesac Cvenma qveyanam da-
karga qvemo qarTlis samxreTi nawili _ lore-taSiri. rac
Seexeba didi somxeTis arsebobis gasamarTleblad iosip
161
broz titos moSveliebas, amgvari ram qarTvelebmac SeiZleba
gavakeToT. ase, mag., pakistanis saxelmwifos meTauri, benazir
fxuto ambobda: islami evropas moedeboda, saqarTvelos xe-
li rom ar SeeSalao. marTlac, qarTveli eri saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi gmirulad ibrZoda, rom kavkasiaSi islamur sam-
yaros qristianoba ar aRmoefxvra. es xdeboda im aswleuleb-
Si, roca qristianuli saqarTvelos ganadgurebis mosurne,
mahmadianobis burj TurqeTs dapyrobiTi, dampyrobluri ome-
bis raodenobiT pirveli adgili uWiravs msoflioSi. kavkasi-
aSi qristianobis amoZirkvis, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis
mospobis SemTxvevaSi mahmadianoba evropiskenac ufro advi-
lad gaikvlevda gzas. amdenad, didi saqarTvelos arsebobas,
aRdgenas meti safuZveli gaaCnia, vidre didi somxeTisas. di-
di saqarTvelo ki Tavis istoriul miwa-wyals, mag., tao-
klarjeTs1 da sxva ZirZvel qarTul mxareebs arc somxeTs da
arc sxva qveynebs ar dauTmobda.
1 romelic momavali didi somxeTis nawilad warmoudgeniaT stefaniancs
da sxvebs.
162
danarTi
somxebs unda gadaeceT eklesiebi saqarTveloSi?!
am bolo xanebSi xSirad iwereba imis Sesaxeb, rom so-
mexTa garkveuli wreebi pretenzias acxadeben 650 eklesiaze
saqarTveloSi. es eklesiebi somxebis iyo da isev maT unda
daubrundeTo. somxebi iTxoven eklesiebis gadacemas Tbilis-
Sic. saqarTvelos amJamindeli xelisuflebis zogierTi ma-
RalCinosanic maT mxars uWers!
aqvs Tu ara raime safuZveli somexTa pretenziebs, amis
gasarkvevad aucilebelia wiaRsvla istoriaSi. samwuxarod,
saqarTvelo-somxeTis urTierTobis mravali problema dRemde
jerovnad damuSavebuli, Seswavlili ar aris. saqarTveloSi
arc aravin zrunavs imaze, rom am saqmes moevlos, qarTvel
armenologebs SeeqmnaT pirobebi samuSaod. sagangebo yurad-
Reba unda eqceodes imasac, rom aRizardos unarian qarTvel
armenologTa axali Taoba. magram aseTi laparaki rCeba xmad
mRaRadeblisa udabnosa Sina.
vaxuSti batoniSvili, saubrobs ra Zveli Tbilisis ek-
lesiebis Sesaxeb, erTgan aRniSnavs: “kualad ugumbaTo oTxi
aw upyravT somexTa” (qarTlis cxovreba, IV, 1973, gv. 336). “aw
upyravT somexTa” imas niSnavs, rom manamde sxvas, e. i. qarTve-
lebs ekuTvnodaT es eklesiebi.
ismis kiTxva: ram gamoiwvia somexTa momravleba saqar-
TveloSi? saqarTveloSi mcxovreb somxebs, cxadia, TavianTi
eklesiebic eqnebodaT – zogs TviTon aaSenebdnen, zogs sa-
qarTvelos, an Cveni qveynis dampyroblis xelisufleba uwya-
lobebda (TelavSi, mag., iq Camosaxlebuli somxebisaTvis
erekle II-s, politikuri mosazrebiT, uboZebia qarTuli ekle-
sia – ix. al. orbeliani, Telavi, 1997 w., gv. 5), rameTu saqar-
TveloSi mcxovrebi somxebi yovelTvis cdilobdnen, Cveni
samSoblos nebismier dampyrobelTan kargi urTierToba hqo-
nodaT (jaSuSebadac udgebodnen maT), saerTo ena gamoenaxaT.
da mainc, 650 somxuri eklesia saqarTveloSi ar yofila.
amjerad meaTe saukuneze ufro adrindel ambebs aRar
gadavwvdebi, moveridebi sagazeTo werilis gadatvirTvas. so-
mexi mkvlevaris, h. barTikianis sityviT, “naTlad Cans, rom X
163
saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis somxebi moxetiale, aramdgrad
xalxad miaCndaT.” h. barTikiani fiqrobs, rom es ar aris so-
mexTaTvis bunebrivi, Tandayolili Tviseba, igi SemdgomSi un-
da iyoso SeZenili. asea Tu ise, faqtia, rom adrec da, metad-
re, X-XI aswleulebSi uamravi somexi aiyara Tavisi mSobliu-
ri miwa-wylidan da ucxo qveynebs miaSura (ix. a. abdalaZe,
amierkavkasiis politikur erTeulTa urTierToba IX-XI sau-
kuneebSi, 1988, gv. 208). didi raodenobiT Semoexiznen isini sa-
qarTvelosac. sayuradReboa, rom im xanebSi qarTul-somxuri
eklesiebis urTierToba Zalze gamwvavebuli iyo garkveuli
mizezebis gamo da saqarTvelos mefeebi, aseT viTarebaSi, rad
rTavdnen somxebs nebas, damkvidrebuliyvnen Cvens qveyanaSi,
hqonodaT aq monofizituri (grigorianuli) eklesiebi? mar-
Tlmadidebeli qarTvelebi da grigoriani somxebi xom erTma-
neTs mwvaleblebad miiCnevdnen.
somxeTidan gaqceuli somxebis adgils am qveyanaSi mah-
madianebi iWerdnen. XI saukuneSi somxeTSi daeca somxuri sa-
xelmwifoebrioba, moispo somxuri samefoebi da Seiqmna sa-
SiSroeba imisi, rom somxeTis mosaxleobis udidesi nawili
mahmadianuri iqneboda. es saqarTvelosTvis miuRebeli iyo.
Cveni qveynis samefo xelisuflebas erCia, somxeTSi ecxovraT
qristian somxebs da ara sxvadasxva juris muslimebs. ufro
metic, qarTveli eris sasicocxlo interess Seadgenda, rom
mTeli kavkasia qristianuli yofiliyo. qristianoba xom is-
lamze adre gavrcelda kavkasiaSi.
saqarTvelos mefeebi fiqrobdnen, rom Cvens qveyanaSi
dasaxlebuli somxebi, xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmnisas, ufro
advilad dabrundebodnen samSobloSi, vidre Soreul qvey-
nebSi gadaxvewilni (im dros xom Zalze Zneli iyo egviptidan
an italiidan somxeTSi Camosvla). rTul geopolitikur gare-
moSi myof kavkasielTa gadasarCenad aucilebeli iyo saerTo
ZalisxmeviT ebrZolaT mravalricxovan dampyrobTa winaaRm-
deg.
XII saukunesa da XIII aswleulis pirvel meoTxedSi sa-
qarTvelos samefom SeZlo kidec mTeli kavkasiis gaer-
Tianeba, somxeTis gamoxsnac mahmadian dampyrobTa klanWebis-
gan. saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi moqceuli somxeTic Tanda-
164
Tan iseve ayvavda, rogorc sakuTriv qarTuli miwa-wyali, qar-
Tveli eri.
monRolTa Semosevebs sxva vin gauZlebda, rom saqarTve-
los gaeZlo? ruseTic xom daipyres monRolebma. Semdeg iyo
Temur lengi, Sah-abasi da aTasi ubedureba. saqarTvelo wel-
Si veRar gaimarTa miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTveli eris jan-
saRi nawili TavganwirviT ebrZoda nairnair dampyroblebs.
qarTuli samefoebi mainc inarCunebdnen arsebobas. somxeTSi
ki somxuri saxelmwifoebrioba XI saukunidan moyolebuli
1918 wlamde, daSnakebis epoqamde, aRar arsebula. somxeTi
kvlavac icleboda somxuri mosaxleobisgan. 1827 wlisaTvis,
roca ruseTma SeierTa somxeTi, am qveyanaSi mxolod 25 aTasi
somexiRa cxovrobda, danarCeni mahmadianebi iyvnen.
marTalia, XIII-XVIII saukuneebSi saqarTvelosac Zalian
uWirda, magram qarTvelTa mefeebi fiqrobdnen, rom maT unda
epatronaT somxebisTvisac, rameTu somxeTis islamur qveynad
gadaqceva saqarTvelosac kargs arafers uqadda. amis gamo
somxeTidan gamoqceul, ltolvil somxebs farTod uRebdnen
Cveni qveynis karebs. sxva qveynebSi mimavali somxebic jer sa-
qarTveloSi modiodnen, aq suls moiTqvamdnen da Semdeg
agrZelebdnen gzas. saqarTveloSi, qarTveli eris Tavkacebs
miaCndaT, rom raki qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba avad Tu kar-
gad arsebobas ganagrZobda, Cvens qveyanaSi mcxovreb somxeb-
Sic cxovelmyofeli iqneboda idea somxeTSi somxebis dabru-
nebisa, somxeTis mkvdreTiT aRdgomisa. ejmiawinis (eCmiaZins
somxurad ejmiawini hqvia) meSveobiT es idea mTeli msof-
lios somxebSic gavrceldeboda. saqarTvelodan gasuli som-
xebic TanamemamuleebSi, sxva qveynebSi hfendnen am ideas.
egreTwodebuli erTmorwmune ruseTis imperiis xeli-
suflebam qristes, qristianobis, marTlmadideblobis saxe-
liT veragulad moatyua, gaacura qarTveli eri, Cveni mefe-
ebi. ruseTma pirisagan miwisa aRgava mravaltanjuli qarTu-
li saxelmwifoebrioba, qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia. qar-
TvelTa Segnebuli, jansaRi nawili aujanyda ruseTis imperi-
as.
qarTvelTa dasaTrgunad, dasamorCileblad ruseTis xe-
lisuflebam gadawyvita, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi somxebic
165
gamoeyenebina. amasTanave, ruseTis imperiis mTavrobam metisme-
tad moamravla somxebi saqarTveloSi, kerZod, TbilisSi, sam-
cxe-javaxeTSi, afxazeTSi da sxvaganac. somxuri eklesiebic
momravlda Cvens qveyanaSi. amas isic uwyobda xels, rom sa-
qarTvelos vaWroba ruseTma ZiriTadad somxebs Caugdo xel-
Si. marTalia, qarTveli kaci Zvelad vaWrobas ar misdevda,
Takilobda, rameTu mas Tavis daniSnulebad mtris winaaRmdeg
xmliT brZola miaCnda, magram TandaTan qarTvelebi acnobie-
rebdnen Tavis am naklovanebasac. ase, magaliTad, ioane bato-
niSvili XVIII saukunis bolos aRniSnavda, rom qarTvelebi
aucileblad unda Cabmuliyvnen Tavisi qveynis vaWrobis saqme-
ebSi. ganaTlebuli qarTveli ufliswulis am gegmas, ruseTis
imperiis batonobis viTarebaSi, XIX saukuneSi ganxorcieleba
ar ewera. ruseTis xelisuflebas miaCnda, rom qarTvelebi
ekonomikurad Tu moRonierdebodnen, ufro meti warmatebiT
SeZlebdnen qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisaTvis
brZolas.
samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi somxebi emxrobod-
nen ruseTis koloniur politikas Cveni qveynis mimarT da sa-
qarTveloSi somxuri interesebis ganxorcielebasac Seudg-
nen. Tu rogor unda gaeyoT saqarTvelo rusebsa da somxebs,
es, cota ar iyos, problematuri sakiTxia, magram faqtia, rom
rusebi marto TviTon ki ar Semoesivnen saqarTvelos, somxe-
bic Semousies Cvens qveyanas. amitomac ambobda akaki wereTe-
li: raime materialuri sargeblobis motana rom SeeZlos,
somxebi Cvens deda-enasac wagvarTmevdneno.
didi somxeTis idea uZveles dros gaCnda somexTa So-
ris. XIX saukuneSi es idea kvlav gacocxlda, aRorZinda.
somxebma TurqeTSi rom ver SeZles TavianTi sawadelis gan-
xorcieleba, ver moipoves e. w. TurqeTis somxeTis avtonomia
(maT am saqmeSi ruseTis, inglisis da sxva didi saxelmwifoe-
bis mxardaWeris imedi hqondaT), piriqiT, amas somexTa Jle-
tac moyva TurqeTSi 1915 wels, gadawyvites didi somxeTis Se-
qmna saqarTvelos, qarTuli miwa-wylis xarjze wamoewyoT. am
mizniT 1918 wlis bolos somxeTis daSnakurma mTavrobam omis
gamoucxadeblad, veragulad jari Semousia saqarTvelos. sa-
qarTvelos winaaRmdeg omSi somxeTma miimxro saqarTveloSi,
166
kerZod, TbilisSi mcxovrebi somxebi. rac somxebs TurqeTis
mimarT boRma daugrovdaT, imis gadmonTxeva qarTvelebze ga-
nizraxes. nawilobriv mizansac miarwies – jer inglisis, xo-
lo 1921 wels ruseTis bolSevikuri xelisuflebis wyalobiT
miitaces qvemo qarTlis samxreTi nawili, lore-taSiri, rom-
lis SesanarCuneblad qarTvelebma saukuneTa manZilze zRva
sisxli Rvares. ruseTisave daxmarebiT somxebma SeZles qar-
Tuli mxaris, mravaltanjuli javaxeTis somxur mxared qceva
XIX-XX saukuneebSi. gamovida ise, rogorc naTqvamia: “obolo,
visa scem da vinc gamzardao”.
didi somxeTis idea dResac cocxlobs. somxuri tradi-
ciiT ki, did somxeTSi naxevari saqarTvelo mainc unda moeq-
ces, TviT baTumis CaTvliTac. saqarTveloSi 650 eklesiasac
am mizniT iTxoven. imedi aqvT, mdidari, gavleniani somxuri
diaspora, kerZod, amerikis somxuri diasporac aqtiur mona-
wileobas miiRebs am saqmeebSi. Cemi azriT, somexTa garkveuli
wreebi fiqroben, rom saqarTveloSi somxur eklesiebs somxu-
ri erovnuli ideologiis kerebad aqceven. amgvari ideolo-
gia ki saqarTvelos winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli.
rogorc iTqva, saqarTvelos mefeebi somxebs Cvens qveya-
naSi asaxlebdnen imitom, rom momxdariyo qarTvelTa da so-
mexTa daaxloeba, raTa maT odesme mainc saerTo ZaliT ebr-
ZolaT mtris winaaRmdeg. samwuxarod, somexTa mizeziT, es ar
moxda. amitom usamarTloa somexTa moTxovna, saqarTveloSi
maT gadaeceT eklesiebi. bolos da bolos, xom aRsdga som-
xuri saxelmwifoebrioba. visac saqarTveloSi moqmedi somxu-
ri eklesiebis raodenoba ar akmayofilebs, aqve, ori fexis
nabijzea somxeTis respublika, ejmiawini, wavidnen saqarTve-
lodan da iq ilocon. am gziT ukeT miiRweva qarTveli da
somexi erebis keTilmezobluri urTierToba, rac orive xal-
xisTvis sasurveli unda iyos. magram araferi sasikeTo ar
gamova, Tu somxebi, rac e. w. TurqeTis somxeTSi eklesiebi
dakarges, imis anazRaurebas saqarTveloSi Seecdebian. marTa-
lia, maT wagvarTves lore-taSiri, javaxeTic somxur mxared
aqcies, magram amas Sedegad is moyva, rom qarTveli eri veRar
endoba somex ers, rac ara mgonia TviT somxebisTvis kargi
iyos.
167
P. S. somxebi sruliad usafuZvlod bevr rames rom gve-
davebian, es imdenad aRmaSfoTebelia, rom erTxel aseTi koS-
maruli sizmari vnaxe: vwerdi gamokvlevas imaze, rom somexTa
pretenzia petriwonis monastris mimarT safuZvels moklebu-
lia. Tavs damadgnen SeiaraRebuli somxebi da Cemi naweri wa-
marTves.
168
javaxeTi, zreski. laSa-giorgis egreTwodebuli xeliani qva
qarTuli warweriT. am qvis garSemo 1996 wels somxuri sam-
locvelo augiaT _ ix. javaxeTi, Tb., 2000, gv. 100.
169
zaqaria da ivane mxargrZelebis horeliefi
hariWis eklesiaSi (1201 w.)
170
171
Sinaarsi
Sesavali .................................................................................................................... 3
pirveli Tavi
saqarTvelo da somxeTi uZvelesi droidan
gaqristianebamde ................................................................................................19
meore Tavi
saqarTvelo da somxeTi IV- XI saukuneebSi ........................ 77
mesame Tavi
saqarTvelo da somxeTi XII - XVIII saukuneebSi ............ 117
meoTxe Tavi
saqarTvelo da somxeTi XIX - XX saukuneebSi .............. 142
danarTi
somxebs unda gadaeceT eklesiebi saqarTveloSi?! .... 162
172
gamomcemlobis redaqtori _ zaur molaSxia
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa – gogita TodraZe
tiraJi 300
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Data\Microsoft\Templates\Normal.dot Title: Subject: Author: Admin Keywords: Comments: Creation Date: 21.02.2008 10:03:00 Change Number: 6,146 Last Saved On: 20.04.2008 20:11:00 Last Saved By: Admin Total Editing Time: 7,812 Minutes Last Printed On: 21.04.2008 9:20:00 As of Last Complete Printing Number of Pages: 172 Number of Words: 48,208 (approx.) Number of Characters: 274,788 (approx.)